Visible Minority (15), Age (15A), Sex (3) and Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force, Educational and Income Characteristics (900) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data

• Visible minority (15): Total - Visible minority
• Age (15A): Total - Age

This table details visible minority , age , sex and selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics for the population in private households in Alberta

Selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics (900)	Sex (3)
	Total - Sex	Male	Female
Total - Household type of person for the population in private households - 25% sample data	3,978,150	1,998,495	1,979,645
Persons in one-census-family households without additional persons	2,850,770	1,424,355	1,426,420
In a couple census family without children (no other persons present in the household)	786,820	393,895	392,925
In a couple census family with children (no other persons present in the household)	1,765,210	905,280	859,935
In a lone-parent census family (no other persons present in the household)	298,740	125,180	173,555
Persons in multigenerational households^Footnote 2	234,510	108,820	125,685
Persons in other census family households^Footnote 3	330,550	166,570	163,975
Persons in two-or-more-person non-census-family households	197,310	119,050	78,255
Persons living alone (one-person households)	365,005	179,695	185,305
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 4	3,206,045	1,602,810	1,603,235
Married or living common law	1,948,620	976,845	971,780
Married	1,625,815	815,305	810,510
Living common law	322,805	161,540	161,270
Not married and not living common law	1,257,425	625,965	631,460
Never married	881,025	490,625	390,395
Separated	72,835	32,020	40,815
Divorced	189,560	78,970	110,595
Widowed	114,010	24,355	89,655
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^Footnote 5	3,925,435	1,971,515	1,953,920
Non-movers	3,318,345	1,667,065	1,651,280
Movers	607,090	304,450	302,640
Non-migrants	394,230	199,640	194,595
Migrants	212,860	104,815	108,050
Internal migrants	166,390	82,335	84,055
Intraprovincial migrants	120,110	59,845	60,260
Interprovincial migrants	46,285	22,485	23,795
External migrants	46,475	22,480	23,995
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^Footnote 6	3,714,635	1,863,450	1,851,190
Non-movers	2,052,580	1,028,515	1,024,065
Movers	1,662,055	834,935	827,120
Non-migrants	899,165	454,700	444,465
Migrants	762,890	380,235	382,655
Internal migrants	559,865	280,255	279,605
Intraprovincial migrants	333,770	165,900	167,875
Interprovincial migrants	226,090	114,355	111,735
External migrants	203,030	99,980	103,050
Total - First official language spoken for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 7	3,978,145	1,998,500	1,979,650
English	3,835,250	1,930,525	1,904,730
French	70,650	36,685	33,960
English and French	16,020	8,000	8,025
Neither English nor French	56,225	23,290	32,935
Official language minority (number)^Footnote 8	78,660	40,685	37,970
Official language minority (percentage)^Footnote 9	2.0	2.0	1.9
Total - Mother tongue for the population in private households - 25% Sample Data^Footnote 10	3,978,145	1,998,500	1,979,645
English	2,972,670	1,507,360	1,465,315
French	70,440	36,620	33,820
Non-official language	846,270	411,355	434,925
English and French	10,010	4,810	5,200
English and non-official language	74,515	36,280	38,235
French and non-official language	2,785	1,380	1,410
English, French and non-official language	1,455	700	755
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the population in private households - 25% Sample Data^Footnote 11	3,978,145	1,998,495	1,979,645
English	3,301,755	1,665,620	1,636,130
French	26,300	13,390	12,910
Non-official language	463,465	228,260	235,200
English and French	6,560	3,170	3,385
English and non-official language	176,000	86,140	89,860
French and non-official language	1,210	530	680
English, French and non-official language	2,855	1,385	1,470
Total - Number of languages known for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 12	3,978,145	1,998,500	1,979,650
Knowledge of one language	2,749,415	1,400,280	1,349,135
English only	2,696,755	1,377,850	1,318,905
French only	2,195	1,030	1,160
Non-official language only	50,470	21,405	29,065
Knowledge of more than one language	1,228,730	598,215	630,515
English and French only	196,775	91,850	104,920
English, French and one or more non-official languages	64,100	30,450	33,645
English and one or more non official languages	959,180	472,645	486,530
French and one or more non official languages	1,535	610	925
Multiple non-official languages only	7,145	2,660	4,485
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 13	3,978,150	1,998,500	1,979,650
Canadian citizens^Footnote 14	3,622,735	1,825,135	1,797,605
Canadian citizens only	3,490,570	1,758,750	1,731,825
Citizens of Canada and at least one other country	132,165	66,385	65,780
Not Canadian citizens^Footnote 15	355,410	173,365	182,045
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 16	3,978,150	1,998,500	1,979,645
Non-immigrants^Footnote 17	3,062,780	1,550,440	1,512,335
Immigrants^Footnote 18	845,215	412,325	432,895
Before 1981	163,460	81,620	81,840
1981 to 1990	86,350	41,695	44,660
1991 to 2000	131,565	62,935	68,625
2001 to 2010	256,055	125,235	130,820
2001 to 2005	109,140	53,425	55,720
