Visible Minority (15), Age (15A), Sex (3) and Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force, Educational and Income Characteristics (900) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data

• Visible minority (15): Total - Visible minority
• Age (15A): Total - Age

This table details visible minority , age , sex and selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics for the population in private households in Truro

Selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics (900)	Sex (3)
	Total - Sex	Male	Female
Total - Household type of person for the population in private households - 25% sample data	44,905	21,675	23,230
Persons in one-census-family households without additional persons	33,790	16,560	17,230
In a couple census family without children (no other persons present in the household)	12,420	6,170	6,250
In a couple census family with children (no other persons present in the household)	16,585	8,415	8,165
In a lone-parent census family (no other persons present in the household)	4,790	1,980	2,810
Persons in multigenerational households^Footnote 2	1,615	755	860
Persons in other census family households^Footnote 3	2,055	1,035	1,020
Persons in two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,375	710	665
Persons living alone (one-person households)	6,060	2,615	3,445
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 4	37,965	18,190	19,770
Married or living common law	22,675	11,285	11,390
Married	18,150	9,020	9,130
Living common law	4,525	2,270	2,260
Not married and not living common law	15,290	6,905	8,380
Never married	9,100	4,730	4,365
Separated	1,320	600	715
Divorced	2,455	1,040	1,415
Widowed	2,415	535	1,885
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^Footnote 5	44,505	21,470	23,035
Non-movers	39,055	18,840	20,210
Movers	5,455	2,630	2,825
Non-migrants	2,975	1,450	1,525
Migrants	2,475	1,180	1,295
Internal migrants	2,295	1,065	1,230
Intraprovincial migrants	1,705	785	920
Interprovincial migrants	585	280	305
External migrants	180	115	70
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^Footnote 6	42,830	20,705	22,130
Non-movers	28,330	13,850	14,470
Movers	14,505	6,850	7,650
Non-migrants	7,850	3,745	4,100
Migrants	6,655	3,105	3,550
Internal migrants	6,070	2,790	3,285
Intraprovincial migrants	4,435	2,010	2,420
Interprovincial migrants	1,640	775	865
External migrants	585	315	265
Total - First official language spoken for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 7	44,900	21,675	23,225
English	44,425	21,445	22,975
French	395	190	205
English and French	60	20	40
Neither English nor French	25	20	0
Official language minority (number)^Footnote 8	425	195	230
Official language minority (percentage)^Footnote 9	0.9	0.9	1.0
Total - Mother tongue for the population in private households - 25% Sample Data^Footnote 10	44,900	21,675	23,230
English	43,170	20,830	22,340
French	420	210	210
Non-official language	1,155	570	585
English and French	65	35	30
English and non-official language	80	30	55
French and non-official language	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language	0	0	0
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the population in private households - 25% Sample Data^Footnote 11	44,900	21,675	23,225
English	44,125	21,330	22,790
French	115	50	60
Non-official language	400	185	215
English and French	25	15	15
English and non-official language	240	95	145
French and non-official language	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language	0	0	0
Total - Number of languages known for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 12	44,905	21,675	23,230
Knowledge of one language	40,585	19,830	20,755
English only	40,535	19,805	20,730
French only	15	0	10
Non-official language only	40	25	15
Knowledge of more than one language	4,315	1,845	2,465
English and French only	2,590	1,065	1,525
English, French and one or more non-official languages	315	110	210
English and one or more non official languages	1,405	675	735
French and one or more non official languages	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages only	0	0	0
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 13	44,905	21,675	23,225
Canadian citizens^Footnote 14	43,980	21,200	22,775
Canadian citizens only	43,515	21,015	22,495
Citizens of Canada and at least one other country	465	185	280
Not Canadian citizens^Footnote 15	925	475	445
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 16	44,905	21,675	23,225
Non-immigrants^Footnote 17	42,835	20,640	22,195
