Tabulation: Ethnic Origin (101), Age Groups (10), Sex (3) and Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force, Educational and Income Characteristics (327) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey

• Ethnic origin (101): Total - Ethnic origins
• Age groups (10): Total - Age groups

This table details ethnic origin , age groups , sex and selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics for the population in private households in Ontario^{Footnote 2}
Global non-response rate (GNR)^{Footnote 3} = 27.1 %

Selected demographic, cultural, educational, labour force and income characteristics (327)	Sex (3)
	Total - Sex	Male	Female
Total population aged 15 years and over in private households by marital status^Footnote 4	10,473,670	5,064,715	5,408,950
Married or living with a common-law partner	6,132,130	3,062,430	3,069,700
Married (and not separated)	5,348,915	2,668,905	2,680,005
Living common law	783,215	393,525	389,695
Not married and not living with a common-law partner	4,341,535	2,002,285	2,339,245
Single (never legally married)	2,921,495	1,553,110	1,368,385
Separated	305,930	125,435	180,495
Divorced	581,280	220,095	361,190
Widowed	532,830	103,645	429,180
Total - Census family status^Footnote 5	12,651,795	6,181,445	6,470,345
Married spouses	5,248,265	2,624,530	2,623,730
Common-law partners	783,220	393,525	389,695
Lone parents	594,705	111,780	482,930
Children in census families	4,076,195	2,167,665	1,908,530
Persons not in census families^Footnote 6	1,949,415	883,945	1,065,465
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago^Footnote 7	12,517,320	6,112,420	6,404,905
Non-movers	11,069,630	5,406,200	5,663,435
Movers	1,447,695	706,220	741,470
Non-migrants	852,965	415,670	437,295
Migrants	594,725	290,550	304,180
Internal migrants	475,455	231,755	243,705
Intraprovincial migrants	419,420	204,105	215,315
Interprovincial migrants	56,040	27,655	28,385
External migrants	119,265	58,790	60,475
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago^Footnote 8	11,949,190	5,823,090	6,126,100
Non-movers	7,469,250	3,644,725	3,824,525
Movers	4,479,940	2,178,365	2,301,580
Non-migrants	2,486,070	1,211,740	1,274,325
Migrants	1,993,875	966,625	1,027,255
Internal migrants	1,514,730	738,005	776,725
Intraprovincial migrants	1,337,130	650,745	686,385
Interprovincial migrants	177,600	87,260	90,345
External migrants	479,140	228,620	250,525
Total population by mother tongue^Footnote 9	12,651,795	6,181,445	6,470,350
English	8,674,200	4,280,010	4,394,185
French	473,315	223,180	250,135
Non-official language	3,276,100	1,568,235	1,707,865
English and French	18,945	8,765	10,175
English and non-official language	196,445	95,085	101,365
French and non-official language	10,525	5,000	5,530
English, French and non-official language	2,260	1,170	1,090
Total population by language spoken most often at home^Footnote 10	12,651,790	6,181,445	6,470,345
English	10,061,505	4,943,810	5,117,690
French	282,225	132,160	150,065
Non-official language	1,863,595	889,265	974,330
English and French	19,815	9,345	10,470
English and non-official language	415,825	202,940	212,890
French and non-official language	5,775	2,530	3,240
English, French and non-official language	3,065	1,395	1,665
Total population by knowledge of official languages^Footnote 11	12,651,790	6,181,445	6,470,350
English only	10,936,505	5,428,080	5,508,430
French only	39,695	17,285	22,410
English and French	1,393,160	625,090	768,075
Neither English nor French	282,430	110,990	171,440
Total population aged 15 years and over by language used most often at work^Footnote 12	7,251,570	3,722,755	3,528,820
English	6,946,430	3,583,880	3,362,545
French	94,480	36,425	58,055
Non-official language	105,920	54,255	51,660
Aboriginal	975	400	570
Non-Aboriginal	104,945	53,860	51,090
English and French	54,120	23,310	30,810
English and non-official language	48,700	24,045	24,650
French and non-official language	280	130	145
English, French and non-official language	1,640	700	940
Total population by citizenship^Footnote 13	12,651,790	6,181,445	6,470,345
Canadian citizens	11,784,075	5,777,980	6,006,100
Canadian citizens only	11,322,670	5,553,610	5,769,060
Citizens of Canada and at least one other country	461,405	224,365	237,035
Not Canadian citizens^Footnote 14	867,715	403,465	464,250
Total immigrant population in private households by age at immigration^Footnote 15	3,611,365	1,706,380	1,904,980
Under 5 years	350,090	173,585	176,505
5 to 14 years	640,590	323,135	317,460
15 to 24 years	845,910	378,010	467,905
25 to 44 years	1,447,265	684,940	762,325
