Visible Minority (15), Age (15A), Sex (3) and Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force, Educational and Income Characteristics (900) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data

• Visible minority (15): Total - Visible minority
• Age (15A): Total - Age

This table details visible minority , age , sex and selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics for the population in private households in Owen Sound

Selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics (900)	Sex (3)
	Total - Sex	Male	Female
Total - Household type of person for the population in private households - 25% sample data	30,775	14,870	15,900
Persons in one-census-family households without additional persons	23,130	11,355	11,775
In a couple census family without children (no other persons present in the household)	8,620	4,300	4,315
In a couple census family with children (no other persons present in the household)	11,525	5,900	5,625
In a lone-parent census family (no other persons present in the household)	2,985	1,160	1,830
Persons in multigenerational households^Footnote 2	1,005	455	545
Persons in other census family households^Footnote 3	1,420	720	695
Persons in two-or-more-person non-census-family households	825	480	345
Persons living alone (one-person households)	4,395	1,855	2,540
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 4	26,250	12,560	13,690
Married or living common law	15,655	7,820	7,835
Married	12,800	6,390	6,405
Living common law	2,855	1,425	1,425
Not married and not living common law	10,595	4,740	5,855
Never married	6,175	3,315	2,860
Separated	810	340	465
Divorced	1,830	685	1,145
Widowed	1,785	400	1,390
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^Footnote 5	30,495	14,700	15,795
Non-movers	26,865	13,005	13,860
Movers	3,630	1,700	1,935
Non-migrants	1,940	865	1,075
Migrants	1,695	830	865
Internal migrants	1,680	825	855
Intraprovincial migrants	1,555	765	790
Interprovincial migrants	125	60	65
External migrants	15	0	10
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^Footnote 6	29,290	14,105	15,185
Non-movers	18,890	9,155	9,740
Movers	10,400	4,955	5,450
Non-migrants	5,510	2,625	2,885
Migrants	4,890	2,330	2,565
Internal migrants	4,745	2,250	2,490
Intraprovincial migrants	4,540	2,145	2,395
Interprovincial migrants	200	105	95
External migrants	150	75	75
Total - First official language spoken for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 7	30,775	14,870	15,900
English	30,520	14,735	15,780
French	200	100	100
English and French	30	20	15
Neither English nor French	25	15	10
Official language minority (number)^Footnote 8	215	110	105
Official language minority (percentage)^Footnote 9	0.7	0.7	0.7
Total - Mother tongue for the population in private households - 25% Sample Data^Footnote 10	30,775	14,870	15,905
English	29,075	14,060	15,020
French	215	110	95
Non-official language	1,305	630	670
English and French	75	25	50
English and non-official language	110	45	65
French and non-official language	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language	0	0	0
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the population in private households - 25% Sample Data^Footnote 11	30,775	14,870	15,905
English	30,145	14,580	15,565
French	45	25	25
Non-official language	405	195	205
English and French	10	0	10
English and non-official language	155	65	95
French and non-official language	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language	10	0	10
Total - Number of languages known for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 12	30,775	14,870	15,900
Knowledge of one language	27,245	13,290	13,955