Immigrants^Footnote 18	1,790	865	925
Before 1981	805	430	375
1981 to 1990	160	90	70
1991 to 2000	175	55	120
2001 to 2010	300	125	180
2001 to 2005	165	70	95
2006 to 2010	135	55	85
2011 to 2016^Footnote 19	340	170	170
Non-permanent residents^Footnote 20	275	165	115
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 21	1,790	870	925
Under 5 years	275	130	145
5 to 14 years	365	180	185
15 to 24 years	315	145	175
25 to 44 years	690	355	335
45 years and over	140	60	80
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^Footnote 22	1,000	440	555
Economic immigrants^Footnote 23	605	285	315
Principal applicants^Footnote 24	245	160	80
Secondary applicants^Footnote 25	365	130	235
Immigrants sponsored by family^Footnote 26	365	140	220
Refugees^Footnote 27	30	15	20
Other immigrants^Footnote 28	0	0	0
Total - Place of birth for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 29	44,900	21,675	23,225
Born in Canada	42,665	20,570	22,095
Born outside Canada	2,240	1,105	1,130
Americas	585	285	295
North America	440	200	240
Greenland	0	0	0
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	0	0	0
United States^Footnote 30	435	195	240
Central America	30	10	15
Belize	0	0	0
Costa Rica	0	0	0
El Salvador	10	0	0
Guatemala	0	0	0
Honduras	0	0	0
Mexico	20	10	15
Nicaragua	0	0	0
Panama	0	0	0
Caribbean and Bermuda	65	50	15
Anguilla	0	0	0
Antigua and Barbuda	0	0	10
Aruba	0	0	0
Bahamas	0	0	0
Barbados	10	0	0
Bermuda	0	10	0
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba	0	0	0
Cayman Islands	0	0	0
Cuba	0	0	0
Curaçao	0	0	0
Dominica	0	10	0
Dominican Republic	0	0	0
Grenada	0	0	0
Guadeloupe	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	40	35	0
Martinique	0	0	0
Montserrat	0	0	0
Puerto Rico	0	0	0
Saint Barthélemy	0	0	0
Saint Kitts and Nevis	10	10	10
Saint Lucia	0	0	0
Saint Martin (French part)	0	0	0
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	0	0	0
Sint Maarten (Dutch part)	0	0	0
Trinidad and Tobago	0	0	0
Turks and Caicos Islands	0	0	0
Virgin Islands, British	0	0	0
Virgin Islands, United States	0	0	0
South America	50	30	20
Argentina	10	0	0
Bolivia^Footnote 31	0	0	0
Brazil	0	0	0
Chile	10	0	0
Colombia	10	15	0
Ecuador	10	0	10
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	0	0	0
French Guiana	0	0	0
Guyana	0	10	0
Paraguay	0	0	0
Peru	0	0	0
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	0	0	0
Suriname	0	0	0
Uruguay	10	0	0
Venezuela^Footnote 32	0	0	0
Europe	975	495	480
Western Europe	305	175	125
Austria	0	10	0
Belgium	0	0	0
France	35	15	20
Germany	110	70	45
Liechtenstein	0	0	0
Luxembourg	0	0	0
Monaco	0	0	0
Netherlands	145	85	55
Switzerland	0	0	0
Eastern Europe	65	10	55
Belarus	10	0	0
Bulgaria	0	0	0
Czech Republic	0	0	0
Estonia	0	0	0
Hungary	10	0	10
Latvia	15	0	15
Lithuania	0	0	0
Moldova^Footnote 33	0	0	0
Poland	10	0	10
Romania	10	0	0
Russian Federation	10	0	10
Slovakia	0	0	0
Ukraine	25	10	15
Northern Europe	545	265	280
Åland Islands	0	0	0
Denmark	10	10	10
Faroe Islands	0	0	0
Finland	10	0	0
Guernsey	0	0	0
Iceland	0	0	0
Ireland^Footnote 34	25	0	20
Isle of Man	0	0	0
Jersey	0	0	0
Norway	0	0	0
Sark	0	0	0
Svalbard and Jan Mayen	0	0	0
Sweden	10	0	10
United Kingdom^Footnote 35	500	245	250
Southern Europe	60	40	20
Albania	0	0	0
Andorra	0	0	0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Croatia	15	10	10
Gibraltar	0	0	0
Greece	0	0	0
Holy See (Vatican City State)	0	0	0
Italy	20	25	0
Kosovo^Footnote 36	10	0	10
Macedonia, Republic of^Footnote 37	0	0	0
Malta	0	0	0
Montenegro	0	0	0
Portugal	10	0	10
San Marino	0	0	0
Serbia^Footnote 38	0	0	0
Slovenia	0	0	0
Spain	10	0	10
Africa	100	65	35
Western Africa	40	25	15
Benin	0	0	0
Burkina Faso	0	0	0
Cabo Verde	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Gambia	0	0	0
Ghana	25	10	15
Guinea	0	0	0
Guinea-Bissau	0	0	0
Liberia	0	0	0
Mali	0	0	0
Mauritania	0	0	0
Niger	0	0	0
Nigeria	20	10	10
Saint Helena^Footnote 39	0	0	0
Senegal	0	0	0
Sierra Leone	0	0	0
Togo	0	0	0
Eastern Africa	10	0	10
Burundi	0	0	0
Comoros	0	0	0
Djibouti	0	0	0
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Kenya	0	0	0
Madagascar	0	0	0
Malawi	0	0	0
Mauritius	0	0	0
Mayotte	0	0	0
Mozambique	0	0	0
Réunion	0	0	0
Rwanda	0	0	0
Seychelles	0	0	0
Somalia	0	0	0
South Sudan	0	0	0
Tanzania^Footnote 40	0	0	0
Uganda	0	0	0
Zambia	0	0	10
Zimbabwe	0	0	0
Northern Africa	15	10	0
Algeria	0	0	0
Egypt	0	0	0
Libya	0	0	10
Morocco	0	0	0
Sudan^Footnote 41	0	0	0
Tunisia	10	10	0
Western Sahara	0	0	0
Central Africa	0	0	0
Angola	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Central African Republic	0	0	0
