Tabulation: Selected Demographic, Sociocultural, Education and Labour Characteristics (322), Sex (3) and Income Status in 2010 (6) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey

• Sex (3): Total - Sex

This table details selected demographic, sociocultural, education and labour characteristics , sex and income status in 2010 for the population in private households in Oshawa
Global non-response rate (GNR)^{Footnote 1} = 28.3 %

Selected demographic, sociocultural, education and labour characteristics (322)	Income status in 2010 (6)
	Total - Income status in 2010 based on after-tax low-income measure^Footnote 2	Population for the income status based on after-tax low-income measure	Low-income population	Prevalence of low income %	Other population	Concept not applicable^Footnote 3
Total - Age groups^Footnote 4	351,690	351,690	37,630	10.7	314,060	0
Under 15 years	66,165	66,165	9,140	13.8	57,030	0
15 to 24 years	49,515	49,515	6,380	12.9	43,135	0
25 to 54 years	153,625	153,625	15,875	10.3	137,750	0
25 to 34 years	42,510	42,505	4,405	10.4	38,100	0
35 to 44 years	50,855	50,860	5,250	10.3	45,605	0
45 to 54 years	60,260	60,265	6,215	10.3	54,045	0
55 to 64 years	41,010	41,010	3,790	9.2	37,220	0
65 years and over	41,370	41,370	2,455	5.9	38,915	0
65 to 74 years	23,710	23,710	1,280	5.4	22,430	0
75 years and over	17,665	17,660	1,175	6.7	16,490	0
Population in private households by marital status^Footnote 5	351,690	351,690	37,630	10.7	314,060	0
Married or living with a common-law partner	169,255	169,255	10,360	6.1	158,900	0
Married (and not separated)	143,920	143,920	8,140	5.7	135,780	0
Living common law	25,335	25,340	2,220	8.8	23,115	0
Not married and not living with a common-law partner	182,435	182,435	27,275	15.0	155,165	0
Single (never legally married)	142,855	142,855	20,060	14.0	122,800	0
Separated	10,120	10,115	2,385	23.6	7,730	0
Divorced	16,305	16,305	3,095	19.0	13,210	0
Widowed	13,155	13,155	1,730	13.2	11,425	0
Persons in economic families by family structure and presence and age of children^Footnote 6	314,325	314,330	29,500	9.4	284,825	0
Couple family	265,130	265,130	16,960	6.4	248,165	0
Couple only	60,955	60,960	3,180	5.2	57,775	0
Couple with children	200,415	200,420	13,615	6.8	186,800	0
With children under 18 years	150,680	150,675	11,375	7.5	139,305	0
Without children under 6 years	86,370	86,370	6,520	7.5	79,845	0
With children under 6 years	64,310	64,310	4,850	7.5	59,460	0
Couple with other relatives only	3,755	3,750	165	4.4	3,590	0
Lone-parent family	42,635	42,635	11,605	27.2	31,030	0
Female-parent family	34,825	34,825	10,285	29.5	24,540	0
Female-parent family with no other relatives	32,965	32,970	9,965	30.2	23,000	0
With children under 18 years	22,110	22,110	8,035	36.3	14,075	0
Without children under 6 years	15,280	15,280	4,120	27.0	11,155	0
With children under 6 years	6,835	6,830	3,915	57.3	2,915	0
Male-parent family	7,810	7,810	1,325	17.0	6,490	0
Male-parent family with no other relatives	7,515	7,520	1,165	15.5	6,355	0
With children under 18 years	4,170	4,175	935	22.4	3,235	0
Without children under 6 years	3,445	3,445	725	21.0	2,725	0
With children under 6 years	725	725	215	29.7	515	0
Other economic family^Footnote 7	6,565	6,565	935	14.2	5,625	0
Persons not in economic families aged 15 years and over^Footnote 8	37,365	37,360	8,125	21.7	29,235	0
Less than 65 years	26,760	26,760	6,540	24.4	20,220	0
65 years and over	10,600	10,600	1,580	14.9	9,020	0
Total children in economic families^Footnote 9	123,925	123,925	14,315	11.6	109,610	0
Under 6 years	24,920	24,920	3,495	14.0	21,420	0
6 to 14 years	40,715	40,715	5,520	13.6	35,200	0
15 to 17 years	15,470	15,470	1,810	11.7	13,660	0
18 to 24 years	27,940	27,940	2,475	8.9	25,465	0
25 years and over	14,880	14,880	1,020	6.9	13,860	0
Total - Household living arrangements^Footnote 10	351,690	351,685	37,630	10.7	314,060	0
Total persons in households with at least one census family	315,635	315,635	29,535	9.4	286,100	0
Married spouses, common-law partners	168,110	168,110	10,150	6.0	157,960	0
Lone parents	18,415	18,410	4,570	24.8	13,840	0
Children in families with two parents present	92,405	92,405	6,655	7.2	85,755	0
Children in families with one parent present	28,495	28,500	7,395	25.9	21,100	0
