Visible Minority (15), Age (15A), Sex (3) and Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force, Educational and Income Characteristics (900) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data

• Visible minority (15): Total - Visible minority
• Age (15A): Total - Age

This table details visible minority , age , sex and selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics for the population in private households in Windsor

Selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics (900)	Sex (3)
	Total - Sex	Male	Female
Total - Household type of person for the population in private households - 25% sample data	325,005	159,780	165,225
Persons in one-census-family households without additional persons	244,380	120,425	123,960
In a couple census family without children (no other persons present in the household)	63,075	31,565	31,510
In a couple census family with children (no other persons present in the household)	143,365	73,445	69,915
In a lone-parent census family (no other persons present in the household)	37,945	15,415	22,535
Persons in multigenerational households^Footnote 2	17,340	7,915	9,425
Persons in other census family households^Footnote 3	14,130	6,960	7,170
Persons in two-or-more-person non-census-family households	10,105	5,890	4,215
Persons living alone (one-person households)	39,050	18,590	20,455
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 4	270,035	131,605	138,435
Married or living common law	150,420	75,040	75,375
Married	130,765	65,200	65,565
Living common law	19,650	9,840	9,810
Not married and not living common law	119,620	56,560	63,060
Never married	78,105	42,075	36,025
Separated	8,445	3,630	4,810
Divorced	18,215	7,680	10,535
Widowed	14,855	3,165	11,690
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^Footnote 5	321,935	158,145	163,795
Non-movers	283,565	138,975	144,590
Movers	38,370	19,165	19,205
Non-migrants	24,165	12,085	12,080
Migrants	14,205	7,080	7,130
Internal migrants	10,325	5,125	5,200
Intraprovincial migrants	8,585	4,210	4,370
Interprovincial migrants	1,740	910	835
External migrants	3,880	1,960	1,925
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^Footnote 6	308,455	151,150	157,300
Non-movers	199,665	97,285	102,385
Movers	108,790	53,870	54,920
Non-migrants	66,800	32,830	33,970
Migrants	41,990	21,045	20,950
Internal migrants	30,095	14,870	15,220
Intraprovincial migrants	26,020	12,795	13,225
Interprovincial migrants	4,075	2,085	1,990
External migrants	11,895	6,165	5,730
Total - First official language spoken for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 7	325,005	159,780	165,225
English	307,625	152,125	155,500
French	9,050	4,155	4,895
English and French	2,345	1,140	1,205
Neither English nor French	5,985	2,360	3,625
Official language minority (number)^Footnote 8	10,225	4,725	5,500
Official language minority (percentage)^Footnote 9	3.1	3.0	3.3
Total - Mother tongue for the population in private households - 25% Sample Data^Footnote 10	325,005	159,780	165,220
English	235,595	116,285	119,305
French	9,490	4,385	5,115
Non-official language	72,140	35,155	36,990
English and French	1,675	815	855
English and non-official language	5,450	2,815	2,635
French and non-official language	345	180	165
English, French and non-official language	305	140	165
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the population in private households - 25% Sample Data^Footnote 11	325,005	159,780	165,220
English	270,485	133,350	137,130
French	2,540	1,135	1,405
Non-official language	36,035	17,440	18,600
English and French	855	420	440
English and non-official language	14,530	7,185	7,345
French and non-official language	125	50	80
English, French and non-official language	430	205	225
Total - Number of languages known for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 12	325,000	159,780	165,225
Knowledge of one language	215,235	106,350	108,890
English only	209,945	104,250	105,690
French only	155	80	75
Non-official language only	5,135	2,015	3,115
Knowledge of more than one language	109,765	53,430	56,335
English and French only	25,810	11,590	14,220
English, French and one or more non-official languages	8,080	3,575	4,505
English and one or more non official languages	74,705	37,795	36,910
French and one or more non official languages	200	70	125
Multiple non-official languages only	975	400	575
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 13	325,005	159,780	165,220
Canadian citizens^Footnote 14	305,070	150,120	154,950
Canadian citizens only	289,955	142,645	147,305
Citizens of Canada and at least one other country	15,120	7,475	7,645
Not Canadian citizens^Footnote 15	19,935	9,660	10,275
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 16	325,005	159,785	165,225
Non-immigrants^Footnote 17	246,335	121,745	124,590
Immigrants^Footnote 18	74,495	35,530	38,970