English only	27,220	13,270	13,945
French only	0	0	0
Non-official language only	20	10	10
Knowledge of more than one language	3,525	1,575	1,945
English and French only	1,710	730	985
English, French and one or more non-official languages	265	85	180
English and one or more non official languages	1,540	760	785
French and one or more non official languages	0	0	10
Multiple non-official languages only	10	10	0
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 13	30,770	14,870	15,905
Canadian citizens^Footnote 14	30,340	14,695	15,645
Canadian citizens only	29,840	14,430	15,415
Citizens of Canada and at least one other country	495	265	230
Not Canadian citizens^Footnote 15	435	180	255
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 16	30,770	14,870	15,900
Non-immigrants^Footnote 17	28,545	13,780	14,765
Immigrants^Footnote 18	2,180	1,065	1,110
Before 1981	1,350	680	670
1981 to 1990	225	120	105
1991 to 2000	175	85	90
2001 to 2010	325	150	175
2001 to 2005	170	80	85
2006 to 2010	155	70	85
2011 to 2016^Footnote 19	95	30	65
Non-permanent residents^Footnote 20	50	25	25
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 21	2,180	1,065	1,110
Under 5 years	320	170	155
5 to 14 years	425	235	190
15 to 24 years	535	245	290
25 to 44 years	795	375	415
45 years and over	100	40	65
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^Footnote 22	855	400	455
Economic immigrants^Footnote 23	425	195	230
Principal applicants^Footnote 24	165	100	65
Secondary applicants^Footnote 25	265	100	165
Immigrants sponsored by family^Footnote 26	325	160	165
Refugees^Footnote 27	85	30	55
Other immigrants^Footnote 28	15	10	10
Total - Place of birth for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 29	30,775	14,870	15,905
Born in Canada	28,495	13,755	14,735
Born outside Canada	2,280	1,115	1,170
Americas	310	150	160
North America	225	105	120
Greenland	0	0	0
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	0	0	0
United States^Footnote 30	225	105	125
Central America	10	0	10
Belize	0	0	0
Costa Rica	0	0	0
El Salvador	0	0	0
Guatemala	0	0	0
Honduras	0	0	0
Mexico	0	0	0
Nicaragua	10	0	10
Panama	0	0	0
Caribbean and Bermuda	55	30	25
Anguilla	0	0	0
Antigua and Barbuda	0	0	0
Aruba	0	0	0
Bahamas	0	0	0
Barbados	10	0	0
Bermuda	0	0	0
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba	0	0	0
Cayman Islands	0	0	0
Cuba	0	0	0
Curaçao	0	0	0
Dominica	0	0	0
Dominican Republic	0	0	0
Grenada	0	0	0
Guadeloupe	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	30	25	10
Martinique	0	0	0
Montserrat	0	0	0
Puerto Rico	0	0	0
Saint Barthélemy	0	0	0
Saint Kitts and Nevis	10	0	0
Saint Lucia	10	0	0
Saint Martin (French part)	0	0	0
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	0	0	0
Sint Maarten (Dutch part)	0	0	0
Trinidad and Tobago	0	0	0
Turks and Caicos Islands	0	0	0
Virgin Islands, British	0	0	0
Virgin Islands, United States	0	0	0
South America	20	10	0
Argentina	0	10	0
Bolivia^Footnote 31	0	0	0
Brazil	0	0	10
Chile	0	0	0
Colombia	0	10	0
Ecuador	0	0	0
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	0	0	0
French Guiana	0	0	0
Guyana	0	0	0
Paraguay	0	0	0
Peru	0	0	0
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	0	0	0
Suriname	0	0	0
Uruguay	0	0	0
Venezuela^Footnote 32	0	0	0
Europe	1,415	715	695
Western Europe	420	220	200
Austria	25	10	15
Belgium	15	10	10
France	0	0	0
Germany	190	95	95
Liechtenstein	0	0	0
Luxembourg	0	0	0
Monaco	0	0	0
Netherlands	175	100	75
Switzerland	0	0	0
Eastern Europe	110	55	50
Belarus	0	0	0
Bulgaria	0	0	0
Czech Republic	15	10	10
Estonia	10	0	10
Hungary	10	10	0
Latvia	10	10	0
Lithuania	0	0	0
Moldova^Footnote 33	0	0	0
Poland	30	15	10
Romania	20	10	10