Persons not in census families, living with relatives^Footnote 11	5,105	5,100	435	8.5	4,670	0
Persons not in census families, living with non-relatives only	3,105	3,110	330	10.6	2,775	0
Total persons in non-census family households	36,050	36,055	8,095	22.5	27,955	0
Living with relatives^Footnote 12	1,795	1,795	300	16.7	1,500	0
Living with non-relatives only	7,795	7,795	1,920	24.6	5,875	0
Living alone	26,460	26,455	5,875	22.2	20,585	0
Total population in private households by citizenship^Footnote 13	351,685	351,690	37,635	10.7	314,060	0
Canadian citizens	342,505	342,505	36,275	10.6	306,230	0
Canadian citizens aged under 18	80,980	80,985	10,795	13.3	70,185	0
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	261,525	261,520	25,480	9.7	236,045	0
Not Canadian citizens^Footnote 14	9,185	9,180	1,355	14.8	7,830	0
Total population in private households by immigrant status and period of immigration^Footnote 15	351,690	351,690	37,630	10.7	314,060	0
Non-immigrants^Footnote 16	294,415	294,415	31,555	10.7	262,865	0
Immigrants^Footnote 17	56,175	56,175	5,825	10.4	50,345	0
Before 1971	19,075	19,070	1,280	6.7	17,795	0
1971 to 1980	10,265	10,265	990	9.6	9,275	0
1981 to 1990	8,565	8,565	865	10.1	7,700	0
1991 to 2000	9,255	9,260	1,295	14.0	7,955	0
2001 to 2011^Footnote 18	9,010	9,010	1,390	15.4	7,615	0
2001 to 2005	4,930	4,930	625	12.7	4,300	0
2006 to 2011^Footnote 19	4,080	4,075	770	18.9	3,315	0
Non-permanent residents^Footnote 20	1,100	1,105	255	23.1	850	0
Total immigrant population in private households by age at immigration^Footnote 21	56,170	56,175	5,825	10.4	50,345	0
Under 5 years	7,475	7,475	690	9.2	6,785	0
5 to 14 years	11,775	11,770	1,420	12.1	10,355	0
15 to 24 years	14,550	14,545	1,560	10.7	12,990	0
25 to 44 years	19,870	19,865	1,875	9.4	17,995	0
45 years and over	2,515	2,515	290	11.5	2,225	0
Total population in private households by immigrant status and selected places of birth^Footnote 22	351,690	351,685	37,630	10.7	314,055	0
Non-immigrants^Footnote 23	294,410	294,415	31,550	10.7	262,860	0
Born in province of residence	263,530	263,535	28,755	10.9	234,780	0
Born outside province of residence	30,880	30,885	2,795	9.0	28,085	0
Immigrants^Footnote 24	56,175	56,175	5,830	10.4	50,345	0
Americas	12,215	12,215	1,260	10.3	10,955	0
United States	2,020	2,025	175	8.6	1,850	0
Jamaica	3,125	3,130	515	16.5	2,615	0
Guyana	1,715	1,715	130	7.6	1,580	0
Haiti	60	60	20	33.3	35	0
Mexico	230	230	15	6.5	215	0
Trinidad and Tobago	1,955	1,955	200	10.2	1,745	0
Colombia	260	260	35	13.5	225	0
El Salvador	180	185	0	0.0	185	0
Peru	110	110	0	0.0	105	0
Chile	165	165	25	15.2	135	0
Other places of birth in Americas	2,400	2,400	135	5.6	2,265	0
Europe	29,390	29,390	2,480	8.4	26,915	0
United Kingdom^Footnote 25	13,210	13,210	920	7.0	12,285	0
Italy	2,260	2,260	195	8.6	2,060	0
Germany	1,890	1,890	95	5.0	1,795	0
Poland	2,455	2,460	365	14.8	2,095	0
Portugal	1,080	1,080	80	7.4	1,000	0
Netherlands	1,800	1,800	240	13.3	1,565	0
France	190	190	0	0.0	165	0
Romania	555	555	85	15.3	470	0
Russian Federation	425	425	25	5.9	400	0
Greece	710	710	65	9.2	645	0
Ukraine	455	455	50	11.0	405	0
Croatia	280	280	0	0.0	280	0
Hungary	565	565	40	7.1	520	0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	80	80	0	0.0	75	0
Serbia	345	345	25	7.2	325	0
Ireland, Republic of	760	755	40	5.3	715	0
Other places of birth in Europe	2,330	2,335	220	9.4	2,115	0
Africa	2,355	2,360	280	11.9	2,075	0
Morocco	30	35	0	0.0	30	0
Algeria	10	15	0	0.0	15	0
Egypt	395	390	25	6.4	375	0
South Africa, Republic of	405	405	75	18.5	325	0
Nigeria	335	340	90	26.5	245	0
Ethiopia	80	80	0	0.0	80	0
Kenya	205	205	0	0.0	205	0
Other places of birth in Africa	895	895	95	10.6	800	0
Asia	11,920	11,925	1,790	15.0	10,135	0
India	2,035	2,040	250	12.3	1,790	0
China^Footnote 26	1,355	1,350	250	18.5	1,100	0
Philippines	2,535	2,535	180	7.1	2,355	0
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region	485	485	75	15.5	410	0
Viet Nam^Footnote 27	395	395	85	21.5	315	0
Pakistan	1,210	1,210	230	19.0	975	0
Sri Lanka	745	745	75	10.1	670	0
Iran^Footnote 28	385	380	95	25.0	280	0
Korea, South^Footnote 29	490	495	55	11.1	440	0
Lebanon	255	255	40	15.7	215	0
Taiwan	45	45	0	0.0	40	0