2006 to 2010	146,910	71,805	75,100
2011 to 2016^Footnote 19	207,790	100,845	106,945
Non-permanent residents^Footnote 20	70,150	35,735	34,415
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 21	845,215	412,320	432,895
Under 5 years	82,180	42,200	39,980
5 to 14 years	149,815	77,820	71,990
15 to 24 years	168,970	78,215	90,750
25 to 44 years	372,805	180,265	192,540
45 years and over	71,455	33,820	37,630
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^Footnote 22	694,940	337,375	357,565
Economic immigrants^Footnote 23	387,275	195,850	191,425
Principal applicants^Footnote 24	154,700	96,855	57,845
Secondary applicants^Footnote 25	232,570	98,990	133,575
Immigrants sponsored by family^Footnote 26	198,570	81,650	116,915
Refugees^Footnote 27	103,780	57,130	46,650
Other immigrants^Footnote 28	5,320	2,750	2,570
Total - Place of birth for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 29	3,978,145	1,998,500	1,979,650
Born in Canada	3,039,650	1,538,480	1,501,170
Born outside Canada	938,495	460,015	478,485
Americas	124,145	60,185	63,960
North America	41,900	19,640	22,260
Greenland	10	0	0
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	10	10	0
United States^Footnote 30	41,890	19,630	22,255
Central America	32,105	16,355	15,755
Belize	665	340	320
Costa Rica	650	270	380
El Salvador	7,435	3,835	3,595
Guatemala	1,865	1,015	850
Honduras	740	385	360
Mexico	19,260	9,790	9,470
Nicaragua	1,300	635	665
Panama	195	80	115
Caribbean and Bermuda	18,030	8,790	9,235
Anguilla	0	0	0
Antigua and Barbuda	260	160	100
Aruba	35	10	25
Bahamas	240	145	95
Barbados	770	375	395
Bermuda	255	135	125
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba	10	0	0
Cayman Islands	105	55	50
Cuba	1,610	815	795
Curaçao	45	25	20
Dominica	165	85	70
Dominican Republic	495	265	230
Grenada	420	190	230
Guadeloupe	20	10	10
Haiti	1,320	695	620
Jamaica	7,620	3,600	4,015
Martinique	10	0	10
Montserrat	30	15	20
Puerto Rico	120	65	60
Saint Barthélemy	0	0	0
Saint Kitts and Nevis	90	45	45
Saint Lucia	375	200	175
Saint Martin (French part)	0	0	0
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	495	180	315
Sint Maarten (Dutch part)	10	0	0
Trinidad and Tobago	3,505	1,710	1,795
Turks and Caicos Islands	10	0	0
Virgin Islands, British	10	0	10
Virgin Islands, United States	15	10	0
South America	32,105	15,395	16,710
Argentina	1,500	730	780
Bolivia^Footnote 31	1,405	730	680
Brazil	3,325	1,470	1,855
Chile	4,560	2,300	2,255
Colombia	10,225	4,950	5,285
Ecuador	680	300	380
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	0	0	0
French Guiana	0	0	0
Guyana	2,620	1,240	1,380
Paraguay	425	250	180
Peru	2,050	840	1,210
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	0	0	0
Suriname	80	35	50
Uruguay	380	210	170
Venezuela^Footnote 32	4,850	2,350	2,495
Europe	208,350	105,500	102,850
Western Europe	46,220	23,485	22,730
Austria	1,595	740	855
Belgium	1,150	545	605
France	3,495	1,740	1,755
Germany	22,875	11,465	11,415
Liechtenstein	10	10	0
Luxembourg	80	45	30
Monaco	10	10	0
Netherlands	14,615	7,725	6,895
Switzerland	2,395	1,215	1,185
Eastern Europe	56,935	27,355	29,585
Belarus	1,105	535	575
Bulgaria	1,455	795	660
Czech Republic	2,600	1,240	1,360
Estonia	200	110	85
Hungary	3,980	2,035	1,945
Latvia	620	285	325
Lithuania	710	330	385
Moldova^Footnote 33	1,785	920	870
Poland	17,585	8,385	9,200
Romania	8,050	4,120	3,930
Russian Federation	7,780	3,375	4,405
Slovakia	1,975	1,040	935
Ukraine	9,095	4,180	4,915
Northern Europe	74,325	38,560	35,765
Åland Islands	0	0	0
Denmark	2,365	1,315	1,050
Faroe Islands	0	0	0
Finland	605	225	380
Guernsey	30	20	15
Iceland	85	35	55
Ireland^Footnote 34	5,275	2,880	2,395
Isle of Man	50	30	15
Jersey	45	15	25
Norway	700	380	325
Sark	0	0	0
Svalbard and Jan Mayen	0	0	0
Sweden	820	455	370
United Kingdom^Footnote 35	64,345	33,205	31,140
Southern Europe	30,870	16,100	14,770
Albania	1,170	640	535
Andorra	10	0	0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	4,650	2,365	2,285
Croatia	3,635	1,930	1,700
Gibraltar	15	10	10
Greece	2,205	1,215	990
Holy See (Vatican City State)	0	0	0
Italy	8,560	4,620	3,940
Kosovo^Footnote 36	1,015	510	500
Macedonia, Republic of^Footnote 37	510	255	250
Malta	195	115	75
Montenegro	135	70	65
Portugal	4,360	2,165	2,200
San Marino	0	0	0
Serbia^Footnote 38	2,430	1,175	1,255
Slovenia	690	355	330
Spain	1,300	670	625
Africa	96,315	50,170	46,145
Western Africa	21,745	11,630	10,120
Benin	95	55	40
Burkina Faso	85	35	50
Cabo Verde	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	840	475	365
Gambia	150	85	65
Ghana	3,530	1,900	1,635
Guinea	350	185	155
Guinea-Bissau	30	20	10
Liberia	900	430	475
Mali	65	35	25
Mauritania	170	130	40
Niger	110	65	45
Nigeria	13,855	7,325	6,530
Saint Helena^Footnote 39	0	0	0
Senegal	590	375	220
Sierra Leone	835	430	400
Togo	145	85	60
Eastern Africa	46,050	23,605	22,445
Burundi	930	490	435
Comoros	25	15	10
Djibouti	305	150	160
Eritrea	5,020	2,795	2,225
Ethiopia	10,975	5,605	5,370
Kenya	5,400	2,645	2,755
Madagascar	95	30	65
Malawi	165	95	75
Mauritius	1,135	615	515
Mayotte	0	0	0
Mozambique	70	25	45
Réunion	10	0	0
Rwanda	750	425	325
Seychelles	50	25	30
Somalia	7,305	3,820	3,485
South Sudan	2,845	1,540	1,305
Tanzania^Footnote 40	4,660	2,140	2,520
Uganda	2,395	1,250	1,145
Zambia	605	330	270
Zimbabwe	3,305	1,615	1,690
Northern Africa	13,840	7,570	6,265
Algeria	1,395	750	645
Egypt	5,695	3,115	2,580