45 years and over	327,500	146,710	180,790
Total population in private households by immigrant status and selected places of birth^Footnote 16	12,651,795	6,181,445	6,470,350
Non-immigrants^Footnote 17	8,906,005	4,410,240	4,495,765
Born in province of residence	7,916,110	3,934,410	3,981,700
Born outside province of residence	989,895	475,825	514,070
Immigrants^Footnote 18	3,611,365	1,706,380	1,904,985
Americas	580,045	256,295	323,750
United States	115,040	49,740	65,305
Jamaica	111,475	46,140	65,330
Guyana	80,075	35,580	44,500
Haiti	9,280	3,795	5,485
Mexico	27,180	12,665	14,515
Trinidad and Tobago	54,680	24,370	30,310
Colombia	26,725	12,530	14,185
El Salvador	19,645	9,975	9,670
Peru	10,315	4,465	5,855
Chile	8,630	4,140	4,490
Other places of birth in Americas	117,000	52,895	64,105
Europe	1,206,005	576,930	629,075
United Kingdom^Footnote 19	291,940	137,350	154,590
Italy	170,710	85,695	85,010
Germany	68,170	31,450	36,720
Poland	101,815	46,325	55,490
Portugal	103,760	50,910	52,855
Netherlands	53,395	26,960	26,435
France	12,935	6,020	6,915
Romania	40,695	19,140	21,560
Russian Federation	41,920	18,965	22,960
Greece	39,410	19,945	19,465
Ukraine	38,955	17,170	21,790
Croatia	27,935	13,370	14,565
Hungary	23,515	11,035	12,480
Bosnia and Herzegovina	22,110	11,265	10,835
Serbia	23,845	11,390	12,450
Ireland, Republic of	16,995	7,900	9,095
Other places of birth in Europe	127,905	62,050	65,860
Africa	195,900	95,165	100,740
Morocco	5,400	2,535	2,860
Algeria	2,415	1,340	1,075
Egypt	26,200	14,035	12,160
South Africa, Republic of	18,405	9,225	9,180
Nigeria	17,215	8,735	8,480
Ethiopia	13,150	6,060	7,090
Kenya	14,170	6,400	7,770
Other places of birth in Africa	98,950	46,825	52,125
Asia	1,617,330	772,135	845,200
India	310,410	153,835	156,570
China^Footnote 20	267,780	123,410	144,370
Philippines	204,035	83,860	120,175
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region	105,855	49,880	55,970
Viet Nam^Footnote 21	79,645	37,485	42,165
Pakistan	114,600	58,165	56,430
Sri Lanka	110,800	54,750	56,050
Iran^Footnote 22	70,310	36,065	34,240
Korea, South^Footnote 23	55,485	26,190	29,295
Lebanon	30,135	15,770	14,365
Taiwan	17,425	7,765	9,660
Iraq	36,355	18,645	17,705
Bangladesh	30,205	15,595	14,615
Afghanistan	26,385	13,325	13,065
Japan	8,015	2,510	5,505
Turkey	13,875	7,215	6,660
Other places of birth in Asia	136,030	67,675	68,355
Oceania and other^Footnote 24	12,085	5,860	6,225
Fiji	2,395	1,140	1,255
Other places of birth^Footnote 25	9,690	4,725	4,970
Non-permanent residents^Footnote 26	134,425	64,825	69,600
Total population in private households by generation status^Footnote 27	12,651,790	6,181,445	6,470,350
First generation^Footnote 28	3,779,630	1,788,775	1,990,860
Second generation^Footnote 29	2,849,290	1,420,780	1,428,515
Third generation or more^Footnote 30	6,022,875	2,971,895	3,050,975
Total population by selected religions^Footnote 31	12,651,795	6,181,445	6,470,345
Buddhist	163,755	75,355	88,395
Christian	8,167,290	3,839,925	4,327,365
Anglican	774,565	355,175	419,390
Baptist	244,655	112,285	132,370
Catholic	3,976,605	1,895,945	2,080,665
Christian Orthodox	297,705	145,820	151,885
Lutheran	163,460	75,230	88,230
Pentecostal	213,945	94,955	118,995
Presbyterian	319,590	148,535	171,045
United Church	952,470	435,255	517,215
Other Christian	1,224,300	576,725	647,575
Hindu	366,720	183,580	183,140
Jewish	195,535	95,795	99,740
Muslim	581,950	293,925	288,025
Sikh	179,765	90,510	89,245
Traditional (Aboriginal) Spirituality	15,905	7,605	8,305
Other religions	53,080	23,555	29,525
No religious affiliation	2,927,790	1,571,195	1,356,595
Total population in private households by visible minority	12,651,795	6,181,445	6,470,345
Total visible minority population^Footnote 32	3,279,565	1,582,480	1,697,085
South Asian^Footnote 33	965,990	484,355	481,635
Chinese	629,140	301,575	327,565
Black	539,205	251,295	287,915
Filipino	275,385	116,830	158,555
Latin American	172,560	83,200	89,360
Arab	151,645	79,615	72,030
Southeast Asian^Footnote 34	137,870	67,640	70,225
West Asian^Footnote 35	122,530	62,515	60,010
Korean	78,295	38,045	40,250
Japanese	29,090	13,350	15,740
Visible minority, n.i.e.^Footnote 36	81,125	37,295	43,825
Multiple visible minorities^Footnote 37	96,735	46,765	49,970
Not a visible minority^Footnote 38	9,372,225	4,598,965	4,773,260
Total population in private households by Aboriginal identity	12,651,790	6,181,445	6,470,345
Aboriginal identity^Footnote 39	301,430	145,020	156,410
First Nations (North American Indian) single identity^Footnote 40	201,100	96,620	104,480
Métis single identity	86,020	41,755	44,260