Iraq	145	145	50	34.5	95	0
Bangladesh	210	210	65	31.0	145	0
Afghanistan	575	570	215	37.7	355	0
Japan	40	40	0	0.0	40	0
Turkey	50	50	0	0.0	35	0
Other places of birth in Asia	970	970	115	11.9	865	0
Oceania and other^Footnote 30	285	285	20	7.0	260	0
Fiji	30	30	0	0.0	25	0
Other places of birth^Footnote 31	255	255	20	7.8	240	0
Non-permanent residents^Footnote 32	1,100	1,100	250	22.7	850	0
Total population in private households by generation status^Footnote 33	351,685	351,685	37,630	10.7	314,060	0
First generation^Footnote 34	57,915	57,915	6,090	10.5	51,825	0
Second generation^Footnote 35	76,770	76,770	7,745	10.1	69,030	0
Third generation or more^Footnote 36	217,000	217,000	23,790	11.0	193,205	0
Total population in private households by visible minority^Footnote 37	351,690	351,690	37,630	10.7	314,060	0
Total visible minority population^Footnote 38	41,620	41,620	6,105	14.7	35,510	0
South Asian^Footnote 39	9,195	9,190	1,305	14.2	7,890	0
Chinese	3,915	3,915	685	17.5	3,225	0
Black	14,015	14,015	2,315	16.5	11,700	0
Filipino	4,160	4,155	170	4.1	3,985	0
Latin American	2,345	2,345	160	6.8	2,185	0
Arab	1,275	1,275	150	11.8	1,125	0
Southeast Asian^Footnote 40	875	870	210	24.1	665	0
West Asian^Footnote 41	1,095	1,095	410	37.4	685	0
Korean	695	695	85	12.2	615	0
Japanese	485	490	45	9.2	440	0
Visible minority, n.i.e.^Footnote 42	1,620	1,615	250	15.5	1,370	0
Multiple visible minorities^Footnote 43	1,950	1,950	320	16.4	1,625	0
Not a visible minority^Footnote 44	310,070	310,070	31,520	10.2	278,545	0
Total population in private households by Aboriginal identity	351,685	351,690	37,630	10.7	314,055	0
Aboriginal identity^Footnote 45	6,095	6,095	1,070	17.6	5,025	0
First Nations (North American Indian) single identity^Footnote 46	3,660	3,655	705	19.3	2,950	0
Métis single identity	2,025	2,025	300	14.8	1,720	0
Inuk (Inuit) single identity	125	125	0	0.0	115	0
Multiple Aboriginal identities^Footnote 47	35	35	0	0.0	25	0
Aboriginal identities not included elsewhere^Footnote 48	250	255	45	17.6	210	0
Non-Aboriginal identity	345,595	345,600	36,555	10.6	309,035	0
Total population in private households by Registered or Treaty Indian status^Footnote 49	351,690	351,690	37,630	10.7	314,060	0
Registered or Treaty Indian^Footnote 50	1,570	1,570	235	15.0	1,335	0
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	350,120	350,120	37,395	10.7	312,725	0
Total population in private households by Aboriginal ancestry^Footnote 51	351,690	351,690	37,630	10.7	314,060	0
Aboriginal ancestry^Footnote 52	12,265	12,265	2,105	17.2	10,165	0
First Nations (North American Indian) ancestry^Footnote 53	9,685	9,685	1,750	18.1	7,935	0
Métis ancestry	2,535	2,540	365	14.4	2,175	0
Inuit ancestry	225	225	0	0.0	225	0
Non-Aboriginal ancestry only^Footnote 54	339,425	339,420	35,525	10.5	303,895	0
Total - Mother tongue^Footnote 55	351,690	351,685	37,630	10.7	314,060	0
English	307,790	307,785	32,710	10.6	275,080	0
French	6,125	6,125	410	6.7	5,715	0
Non-official language	34,560	34,560	4,165	12.1	30,395	0
Aboriginal	0	0	0	not applicable ...	0	0
Non-Aboriginal	34,545	34,550	4,165	12.1	30,380	0
English and French	265	265	25	9.4	240	0
English and non-official language	2,815	2,815	310	11.0	2,500	0
French and non-official language	125	125	0	0.0	115	0
English, French and non-official language	0	0	0	not applicable ...	0	0
Total - First official language spoken^Footnote 56	351,690	351,690	37,630	10.7	314,060	0
English	343,930	343,930	36,885	10.7	307,040	0
French	5,995	5,995	415	6.9	5,580	0
English and French	545	545	50	9.2	495	0
Neither English nor French	1,215	1,215	280	23.0	940	0
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago^Footnote 57	347,700	347,700	37,035	10.7	310,665	0
Non-movers	310,280	310,280	30,625	9.9	279,650	0
Movers	37,420	37,420	6,405	17.1	31,015	0
Non-migrants	17,980	17,975	3,820	21.3	14,155	0
Migrants	19,445	19,445	2,585	13.3	16,860	0
Internal migrants	18,305	18,305	2,315	12.6	15,990	0
Intraprovincial migrants	17,095	17,095	2,155	12.6	14,945	0
Interprovincial migrants	1,210	1,210	160	13.2	1,045	0
External migrants	1,140	1,140	270	23.7	875	0
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago^Footnote 58	330,840	330,835	34,780	10.5	296,060	0