Libya	1,525	770	760
Morocco	1,805	1,070	740
Sudan^Footnote 41	2,700	1,465	1,235
Tunisia	720	400	315
Western Sahara	0	0	0
Central Africa	5,735	2,935	2,795
Angola	255	150	105
Cameroon	2,020	970	1,050
Central African Republic	10	10	0
Chad	115	90	25
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	3,110	1,605	1,510
Congo, Republic of the	165	85	80
Equatorial Guinea	40	30	10
Gabon	20	0	15
Sao Tome and Principe	0	0	0
Southern Africa	8,945	4,425	4,520
Botswana	275	120	155
Lesotho	10	10	10
Namibia	520	220	300
South Africa, Republic of	8,030	4,020	4,015
Swaziland	105	55	45
Asia	497,035	237,820	259,210
West Central Asia and the Middle East	56,280	29,925	26,360
Afghanistan	5,310	2,845	2,460
Armenia	165	75	85
Azerbaijan	430	185	250
Bahrain	265	125	140
Cyprus	90	50	40
Georgia	235	140	90
Iran^Footnote 42	9,755	5,135	4,615
Iraq	6,040	3,265	2,770
Israel	1,790	980	810
Jordan	1,460	785	675
Kazakhstan	1,695	765	930
Kuwait	1,605	855	750
Kyrgyzstan	450	200	245
Lebanon	10,985	5,965	5,010
Oman	190	95	95
Qatar	545	270	280
Saudi Arabia	2,925	1,610	1,315
Syria^Footnote 43	5,185	2,730	2,450
Tajikistan	130	65	70
Turkey	2,515	1,475	1,040
Turkmenistan	95	50	50
United Arab Emirates	2,485	1,310	1,175
Uzbekistan	525	235	290
West Bank and Gaza Strip (Palestine)^Footnote 44	795	425	370
Yemen	635	290	345
Eastern Asia	111,900	51,740	60,160
China^Footnote 45	65,875	30,545	35,335
Hong Kong^Footnote 46	19,845	9,710	10,130
Japan	4,035	1,325	2,720
Korea, North^Footnote 47	45	25	25
Korea, South^Footnote 48	17,115	7,990	9,130
Macao^Footnote 49	430	195	235
Mongolia	685	335	340
Taiwan	3,870	1,620	2,250
Southeast Asia	185,080	81,585	103,490
Brunei Darussalam	2,015	1,075	945
Burma (Myanmar)	1,090	545	550
Cambodia	2,780	1,355	1,425
Indonesia	1,765	795	970
Laos^Footnote 50	1,375	690	685
Malaysia	4,615	2,145	2,470
Philippines	138,800	60,135	78,670
Singapore	1,805	805	1,000
Thailand	2,700	950	1,755
Timor-Leste	15	10	15
Viet Nam	28,110	13,100	15,015
Southern Asia	143,780	74,575	69,205
Bangladesh	5,515	2,885	2,635
Bhutan	945	490	445
British Indian Ocean Territory	0	0	0
India	98,935	51,090	47,840
Maldives	0	0	0
Nepal	4,165	2,245	1,920
Pakistan	29,095	15,205	13,885
Sri Lanka	5,120	2,655	2,470
Oceania	12,625	6,325	6,300
American Samoa	0	0	10
Australia	5,260	2,645	2,615
Christmas Island	0	0	0
Cocos (Keeling) Islands	0	0	0
Cook Islands	10	0	0
Fiji	4,800	2,300	2,500
French Polynesia	15	0	10
Guam	0	0	0
Kiribati	0	0	0
Marshall Islands	10	10	0
Micronesia, Federated States of	0	0	0
Nauru	0	0	0
New Caledonia	10	15	0
New Zealand	2,265	1,215	1,050
Niue	0	0	0
Norfolk Island	0	0	0
Northern Mariana Islands	45	30	20
Palau	10	0	0
Papua New Guinea	110	55	50
Pitcairn	0	0	0
Samoa	45	20	25
Solomon Islands	0	0	0
Tokelau	0	0	0
Tonga	30	20	15
Tuvalu	0	0	0
United States Minor Outlying Islands	0	0	0
Vanuatu	15	10	10
Wallis and Futuna	0	0	0
Other places of birth^Footnote 51	20	15	10
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 52	3,978,145	1,998,500	1,979,650
First generation^Footnote 53	938,495	460,015	478,480
Second generation^Footnote 54	742,455	374,065	368,390
Third generation or more^Footnote 55	2,297,190	1,164,420	1,132,775
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 56	3,978,150	1,998,500	1,979,645
North American Aboriginal origins	303,815	147,740	156,075
First Nations (North American Indian)	200,285	96,845	103,440
Inuit	3,900	1,915	1,990
Métis	113,735	55,590	58,150
Other North American origins	955,040	486,740	468,305
Acadian	5,545	2,970	2,570
American	72,355	35,480	36,875
Canadian	902,310	460,330	441,975
New Brunswicker	50	35	15
Newfoundlander	1,985	1,135	850
Nova Scotian	190	115	70
Ontarian	110	65	45
Québécois	1,380	750	630
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 57	415	210	205
European origins	2,580,720	1,292,280	1,288,445
British Isles origins	1,581,265	787,205	794,060
Channel Islander	230	115	110
Cornish	210	90	120
English	899,445	444,005	455,440
Irish	596,750	288,710	308,040
Manx	940	450	490
Scottish	704,200	347,745	356,460
Welsh	80,455	38,715	41,735
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 58	90,865	44,050	46,815
French origins	411,560	201,160	210,400
Alsatian	195	115	80
Breton	60	25	30
Corsican	125	65	65
French	411,315	201,030	210,290
Western European origins (except French origins)	915,185	455,115	460,065
Austrian	39,530	19,225	20,305
Bavarian	110	55	55
Belgian	21,210	10,320	10,890
Dutch	195,725	97,735	97,990
Flemish	2,005	865	1,135
Frisian	685	375	305
German	712,950	353,755	359,200
Luxembourger	680	355	325
Swiss	24,310	11,905	12,410
Western European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 59	830	390	445
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	329,990	159,695	170,295
Danish	60,380	29,245	31,135
Finnish	17,750	8,780	8,975
Icelandic	20,225	10,050	10,180
Norwegian	156,595	75,160	81,435
Swedish	97,835	46,450	51,390
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 60	13,515	7,010	6,510
Eastern European origins	685,275	336,430	348,845
Bulgarian	2,935	1,510	1,420
Byelorussian	2,200	1,165	1,035
Czech	20,865	10,405	10,460
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^Footnote 61	10,055	4,805	5,250
Estonian	2,715	1,245	1,470
Hungarian	56,275	27,390	28,885
Latvian	3,245	1,585	1,660
Lithuanian	6,090	2,920	3,170
Moldovan	1,585	795	790
Polish	186,510	91,115	95,395
Romanian	34,230	16,515	17,710