Inuk (Inuit) single identity	3,360	1,480	1,880
Multiple Aboriginal identities^Footnote 41	2,905	1,420	1,485
Aboriginal identities not included elsewhere^Footnote 42	8,045	3,750	4,295
Non-Aboriginal identity	12,350,365	6,036,425	6,313,935
Total population aged 25 to 64 years by highest certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 43	7,018,880	3,388,225	3,630,655
No certificate, diploma or degree	769,575	398,420	371,150
High school diploma or equivalent^Footnote 44	1,702,160	820,675	881,480
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 45	4,547,145	2,169,125	2,378,025
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma^Footnote 46	546,565	365,350	181,210
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	1,654,400	713,700	940,700
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level^Footnote 47	318,130	144,040	174,090
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	2,028,055	946,035	1,082,020
Bachelor's degree	1,243,250	564,165	679,080
University certificate, diploma or degree above bachelor level^Footnote 48	784,805	381,870	402,940
Total population aged 15 years and over by major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2011^Footnote 49	10,473,670	5,064,715	5,408,950
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 50	4,756,330	2,294,095	2,462,235
Education	387,620	93,405	294,215
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	222,150	104,405	117,745
Humanities	348,190	133,215	214,975
Social and behavioural sciences and law	682,330	233,645	448,690
Business, management and public administration	1,222,405	494,390	728,010
Physical and life sciences and technologies	229,270	116,045	113,225
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	267,625	167,775	99,850
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	1,151,370	1,046,005	105,365
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	103,815	68,515	35,305
Health and related fields^Footnote 51	791,620	151,230	640,390
Personal, protective and transportation services	309,720	161,750	147,970
Other fields of study^Footnote 52	1,210	230	980
Total population aged 15 years and over by location of study compared with province or territory of residence^Footnote 53	10,473,670	5,064,720	5,408,950
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	4,756,330	2,294,095	2,462,235
With postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	5,717,335	2,770,625	2,946,715
Location of study inside Canada	4,525,690	2,171,655	2,354,030
Same as province or territory of residence	4,172,805	1,999,140	2,173,665
Another province or territory	352,880	172,520	180,365
Location of study outside Canada	1,191,650	598,965	592,685
Total population aged 15 years and over by labour force status^Footnote 54	10,473,670	5,064,715	5,408,950
In the labour force	6,864,985	3,542,025	3,322,955
Employed	6,297,000	3,249,165	3,047,835
Unemployed	567,985	292,860	275,125
Not in the labour force	3,608,685	1,522,685	2,085,990
Participation rate	65.5	69.9	61.4
Employment rate	60.1	64.2	56.3
Unemployment rate	8.3	8.3	8.3
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker^Footnote 55	6,864,990	3,542,030	3,322,955
Class of worker - not applicable^Footnote 56	184,735	89,230	95,505
All classes of worker^Footnote 57	6,680,245	3,452,800	3,227,455
Employee	5,973,825	2,998,790	2,975,030
Self-employed^Footnote 58	706,425	454,005	252,420
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2011^Footnote 59	6,864,985	3,542,025	3,322,960
Occupation - not applicable^Footnote 60	184,740	89,235	95,505
All occupations^Footnote 61	6,680,245	3,452,795	3,227,450
0 Management occupations	770,580	474,655	295,920
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	1,138,330	352,510	785,820
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	494,495	384,345	110,155
3 Health occupations	392,695	78,325	314,370
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	801,470	264,570	536,895
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	206,420	96,055	110,365
6 Sales and service occupations	1,550,260	673,880	876,375
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	868,510	812,280	56,230
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	106,805	82,605	24,200
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	350,685	233,570	117,115
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2007^Footnote 62	6,864,985	3,542,030	3,322,955
Industry - not applicable^Footnote 63	184,740	89,230	95,510
All industries^Footnote 64	6,680,250	3,452,795	3,227,450
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	101,280	66,480	34,800