Chad	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Congo, Republic of the	0	0	0
Equatorial Guinea	0	0	0
Gabon	0	0	0
Sao Tome and Principe	0	0	0
Southern Africa	35	35	0
Botswana	15	15	0
Lesotho	0	0	0
Namibia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	20	15	10
Swaziland	0	0	0
Asia	565	245	315
West Central Asia and the Middle East	90	45	40
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Armenia	0	0	0
Azerbaijan	0	0	0
Bahrain	0	0	0
Cyprus	0	0	0
Georgia	0	0	0
Iran^Footnote 42	20	10	10
Iraq	0	0	0
Israel	0	0	0
Jordan	0	0	0
Kazakhstan	0	0	0
Kuwait	0	0	0
Kyrgyzstan	10	0	10
Lebanon	30	20	15
Oman	0	0	0
Qatar	0	0	0
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0
Syria^Footnote 43	10	10	0
Tajikistan	0	0	0
Turkey	15	10	10
Turkmenistan	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0
Uzbekistan	0	0	0
West Bank and Gaza Strip (Palestine)^Footnote 44	0	0	0
Yemen	0	0	0
Eastern Asia	155	50	105
China^Footnote 45	130	45	80
Hong Kong^Footnote 46	0	0	0
Japan	10	0	10
Korea, North^Footnote 47	0	0	0
Korea, South^Footnote 48	10	10	10
Macao^Footnote 49	0	0	0
Mongolia	0	0	0
Taiwan	10	0	10
Southeast Asia	160	65	100
Brunei Darussalam	0	0	0
Burma (Myanmar)	0	0	0
Cambodia	0	0	0
Indonesia	10	0	10
Laos^Footnote 50	0	0	0
Malaysia	0	0	0
Philippines	125	40	80
Singapore	0	0	0
Thailand	10	0	0
Timor-Leste	0	0	0
Viet Nam	15	10	0
Southern Asia	160	85	75
Bangladesh	10	0	10
Bhutan	10	10	0
British Indian Ocean Territory	0	0	0
India	85	40	45
Maldives	0	0	0
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	35	25	20
Sri Lanka	15	10	10
Oceania	20	10	10
American Samoa	0	0	0
Australia	15	10	10
Christmas Island	0	0	0
Cocos (Keeling) Islands	0	0	0
Cook Islands	0	0	0
Fiji	0	0	0
French Polynesia	0	0	0
Guam	0	0	0
Kiribati	0	0	0
Marshall Islands	0	0	0
Micronesia, Federated States of	0	0	0
Nauru	0	0	0
New Caledonia	0	0	0
New Zealand	10	0	10
Niue	0	0	0
Norfolk Island	0	0	0
Northern Mariana Islands	0	0	0
Palau	0	0	0
Papua New Guinea	0	0	0
Pitcairn	0	0	0
Samoa	0	0	0
Solomon Islands	0	0	0
Tokelau	0	0	0
Tonga	0	0	0
Tuvalu	0	0	0
United States Minor Outlying Islands	0	0	0
Vanuatu	0	0	0
Wallis and Futuna	0	0	0
Other places of birth^Footnote 51	0	0	0
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 52	44,905	21,675	23,225
First generation^Footnote 53	2,240	1,105	1,135
Second generation^Footnote 54	3,100	1,475	1,625
Third generation or more^Footnote 55	39,565	19,100	20,470
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 56	44,900	21,675	23,230
North American Aboriginal origins	3,380	1,525	1,850
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,605	1,195	1,410
Inuit	70	35	35
Métis	755	310	450
Other North American origins	20,885	10,040	10,850
Acadian	750	350	405
American	310	155	155
Canadian	20,070	9,645	10,425
New Brunswicker	0	0	0
Newfoundlander	40	25	10
Nova Scotian	90	45	45
Ontarian	0	0	0
Québécois	10	10	0
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 57	0	0	0
European origins	30,625	14,635	15,990
British Isles origins	26,915	12,870	14,050
Channel Islander	10	0	10
Cornish	0	0	0
English	13,365	6,375	6,985
Irish	9,600	4,375	5,220
Manx	0	0	10
Scottish	16,175	7,775	8,400
Welsh	670	300	375
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 58	840	325	510
French origins	5,525	2,585	2,935
Alsatian	0	0	0
Breton	0	0	0
Corsican	0	0	0
French	5,525	2,585	2,935
Western European origins (except French origins)	5,445	2,515	2,930
Austrian	100	55	50
Bavarian	0	0	0
Belgian	130	45	85
Dutch	1,665	760	905
Flemish	10	0	0
Frisian	10	0	0
German	3,825	1,775	2,050
Luxembourger	0	0	0
Swiss	200	85	115
Western European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 59	0	0	10
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	850	360	485
Danish	270	125	140
Finnish	60	20	40
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	225	100	120
Swedish	225	75	150
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 60	110	55	55
Eastern European origins	1,075	500	575
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Byelorussian	20	0	20
Czech	35	30	10
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^Footnote 61	25	10	10
Estonian	0	0	0
Hungarian	90	30	65
Latvian	45	15	25
Lithuanian	40	10	25
Moldovan	0	0	0
Polish	390	205	185
Romanian	30	0	25
Russian	150	55	90
Slovak	25	15	10
Ukrainian	360	185	175
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 62	0	10	0
Southern European origins	890	435	455
Albanian	20	10	15
Bosnian	0	0	0
Catalan	0	0	0
Croatian	35	10	20
Cypriot	0	0	0
Greek	45	25	25