Non-movers	211,505	211,505	17,815	8.4	193,695	0
Movers	119,335	119,335	16,970	14.2	102,360	0
Non-migrants	56,870	56,870	8,765	15.4	48,110	0
Migrants	62,465	62,465	8,210	13.1	54,250	0
Internal migrants	58,240	58,240	7,465	12.8	50,780	0
Intraprovincial migrants	54,780	54,785	7,035	12.8	47,740	0
Interprovincial migrants	3,460	3,460	420	12.1	3,035	0
External migrants	4,215	4,215	745	17.7	3,470	0
Total population aged 15 years and over by highest certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 59	285,520	285,520	28,490	10.0	257,025	0
No certificate, diploma or degree	53,040	53,040	8,075	15.2	44,960	0
High school diploma or equivalent^Footnote 60	84,930	84,930	9,475	11.2	75,450	0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 61	147,555	147,555	10,940	7.4	136,610	0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma^Footnote 62	22,470	22,475	2,115	9.4	20,355	0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	71,560	71,555	5,830	8.1	65,725	0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level^Footnote 63	8,735	8,730	620	7.1	8,115	0
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	44,790	44,790	2,375	5.3	42,420	0
Bachelor's degree	30,400	30,405	1,705	5.6	28,690	0
University certificate, diploma or degree above bachelor level^Footnote 64	14,390	14,395	665	4.6	13,720	0
Total population aged 25 to 64 years by highest certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 65	194,635	194,635	19,665	10.1	174,970	0
No certificate, diploma or degree	19,680	19,680	4,130	21.0	15,550	0
High school diploma or equivalent^Footnote 66	54,100	54,095	6,370	11.8	47,730	0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 67	120,865	120,860	9,165	7.6	111,695	0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma^Footnote 68	16,215	16,215	1,635	10.1	14,580	0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	59,720	59,725	5,015	8.4	54,705	0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level^Footnote 69	6,870	6,870	485	7.1	6,385	0
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	38,050	38,055	2,030	5.3	36,025	0
Bachelor's degree	25,590	25,590	1,470	5.7	24,115	0
University certificate, diploma or degree above bachelor level^Footnote 70	12,465	12,465	560	4.5	11,900	0
Total population aged 15 years and over by major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2011^Footnote 71	285,520	285,520	28,495	10.0	257,025	0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 72	137,970	137,970	17,555	12.7	120,415	0
Education	10,655	10,660	455	4.3	10,205	0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,540	5,540	425	7.7	5,115	0
Humanities	6,560	6,560	405	6.2	6,150	0
Social and behavioural sciences and law	16,600	16,600	1,335	8.0	15,265	0
Business, management and public administration	31,890	31,890	2,445	7.7	29,445	0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,585	4,590	280	6.1	4,300	0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,980	5,985	380	6.3	5,605	0
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	31,590	31,595	2,320	7.3	29,275	0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,010	2,010	130	6.5	1,875	0
Health and related fields^Footnote 73	21,685	21,685	1,720	7.9	19,965	0
Personal, protective and transportation services	10,425	10,425	1,030	9.9	9,400	0
Other fields of study^Footnote 74	20	20	0	0.0	15	0
Total population aged 15 years and over by location of study compared with province or territory of residence^Footnote 75	285,520	285,520	28,490	10.0	257,030	0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	137,970	137,970	17,555	12.7	120,415	0
With postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	147,550	147,550	10,940	7.4	136,615	0
Location of study inside Canada	130,725	130,725	9,525	7.3	121,200	0
Same as province or territory of residence	122,415	122,420	9,050	7.4	113,370	0
Another province or territory	8,305	8,305	475	5.7	7,830	0
Location of study outside Canada	16,825	16,830	1,415	8.4	15,410	0
Total population aged 15 years and over by labour force status^Footnote 76	285,520	285,520	28,495	10.0	257,025	0
In the labour force	194,070	194,070	14,560	7.5	179,515	0
Employed	176,850	176,850	11,330	6.4	165,515	0
Unemployed	17,225	17,220	3,225	18.7	14,000	0