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	29,985	25,645	4,340
22 Utilities	57,035	42,685	14,345
23 Construction	417,900	369,300	48,595
31-33 Manufacturing	697,565	493,305	204,260
41 Wholesale trade	305,030	197,770	107,260
44-45 Retail trade	751,200	344,480	406,720
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	307,400	225,240	82,165
51 Information and cultural industries	178,720	98,830	79,885
52 Finance and insurance	364,415	153,125	211,290
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	133,980	72,835	61,145
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	511,020	281,425	229,600
55 Management of companies and enterprises	6,530	3,540	2,985
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	309,630	172,475	137,155
61 Educational services	499,690	162,765	336,925
62 Health care and social assistance	692,130	120,165	571,965
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	144,060	75,035	69,030
72 Accommodation and food services	417,670	177,245	240,435
81 Other services (except public administration)	296,345	133,790	162,550
91 Public administration	458,670	236,655	222,010
Population aged 15 years and over who worked full year, full time and with employment income in 2010^Footnote 65	3,729,585	2,075,340	1,654,250
Median employment income in 2010 $	50,116	55,116	44,973
Average employment income in 2010 $	61,495	68,768	52,371
Total income in 2010 of population aged 15 years and over^Footnote 66	10,473,670	5,064,715	5,408,950
Without income	556,515	243,455	313,065
With income	9,917,150	4,821,270	5,095,885
Under $5,000^Footnote 67	1,064,160	513,400	550,755
$5,000 to $9,999	716,195	267,690	448,500
$10,000 to $14,999	872,785	334,005	538,780
$15,000 to $19,999	875,275	335,810	539,465
$20,000 to $29,999	1,361,715	580,990	780,720
$30,000 to $39,999	1,136,730	535,255	601,475
$40,000 to $49,999	980,790	491,125	489,665
$50,000 to $59,999	746,365	407,005	339,355
$60,000 to $79,999	964,285	569,200	395,080
$80,000 to $99,999	574,710	341,155	233,555
$100,000 and over	624,150	445,620	178,525
$100,000 to $124,999	293,860	201,125	92,740
$125,000 and over	330,285	244,500	85,785
Median income $^Footnote 68	30,526	36,971	25,412
Average income $^Footnote 69	42,264	50,242	34,716
After-tax income in 2010 of population 15 years and over^Footnote 70	10,473,670	5,064,720	5,408,950
Without after-tax income	558,360	243,470	314,885
With after-tax income	9,915,310	4,821,250	5,094,060
Under $5,000^Footnote 71	1,083,745	518,495	565,250
$5,000 to $9,999	730,610	269,945	460,660
$10,000 to $14,999	894,355	343,100	551,255
$15,000 to $19,999	942,415	364,835	577,575
$20,000 to $29,999	1,568,230	682,555	885,675
$30,000 to $39,999	1,376,730	669,100	707,630
$40,000 to $49,999	1,093,320	581,980	511,345
$50,000 to $59,999	734,550	428,690	305,855
$60,000 to $79,999	895,440	538,205	357,235
$80,000 to $99,999	307,975	210,090	97,890
$100,000 and over	287,940	214,255	73,685
Median after-tax income $^Footnote 72	28,118	33,475	23,882
Average after-tax income $^Footnote 73	35,249	40,970	29,836
Composition of total income in 2010 of population 15 years and over %^Footnote 74	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income %^Footnote 75	87.7	90.6	83.7
Employment income %^Footnote 76	74.8	77.6	70.9
Wages and salaries %^Footnote 77	70.1	72.1	67.4
Self-employment income %^Footnote 78	4.6	5.5	3.5
Investment income %^Footnote 79	4.2	3.9	4.5
Retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities %^Footnote 80	7.0	7.5	6.4
Other money income %^Footnote 81	1.7	1.6	1.9
Government transfer payments %^Footnote 82	12.3	9.4	16.3
Canada/Quebec Pension Plan benefits %^Footnote 83	3.4	3.0	4.0
Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplement %^Footnote 84	2.8	2.1	3.9
Employment Insurance benefits %^Footnote 85	1.4	1.1	1.8
Child benefits %^Footnote 86	1.4	0.1	3.2
Other income from government sources %^Footnote 87	3.3	3.1	3.5
Income taxes paid as a % of total income^Footnote 88	16.6	18.5	14.1
After-tax income as a % of total income^Footnote 89	83.4	81.5	85.9
Net capital gains or losses as a % of total income^Footnote 90	1.7	1.9	1.5
Total population by income status in 2010 based on after-tax low-income measure^Footnote 91	12,651,795	6,181,445	6,470,350
Population for the income status based on after-tax low-income measure	12,600,230	6,155,675	6,444,560
Low-income population	1,745,900	809,655	936,245
Prevalence of low income %	13.9	13.2	14.5
Other population	10,854,325	5,346,015	5,508,310
Concept not applicable^Footnote 92	51,565	25,775	25,795