Before 1981	23,375	11,335	12,035
1981 to 1990	8,580	4,110	4,470
1991 to 2000	15,715	7,280	8,435
2001 to 2010	16,725	7,955	8,770
2001 to 2005	8,415	4,055	4,360
2006 to 2010	8,310	3,900	4,410
2011 to 2016^Footnote 19	10,105	4,850	5,255
Non-permanent residents^Footnote 20	4,170	2,505	1,665
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 21	74,495	35,530	38,965
Under 5 years	8,775	4,445	4,330
5 to 14 years	13,610	7,040	6,570
15 to 24 years	17,200	7,630	9,565
25 to 44 years	28,590	13,540	15,050
45 years and over	6,320	2,875	3,445
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^Footnote 22	51,905	24,560	27,335
Economic immigrants^Footnote 23	18,505	9,705	8,800
Principal applicants^Footnote 24	7,025	5,090	1,935
Secondary applicants^Footnote 25	11,480	4,620	6,860
Immigrants sponsored by family^Footnote 26	15,770	5,925	9,840
Refugees^Footnote 27	16,850	8,525	8,325
Other immigrants^Footnote 28	775	400	375
Total - Place of birth for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 29	325,000	159,780	165,220
Born in Canada	244,225	120,545	123,680
Born outside Canada	80,775	39,235	41,540
Americas	12,560	5,570	6,990
North America	7,935	3,445	4,490
Greenland	0	0	0
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	0	0	0
United States^Footnote 30	7,940	3,445	4,495
Central America	1,880	935	940
Belize	60	30	35
Costa Rica	40	15	25
El Salvador	730	385	355
Guatemala	105	65	45
Honduras	70	40	30
Mexico	685	320	370
Nicaragua	155	80	70
Panama	30	10	20
Caribbean and Bermuda	1,570	655	915
Anguilla	0	0	0
Antigua and Barbuda	25	10	15
Aruba	0	0	0
Bahamas	25	10	15
Barbados	85	35	45
Bermuda	10	10	0
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba	0	0	0
Cayman Islands	0	0	0
Cuba	110	40	70
Curaçao	0	0	0
Dominica	0	0	0
Dominican Republic	75	25	50
Grenada	10	0	10
Guadeloupe	0	0	0
Haiti	225	60	160
Jamaica	700	330	360
Martinique	0	0	0
Montserrat	0	0	0
Puerto Rico	15	0	10
Saint Barthélemy	0	0	0
Saint Kitts and Nevis	10	0	0
Saint Lucia	0	0	0
Saint Martin (French part)	0	0	0
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	20	0	15
Sint Maarten (Dutch part)	0	0	0
Trinidad and Tobago	260	115	145
Turks and Caicos Islands	0	0	0
Virgin Islands, British	0	0	0
Virgin Islands, United States	0	0	0
South America	1,175	535	635
Argentina	120	70	50
Bolivia^Footnote 31	25	10	20
Brazil	190	100	90
Chile	65	30	35
Colombia	405	195	215
Ecuador	40	15	25
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	0	0	0
French Guiana	0	0	0
Guyana	95	30	65
Paraguay	0	0	0
Peru	45	10	30
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	0	0	0
Suriname	0	0	0
Uruguay	0	0	0
Venezuela^Footnote 32	190	85	110
Europe	27,760	13,640	14,120
Western Europe	2,235	1,150	1,085
Austria	180	70	115
Belgium	155	80	75
France	340	160	180
Germany	1,080	550	535
Liechtenstein	0	0	0
Luxembourg	0	0	0
Monaco	0	0	0
Netherlands	400	240	165
Switzerland	70	45	20
Eastern Europe	6,570	3,000	3,575
Belarus	65	30	35
Bulgaria	85	30	55
Czech Republic	170	70	100
Estonia	10	0	10
Hungary	780	375	405
Latvia	30	10	25
Lithuania	20	10	10
Moldova^Footnote 33	15	15	10
Poland	2,355	1,070	1,290
Romania	2,175	1,020	1,150
Russian Federation	410	195	220
Slovakia	215	85	125
Ukraine	245	100	145
Northern Europe	4,740	2,250	2,490
Åland Islands	0	0	0
Denmark	85	45	40
Faroe Islands	0	0	0
Finland	60	25	30
Guernsey	0	0	0
Iceland	0	0	0
Ireland^Footnote 34	135	60	75
Isle of Man	0	0	0
Jersey	0	0	0
Norway	10	0	15
Sark	0	0	0
Svalbard and Jan Mayen	0	0	0
Sweden	10	10	10
United Kingdom^Footnote 35	4,435	2,115	2,315
Southern Europe	14,220	7,240	6,985
Albania	660	325	335
Andorra	0	0	0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,130	545	585
Croatia	1,860	965	890
Gibraltar	0	0	0
Greece	815	425	390
Holy See (Vatican City State)	0	0	0
Italy	5,960	3,020	2,940
Kosovo^Footnote 36	315	160	155
Macedonia, Republic of^Footnote 37	885	445	440
Malta	290	150	135
Montenegro	150	80	65
Portugal	420	210	205
San Marino	0	0	0
Serbia^Footnote 38	1,450	755	695
Slovenia	160	70	95
Spain	120	75	40
Africa	4,580	2,335	2,250
Western Africa	1,170	645	520
Benin	0	0	0
Burkina Faso	0	0	0
Cabo Verde	10	10	10
Côte d'Ivoire	50	20	35
Gambia	10	0	0
Ghana	180	120	60
Guinea	15	10	10
Guinea-Bissau	0	0	0
Liberia	100	40	60
Mali	0	0	0
Mauritania	0	0	0
Niger	0	0	0
Nigeria	755	435	320
Saint Helena^Footnote 39	0	0	0
Senegal	20	0	15
Sierra Leone	30	15	10
Togo	0	0	0
Eastern Africa	1,435	665	770
Burundi	85	40	50
Comoros	0	0	0
Djibouti	0	0	0
Eritrea	140	65	70
Ethiopia	225	120	105
Kenya	85	50	35
Madagascar	10	0	10
Malawi	0	0	0
Mauritius	65	35	30
Mayotte	0	0	0
Mozambique	10	0	0
Réunion	10	0	0
Rwanda	65	25	45
Seychelles	0	0	0
Somalia	375	140	240
South Sudan	135	55	80
Tanzania^Footnote 40	75	40	35
Uganda	80	50	35
Zambia	25	25	0
Zimbabwe	55	25	30
Northern Africa	1,145	635	510
Algeria	70	45	30
Egypt	490	270	225
Libya	235	130	105
Morocco	65	30	35
Sudan^Footnote 41	230	125	105