Not in the labour force	91,450	91,450	13,935	15.2	77,515	0
Participation rate	68.0	68.0	51.1	not applicable ...	69.8	0.0
Employment rate	61.9	61.9	39.8	not applicable ...	64.4	0.0
Unemployment rate	8.9	8.9	22.1	not applicable ...	7.8	0.0
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by class of worker^Footnote 77	285,520	285,520	28,490	10.0	257,030	0
Class of worker - not applicable^Footnote 78	83,300	83,300	14,095	16.9	69,205	0
All classes of worker^Footnote 79	202,225	202,220	14,395	7.1	187,825	0
Employee	186,125	186,130	12,005	6.4	174,120	0
Self-employed^Footnote 80	16,100	16,095	2,395	14.9	13,700	0
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2011^Footnote 81	285,520	285,520	28,495	10.0	257,030	0
Occupation - not applicable^Footnote 82	83,300	83,295	14,095	16.9	69,205	0
All occupations^Footnote 83	202,225	202,225	14,400	7.1	187,825	0
0 Management occupations	22,890	22,890	1,210	5.3	21,680	0
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	33,605	33,605	1,820	5.4	31,785	0
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	12,045	12,045	425	3.5	11,620	0
3 Health occupations	11,390	11,390	425	3.7	10,965	0
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	25,110	25,110	1,435	5.7	23,675	0
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	5,700	5,700	415	7.3	5,280	0
6 Sales and service occupations	48,890	48,890	5,215	10.7	43,670	0
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	29,395	29,395	2,525	8.6	26,870	0
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	2,750	2,745	285	10.4	2,465	0
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	10,455	10,455	640	6.1	9,815	0
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2007^Footnote 84	285,520	285,525	28,495	10.0	257,030	0
Industry - not applicable^Footnote 85	83,295	83,295	14,095	16.9	69,205	0
All industries^Footnote 86	202,225	202,225	14,400	7.1	187,825	0
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,390	1,395	185	13.3	1,205	0
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	240	240	0	0.0	240	0
22 Utilities	6,540	6,540	190	2.9	6,355	0
23 Construction	13,465	13,465	1,455	10.8	12,010	0
31-33 Manufacturing	19,570	19,570	1,080	5.5	18,485	0
41 Wholesale trade	9,390	9,390	435	4.6	8,955	0
44-45 Retail trade	24,765	24,765	2,040	8.2	22,725	0
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	9,155	9,155	940	10.3	8,215	0
51 Information and cultural industries	5,705	5,705	300	5.3	5,405	0
52 Finance and insurance	9,810	9,810	370	3.8	9,435	0
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	3,855	3,860	220	5.7	3,635	0
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	12,070	12,070	600	5.0	11,465	0
55 Management of companies and enterprises	160	160	0	0.0	145	0
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	10,065	10,060	1,195	11.9	8,865	0
61 Educational services	15,905	15,905	675	4.2	15,230	0
62 Health care and social assistance	21,490	21,485	1,485	6.9	20,000	0
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	4,630	4,630	465	10.0	4,165	0
72 Accommodation and food services	11,910	11,910	1,465	12.3	10,445	0
81 Other services (except public administration)	8,225	8,225	825	10.0	7,405	0
91 Public administration	13,880	13,885	450	3.2	13,435	0
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity in 2010^Footnote 87	285,525	285,525	28,495	10.0	257,030	0
Did not work in 2010^Footnote 88	89,360	89,365	15,365	17.2	73,995	0
Worked in 2010	196,165	196,160	13,125	6.7	183,035	0
1 to 13 weeks	13,845	13,850	1,550	11.2	12,300	0
14 to 26 weeks	15,655	15,660	1,835	11.7	13,820	0
27 to 39 weeks	11,270	11,270	1,190	10.6	10,080	0
40 to 48 weeks	25,505	25,505	1,945	7.6	23,555	0
49 to 52 weeks	129,880	129,880	6,595	5.1	123,285	0
Average weeks worked in 2010	44.1	44.1	39.1	not applicable ...	44.4	0.0
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by full-time or part-time weeks worked in 2010^Footnote 89	285,520	285,520	28,495	10.0	257,025	0
Did not work in 2010^Footnote 90	89,360	89,360	15,370	17.2	73,995	0
Worked in 2010	196,160	196,160	13,125	6.7	183,035	0
Worked full-time in 2010	153,940	153,940	8,785	5.7	145,155	0
Worked part-time in 2010	42,220	42,220	4,340	10.3	37,880	0