Russian	107,805	51,840	55,960
Slovak	11,010	5,495	5,515
Ukrainian	369,090	181,600	187,495
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 62	1,905	1,010	900
Southern European origins	215,725	107,495	108,230
Albanian	2,935	1,555	1,380
Bosnian	3,875	1,980	1,890
Catalan	85	55	25
Croatian	14,220	7,530	6,685
Cypriot	160	90	65
Greek	15,025	7,795	7,240
Italian	101,260	50,975	50,285
Kosovar	425	210	210
Macedonian	1,015	485	530
Maltese	1,560	845	715
Montenegrin	285	185	100
Portuguese	22,385	11,400	10,985
Serbian	7,760	3,875	3,880
Sicilian	330	160	165
Slovenian	3,890	2,005	1,880
Spanish	48,060	22,220	25,835
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^Footnote 63	5,120	2,490	2,625
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 64	245	125	120
Other European origins	22,810	11,700	11,110
Basque	425	210	215
Jewish	9,780	4,890	4,885
Roma (Gypsy)	470	220	245
Slavic, n.o.s.^Footnote 65	990	505	490
Other European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 66	11,255	5,940	5,310
Caribbean origins	36,120	18,055	18,070
Antiguan	455	265	195
Bahamian	310	185	130
Barbadian	2,060	980	1,080
Bermudan	210	120	90
Carib	135	50	85
Cuban	2,170	1,110	1,060
Dominican	930	535	395
Grenadian	600	305	295
Guadeloupean	0	0	0
Haitian	2,230	1,210	1,025
Jamaican	17,325	8,545	8,785
Kittitian/Nevisian	95	60	35
Martinican	0	0	0
Montserratan	30	0	25
Puerto Rican	460	220	235
St. Lucian	600	300	300
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	5,180	2,685	2,495
Vincentian/Grenadinian	535	210	325
West Indian, n.o.s.^Footnote 67	2,670	1,275	1,395
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 68	2,305	1,105	1,195
Latin, Central and South American origins	78,400	39,035	39,370
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	1,980	965	1,015
Arawak	105	35	70
Argentinian	1,385	705	680
Belizean	440	250	190
Bolivian	590	305	285
Brazilian	3,030	1,330	1,700
Chilean	8,105	4,115	3,990
Colombian	12,585	6,060	6,530
Costa Rican	575	270	305
Ecuadorian	890	405	490
Guatemalan	2,395	1,275	1,125
Guyanese	3,095	1,540	1,550
Hispanic	1,785	900	885
Honduran	760	405	350
Maya	585	310	270
Mexican	22,470	11,430	11,045
Nicaraguan	1,675	820	855
Panamanian	320	150	170
Paraguayan	340	155	195
Peruvian	2,745	1,245	1,495
Salvadorean	8,810	4,545	4,265
Uruguayan	315	175	140
Venezuelan	4,690	2,295	2,390
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 69	3,430	1,735	1,695
African origins	136,505	70,620	65,885
Central and West African origins	33,165	17,430	15,740
Akan	130	80	50
Angolan	300	160	140
Ashanti	125	75	55
Beninese	195	95	105
Burkinabe	100	50	50
Cameroonian	2,045	1,010	1,030
Chadian	75	55	20
Congolese	4,090	2,100	1,990
Edo	555	325	235
Ewe	125	70	55
Gabonese	30	10	20
Gambian	110	60	50
Ghanaian	4,465	2,370	2,100
Guinean	455	240	215
Ibo	1,760	935	825
Ivorian	650	355	295
Liberian	1,035	495	545
Malian	70	50	25
Malinké	95	55	40
Nigerian	13,015	6,810	6,200
Peulh	110	70	35
Senegalese	575	370	210
Sierra Leonean	745	395	345
Togolese	150	70	80
Wolof	70	45	20
Yoruba	2,985	1,605	1,385
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 70	1,865	985	875
North African origins	23,235	12,305	10,930
Algerian	1,620	805	815
Berber	685	415	270
Coptic	225	115	115
Dinka	565	315	250
Egyptian	8,525	4,520	4,010
Libyan	1,300	665	635
Maure	95	70	30
Moroccan	2,510	1,380	1,130
Sudanese	7,065	3,695	3,375
Tunisian	935	480	460
North African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 71	580	315	255
Southern and East African origins	56,560	29,280	27,275
Afrikaner	310	155	160
Amhara	455	235	215
Bantu, n.o.s.^Footnote 72	705	390	305
Burundian	975	555	420
Djiboutian	165	95	75
Eritrean	7,965	4,245	3,715
Ethiopian	13,220	6,710	6,510
Harari	165	85	80
Kenyan	2,180	1,035	1,140
Malagasy	125	55	70
Mauritian	550	315	235
Oromo	1,360	760	595
Rwandan	1,420	745	675
Seychellois	35	25	0
Somali	14,100	7,310	6,790
South African	6,630	3,315	3,320
Tanzanian	1,030	525	505
Tigrian	700	375	325
Ugandan	1,150	645	510
Zambian	270	160	115
Zimbabwean	2,585	1,305	1,285
Zulu	295	135	160
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 73	3,870	2,005	1,865
Other African origins	26,150	12,995	13,155
Black, n.o.s.^Footnote 74	2,525	1,220	1,305
Other African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 75	23,960	11,945	12,010
Asian origins	756,340	370,390	385,950
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	97,355	51,035	46,315
Afghan	8,540	4,545	3,995
Arab, n.o.s.^Footnote 76	10,470	5,690	4,780
Armenian	1,780	865	915
Assyrian	555	300	260
Azerbaijani	615	280	335
Georgian	395	230	165
Hazara	365	190	175
Iranian	13,925	7,225	6,705
Iraqi	6,165	3,250	2,910
Israeli	1,565	830	735
Jordanian	1,325	670	655
Kazakh	570	260	310
Kurd	2,035	1,160	880
Kuwaiti	190	105	85
Kyrgyz	200	115	90
Lebanese	32,365	16,835	15,530
Palestinian	4,880	2,675	2,210
Pashtun	640	305	340
Saudi Arabian	390	210	180
Syrian	7,215	3,605	3,610
Tajik	265	160	110
Tatar	525	215	310
Turk	5,750	3,155	2,595
Turkmen	105	55	55
Uighur	265	130	140
Uzbek	485	225	260
Yemeni	925	445	485
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 77	2,445	1,300	1,140
South Asian origins	231,550	118,860	112,695
Bangladeshi	4,155	2,085	2,070
Bengali	1,660	870	790
Bhutanese	815	410	400
East Indian	174,510	89,140	85,370
Goan	490	265	230
Gujarati	855	445	410
Kashmiri	720	355	365
Nepali	4,600	2,490	2,110
Pakistani	29,265	15,075	14,190