Tunisia	50	35	10
Western Sahara	0	0	0
Central Africa	470	225	245
Angola	10	0	10
Cameroon	75	35	45
Central African Republic	0	0	0
Chad	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	325	185	135
Congo, Republic of the	30	10	20
Equatorial Guinea	0	0	0
Gabon	30	0	30
Sao Tome and Principe	0	0	0
Southern Africa	365	160	205
Botswana	0	0	0
Lesotho	0	0	0
Namibia	10	0	10
South Africa, Republic of	350	160	195
Swaziland	0	0	0
Asia	35,710	17,585	18,130
West Central Asia and the Middle East	15,875	7,795	8,080
Afghanistan	100	40	60
Armenia	10	0	0
Azerbaijan	10	10	0
Bahrain	35	25	15
Cyprus	30	10	15
Georgia	10	0	0
Iran^Footnote 42	665	355	315
Iraq	6,270	2,990	3,285
Israel	115	40	75
Jordan	605	295	305
Kazakhstan	10	0	10
Kuwait	350	220	130
Kyrgyzstan	15	0	10
Lebanon	4,075	2,005	2,070
Oman	10	10	0
Qatar	50	25	20
Saudi Arabia	535	285	250
Syria^Footnote 43	1,900	945	950
Tajikistan	10	10	10
Turkey	370	185	180
Turkmenistan	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	285	130	150
Uzbekistan	20	0	15
West Bank and Gaza Strip (Palestine)^Footnote 44	290	155	135
Yemen	115	45	70
Eastern Asia	6,445	3,065	3,380
China^Footnote 45	5,165	2,420	2,740
Hong Kong^Footnote 46	525	245	275
Japan	80	40	40
Korea, North^Footnote 47	0	0	0
Korea, South^Footnote 48	385	205	180
Macao^Footnote 49	15	10	10
Mongolia	0	0	0
Taiwan	290	150	140
Southeast Asia	5,470	2,405	3,070
Brunei Darussalam	0	0	0
Burma (Myanmar)	50	25	20
Cambodia	335	145	195
Indonesia	70	35	30
Laos^Footnote 50	210	95	115
Malaysia	120	50	70
Philippines	2,695	1,060	1,635
Singapore	25	25	0
Thailand	230	95	130
Timor-Leste	0	0	0
Viet Nam	1,730	870	865
Southern Asia	7,920	4,315	3,605
Bangladesh	635	320	315
Bhutan	235	120	120
British Indian Ocean Territory	0	0	0
India	4,480	2,525	1,950
Maldives	0	0	0
Nepal	170	105	70
Pakistan	2,165	1,130	1,030
Sri Lanka	235	115	115
Oceania	165	110	60
American Samoa	0	0	0
Australia	120	70	55
Christmas Island	0	0	0
Cocos (Keeling) Islands	0	0	0
Cook Islands	0	0	0
Fiji	10	0	0
French Polynesia	0	0	0
Guam	0	0	0
Kiribati	0	0	0
Marshall Islands	0	0	0
Micronesia, Federated States of	10	10	0
Nauru	0	0	0
New Caledonia	0	0	0
New Zealand	35	30	0
Niue	0	0	0
Norfolk Island	0	0	0
Northern Mariana Islands	0	0	0
Palau	0	0	0
Papua New Guinea	0	0	0
Pitcairn	0	0	0
Samoa	0	0	0
Solomon Islands	0	0	0
Tokelau	0	0	0
Tonga	0	0	0
Tuvalu	0	0	0
United States Minor Outlying Islands	0	0	0
Vanuatu	0	0	0
Wallis and Futuna	0	0	0
Other places of birth^Footnote 51	0	0	0
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 52	325,005	159,780	165,220
First generation^Footnote 53	80,780	39,235	41,540
Second generation^Footnote 54	69,525	34,580	34,945
Third generation or more^Footnote 55	174,700	85,965	88,735
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 56	325,005	159,780	165,220
North American Aboriginal origins	14,625	6,740	7,885
First Nations (North American Indian)	10,350	4,660	5,690
Inuit	90	20	70
Métis	4,385	2,140	2,245
Other North American origins	93,215	45,690	47,530
Acadian	275	115	165
American	5,560	2,675	2,885
Canadian	89,430	43,855	45,575
New Brunswicker	0	0	0
Newfoundlander	125	70	55
Nova Scotian	10	0	0
Ontarian	30	10	20
Québécois	145	80	65
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 57	30	15	10
European origins	220,625	107,440	113,185
British Isles origins	117,145	56,505	60,640
Channel Islander	0	0	0
Cornish	15	10	0
English	64,995	31,335	33,660
Irish	49,035	22,975	26,060
Manx	45	25	20
Scottish	44,045	21,020	23,020
Welsh	4,035	1,915	2,120
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 58	5,745	2,610	3,130
French origins	78,835	37,720	41,115
Alsatian	10	0	0
Breton	0	0	0
Corsican	10	0	10
French	78,830	37,715	41,115
Western European origins (except French origins)	41,090	19,855	21,235
Austrian	1,355	660	690
Bavarian	10	0	10
Belgian	2,465	1,165	1,300
Dutch	8,480	4,025	4,455
Flemish	105	55	55
Frisian	20	15	10
German	30,625	14,785	15,840
Luxembourger	30	20	10
Swiss	655	335	325
Western European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 59	50	35	15
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	4,415	2,050	2,365
Danish	970	445	520
Finnish	1,175	560	620
Icelandic	175	95	80
Norwegian	1,040	455	585
Swedish	1,020	435	585
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 60	245	130	110
Eastern European origins	40,470	19,370	21,100
Bulgarian	225	110	115
Byelorussian	110	35	75
Czech	1,285	600	690
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^Footnote 61	700	290	410
Estonian	95	55	40
Hungarian	7,515	3,720	3,790
Latvian	125	75	50
Lithuanian	450	195	250
Moldovan	25	0	15
Polish	13,915	6,705	7,210
Romanian	5,615	2,635	2,980
Russian	3,420	1,570	1,855
Slovak	2,720	1,255	1,465
Ukrainian	10,250	4,840	5,415
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 62	145	70	75
Southern European origins	54,835	27,340	27,500
Albanian	1,560	775	785
Bosnian	590	295	290