Symbol(s)

Symbol ..

not available for a specific reference period

Symbol ...

not applicable

Symbol x

suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act

Symbol F

too unreliable to be published

Footnote(s)

Footnote 1

For the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) estimates, the global non-response rate (GNR) is used as an indicator of data quality. This indicator combines complete non-response (household) and partial non-response (question) into a single rate. The value of the GNR is presented to users. A smaller GNR indicates a lower risk of non-response bias and as a result, lower risk of inaccuracy. The threshold used for estimates' suppression is a GNR of 50% or more. For more information, please refer to the National Household Survey User Guide, 2011.

Footnote 2

Low income can be measured in several different ways in household surveys. For the standard products of the National Household Survey, the line chosen is a relative measure: the after-tax low-income measure (LIM-AT).

For this measure, the income used is after-tax income of households. There are no regional variations to account for prices or cost of living differences: all applicable households in Canada face the same line adjusted for household size. This line is set at half the median of adjusted household after-tax income. To account for potential economies of scale, the income of households with more than one member is divided by the square root of the size of the household.

All household members are considered to share the household income and are attributed the same income status.

Note: Low-income estimates in the 2011 National Household Survey

For the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS), low-income statistics are presented based on the after-tax low-income measure (LIM-AT). This measure is not related to the low-income cut-offs (LICO) presented in the 2006 Census and prevalence rates are conceptually not comparable. Because of the sensitivity of certain income indicators to differences in methodology and response patterns, direct comparisons to establish trends with low-income estimates from other household surveys, administrative programs or the 2006 Census are discouraged. The prevalence rates observed in the NHS at the national level are generally 1 to 2 percentage points higher than seen for similar concepts in other programs. However, analysis of the NHS data suggests that it is valid to compare low-income data for different sub-populations within the NHS (i.e., for different geographic areas or demographic groups). For more information, refer to the Income Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-014-X2011006.

Footnote 3

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting or fishing) could have made the interpretation of low-income rates more difficult.

Footnote 4

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 5

Marital status
Refers to the marital status of the person, taking into account his/her common-law status. Persons who are married or living common law may be of opposite sex or of the same sex. The classification is as follows:
Married (and not separated): A person who is married and has not separated or obtained a divorce, and whose spouse is living.

Common-law: A person who is living with another person as a couple but who is not legally married to that person.

Separated: A person who is married but who no longer lives with his/her spouse (for any reason other than illness, work or school) and who has not obtained a divorce. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Divorced: A person who has obtained a legal divorce and who has not remarried. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Widowed: A person who has lost his/her spouse through death and who has not remarried. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Single (never legally married): A person who has never married or a person whose marriage has been annulled and who has not remarried. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Footnote 6

Economic family structure - Refers to the classification of economic families as couple families, lone-parent families or other economic families.

Couple families - Those in which a member of either a married or common-law couple is the economic family reference person.

Lone-parent families - Those in which either a male or female lone parent is the economic family reference person.

Other economic families - Those in which the economic family reference person has other relatives but does not have a married spouse or common-law partner or a child in their census family.

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 7

This category includes economic families where the reference person does not have a spouse or partner, nor a child in the family, only other relatives.

Footnote 8

Economic family status - Refers to the classification of the population according to whether or not the persons are members of an economic family.

Economic family persons refer to two or more household members who are related to each other by blood, marriage, common-law, adoption or a foster relationship, and thereby constitute an economic family.

Persons not in economic families refer to household members who do not belong to an economic family, including persons living alone.

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 9

Economic family - Refers to a group of two or more persons who live in the same dwelling and are related to each other by blood, marriage, common-law, adoption or a foster relationship. A couple may be of opposite or same sex.

Persons in the economic family other than the economic family reference person are classified as the married spouse or the common-law partner of the reference person, children of the reference person (including grandchildren), or other economic family members (including foster children). Children of the reference person may be of any age or marital status.

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 10

Household living arrangements
Part A - Short definition
Refers to the classification of persons as members of a family household or of a non-family household, and whether they are family persons or persons not in a census family.
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the classification of persons as members of a family household or of a non-family household, that is, whether or not they are living in a household that contains at least one census family, and whether they are members of a census family or not in a census family. Persons not in census families are further classified as living with relatives, living with non-relatives (only) or living alone.

Footnote 11

Non-relatives may be present.

Footnote 12

Non-relatives may be present.

Footnote 13

Citizenship refers to the legal citizenship status of a person. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship.

Footnote 14

Includes persons who are stateless.

Footnote 15

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained his or her landed immigrant/permanent resident status. A landed immigrant/permanent resident refers to a person who has been granted the right to live permanently in Canada by immigration authorities.

Footnote 16

Non-immigrant refers to a person who is a Canadian citizen by birth.

Footnote 17

Immigrant refers to a person who is or has ever been a landed immigrant/permanent resident. This person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Some immigrants have resided in Canada for a number of years, while others have arrived recently. Some immigrants are Canadian citizens, while others are not. Most immigrants are born outside Canada, but a small number are born in Canada. In the 2011 National Household Survey, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

Footnote 18

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

Footnote 19

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

Footnote 20

Non-permanent resident refers to a person from another country who has a work or study permit, or who is a refugee claimant, and any non-Canadian-born family member living in Canada with them.

Footnote 21

Age at immigration refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant/permanent resident status. Immigrant refers to a person who is or has ever been a landed immigrant/permanent resident. This person has been granted the right to live permanently in Canada by immigration authorities.

Footnote 22

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by immigrants at the Canada level.