Italian	500	250	250
Kosovar	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Maltese	15	15	0
Montenegrin	0	0	0
Portuguese	105	50	55
Serbian	20	0	15
Sicilian	0	0	0
Slovenian	10	0	0
Spanish	150	75	75
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^Footnote 63	10	0	10
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 64	0	0	0
Other European origins	110	60	40
Basque	0	0	0
Jewish	35	25	10
Roma (Gypsy)	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.^Footnote 65	0	0	0
Other European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 66	75	40	35
Caribbean origins	150	90	65
Antiguan	10	0	10
Bahamian	0	0	0
Barbadian	15	10	10
Bermudan	0	0	0
Carib	0	0	0
Cuban	0	0	0
Dominican	0	0	0
Grenadian	0	0	0
Guadeloupean	0	0	0
Haitian	0	0	0
Jamaican	85	50	35
Kittitian/Nevisian	10	0	10
Martinican	0	0	0
Montserratan	0	0	0
Puerto Rican	0	10	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	0	0	0
Vincentian/Grenadinian	0	0	0
West Indian, n.o.s.^Footnote 67	0	0	0
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 68	25	15	10
Latin, Central and South American origins	120	60	60
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	10	0	0
Arawak	0	0	0
Argentinian	10	0	0
Belizean	0	0	0
Bolivian	0	0	0
Brazilian	0	0	0
Chilean	10	10	0
Colombian	20	10	10
Costa Rican	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	15	0	15
Guatemalan	0	0	0
Guyanese	15	0	10
Hispanic	0	0	0
Honduran	0	0	0
Maya	0	0	0
Mexican	50	25	25
Nicaraguan	0	0	0
Panamanian	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Peruvian	0	0	0
Salvadorean	0	0	0
Uruguayan	0	0	0
Venezuelan	0	0	0
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 69	0	0	10
African origins	685	320	365
Central and West African origins	50	25	20
Akan	0	0	0
Angolan	0	0	0
Ashanti	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Burkinabe	0	0	0
Cameroonian	0	0	0
Chadian	0	0	0
Congolese	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0
Gabonese	0	0	0
Gambian	0	0	0
Ghanaian	20	15	10
Guinean	0	0	0
Ibo	0	0	0
Ivorian	0	0	0
Liberian	0	0	0
Malian	0	0	0
Malinké	0	0	0
Nigerian	15	10	10
Peulh	0	0	0
Senegalese	0	0	0
Sierra Leonean	0	0	0
Togolese	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 70	0	0	0
North African origins	65	10	50
Algerian	0	0	0
Berber	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Egyptian	25	0	25
Libyan	0	0	0
Maure	0	0	0
Moroccan	0	0	0
Sudanese	10	0	10
Tunisian	0	0	0
North African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 71	30	10	15
Southern and East African origins	60	25	25
Afrikaner	0	0	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.^Footnote 72	0	0	0
Burundian	0	0	0
Djiboutian	0	0	0
Eritrean	0	0	0
Ethiopian	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Kenyan	10	0	10
Malagasy	0	0	0
Mauritian	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Rwandan	0	0	0
Seychellois	0	0	0
Somali	15	0	10
South African	15	15	10
Tanzanian	0	0	0
Tigrian	0	0	0
Ugandan	0	0	0
Zambian	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0
Zulu	0	0	0
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 73	30	20	10
Other African origins	520	260	265
Black, n.o.s.^Footnote 74	120	50	70
Other African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 75	400	210	195
Asian origins	1,025	495	525
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	320	165	155
Afghan	0	0	0
Arab, n.o.s.^Footnote 76	15	0	15
Armenian	15	15	0
Assyrian	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hazara	0	0	0
Iranian	35	10	20
Iraqi	0	0	0
Israeli	0	0	0
Jordanian	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Kurd	0	0	0
Kuwaiti	0	0	0
Kyrgyz	0	0	0
Lebanese	195	115	85
Palestinian	0	0	0
Pashtun	0	0	0
Saudi Arabian	10	0	10
Syrian	30	10	20
Tajik	0	0	0
Tatar	0	0	0
Turk	20	10	15
Turkmen	0	0	0
Uighur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Yemeni	0	0	0
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 77	0	0	0
South Asian origins	280	140	135
Bangladeshi	25	10	15
Bengali	0	0	0
Bhutanese	15	10	10
East Indian	185	95	85
Goan	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Pakistani	15	15	0
Punjabi	30	10	20
Sinhalese	25	10	15
Sri Lankan	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 78	0	0	0
East and Southeast Asian origins	375	175	205
Burmese	0	0	0
Cambodian (Khmer)	0	0	0
Chinese	205	90	115
Filipino	115	60	55
Hmong	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Japanese	20	0	20
Karen	0	0	0
Korean	25	15	15
Laotian	0	0	0
Malaysian	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Singaporean	0	0	0