Symbol(s)

Symbol ..

not available for a specific reference period

Symbol ...

not applicable

Symbol x

suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act

Symbol F

too unreliable to be published

Footnote(s)

Footnote 1

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the NHS.

Footnote 2

Excludes National Household Survey data for one or more incompletely enumerated Indian reserves or Indian settlements.

Footnote 3

For the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) estimates, the global non-response rate (GNR) is used as an indicator of data quality. This indicator combines complete non-response (household) and partial non-response (question) into a single rate. The value of the GNR is presented to users. A smaller GNR indicates a lower risk of non-response bias and as a result, lower risk of inaccuracy. The threshold used for estimates' suppression is a GNR of 50% or more. For more information, please refer to the National Household Survey User Guide, 2011.

Footnote 4

Marital status
Refers to the marital status of the person, taking into account his/her common-law status. Persons who are married or living common law may be of opposite sex or of the same sex. The classification is as follows:
Married (and not separated): A person who is married and has not separated or obtained a divorce, and whose spouse is living.

Common-law: A person who is living with another person as a couple but who is not legally married to that person.

Separated: A person who is married but who no longer lives with his/her spouse (for any reason other than illness, work or school) and who has not obtained a divorce. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Divorced: A person who has obtained a legal divorce and who has not remarried. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Widowed: A person who has lost his/her spouse through death and who has not remarried. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Single (never legally married): A person who has never married or a person whose marriage has been annulled and who has not remarried. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Footnote 5

Classification of persons according to whether or not they are members of a census family and the status they have in the census family (a census family is composed of a married couple or two persons living common law, with or without children, or of a lone parent living with at least one child in the same dwelling). A person can be a married spouse, a common-law partner, a lone parent, a child or a person not in a census family.

Footnote 6

Persons not in census families may live with relatives (without forming a census family with them), they may live with non-relatives only or they may live alone.

Footnote 7

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2011, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 8

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2011, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 9

Refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the individual on May 10, 2011.

Footnote 10

Refers to the language spoken most often at home by the individual on May 10, 2011.

Footnote 11

Refers to the ability to conduct a conversation in English only, in French only, in both English and French, or in neither English nor French.

Footnote 12

Population by language used most often at work.

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2011 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2010.

Footnote 13

Citizenship refers to the legal citizenship status of a person. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship.

Footnote 14

Includes persons who are stateless.

Footnote 15

Age at immigration refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant/permanent resident status. Immigrant refers to a person who is or has ever been a landed immigrant/permanent resident. This person has been granted the right to live permanently in Canada by immigration authorities.

Footnote 16

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by immigrants at the Canada level.

Footnote 17

Non-immigrant refers to a person who is a Canadian citizen by birth.

Footnote 18

Immigrant refers to a person who is or has ever been a landed immigrant/permanent resident. This person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Some immigrants have resided in Canada for a number of years, while others have arrived recently. Some immigrants are Canadian citizens, while others are not. Most immigrants are born outside Canada, but a small number are born in Canada. In the 2011 National Household Survey, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

Footnote 19

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

Footnote 20

China excludes Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Macao Special Administrative Region.

Footnote 21

The official name of Viet Nam is Socialist Republic of Viet Nam.

Footnote 22

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

Footnote 23

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

Footnote 24

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

Footnote 25

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

Footnote 26

Non-permanent resident refers to a person from another country who has a work or study permit, or who is a refugee claimant, and any non-Canadian-born family member living in Canada with them.

Footnote 27

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada. It identifies persons as being first generation, second generation or third generation or more.

Footnote 28

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or have ever been, immigrants to Canada.

Footnote 29

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

Footnote 30

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

Footnote 31

Religion refers to the person's self-identification as having a connection or affiliation with any religious denomination, group, body, sect, cult or other religiously defined community or system of belief. Religion is not limited to formal membership in a religious organization or group. Persons without a religious connection or affiliation can self-identify as atheist, agnostic or humanist, or can provide another applicable response.

Footnote 32

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

Footnote 33

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan,' etc.

Footnote 34

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Malaysian,' 'Laotian,' etc.

Footnote 35

For example, 'Iranian,' 'Afghan,' etc.

Footnote 36

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes respondents who reported a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

Footnote 37

Includes respondents who reported more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in circles, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

Footnote 38

Includes respondents who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal identity question (Question 18) as well as respondents who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

Footnote 39

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who reported being an Aboriginal person, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who reported Registered or Treaty Indian status, that is registered under the Indian Act of Canada, and/or those who reported membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Footnote 40

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the National Household Survey (NHS). In 2011, there were a total of 36 Indian reserves and Indian settlements that were 'incompletely enumerated' in the NHS. For these reserves or settlements, NHS enumeration was either not permitted or was interrupted before it could be completed, or was not possible because of natural events (specifically forest fires in Northern Ontario). For additional information, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, National Household Survey (NHS), 2011.