Punjabi	15,650	8,235	7,420
Sinhalese	750	395	355
Sri Lankan	5,585	2,890	2,700
Tamil	1,050	565	485
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 78	4,845	2,505	2,340
East and Southeast Asian origins	431,135	202,400	228,735
Burmese	1,265	650	620
Cambodian (Khmer)	4,260	2,245	2,020
Chinese	188,280	90,735	97,545
Filipino	175,130	79,150	95,980
Hmong	0	0	0
Indonesian	3,005	1,425	1,580
Japanese	16,595	7,505	9,090
Karen	735	390	345
Korean	22,405	10,650	11,755
Laotian	2,050	1,020	1,030
Malaysian	2,970	1,340	1,630
Mongolian	1,565	730	840
Singaporean	375	185	195
Taiwanese	1,995	855	1,140
Thai	2,735	980	1,750
Tibetan	960	500	465
Vietnamese	36,780	17,720	19,055
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 79	730	385	345
Other Asian origins	3,110	1,585	1,535
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 80	3,115	1,580	1,530
Oceania origins	15,500	7,820	7,675
Australian	7,780	3,975	3,810
New Zealander	2,905	1,530	1,375
Pacific Islands origins	5,145	2,515	2,635
Fijian	3,330	1,580	1,745
Hawaiian	420	190	235
Maori	645	325	320
Samoan	280	175	100
Polynesian, n.o.s.^Footnote 81	205	105	95
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 82	375	195	175
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 83	3,206,045	1,602,810	1,603,235
No certificate, diploma or degree	540,660	284,020	256,645
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^Footnote 84	895,880	440,665	455,220
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,769,500	878,130	891,375
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	309,465	242,160	67,305
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^Footnote 85	94,735	56,255	38,480
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^Footnote 86	214,730	185,905	28,820
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	615,485	250,585	364,890
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	94,625	36,870	57,750
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	749,935	348,510	401,425
Bachelor's degree	530,085	235,615	294,475
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	39,960	18,075	21,885
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	21,850	11,810	10,040
Master's degree	133,270	67,215	66,055
Earned doctorate^Footnote 87	24,775	15,800	8,970
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 88	3,206,045	1,602,810	1,603,235
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 89	1,436,545	724,680	711,860
Education	121,930	29,000	92,930
13. Education	121,930	29,000	92,930
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	49,660	20,955	28,705
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	9,125	6,305	2,820
50. Visual and performing arts	40,535	14,650	25,885
Humanities	69,305	27,480	41,830
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	6,785	1,620	5,170
23. English language and literature/letters	15,115	4,270	10,840
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	20,655	7,275	13,385
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^Footnote 90	225	100	120
38. Philosophy and religious studies	4,890	2,750	2,140
39. Theology and religious vocations	11,430	6,560	4,870
54. History	8,600	4,560	4,045
55. French language and literature/letters	1,590	345	1,250
Social and behavioural sciences and law	159,730	51,705	108,030
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	2,345	470	1,875
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	17,180	6,320	10,865
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	28,755	2,190	26,565
22. Legal professions and studies	28,995	9,355	19,645
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^Footnote 91	2,190	605	1,580
42. Psychology	27,275	6,765	20,510
45. Social sciences	52,985	26,000	26,985
Business, management and public administration	361,535	133,045	228,485
30.16 Accounting and computer science	675	150	520
44. Public administration and social service professions	21,565	4,010	17,555
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	339,295	128,880	210,415
Physical and life sciences and technologies	72,850	38,330	34,520
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	25,850	10,955	14,890
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	15,415	7,265	8,145
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^Footnote 92	555	170	380
40. Physical sciences	26,130	17,875	8,255
41. Science technologies/technicians	4,900	2,055	2,840
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	60,830	37,715	23,115
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	48,980	32,855	16,125
25. Library science	4,290	515	3,780
27. Mathematics and statistics	7,050	4,015	3,030
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^Footnote 93	510	330	185
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	463,180	415,660	47,520
04. Architecture and related services	11,325	7,135	4,190
14. Engineering	110,350	89,280	21,070
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	84,800	72,140	12,655
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	60	0	50
46. Construction trades	100,370	96,810	3,565
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	103,880	100,095	3,785
48. Precision production	52,405	50,195	2,210
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	44,275	27,245	17,025
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	28,440	17,860	10,580