Taiwanese	0	0	10
Thai	15	10	10
Tibetan	0	0	0
Vietnamese	10	10	0
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 79	0	0	0
Other Asian origins	55	20	35
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 80	55	15	35
Oceania origins	55	20	35
Australian	30	15	15
New Zealander	20	0	20
Pacific Islands origins	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0
Hawaiian	10	0	0
Maori	0	0	0
Samoan	0	0	0
Polynesian, n.o.s.^Footnote 81	0	0	0
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 82	0	0	0
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 83	37,965	18,190	19,770
No certificate, diploma or degree	8,115	4,370	3,745
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^Footnote 84	10,325	5,120	5,200
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	19,525	8,700	10,825
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,820	2,770	1,050
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^Footnote 85	2,140	1,325	815
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^Footnote 86	1,680	1,445	230
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	8,685	3,015	5,670
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	815	270	545
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	6,200	2,645	3,555
Bachelor's degree	4,065	1,650	2,415
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	375	155	220
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	215	110	110
Master's degree	1,400	630	775
Earned doctorate^Footnote 87	145	100	45
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 88	37,960	18,190	19,770
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 89	18,440	9,495	8,945
Education	1,895	530	1,365
13. Education	1,895	525	1,370
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	335	170	165
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	80	60	15
50. Visual and performing arts	255	110	145
Humanities	730	295	435
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	50	10	45
23. English language and literature/letters	130	35	95
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	170	70	95
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^Footnote 90	0	0	0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	55	25	25
39. Theology and religious vocations	145	70	70
54. History	150	85	65
55. French language and literature/letters	40	0	35
Social and behavioural sciences and law	1,710	400	1,310
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	15	0	15
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	70	35	30
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	580	30	550
22. Legal professions and studies	330	45	280
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^Footnote 91	30	0	30
42. Psychology	270	70	200
45. Social sciences	420	215	200
Business, management and public administration	3,910	990	2,920
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	430	100	335
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	3,480	895	2,585
Physical and life sciences and technologies	580	295	290
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	235	95	140
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	150	80	70
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^Footnote 92	15	0	15
40. Physical sciences	135	115	20
41. Science technologies/technicians	50	0	40
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	585	330	255
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	480	290	185
25. Library science	45	0	45
27. Mathematics and statistics	60	40	20
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^Footnote 93	10	0	0
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	3,840	3,650	190
04. Architecture and related services	45	20	25
14. Engineering	345	290	55
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	610	530	75
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,055	1,045	0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,335	1,310	25
48. Precision production	455	445	0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,085	645	435
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	735	365	370
03. Natural resources and conservation	350	280	65
Health and related fields	3,170	420	2,745
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	160	95	65
51. Health professions and related programs	2,960	285	2,670
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	50	45	10
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,685	965	715
12. Personal and culinary services	830	240	595