Catalan	0	10	0
Croatian	3,925	1,940	1,990
Cypriot	30	20	10
Greek	2,775	1,375	1,400
Italian	33,180	16,450	16,725
Kosovar	70	25	55
Macedonian	2,230	1,110	1,115
Maltese	1,275	680	595
Montenegrin	160	100	55
Portuguese	2,645	1,325	1,320
Serbian	4,550	2,395	2,160
Sicilian	160	95	65
Slovenian	830	350	480
Spanish	2,830	1,445	1,385
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^Footnote 63	1,200	580	625
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 64	40	20	25
Other European origins	1,330	620	705
Basque	30	15	20
Jewish	690	350	340
Roma (Gypsy)	55	15	35
Slavic, n.o.s.^Footnote 65	40	15	25
Other European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 66	510	225	285
Caribbean origins	3,690	1,645	2,045
Antiguan	25	0	25
Bahamian	30	15	10
Barbadian	185	90	95
Bermudan	10	0	0
Carib	0	0	0
Cuban	240	115	125
Dominican	120	50	70
Grenadian	35	10	25
Guadeloupean	0	0	0
Haitian	380	135	245
Jamaican	1,860	880	980
Kittitian/Nevisian	10	0	10
Martinican	0	0	0
Montserratan	10	0	10
Puerto Rican	100	50	55
St. Lucian	10	0	10
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	550	215	330
Vincentian/Grenadinian	40	10	30
West Indian, n.o.s.^Footnote 67	265	130	135
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 68	65	30	35
Latin, Central and South American origins	4,310	1,980	2,330
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	180	65	120
Arawak	0	0	0
Argentinian	135	85	50
Belizean	60	30	35
Bolivian	50	20	30
Brazilian	165	90	70
Chilean	115	35	80
Colombian	490	225	265
Costa Rican	45	25	25
Ecuadorian	75	20	55
Guatemalan	195	110	85
Guyanese	260	95	165
Hispanic	245	100	145
Honduran	65	35	30
Maya	70	35	35
Mexican	1,045	505	540
Nicaraguan	200	90	110
Panamanian	55	15	40
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Peruvian	65	25	40
Salvadorean	815	380	430
Uruguayan	20	15	10
Venezuelan	175	65	105
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 69	170	85	85
African origins	10,200	5,125	5,070
Central and West African origins	1,910	1,005	900
Akan	55	30	25
Angolan	25	15	10
Ashanti	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Burkinabe	0	0	0
Cameroonian	110	45	60
Chadian	0	0	0
Congolese	385	220	170
Edo	20	15	0
Ewe	0	0	0
Gabonese	0	0	0
Gambian	0	0	0
Ghanaian	170	105	65
Guinean	0	0	0
Ibo	80	45	35
Ivorian	10	10	0
Liberian	55	25	30
Malian	0	0	0
Malinké	0	0	0
Nigerian	1,000	530	470
Peulh	0	0	0
Senegalese	20	10	10
Sierra Leonean	0	0	0
Togolese	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	65	40	25
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 70	60	25	30
North African origins	1,905	1,040	865
Algerian	130	65	70
Berber	0	10	0
Coptic	55	30	25
Dinka	10	10	0
Egyptian	785	410	370
Libyan	195	115	80
Maure	0	0	0
Moroccan	85	35	50
Sudanese	670	370	305
Tunisian	50	35	10
North African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 71	0	0	0
Southern and East African origins	2,145	1,030	1,120
Afrikaner	20	20	10
Amhara	0	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.^Footnote 72	0	0	0
Burundian	100	45	55
Djiboutian	0	0	0
Eritrean	170	85	80
Ethiopian	365	195	170
Harari	0	0	0
Kenyan	15	10	10
Malagasy	10	0	10
Mauritian	75	30	45
Oromo	40	20	20
Rwandan	150	75	80
Seychellois	0	0	10
Somali	900	430	465
South African	255	110	140
Tanzanian	45	20	25
Tigrian	10	0	0
Ugandan	40	20	20
Zambian	10	10	0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0
Zulu	0	0	0
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 73	95	35	65
Other African origins	4,575	2,240	2,335
Black, n.o.s.^Footnote 74	990	470	520
Other African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 75	3,620	1,790	1,830
Asian origins	57,575	28,980	28,600
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	28,085	14,040	14,050
Afghan	245	100	145
Arab, n.o.s.^Footnote 76	3,360	1,755	1,605
Armenian	565	250	320
Assyrian	560	255	305
Azerbaijani	45	40	10
Georgian	20	10	10
Hazara	0	0	0
Iranian	1,020	535	480
Iraqi	7,045	3,430	3,615
Israeli	115	45	70
Jordanian	530	245	280
Kazakh	0	0	0
Kurd	165	100	65
Kuwaiti	25	15	10
Kyrgyz	10	0	0
Lebanese	10,600	5,375	5,225
Palestinian	1,555	805	750
Pashtun	0	0	0
Saudi Arabian	130	90	40
Syrian	2,330	1,125	1,205
Tajik	0	0	0
Tatar	20	10	10
Turk	915	410	505
Turkmen	0	0	0
Uighur	20	10	10
Uzbek	0	0	0
Yemeni	110	50	60
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 77	815	420	395
South Asian origins	11,970	6,450	5,520
Bangladeshi	355	190	165
Bengali	145	80	65
Bhutanese	210	110	95
East Indian	7,815	4,235	3,580
Goan	10	10	0
Gujarati	65	40	25
Kashmiri	45	20	25
Nepali	320	165	155
Pakistani	2,385	1,270	1,115
Punjabi	595	355	235
Sinhalese	30	20	10
Sri Lankan	315	150	165
Tamil	80	40	40
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 78	710	375	335
East and Southeast Asian origins	17,725	8,590	9,135
Burmese	80	45	30
Cambodian (Khmer)	705	325	380
Chinese	9,805	4,790	5,015
Filipino	4,115	1,890	2,225
Hmong	15	10	0