03. Natural resources and conservation	15,835	9,390	6,445
Health and related fields	270,920	51,220	219,700
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	19,305	9,105	10,195
51. Health professions and related programs	245,265	38,455	206,810
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	6,350	3,650	2,700
Personal, protective and transportation services	95,140	45,725	49,415
12. Personal and culinary services	57,285	14,985	42,300
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	250	230	20
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	735	655	80
43. Security and protective services	16,985	11,590	5,400
49. Transportation and materials moving	19,880	18,265	1,615
Other	150	55	95
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	150	60	90
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 94	3,206,050	1,602,810	1,603,235
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,436,545	724,680	711,860
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 95	1,769,500	878,125	891,370
Location of study inside Canada	1,424,855	709,950	714,905
Same as province or territory of residence	1,064,560	530,135	534,430
Different than province or territory of residence	360,295	179,815	180,480
Location of study outside Canada^Footnote 96	344,645	168,175	176,465
United States^Footnote 97	45,690	25,545	20,145
Philippines	68,760	26,480	42,275
India	41,560	21,025	20,535
United Kingdom^Footnote 98	28,625	16,255	12,375
China^Footnote 99	18,850	8,805	10,050
France	2,150	1,275	880
Other	139,010	68,800	70,210
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^Footnote 100	3,206,045	1,602,810	1,603,235
In the labour force	2,302,940	1,238,280	1,064,660
Employed	2,096,105	1,114,355	981,750
Unemployed	206,835	123,925	82,910
Not in the labour force	903,105	364,525	538,575
Participation rate	71.8	77.3	66.4
Employment rate	65.4	69.5	61.2
Unemployment rate	9.0	10.0	7.8
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^Footnote 101	3,206,045	1,602,810	1,603,235
Did not work^Footnote 102	806,155	318,845	487,310
Worked	2,399,895	1,283,965	1,115,930
Worked full year, full time^Footnote 103	1,193,860	698,530	495,335
Worked part year and/or part time^Footnote 104	1,206,030	585,430	620,600
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.5	43.1	41.7
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^Footnote 105	2,302,940	1,238,280	1,064,660
Class of worker - not applicable^Footnote 106	40,005	18,645	21,360
All classes of workers^Footnote 107	2,262,935	1,219,630	1,043,305
Employee	1,984,225	1,042,625	941,600
Self-employed^Footnote 108	278,710	177,005	101,705
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^Footnote 109	2,302,940	1,238,280	1,064,655
Occupation - not applicable^Footnote 110	40,005	18,645	21,355
All occupations^Footnote 111	2,262,935	1,219,635	1,043,300
0 Management occupations	261,500	167,265	94,240
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	353,965	95,685	258,275
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	175,030	136,240	38,790
3 Health occupations	150,420	28,130	122,290
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	228,325	74,105	154,220
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	50,170	19,960	30,210
6 Sales and service occupations	491,500	204,245	287,255
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	406,495	376,375	30,115
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	72,465	59,465	13,000
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	73,070	58,170	14,895
Total Labour Force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^Footnote 112	2,302,940	1,238,285	1,064,660
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^Footnote 113	40,005	18,650	21,360
All industry categories^Footnote 114	2,262,935	1,219,630	1,043,300
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	64,035	43,045	20,985
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	142,485	109,100	33,385
22 Utilities	21,945	15,345	6,595
23 Construction	236,370	201,640	34,730
31-33 Manufacturing	127,540	96,045	31,490
41 Wholesale trade	80,610	56,840	23,775
44-45 Retail trade	249,880	115,065	134,815
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	115,295	83,670	31,625
51 Information and cultural industries	33,045	18,625	14,425
52 Finance and insurance	69,225	25,225	43,995
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	41,515	23,070	18,445
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	167,800	94,565	73,240
55 Management of companies and enterprises	5,555	2,765	2,795
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	87,350	49,595	37,760
61 Educational services	147,270	44,160	103,110
62 Health care and social assistance	245,875	41,240	204,640
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	44,880	21,550	23,330
72 Accommodation and food services	153,790	62,225	91,570
81 Other services (except public administration)	105,865	50,460	55,405
91 Public administration	122,595	65,415	57,175
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^Footnote 115	2,467,415	1,314,320	1,153,090
English	2,418,990	1,290,865	1,128,115
French	6,560	2,070	4,490
Non-official language	21,050	11,305	9,750
English and French	4,530	2,055	2,475
English and non-official language	15,935	7,860	8,075
French and non-official language	55	25	25
English, French and non-official language	300	140	160