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	50	45	0
43. Security and protective services	300	205	100
49. Transportation and materials moving	500	470	30
Other	0	0	0
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	0	0	0
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 94	37,960	18,190	19,770
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	18,440	9,490	8,945
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 95	19,525	8,695	10,825
Location of study inside Canada	18,540	8,215	10,325
Same as province or territory of residence	14,615	6,180	8,430
Different than province or territory of residence	3,925	2,030	1,890
Location of study outside Canada^Footnote 96	985	485	500
United States^Footnote 97	390	210	180
Philippines	55	15	40
India	50	20	30
United Kingdom^Footnote 98	195	110	85
China^Footnote 99	10	10	10
France	10	0	0
Other	280	120	160
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^Footnote 100	37,960	18,195	19,770
In the labour force	22,905	11,695	11,205
Employed	20,820	10,445	10,375
Unemployed	2,080	1,250	835
Not in the labour force	15,060	6,500	8,565
Participation rate	60.3	64.3	56.7
Employment rate	54.8	57.4	52.5
Unemployment rate	9.1	10.7	7.5
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^Footnote 101	37,960	18,195	19,770
Did not work^Footnote 102	13,735	5,875	7,860
Worked	24,230	12,315	11,910
Worked full year, full time^Footnote 103	12,865	7,000	5,865
Worked part year and/or part time^Footnote 104	11,365	5,315	6,050
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.4	42.6	42.2
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^Footnote 105	22,905	11,695	11,205
Class of worker - not applicable^Footnote 106	360	175	185
All classes of workers^Footnote 107	22,540	11,520	11,025
Employee	20,380	10,235	10,150
Self-employed^Footnote 108	2,160	1,290	870
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^Footnote 109	22,905	11,695	11,205
Occupation - not applicable^Footnote 110	360	175	185
All occupations^Footnote 111	22,540	11,520	11,020
0 Management occupations	2,045	1,205	845
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	3,095	910	2,180
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	1,035	795	235
3 Health occupations	1,670	240	1,425
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	2,820	855	1,965
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	475	195	280
6 Sales and service occupations	5,240	2,000	3,240
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	4,020	3,785	235
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	845	700	145
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,300	830	465
Total Labour Force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^Footnote 112	22,900	11,695	11,210
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^Footnote 113	360	175	185
All industry categories^Footnote 114	22,545	11,525	11,020
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,020	760	260
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	205	195	15
22 Utilities	80	55	25
23 Construction	1,545	1,385	165
31-33 Manufacturing	2,230	1,510	720
41 Wholesale trade	1,045	760	285
44-45 Retail trade	3,185	1,450	1,730
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	1,185	930	260
51 Information and cultural industries	255	155	100
52 Finance and insurance	430	185	245
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	215	120	95
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	825	380	445
55 Management of companies and enterprises	25	15	20
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	810	540	265
61 Educational services	1,820	585	1,230
62 Health care and social assistance	2,945	460	2,490
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	415	190	225
72 Accommodation and food services	1,495	485	1,010
81 Other services (except public administration)	1,080	530	550
91 Public administration	1,735	845	890
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^Footnote 115	24,915	12,640	12,280
English	24,700	12,590	12,105
French	135	15	120
Non-official language	15	10	10
English and French	45	15	30
English and non-official language	20	10	15
French and non-official language	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language	0	0	0
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 116	37,965	18,190	19,770
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	36,490	17,485	19,005
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	30,110	37,323	24,963
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	37,928	44,304	32,059