Footnote 23

Non-immigrant refers to a person who is a Canadian citizen by birth.

Footnote 24

Immigrant refers to a person who is or has ever been a landed immigrant/permanent resident. This person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Some immigrants have resided in Canada for a number of years, while others have arrived recently. Some immigrants are Canadian citizens, while others are not. Most immigrants are born outside Canada, but a small number are born in Canada. In the 2011 National Household Survey, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

Footnote 25

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

Footnote 26

China excludes Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Macao Special Administrative Region.

Footnote 27

The official name of Viet Nam is Socialist Republic of Viet Nam.

Footnote 28

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

Footnote 29

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

Footnote 30

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

Footnote 31

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

Footnote 32

Non-permanent resident refers to a person from another country who has a work or study permit, or who is a refugee claimant, and any non-Canadian-born family member living in Canada with them.

Footnote 33

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada. It identifies persons as being first generation, second generation or third generation or more.

Footnote 34

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or have ever been, immigrants to Canada.

Footnote 35

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

Footnote 36

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

Footnote 37

Visible minority
Part A - Short definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.' The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups:  South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

Footnote 38

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

Footnote 39

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan,' etc.

Footnote 40

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Malaysian,' 'Laotian,' etc.

Footnote 41

For example, 'Iranian,' 'Afghan,' etc.

Footnote 42

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes respondents who reported a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

Footnote 43

Includes respondents who reported more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in circles, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

Footnote 44

Includes respondents who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal identity question (Question 18) as well as respondents who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

Footnote 45

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who reported being an Aboriginal person, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who reported Registered or Treaty Indian status, that is registered under the Indian Act of Canada, and/or those who reported membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Footnote 46

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the National Household Survey (NHS). In 2011, there were a total of 36 Indian reserves and Indian settlements that were 'incompletely enumerated' in the NHS. For these reserves or settlements, NHS enumeration was either not permitted or was interrupted before it could be completed, or was not possible because of natural events (specifically forest fires in Northern Ontario). For additional information, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, National Household Survey (NHS), 2011.

Footnote 47

'Multiple Aboriginal identities' includes persons who reported being any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

Footnote 48

'Aboriginal identities not included elsewhere' includes persons who did not report being First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who did report Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

Footnote 49

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the National Household Survey (NHS). In 2011, there were a total of 36 Indian reserves and Indian settlements that were 'incompletely enumerated' in the NHS. For these reserves or settlements, NHS enumeration was either not permitted or was interrupted before it could be completed, or was not possible because of natural events (specifically forest fires in Northern Ontario). For additional information, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, National Household Survey (NHS), 2011.

Footnote 50

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person reported being a Registered or Treaty Indian. 'Registered or Treaty Indian' includes persons who reported being a Registered or Treaty Indian in Question 20. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Footnote 51

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ancestries in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ancestry (ethnic origin) in the NHS.

Footnote 52

'Aboriginal ancestry' includes persons who reported one or more than one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry in Question 17, either with or without also reporting a non-Aboriginal ancestry. The sum of the categories 'First Nations (North American Indian) ancestry,' 'Métis ancestry' and 'Inuit ancestry' is thus greater than the sum of the total for 'Aboriginal ancestry' because persons who reported more than one Aboriginal ancestry are included in the response category for each Aboriginal ancestry they reported. All respondents with Aboriginal ancestry are counted in at least one of the categories 'First Nations (North American Indian) ancestry,' 'Métis ancestry' and 'Inuit ancestry' and also in the category 'Aboriginal ancestry.'

Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the respondent's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

Footnote 53

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the National Household Survey (NHS). In 2011, there were a total of 36 Indian reserves and Indian settlements that were 'incompletely enumerated' in the NHS. For these reserves or settlements, NHS enumeration was either not permitted or was interrupted before it could be completed, or was not possible because of natural events (specifically forest fires in Northern Ontario). For additional information, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, National Household Survey (NHS), 2011.

Footnote 54

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry only' includes persons who did not report First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry in Question 17.

Footnote 55

Refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the individual on May 10, 2011.

Footnote 56

First official language spoken
Part A - Short definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to a variable specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act.

Footnote 57

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2011, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 58

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2011, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 59

'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' refers to the highest certificate, diploma or degree completed based on a hierarchy which is generally related to the amount of time spent 'in-class.' For postsecondary completers, a university education is considered to be a higher level of schooling than a college education, while a college education is considered to be a higher level of education than in the trades. Although some trades requirements may take as long or longer to complete than a given college or university program, the majority of time is spent in on-the-job paid training and less time is spent in the classroom.

For further definitions, refer to the National Household Survey Dictionary, Catalogue no. 99-000-X. For any comments on collection, dissemination or data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-012-X2011006.

Footnote 60

'High school diploma or equivalent' includes persons who have graduated from a secondary school or equivalent. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 61

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificates or diplomas,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificates or diplomas' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

Footnote 62

'Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma' includes Registered Apprenticeship certificates (including Certificate of Qualification, Journeyperson's designation) and other trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres, and similar institutions.