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 116	3,206,045	1,602,810	1,603,240
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	3,054,555	1,528,100	1,526,455
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	42,708	54,868	33,249
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	62,778	80,001	45,535
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	3,055,230	1,528,235	1,526,995
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	38,060	47,103	30,512
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	50,683	62,938	38,417
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	2,840,675	1,458,210	1,382,465
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	42,328	54,518	32,131
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	62,997	80,282	44,766
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	1,784,345	710,110	1,074,240
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	4,101	3,853	4,194
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,175	7,298	7,093
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	2,473,665	1,299,810	1,173,860
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	42,716	54,386	33,020
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	59,343	74,073	43,031
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 117	3,206,045	1,602,810	1,603,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^Footnote 118	1,152,385	669,770	482,610
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^Footnote 119	64,090	73,781	53,836
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^Footnote 120	81,586	94,822	63,218
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data^Footnote 121	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^Footnote 122	93.3	95.8	89.0
Employment income (%)^Footnote 123	76.6	78.8	72.7
Government transfers (%)^Footnote 124	6.7	4.2	11.0
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 125	3,206,045	1,602,810	1,603,235
Without total income	151,490	74,715	76,780
With total income	3,054,550	1,528,095	1,526,455
Percentage with total income	95.3	95.3	95.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	390,505	146,910	243,590
$10,000 to $19,999	384,800	146,860	237,940
$20,000 to $29,999	366,695	144,535	222,165
$30,000 to $39,999	304,925	130,735	174,190
$40,000 to $49,999	286,105	132,890	153,210
$50,000 to $59,999	248,065	124,700	123,370
$60,000 to $69,999	205,195	113,580	91,610
$70,000 to $79,999	166,005	99,705	66,300
$80,000 to $89,999	132,040	82,420	49,620
$90,000 to $99,999	113,845	70,220	43,620
$100,000 and over	456,380	335,530	120,850
$100,000 to $149,999	274,675	191,950	82,720
$150,000 and over	181,705	143,575	38,125
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 126	3,206,045	1,602,810	1,603,235
Without after-tax income	150,815	74,575	76,240
With after-tax income	3,055,230	1,528,235	1,526,995
Percentage with after-tax income	95.3	95.3	95.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	400,135	149,780	250,355
$10,000 to $19,999	402,015	153,970	248,050
$20,000 to $29,999	422,810	168,795	254,015
$30,000 to $39,999	375,840	168,005	207,840
$40,000 to $49,999	348,355	172,200	176,155
$50,000 to $59,999	276,555	153,295	123,255
$60,000 to $69,999	208,060	126,940	81,120
$70,000 to $79,999	160,390	100,705	59,685
$80,000 and over	461,070	334,555	126,520
$80,000 to $89,999	121,455	78,560	42,895
$90,000 to $99,999	81,855	57,060	24,795
$100,000 and over	257,760	198,930	58,830
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 127	3,206,045	1,602,810	1,603,235
Without employment income	732,380	303,000	429,380
With employment income	2,473,665	1,299,805	1,173,860
Percentage with employment income	77.2	81.1	73.2
Under $5,000 (including loss)	274,080	122,865	151,215
$5,000 to $9,999	164,010	68,575	95,435
$10,000 to $19,999	273,990	113,105	160,885
$20,000 to $29,999	235,810	97,155	138,655
$30,000 to $39,999	226,680	99,765	126,915
$40,000 to $49,999	219,510	103,235	116,270
$50,000 to $59,999	195,785	99,570	96,215
$60,000 to $69,999	162,970	92,280	70,690
$70,000 to $79,999	134,710	83,065	51,650
$80,000 and over	586,125	420,200	165,925
$80,000 to $89,999	110,920	70,815	40,110
$90,000 to $99,999	100,025	62,155	37,865
$100,000 and over	375,185	287,235	87,950
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 128	3,978,145	1,998,500	1,979,645
In the bottom half of the distribution	1,523,845	737,820	786,020
In the bottom decile	292,425	143,240	149,190
In the second decile	276,450	127,950	148,500
In the third decile	297,165	141,705	155,460
In the fourth decile	313,055	153,115	159,940
In the fifth decile	344,755	171,815	172,935
In the top half of the distribution	2,454,305	1,260,680	1,193,625
In the sixth decile	365,845	183,555	182,290
In the seventh decile	400,000	203,560	196,440
In the eighth decile	441,305	225,825	215,480
In the ninth decile	522,155	268,625	253,535
In the top decile	724,995	379,115	345,875
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 25% sample data^Footnote 129	3,925,220	1,971,735	1,953,485
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	363,145	172,025	191,115
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.3	8.7	9.8
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	270,965	132,930	138,030
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.9	6.7	7.1