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	36,500	17,485	19,015
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	27,370	32,618	23,381
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	31,844	36,426	27,631
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	31,515	15,515	16,000
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	28,246	35,951	22,942
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	36,397	43,162	29,836
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	27,620	11,980	15,645
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,699	8,152	7,365
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	8,574	8,764	8,428
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	25,380	12,805	12,575
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	29,090	36,413	24,294
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	36,144	42,113	30,064
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 117	37,965	18,195	19,770
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^Footnote 118	12,565	6,815	5,750
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^Footnote 119	44,605	49,815	39,375
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^Footnote 120	51,142	56,187	45,163
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data^Footnote 121	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^Footnote 122	82.9	86.5	78.4
Employment income (%)^Footnote 123	66.3	69.6	62.1
Government transfers (%)^Footnote 124	17.1	13.6	21.6
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 125	37,960	18,190	19,770
Without total income	1,475	710	770
With total income	36,485	17,485	19,000
Percentage with total income	96.1	96.1	96.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	4,820	1,975	2,840
$10,000 to $19,999	7,380	2,725	4,665
$20,000 to $29,999	5,965	2,460	3,505
$30,000 to $39,999	5,010	2,260	2,745
$40,000 to $49,999	4,110	2,270	1,845
$50,000 to $59,999	2,765	1,685	1,075
$60,000 to $69,999	1,795	1,165	630
$70,000 to $79,999	1,475	880	595
$80,000 to $89,999	1,085	630	455
$90,000 to $99,999	700	450	250
$100,000 and over	1,385	985	400
$100,000 to $149,999	1,035	735	300
$150,000 and over	355	255	100
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 126	37,960	18,190	19,770
Without after-tax income	1,460	710	755
With after-tax income	36,505	17,485	19,020
Percentage with after-tax income	96.2	96.1	96.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	5,035	2,025	3,015
$10,000 to $19,999	7,810	2,945	4,865
$20,000 to $29,999	7,215	2,995	4,225
$30,000 to $39,999	6,090	3,050	3,040
$40,000 to $49,999	4,090	2,505	1,580
$50,000 to $59,999	2,480	1,565	920
$60,000 to $69,999	1,755	1,020	735
$70,000 to $79,999	805	530	270
$80,000 and over	1,225	850	375
$80,000 to $89,999	460	295	160
$90,000 to $99,999	235	170	65
$100,000 and over	535	385	150
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 127	37,965	18,190	19,770
Without employment income	12,580	5,385	7,195
With employment income	25,380	12,805	12,575
Percentage with employment income	66.9	70.4	63.6
Under $5,000 (including loss)	3,790	1,685	2,105
$5,000 to $9,999	2,105	970	1,135
$10,000 to $19,999	3,650	1,505	2,145
$20,000 to $29,999	3,430	1,390	2,045
$30,000 to $39,999	3,065	1,430	1,630
$40,000 to $49,999	2,770	1,570	1,195
$50,000 to $59,999	1,865	1,200	665
$60,000 to $69,999	1,205	760	445
$70,000 to $79,999	1,140	695	445
$80,000 and over	2,365	1,605	770
$80,000 to $89,999	890	500	390
$90,000 to $99,999	540	355	180
$100,000 and over	945	750	195
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 128	44,900	21,675	23,225
In the bottom half of the distribution	27,785	13,065	14,720
In the bottom decile	5,255	2,480	2,775
In the second decile	6,390	2,760	3,625
In the third decile	5,590	2,570	3,020
In the fourth decile	5,535	2,730	2,810
In the fifth decile	5,010	2,520	2,490
In the top half of the distribution	17,120	8,615	8,510
In the sixth decile	4,610	2,365	2,245
In the seventh decile	4,120	2,055	2,065
In the eighth decile	4,010	2,020	1,990
In the ninth decile	2,670	1,340	1,325
In the top decile	1,715	835	880
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 25% sample data^Footnote 129	44,090	21,285	22,805
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	8,300	3,675	4,625
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	18.8	17.3	20.3
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	3,030	1,510	1,515
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.9	7.1	6.6