Indonesian	85	60	25
Japanese	235	115	120
Karen	135	75	60
Korean	550	295	255
Laotian	390	195	200
Malaysian	45	15	30
Mongolian	20	0	10
Singaporean	15	15	10
Taiwanese	130	70	60
Thai	135	50	85
Tibetan	0	0	0
Vietnamese	2,550	1,275	1,280
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 79	75	35	40
Other Asian origins	295	155	145
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 80	300	155	145
Oceania origins	290	175	120
Australian	180	90	90
New Zealander	70	55	20
Pacific Islands origins	60	45	15
Fijian	20	10	10
Hawaiian	25	15	0
Maori	0	0	0
Samoan	0	0	0
Polynesian, n.o.s.^Footnote 81	0	0	0
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 82	10	10	0
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 83	270,035	131,600	138,430
No certificate, diploma or degree	47,455	23,375	24,080
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^Footnote 84	84,150	41,465	42,685
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	138,430	66,765	71,665
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	17,585	12,800	4,785
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^Footnote 85	7,660	4,695	2,960
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^Footnote 86	9,925	8,100	1,825
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	58,300	24,660	33,640
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	5,100	2,215	2,885
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	57,455	27,090	30,355
Bachelor's degree	38,410	17,195	21,220
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,150	1,825	2,330
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,795	1,090	705
Master's degree	10,975	5,650	5,320
Earned doctorate^Footnote 87	2,115	1,335	780
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 88	270,035	131,600	138,430
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 89	131,600	64,835	66,765
Education	9,235	2,270	6,960
13. Education	9,230	2,270	6,960
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,270	1,425	1,845
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	410	300	110
50. Visual and performing arts	2,865	1,125	1,735
Humanities	5,935	2,420	3,515
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	600	115	485
23. English language and literature/letters	1,540	495	1,045
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,385	575	810
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^Footnote 90	45	15	25
38. Philosophy and religious studies	320	195	130
39. Theology and religious vocations	515	300	210
54. History	1,085	625	465
55. French language and literature/letters	445	100	345
Social and behavioural sciences and law	15,665	5,185	10,480
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	170	15	150
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,005	985	1,020
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,050	195	2,855
22. Legal professions and studies	2,245	815	1,430
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^Footnote 91	185	30	160
42. Psychology	3,300	875	2,425
45. Social sciences	4,710	2,265	2,445
Business, management and public administration	25,580	10,015	15,560
30.16 Accounting and computer science	65	20	45
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,565	485	2,075
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	22,955	9,515	13,445
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,925	2,320	2,605
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,200	880	1,320
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	980	405	575
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^Footnote 92	10	0	10
40. Physical sciences	1,325	910	410
41. Science technologies/technicians	425	135	290
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,985	3,085	1,905
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,970	2,650	1,320
25. Library science	245	25	220
27. Mathematics and statistics	720	385	340
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^Footnote 93	50	25	25
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	32,770	30,240	2,535
04. Architecture and related services	915	725	195
14. Engineering	7,845	6,550	1,290
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	6,155	5,530	625
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	5,080	4,975	110
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,580	5,450	130
48. Precision production	7,200	7,015	185
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,615	975	640
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	1,150	690	460
03. Natural resources and conservation	460	280	180
Health and related fields	25,335	4,855	20,485
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	1,710	895	815
51. Health professions and related programs	23,235	3,695	19,545
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	390	260	130
Personal, protective and transportation services	9,090	3,960	5,130