Footnote 41

'Multiple Aboriginal identities' includes persons who reported being any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

Footnote 42

'Aboriginal identities not included elsewhere' includes persons who did not report being First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who did report Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

Footnote 43

'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' refers to the highest certificate, diploma or degree completed based on a hierarchy which is generally related to the amount of time spent 'in-class.' For postsecondary completers, a university education is considered to be a higher level of schooling than a college education, while a college education is considered to be a higher level of education than in the trades. Although some trades requirements may take as long or longer to complete than a given college or university program, the majority of time is spent in on-the-job paid training and less time is spent in the classroom.

For further definitions, refer to the National Household Survey Dictionary, Catalogue no. 99-000-X. For any comments on collection, dissemination or data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-012-X2011006.

Footnote 44

'High school diploma or equivalent' includes persons who have graduated from a secondary school or equivalent. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 45

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificates or diplomas,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificates or diplomas' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

Footnote 46

'Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma' includes Registered Apprenticeship certificates (including Certificate of Qualification, Journeyperson's designation) and other trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres, and similar institutions.

Footnote 47

Comparisons with other data sources suggest that the category 'University certificate or diploma below the bachelor's level' was over-reported in the NHS. This category likely includes some responses that are actually college certificates or diplomas, bachelor's degrees or other types of education (e.g., university transfer programs, bachelor's programs completed in other countries, incomplete bachelor's programs, non-university professional designations). We recommend users interpret the results for the 'University certificate or diploma below the bachelor's level' category with caution.

Footnote 48

'University certificate, diploma or degree above bachelor level' includes the categories 'University certificate or diploma above bachelor level,' 'Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry,' 'Master's degree' and 'Earned doctorate.'

Footnote 49

'Major field of study' is defined as the main discipline or subject of learning. It is collected for the highest certificate, diploma or degree above the high school or secondary school level and classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2011. This variable shows the 'primary groupings,' a CIP variant.



For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2011, Catalogue no. 12-590-X available from: www.statcan.gc.ca/concepts/classification-eng.htm.



For any comments on collection, dissemination or data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-012-X2011006.

Footnote 50

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed a registered apprenticeship certificate (including Certificate of Qualification, Journeyperson's designation) or other trades certificate or diploma, a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma, or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 51

Called 'Health, parks, recreation and fitness' in CIP Canada 2000.

Footnote 52

Includes 'Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other.'

Footnote 53

'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence' indicates whether the 'Location of study' is the same as the province or territory of residence in 2011, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. 'Location of study' refers to the province, territory or country of the institution where the highest certificate, diploma or degree above the high school level was completed.



Users should be aware that some respondents may have reported the physical location of study rather than the location of the certificate, diploma or degree-granting institution. This could affect the responses of those who obtained a certificate, diploma or degree through a joint program or by distance learning with credentials granted in another province or country. In particular, a number of persons reported a location of study for a university credential in one of the territories (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), even though there were no educational institutions in the territories with the authority to grant university degrees.



For any other comments on collection, dissemination or data quality for this variable or 'Location of study,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-012-X2011006.

Footnote 54

Refers to whether a person was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

Footnote 55

Refers to whether an employed person is an employee or is self-employed. The self-employed include persons with or without a business, as well as unpaid family workers.

Footnote 56

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2010 only.

Footnote 57

Experienced labour force refers to persons who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2010 or 2011.

Footnote 58

Includes self-employed with an incorporated business and self-employed with an unincorporated business. Also included among the self-employed are unpaid family workers.

Footnote 59

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The 2011 National Household Survey occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2011.

Footnote 60

Unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2010 only.

Footnote 61

Experienced labour force refers to persons who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2010 or 2011.

Footnote 62

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The 2011 National Household Survey industry data are produced according to the NAICS 2007.

Footnote 63

Unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2010 only.

Footnote 64

Experienced labour force refers to persons who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2010 or 2011.

Footnote 65

Earnings or employment income - Refers to total income received by persons 15 years of age and over during calendar year 2010 as wages and salaries, net income from a non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice, and/or net farm self-employment income.

Wages and salaries - Refers to gross wages and salaries before deductions for such items as income tax, pensions and Employment Insurance. Included in this source are military pay and allowances, tips, commissions and cash bonuses, benefits from wage-loss replacement plans or income-maintenance insurance plans, supplementary unemployment benefits from an employer or union as well as all types of casual earnings during calendar year 2010. Other employment income such as taxable benefits, research grants and royalties are included.


Net non-farm income from unincorporated business or professional practice - Refers to net income (gross receipts minus expenses of operation such as wages, rents and depreciation) received during calendar year 2010 from the respondent's non-farm unincorporated business or professional practice. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share was reported. Also included is net income from persons babysitting in their own homes, persons providing room and board to non-relatives, self-employed fishers, hunters and trappers, operators of direct distributorships such as those selling and delivering cosmetics, as well as freelance activities of artists, writers, music teachers, hairdressers, dressmakers, etc.