Footnote 63

Comparisons with other data sources suggest that the category 'University certificate or diploma below the bachelor's level' was over-reported in the NHS. This category likely includes some responses that are actually college certificates or diplomas, bachelor's degrees or other types of education (e.g., university transfer programs, bachelor's programs completed in other countries, incomplete bachelor's programs, non-university professional designations). We recommend users interpret the results for the 'University certificate or diploma below the bachelor's level' category with caution.

Footnote 64

'University certificate, diploma or degree above bachelor level' includes the categories 'University certificate or diploma above bachelor level,' 'Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry,' 'Master's degree' and 'Earned doctorate.'

Footnote 65

'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' refers to the highest certificate, diploma or degree completed based on a hierarchy which is generally related to the amount of time spent 'in-class.' For postsecondary completers, a university education is considered to be a higher level of schooling than a college education, while a college education is considered to be a higher level of education than in the trades. Although some trades requirements may take as long or longer to complete than a given college or university program, the majority of time is spent in on-the-job paid training and less time is spent in the classroom.

For further definitions, refer to the National Household Survey Dictionary, Catalogue no. 99-000-X. For any comments on collection, dissemination or data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-012-X2011006.

Footnote 66

'High school diploma or equivalent' includes persons who have graduated from a secondary school or equivalent. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 67

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificates or diplomas,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificates or diplomas' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

Footnote 68

'Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma' includes Registered Apprenticeship certificates (including Certificate of Qualification, Journeyperson's designation) and other trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres, and similar institutions.

Footnote 69

Comparisons with other data sources suggest that the category 'University certificate or diploma below the bachelor's level' was over-reported in the NHS. This category likely includes some responses that are actually college certificates or diplomas, bachelor's degrees or other types of education (e.g., university transfer programs, bachelor's programs completed in other countries, incomplete bachelor's programs, non-university professional designations). We recommend users interpret the results for the 'University certificate or diploma below the bachelor's level' category with caution.

Footnote 70

'University certificate, diploma or degree above bachelor level' includes the categories 'University certificate or diploma above bachelor level,' 'Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry,' 'Master's degree' and 'Earned doctorate.'

Footnote 71

'Major field of study' is defined as the main discipline or subject of learning. It is collected for the highest certificate, diploma or degree above the high school or secondary school level and classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2011. This variable shows the 'primary groupings,' a CIP variant.



For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2011, Catalogue no. 12-590-X available from: www.statcan.gc.ca/concepts/classification-eng.htm.



For any comments on collection, dissemination or data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-012-X2011006.

Footnote 72

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed a registered apprenticeship certificate (including Certificate of Qualification, Journeyperson's designation) or other trades certificate or diploma, a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma, or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 73

Called 'Health, parks, recreation and fitness' in CIP Canada 2000.

Footnote 74

Includes 'Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other.'

Footnote 75

'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence' indicates whether the 'Location of study' is the same as the province or territory of residence in 2011, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. 'Location of study' refers to the province, territory or country of the institution where the highest certificate, diploma or degree above the high school level was completed.

Users should be aware that some respondents may have reported the physical location of study rather than the location of the certificate, diploma or degree-granting institution. This could affect the responses of those who obtained a certificate, diploma or degree through a joint program or by distance learning with credentials granted in another province or country. In particular, a number of persons reported a location of study for a university credential in one of the territories (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), even though there were no educational institutions in the territories with the authority to grant university degrees.

For any other comments on collection, dissemination or data quality for this variable or 'Location of study,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-012-X2011006.

Footnote 76

Refers to whether a person was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

Footnote 77

Refers to whether an employed person is an employee or is self-employed. The self-employed include persons with or without a business, as well as unpaid family workers.

Footnote 78

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2010 only.

Footnote 79

Experienced labour force refers to persons who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2010 or 2011.

Footnote 80

Includes self-employed with an incorporated business and self-employed with an unincorporated business. Also included among the self-employed are unpaid family workers.

Footnote 81

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The 2011 National Household Survey occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2011.

Footnote 82

Unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2010 only.

Footnote 83

Experienced labour force refers to persons who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2010 or 2011.

Footnote 84

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The 2011 National Household Survey industry data are produced according to the NAICS 2007.

Footnote 85

Unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2010 only.

Footnote 86

Experienced labour force refers to persons who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2010 or 2011.

Footnote 87

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person worked for pay or in self-employment in 2010 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

Footnote 88

Includes persons who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2010 only, or persons who worked in 2011 only.

Footnote 89

Refers to persons who worked for pay or in self-employment in 2010. These persons were asked to report whether the weeks they worked in 2010 were full-time weeks (30 hours or more per week) or not, on the basis of all jobs held. Persons with a part-time job for part of the year and a full-time job for another part of the year were to report the information for the job at which they worked the most weeks.

Footnote 90

Includes persons who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2010 only, or persons who worked in 2011 only.

Source: Statistics Canada, 2011 National Household Survey, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 99-014-X2011043.