12. Personal and culinary services	5,375	1,110	4,260
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	35	30	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	55	50	10
43. Security and protective services	2,660	1,920	745
49. Transportation and materials moving	960	850	115
Other	20	15	0
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	15	15	10
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 94	270,035	131,600	138,430
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	131,605	64,840	66,765
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 95	138,430	66,765	71,670
Location of study inside Canada	112,670	53,270	59,405
Same as province or territory of residence	108,865	51,295	57,570
Different than province or territory of residence	3,805	1,975	1,835
Location of study outside Canada^Footnote 96	25,765	13,500	12,265
United States^Footnote 97	7,750	4,185	3,560
Philippines	1,275	450	830
India	1,855	1,035	815
United Kingdom^Footnote 98	1,630	1,010	615
China^Footnote 99	1,810	855	960
France	175	105	75
Other	11,270	5,860	5,415
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^Footnote 100	270,035	131,600	138,430
In the labour force	161,790	84,165	77,625
Employed	149,385	77,670	71,715
Unemployed	12,400	6,495	5,910
Not in the labour force	108,245	47,440	60,810
Participation rate	59.9	64.0	56.1
Employment rate	55.3	59.0	51.8
Unemployment rate	7.7	7.7	7.6
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^Footnote 101	270,035	131,600	138,435
Did not work^Footnote 102	105,285	45,745	59,540
Worked	164,750	85,860	78,890
Worked full year, full time^Footnote 103	84,700	48,440	36,265
Worked part year and/or part time^Footnote 104	80,045	37,415	42,625
Average weeks worked in reference year	43.2	43.5	42.8
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^Footnote 105	161,785	84,170	77,620
Class of worker - not applicable^Footnote 106	4,830	2,275	2,555
All classes of workers^Footnote 107	156,960	81,890	75,065
Employee	143,210	73,045	70,165
Self-employed^Footnote 108	13,745	8,845	4,905
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^Footnote 109	161,785	84,165	77,620
Occupation - not applicable^Footnote 110	4,830	2,275	2,555
All occupations^Footnote 111	156,960	81,890	75,065
0 Management occupations	13,050	8,105	4,950
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	20,380	5,875	14,510
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	10,265	8,525	1,740
3 Health occupations	13,185	2,440	10,745
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	16,645	5,350	11,290
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	3,135	1,365	1,770
6 Sales and service occupations	37,720	15,035	22,685
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	23,245	21,700	1,545
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	2,185	1,650	540
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	17,145	11,845	5,295
Total Labour Force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^Footnote 112	161,790	84,165	77,620
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^Footnote 113	4,830	2,275	2,550
All industry categories^Footnote 114	156,955	81,890	75,070
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,800	1,060	740
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	365	350	20
22 Utilities	805	600	210
23 Construction	8,255	7,260	990
31-33 Manufacturing	32,230	24,040	8,200
41 Wholesale trade	4,130	2,825	1,305
44-45 Retail trade	16,795	7,495	9,300
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	6,640	4,880	1,765
51 Information and cultural industries	1,790	975	815
52 Finance and insurance	5,175	1,780	3,395
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,100	1,175	925
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	8,075	4,785	3,290
55 Management of companies and enterprises	130	80	45
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	7,430	4,355	3,075
61 Educational services	12,090	3,765	8,325
62 Health care and social assistance	20,015	3,345	16,670
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	4,465	2,185	2,280
72 Accommodation and food services	12,215	4,705	7,505
81 Other services (except public administration)	6,385	3,005	3,380
91 Public administration	6,065	3,225	2,840
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^Footnote 115	170,430	88,680	81,745
English	166,220	86,995	79,225
French	1,555	380	1,180
Non-official language	985	540	440
English and French	605	220	385
English and non-official language	1,015	525	490
French and non-official language	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language	45	20	25
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 116	270,035	131,605	138,430
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	256,805	125,710	131,090
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	33,025	40,970	27,185