Net farm income - Refers to net income (gross receipts from farm sales minus depreciation and cost of operation) received during calendar year 2010 from the operation of a farm, either on the respondent's own account or in partnership. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share of income was reported. Included with gross receipts are cash advances received in 2010, dividends from cooperatives, rebates and farm-support payments to farmers from federal, provincial and regional agricultural programs (for example, milk subsidies and marketing board payments) and gross insurance proceeds such as payments from the AgriInvest and AgriStability programs. The value of income 'in kind,' such as agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm, is excluded.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution, ranked by size of income, into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the unrounded number of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) with income in that group.

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals aged 15 years and over who reported income for 2010. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median and average incomes of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least aged 15 years and who have an income (positive or negative).

The above concept and procedures also apply in the calculation of these statistics for earnings.

Work activity in 2010 - Refers to the number of weeks in which a person worked for pay or in self-employment in 2010 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 66

Total income - Total income refers to monetary receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during calendar year 2010. It includes employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities); income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, employment insurance, old age security pension, Canada or Quebec pension plan benefits and disability income; income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and RRIFs; income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, GICs and mutual funds; and other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. It excludes one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump sum insurance settlements, capital gains and RRSP withdrawals. Capital gains are excluded because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are less likely to be fully spent in the period in which they are received, unlike income that is regular and recurring. Also excluded are employer's contributions to registered pension plans, Canada and Quebec pension plans, and employment insurance. Finally, voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter, and goods produced for own consumption are excluded from this total income definition.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the individuals with income in that group (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years).

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals aged 15 years and over who reported income for 2010. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median and average incomes of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least aged 15 years and who have an income (positive or negative).

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 67

Including loss.

Footnote 68

For population with income.

Footnote 69

For population with income.

Footnote 70

After-tax income - Refers to total income from all sources minus federal, provincial and territorial income taxes paid for 2010.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the individuals with income in that group (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years).

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals aged 15 years and over who reported income for 2010. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median and average incomes of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least aged 15 years and who have an income (positive or negative).

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 71

Including loss.

Footnote 72

For population with after-tax income.

Footnote 73

For population with after-tax income.

Footnote 74

Composition of income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

Total income - Total of income from all sources, including employment income, income from government programs, pension income, investment income and any other money income.

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 75

Market income - Refers to the sum of employment income (wages and salaries, net farm income and net income from non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities (including those from RRSPs and RRIFs) and other money income. It is equivalent to total income before tax minus all government transfers and is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Footnote 76

Earnings or employment income - Total wages and salaries and net income from self-employment.

Footnote 77

Wages and salaries - Refers to gross wages and salaries before deductions for such items as income tax, pensions and Employment Insurance. Included in this source are military pay and allowances, tips, commissions and cash bonuses, benefits from wage-loss replacement plans or income-maintenance insurance plans, supplementary unemployment benefits from an employer or union as well as all types of casual earnings during calendar year 2010. Other employment income such as taxable benefits, research grants and royalties are included.

Footnote 78

Self-employment net income - Refers to the total amount received by persons aged 15 years and over during calendar year 2010 as net farm income from self-employment, or net non-farm income from unincorporated business and/or professional practice.

Net farm income - Refers to net income (gross receipts from farm sales minus depreciation and cost of operation) received during calendar year 2010 from the operation of a farm, either on the respondent's own account or in partnership. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share of income was reported. Included with gross receipts are cash advances received in 2010, dividends from cooperatives, rebates and farm-support payments to farmers from federal, provincial and regional agricultural programs (for example, milk subsidies and marketing board payments) and gross insurance proceeds such as payments from the AgriInvest and AgriStability programs. The value of income 'in kind,' such as agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm, is excluded.

Net non-farm income from unincorporated business and/or professional practice - Refers to net income (gross receipts minus expenses of operation such as wages, rents and depreciation) received during calendar year 2010 from the respondent's non-farm unincorporated business or professional practice. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share was reported. Also included is net income from persons babysitting in their own homes, persons providing room and board to non-relatives, self-employed fishers, hunters and trappers, operators of direct distributorships such as those selling and delivering cosmetics, as well as freelance activities of artists, writers, music teachers, hairdressers, dressmakers, etc.

Footnote 79

Investment income - Refers to interest received during calendar year 2010 from deposits in banks, trust companies, cooperatives, credit unions, caisses populaires, etc., as well as interest on savings certificates, bonds and debentures, and all dividends from both Canadian and foreign corporate stocks and mutual funds. Also included is other investment income from either Canadian or foreign sources, such as net rents from real estate, mortgage and loan interest received, regular income from an estate or trust fund, and interest from insurance policies. Does not include capital gains or losses.

Footnote 80

Retirement pensions - Refers to all regular income received by the respondent during calendar year 2010 as the result of having been a member of a pension plan of one or more employers. It includes payments received from all annuities, including payments from a Registered Retirement Income Fund (RRIF), a matured Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP) in the form of a life annuity, a fixed-term annuity, or an income-averaging annuity contract; pensions paid to widow(er)s or other relatives of deceased pensioners; pensions of retired civil servants, Armed Forces personnel and Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) officers; annuity payments received from the Canadian Government Annuities Fund, an insurance company, etc. Does not include lump-sum death benefits, lump-sum benefits or withdrawals from a pension plan or RRSP, or refunds of over-contributions.