Symbol(s)

Symbol ..

not available for a specific reference period

Symbol ...

not applicable

Symbol x

suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act

Symbol F

too unreliable to be published

Footnote(s)

Footnote 1

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 2

In households where there is at least one person living with a child and a grandchild.

Footnote 3

In households that are not multigenerational where there is one census family with additional persons or more than one census family.

Footnote 4

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Footnote 5

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 6

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 7

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 8

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Footnote 9

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Footnote 10

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 11

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often. For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 12

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 13

Citizenship refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 14

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

Footnote 15

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

Footnote 16

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 17

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

Footnote 18

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

Footnote 19

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

Footnote 20

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

Footnote 21

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 22

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 23

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

Footnote 24

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

Footnote 25

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

Footnote 26

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

Footnote 27

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

Footnote 28

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

Footnote 29

For more information on the place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 30

The official name of United States is United States of America.

Footnote 31

The official name of Bolivia is Plurinational State of Bolivia.

Footnote 32

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

Footnote 33

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

Footnote 34

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

Footnote 35

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

Footnote 36

The official name of Kosovo is Republic of Kosovo.

Footnote 37

Macedonia, Republic of: known as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia by the United Nations and other international bodies.

Footnote 38

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

Footnote 39

The official name of Saint Helena is Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.

Footnote 40

The official name of Tanzania is United Republic of Tanzania.

Footnote 41

The full name of Sudan is the Republic of the Sudan.

Footnote 42

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

Footnote 43

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

Footnote 44

West Bank and Gaza Strip (Palestine): West Bank and Gaza Strip are the territories referred to in the Declaration of Principles, signed by Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1993. Palestine refers to pre-1948 British mandate Palestine.

Footnote 45

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

Footnote 46

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

Footnote 47

The official name of North Korea is Democratic People's Republic of Korea.

Footnote 48

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

Footnote 49

The full name of Macao is Macao Special Administrative Region of China.

Footnote 50

The official name of Laos is Lao People's Democratic Republic.

Footnote 51

Includes other places of birth not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea'.

Footnote 52

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 53

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

Footnote 54

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

Footnote 55

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

Footnote 56

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 57

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

Footnote 58

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

Footnote 59

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

Footnote 60

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

Footnote 61

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 62

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

Footnote 63

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 64

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

Footnote 65

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 66

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

Footnote 67

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 68

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

Footnote 69

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

Footnote 70

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

Footnote 71

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

Footnote 72

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 73

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

Footnote 74

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 75

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

Footnote 76

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 77

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

Footnote 78

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

Footnote 79

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

Footnote 80

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

Footnote 81

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 82

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

Footnote 83

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Footnote 84

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 85

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

Footnote 86

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

Footnote 87

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

Footnote 88

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/concepts/classification.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

Footnote 89

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 90

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

Footnote 91

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

Footnote 92

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

Footnote 93

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

Footnote 94

'Location of study' refers to either:

- the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;

- the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Footnote 95

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

Footnote 96

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

Footnote 97

The official name of United States is United States of America.

Footnote 98

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

Footnote 99

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

Footnote 100

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

Footnote 101

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

Footnote 102

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

Footnote 103

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

Footnote 104

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

Footnote 105

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

Footnote 106

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

Footnote 107

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

Footnote 108

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

Footnote 109

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

Footnote 110

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

Footnote 111

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday May 7, 2016 were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

Footnote 112

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

Footnote 113

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

Footnote 114

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

Footnote 115

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 116

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

- statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
- statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
- statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

- employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
- income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
- income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
- other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
- income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

- one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
- capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
- employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
- voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period.

It includes:

- Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
- retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
- benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
- child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
- social assistance benefits;
- workers' compensation benefits;
- Working income tax benefit;
- Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
- other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Footnote 117

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 118

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 119

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median.

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Footnote 120

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Footnote 121

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 122

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 123

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 124

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

- Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
- retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
- benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
- child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
- social assistance benefits;
- workers' compensation benefits;
- Working income tax benefit;
- Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
- other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 125

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

- statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
- statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
- statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

- employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
- income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
- income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
- other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
- income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

- one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
- capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
- employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
- voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 126

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.


For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 127

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.


For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 128

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 129

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Data quality note(s) – Truro

• Incomplete enumeration flag
  Default. Not applicable.
• Long-form data quality flag
  Global non-response rate (GNR), long-form census questionnaire: 5.6%.
• Long-form income data quality flag
  Default. Data quality index showing a long-form income non-response rate lower than 10%.

Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-400-X2016192.