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	44,317	52,977	36,013
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	256,900	125,720	131,175
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	30,217	36,607	25,382
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	37,649	44,208	31,364
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	223,565	112,355	111,210
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	31,555	39,473	24,847
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	43,883	53,249	34,421
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	195,615	89,145	106,470
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	5,962	4,299	6,715
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	8,026	7,597	8,386
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	184,490	98,120	86,370
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	30,649	35,248	26,838
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	42,697	49,365	35,122
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 117	270,035	131,600	138,430
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^Footnote 118	82,975	47,295	35,680
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^Footnote 119	53,584	60,947	46,146
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^Footnote 120	64,962	73,521	53,618
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data^Footnote 121	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^Footnote 122	86.2	89.8	81.1
Employment income (%)^Footnote 123	69.2	72.7	64.3
Government transfers (%)^Footnote 124	13.8	10.2	18.9
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 125	270,035	131,605	138,435
Without total income	13,235	5,890	7,345
With total income	256,800	125,715	131,085
Percentage with total income	95.1	95.5	94.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	39,500	17,100	22,400
$10,000 to $19,999	44,595	17,755	26,840
$20,000 to $29,999	34,930	13,420	21,510
$30,000 to $39,999	29,145	13,145	16,000
$40,000 to $49,999	28,110	14,580	13,530
$50,000 to $59,999	19,970	10,920	9,055
$60,000 to $69,999	14,385	8,405	5,975
$70,000 to $79,999	11,130	7,080	4,050
$80,000 to $89,999	9,110	5,675	3,435
$90,000 to $99,999	7,280	4,120	3,160
$100,000 and over	18,655	13,510	5,140
$100,000 to $149,999	12,915	8,980	3,935
$150,000 and over	5,735	4,530	1,205
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 126	270,035	131,600	138,430
Without after-tax income	13,135	5,880	7,255
With after-tax income	256,900	125,720	131,175
Percentage with after-tax income	95.1	95.5	94.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	40,510	17,255	23,255
$10,000 to $19,999	46,515	18,580	27,935
$20,000 to $29,999	40,655	15,990	24,665
$30,000 to $39,999	36,180	17,410	18,770
$40,000 to $49,999	29,555	16,070	13,485
$50,000 to $59,999	19,680	11,545	8,135
$60,000 to $69,999	14,105	9,030	5,075
$70,000 to $79,999	10,360	6,160	4,205
$80,000 and over	19,340	13,675	5,665
$80,000 to $89,999	6,165	4,015	2,150
$90,000 to $99,999	3,430	2,310	1,115
$100,000 and over	9,745	7,345	2,400
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 127	270,035	131,605	138,430
Without employment income	85,545	33,480	52,065
With employment income	184,490	98,115	86,370
Percentage with employment income	68.3	74.6	62.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	33,635	19,570	14,070
$5,000 to $9,999	14,320	6,220	8,100
$10,000 to $19,999	23,895	10,675	13,220
$20,000 to $29,999	19,030	8,000	11,035
$30,000 to $39,999	18,370	8,320	10,050
$40,000 to $49,999	15,910	7,535	8,370
$50,000 to $59,999	12,575	6,800	5,770
$60,000 to $69,999	9,775	5,935	3,835
$70,000 to $79,999	8,590	5,695	2,900
$80,000 and over	28,395	19,375	9,025
$80,000 to $89,999	7,200	4,505	2,690
$90,000 to $99,999	6,200	3,400	2,795
$100,000 and over	15,000	11,465	3,535
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 128	325,005	159,780	165,225
In the bottom half of the distribution	164,130	77,965	86,165
In the bottom decile	38,805	19,195	19,610
In the second decile	33,380	14,950	18,425
In the third decile	30,295	14,010	16,280
In the fourth decile	30,555	14,565	15,985
In the fifth decile	31,095	15,235	15,860
In the top half of the distribution	160,875	81,820	79,060
In the sixth decile	31,655	15,925	15,725
In the seventh decile	32,270	16,440	15,835
In the eighth decile	31,875	16,370	15,505
In the ninth decile	33,940	17,210	16,730
In the top decile	31,135	15,875	15,260
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 25% sample data^Footnote 129	325,005	159,785	165,220
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	56,750	26,990	29,765
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	17.5	16.9	18.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	31,625	15,980	15,640
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.7	10.0	9.5