Symbol(s)

Symbol ..

not available for a specific reference period

Symbol ...

not applicable

Symbol x

suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act

Symbol F

too unreliable to be published

Footnote(s)

Footnote 1

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 2

In households where there is at least one person living with a child and a grandchild.

Footnote 3

In households that are not multigenerational where there is one census family with additional persons or more than one census family.

Footnote 4

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Footnote 5

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 6

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 7

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 8

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Footnote 9

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Footnote 10

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 11

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often. For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 12

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 13

Citizenship refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 14

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

Footnote 15

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

Footnote 16

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 17

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

Footnote 18

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

Footnote 19

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

Footnote 20

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

Footnote 21

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 22

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 23

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

Footnote 24

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

Footnote 25

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

Footnote 26

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

Footnote 27

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

Footnote 28

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

Footnote 29

For more information on the place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 30

The official name of United States is United States of America.

Footnote 31

The official name of Bolivia is Plurinational State of Bolivia.

Footnote 32

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

Footnote 33

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

Footnote 34

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

Footnote 35

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

Footnote 36

The official name of Kosovo is Republic of Kosovo.

Footnote 37

Macedonia, Republic of: known as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia by the United Nations and other international bodies.

Footnote 38

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

Footnote 39

The official name of Saint Helena is Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.

Footnote 40

The official name of Tanzania is United Republic of Tanzania.

Footnote 41

The full name of Sudan is the Republic of the Sudan.

Footnote 42

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

Footnote 43

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

Footnote 44

West Bank and Gaza Strip (Palestine): West Bank and Gaza Strip are the territories referred to in the Declaration of Principles, signed by Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1993. Palestine refers to pre-1948 British mandate Palestine.

Footnote 45

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

Footnote 46

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

Footnote 47

The official name of North Korea is Democratic People's Republic of Korea.

Footnote 48

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

Footnote 49

The full name of Macao is Macao Special Administrative Region of China.

Footnote 50

The official name of Laos is Lao People's Democratic Republic.

Footnote 51

Includes other places of birth not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea'.

Footnote 52

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 53

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

Footnote 54

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

Footnote 55

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

Footnote 56

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 57

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

Footnote 58

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

Footnote 59

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

Footnote 60

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

Footnote 61

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 62

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

Footnote 63

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 64

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

Footnote 65

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 66

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

Footnote 67

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 68

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

Footnote 69

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

Footnote 70

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

Footnote 71

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

Footnote 72

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 73

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

Footnote 74

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 75

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

Footnote 76

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 77

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

Footnote 78

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

Footnote 79

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

Footnote 80

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

Footnote 81

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 82

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

Footnote 83

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Footnote 84

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 85

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

Footnote 86

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

Footnote 87

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

Footnote 88

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/concepts/classification.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

Footnote 89

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 90

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

Footnote 91

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

Footnote 92

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

Footnote 93

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

Footnote 94

'Location of study' refers to either:

- the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;

- the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Footnote 95

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

Footnote 96

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

Footnote 97

The official name of United States is United States of America.

Footnote 98

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

Footnote 99

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

Footnote 100

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

Footnote 101

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

Footnote 102

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

Footnote 103

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

Footnote 104

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

Footnote 105

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

Footnote 106

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

Footnote 107

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

Footnote 108

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

Footnote 109

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

Footnote 110

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

Footnote 111

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday May 7, 2016 were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

Footnote 112

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

Footnote 113

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

Footnote 114

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

Footnote 115

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 116

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

- statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
- statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
- statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

- employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
- income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
- income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
- other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
- income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

- one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
- capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
- employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
- voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period.

It includes:

- Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
- retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
- benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
- child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
- social assistance benefits;
- workers' compensation benefits;
- Working income tax benefit;
- Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
- other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Footnote 117

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 118

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 119

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median.

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Footnote 120

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Footnote 121

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 122

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 123

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 124

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

- Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
- retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
- benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
- child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
- social assistance benefits;
- workers' compensation benefits;
- Working income tax benefit;
- Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
- other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 125

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

- statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
- statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
- statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

- employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
- income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
- income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
- other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
- income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

- one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
- capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
- employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
- voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 126

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.


For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 127

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.


For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 128

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 129

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Data quality note(s) – Alberta

• Incomplete enumeration flag
  Excludes census data for one or more incompletely enumerated Indian reserves or Indian settlements.
• Long-form data quality flag
  Global non-response rate (GNR), long-form census questionnaire: 6.1%.
• Long-form income data quality flag
  Default. Data quality index showing a long-form income non-response rate lower than 10%.

Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-400-X2016192.