Footnote 81

Other money income - Refers to regular cash income received during calendar year 2010 and not reported in any of the other sources listed on the questionnaire. For example, severance pay and retirement allowances, alimony, child support, periodic support from other persons not in the household, income from abroad (excluding dividends and interest), non refundable scholarships, bursaries, fellowships and study grants, and artists' project grants are included.

Footnote 82

Government transfer payments - Refers to all cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during 2010. This variable is derived by summing the amounts reported in:

- the Old Age Security pension and Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance and Allowance for the Survivor
- benefits from Canada Pension Plan or Quebec Pension Plan
- benefits from Employment Insurance
- child benefits
- other income from government sources.

Footnote 83

Benefits from Canada or Quebec pension plan - Refers to benefits received during calendar year 2010 from the Canada or Quebec Pension Plan (For example, retirement pensions, survivors' benefits and disability pensions). Does not include lump-sum death benefits.

Footnote 84

Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplement - Refers to Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplements paid to persons aged 65 years and over, and to the Allowance or Allowance for the survivor paid to 60- to 64-year-old spouses of old age security recipients or widow(er)s by the federal government during the calendar year 2010.

Footnote 85

Benefits from employment insurance - Refers to total Employment Insurance benefits received during calendar year 2010, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, work sharing, retraining and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal Employment Insurance Program or the Quebec Parental Insurance Program.

Footnote 86

Child benefits - Refers to payments received under the Canada Child Tax Benefit program during calendar year 2010 by parents with dependent children under 18 years of age. Included with the Canada Child Tax Benefit is the National Child Benefit Supplement (NCBS) for low-income families with children. The NCBS is the federal contribution to the National Child Benefit (NCB), a joint initiative of federal, provincial and territorial governments. Also included in this variable are child benefits, child disability benefits and earned income supplements provided by certain provinces and territories and the Universal Child Care Benefit (UCCB).

Footnote 87

Other income from government sources - Refers to all transfer payments, excluding those covered as a separate income source (Canada Pension Plan or Quebec Pension Plan benefits, Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplements, Employment Insurance benefits and child benefits) received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal programs during 2010.

Footnote 88

Income tax paid - Refers to all federal, provincial and territorial taxes paid on 2010 income. Federal, provincial and territorial taxes paid refer to taxes on income, after taking into account exemptions, deductions, non-refundable tax credits and the Quebec abatement. These taxes are obtained from the income tax files for persons who allowed access to their income tax data and from direct responses on the questionnaire for others.

Footnote 89

After-tax income - Refers to total income from all sources minus federal, provincial and territorial taxes paid for 2010.

Footnote 90

Net capital gains or losses -
Refers to the net gains received or losses incurred during calendar year 2010 from the sale of capital property. This represents the proceeds of disposition minus the adjusted cost base of the property and outlays and expenses incurred to sell the property. Capital property includes depreciable property and any property which, if sold, would result in a capital gain or loss (for example, cottages, buildings and securities such as mutual funds).

Non-taxable capital gains or losses on the sale of a principal residence are excluded.

Net capital gains or losses are not included in the definition of Total income as published in standard products.

Net capital gains or losses are not included in the concept of total income but are expressed here as a percentage to obtain a relative measure of size.

Footnote 91

Low income can be measured in several different ways in household surveys. For the standard products of the National Household Survey, the line chosen is a relative measure: the after-tax low-income measure (LIM-AT).

For this measure, the income used is after-tax income of households. There are no regional variations to account for prices or cost of living differences: all applicable households in Canada face the same line adjusted for household size. This line is set at half the median of adjusted household after-tax income. To account for potential economies of scale, the income of households with more than one member is divided by the square root of the size of the household.

All household members are considered to share the household income and are attributed the same income status.

Note: Low-income estimates in the 2011 National Household Survey

For the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS), low-income statistics are presented based on the after-tax low-income measure (LIM-AT). This measure is not related to the low-income cut-offs (LICO) presented in the 2006 Census and prevalence rates are conceptually not comparable. Because of the sensitivity of certain income indicators to differences in methodology and response patterns, direct comparisons to establish trends with low-income estimates from other household surveys, administrative programs or the 2006 Census are discouraged. The prevalence rates observed in the NHS at the national level are generally 1 to 2 percentage points higher than seen for similar concepts in other programs. However, analysis of the NHS data suggests that it is valid to compare low-income data for different sub-populations within the NHS (i.e., for different geographic areas or demographic groups). For more information, refer to the Income Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-014-X2011006.

Footnote 92

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting or fishing) could have made the interpretation of low-income rates more difficult.

Source: Statistics Canada, 2011 National Household Survey, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 99-010-X2011036.