Symbol(s)

Symbol ..

not available for a specific reference period

Symbol ...

not applicable

Symbol x

suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act

Symbol F

too unreliable to be published

Footnote(s)

Footnote 1

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 2

In households where there is at least one person living with a child and a grandchild.

Footnote 3

In households that are not multigenerational where there is one census family with additional persons or more than one census family.

Footnote 4

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Footnote 5

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 6

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 7

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 8

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Footnote 9

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Footnote 10

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 11

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often. For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 12

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 13

Citizenship refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 14

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

Footnote 15

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

Footnote 16

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 17

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

Footnote 18

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

Footnote 19

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

Footnote 20

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

Footnote 21

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 22

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 23

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

Footnote 24

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

Footnote 25

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

Footnote 26

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

Footnote 27

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

Footnote 28

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

Footnote 29

For more information on the place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 30

The official name of United States is United States of America.

Footnote 31

The official name of Bolivia is Plurinational State of Bolivia.

Footnote 32

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

Footnote 33

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

Footnote 34

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

Footnote 35

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

Footnote 36

The official name of Kosovo is Republic of Kosovo.

Footnote 37

Macedonia, Republic of: known as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia by the United Nations and other international bodies.

Footnote 38

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

Footnote 39

The official name of Saint Helena is Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.

Footnote 40

The official name of Tanzania is United Republic of Tanzania.

Footnote 41

The full name of Sudan is the Republic of the Sudan.

Footnote 42

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

Footnote 43

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

Footnote 44

West Bank and Gaza Strip (Palestine): West Bank and Gaza Strip are the territories referred to in the Declaration of Principles, signed by Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1993. Palestine refers to pre-1948 British mandate Palestine.

Footnote 45

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

Footnote 46

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

Footnote 47

The official name of North Korea is Democratic People's Republic of Korea.

Footnote 48

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

Footnote 49

The full name of Macao is Macao Special Administrative Region of China.

Footnote 50

The official name of Laos is Lao People's Democratic Republic.

Footnote 51

Includes other places of birth not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea'.

Footnote 52

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 53

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

Footnote 54

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

Footnote 55

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

Footnote 56

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 57

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

Footnote 58

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

Footnote 59

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

Footnote 60

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

Footnote 61

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 62

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

Footnote 63

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 64

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

Footnote 65

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 66

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

Footnote 67

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 68

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

Footnote 69

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

Footnote 70

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

Footnote 71

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

Footnote 72

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 73

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

Footnote 74

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 75

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

Footnote 76

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 77

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

Footnote 78

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

Footnote 79

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

Footnote 80

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

Footnote 81

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 82

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

Footnote 83

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Footnote 84

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 85

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

Footnote 86

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

Footnote 87

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

Footnote 88

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/concepts/classification.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

Footnote 89

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 90

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

Footnote 91

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

Footnote 92

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

Footnote 93

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

Footnote 94

'Location of study' refers to either:

- the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;

- the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Footnote 95

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

Footnote 96

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

Footnote 97

The official name of United States is United States of America.

Footnote 98

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

Footnote 99

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

Footnote 100

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

Footnote 101

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

Footnote 102

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

Footnote 103

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

Footnote 104

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

Footnote 105

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

Footnote 106

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

Footnote 107

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

Footnote 108

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

Footnote 109

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

Footnote 110

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

Footnote 111

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday May 7, 2016 were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

Footnote 112

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

Footnote 113

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

Footnote 114

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

Footnote 115

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 116

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

- statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
- statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
- statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

- employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
- income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
- income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
- other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
- income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

- one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
- capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
- employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
- voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period.

It includes:

- Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
- retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
- benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
- child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
- social assistance benefits;
- workers' compensation benefits;
- Working income tax benefit;
- Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
- other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Footnote 117

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 118

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 119

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median.

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Footnote 120

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Footnote 121

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 122

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 123

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 124

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

- Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
- retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
- benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
- child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
- social assistance benefits;
- workers' compensation benefits;
- Working income tax benefit;
- Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
- other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 125

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

- statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
- statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
- statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

- employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
- income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
- income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
- other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
- income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

- one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
- capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
- employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
- voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 126

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.


For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 127

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.


For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 128

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 129

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Data quality note(s) – Windsor

• Incomplete enumeration flag
  Default. Not applicable.
• Long-form data quality flag
  Global non-response rate (GNR), long-form census questionnaire: 5.0%.
• Long-form income data quality flag
  Default. Data quality index showing a long-form income non-response rate lower than 10%.

Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-400-X2016192.