Russian Federation	0	0	0
Slovakia	10	10	0
Ukraine	10	0	0
Northern Europe	740	355	385
Åland Islands	0	0	0
Denmark	15	10	0
Faroe Islands	0	0	0
Finland	10	10	10
Guernsey	0	0	0
Iceland	0	0	0
Ireland^Footnote 34	15	0	20
Isle of Man	0	0	0
Jersey	0	0	0
Norway	0	0	0
Sark	0	0	0
Svalbard and Jan Mayen	0	0	0
Sweden	10	10	0
United Kingdom^Footnote 35	695	335	360
Southern Europe	140	80	60
Albania	35	20	15
Andorra	0	0	0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Croatia	10	0	0
Gibraltar	0	0	0
Greece	25	10	10
Holy See (Vatican City State)	0	0	0
Italy	30	20	10
Kosovo^Footnote 36	0	0	0
Macedonia, Republic of^Footnote 37	10	0	10
Malta	0	0	0
Montenegro	0	0	0
Portugal	15	10	10
San Marino	0	0	0
Serbia^Footnote 38	10	0	0
Slovenia	0	0	0
Spain	10	10	10
Africa	120	60	60
Western Africa	15	10	10
Benin	0	0	0
Burkina Faso	0	0	0
Cabo Verde	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Gambia	0	0	0
Ghana	10	10	0
Guinea	0	0	0
Guinea-Bissau	0	0	0
Liberia	0	0	0
Mali	0	0	0
Mauritania	0	0	0
Niger	0	0	0
Nigeria	10	10	0
Saint Helena^Footnote 39	0	0	0
Senegal	0	0	0
Sierra Leone	0	0	0
Togo	0	0	0
Eastern Africa	35	25	10
Burundi	0	0	0
Comoros	0	0	0
Djibouti	0	0	0
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Kenya	10	10	0
Madagascar	0	0	0
Malawi	0	0	0
Mauritius	0	0	0
Mayotte	0	0	0
Mozambique	0	0	0
Réunion	0	0	0
Rwanda	0	0	0
Seychelles	0	0	0
Somalia	0	0	0
South Sudan	0	0	0
Tanzania^Footnote 40	0	0	0
Uganda	20	10	0
Zambia	10	0	0
Zimbabwe	0	0	0
Northern Africa	40	20	20
Algeria	0	0	0
Egypt	10	0	0
Libya	30	15	10
Morocco	10	0	0
Sudan^Footnote 41	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Western Sahara	0	0	0
Central Africa	20	0	25
Angola	0	0	0
Cameroon	25	0	25
Central African Republic	0	0	0
Chad	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Congo, Republic of the	0	0	0
Equatorial Guinea	0	0	0
Gabon	0	0	0
Sao Tome and Principe	0	0	0
Southern Africa	10	10	0
Botswana	0	0	0
Lesotho	0	0	0
Namibia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	10	10	0
Swaziland	0	0	0
Asia	415	175	235
West Central Asia and the Middle East	60	25	30
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Armenia	0	0	0
Azerbaijan	0	0	0
Bahrain	0	0	0
Cyprus	0	0	0
Georgia	0	0	0
Iran^Footnote 42	15	0	10
Iraq	20	10	15
Israel	10	10	0
Jordan	0	0	0
Kazakhstan	0	0	0
Kuwait	0	0	0
Kyrgyzstan	0	0	0
Lebanon	0	10	0
Oman	0	0	0
Qatar	0	0	0
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0
Syria^Footnote 43	0	0	0
Tajikistan	0	0	0
Turkey	10	0	0
Turkmenistan	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0
Uzbekistan	0	0	0
West Bank and Gaza Strip (Palestine)^Footnote 44	0	0	0
Yemen	0	0	0
Eastern Asia	160	75	85
China^Footnote 45	65	35	30
Hong Kong^Footnote 46	15	10	15
Japan	10	0	10
Korea, North^Footnote 47	0	10	0
Korea, South^Footnote 48	65	30	35
Macao^Footnote 49	0	0	0
Mongolia	0	0	0
Taiwan	0	0	0
Southeast Asia	80	30	55
Brunei Darussalam	0	0	0
Burma (Myanmar)	0	0	0
Cambodia	0	0	0
Indonesia	0	0	0
Laos^Footnote 50	0	0	10
Malaysia	0	0	0
Philippines	40	10	30
Singapore	0	0	0
Thailand	0	0	0
Timor-Leste	0	0	0
Viet Nam	35	15	15
Southern Asia	115	50	65
Bangladesh	0	0	0
Bhutan	0	0	0
British Indian Ocean Territory	0	0	0
India	110	45	60
Maldives	0	0	0
Nepal	0	0	10
Pakistan	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Oceania	30	10	15
American Samoa	0	0	0
Australia	15	10	10
Christmas Island	0	0	0
Cocos (Keeling) Islands	0	0	0
Cook Islands	0	0	0
Fiji	0	0	0
French Polynesia	0	0	0
Guam	0	0	0
Kiribati	0	0	0
Marshall Islands	0	0	0
Micronesia, Federated States of	0	0	0
Nauru	0	0	0
New Caledonia	0	0	0
New Zealand	10	10	10
Niue	0	0	0
Norfolk Island	0	0	0
Northern Mariana Islands	0	0	0
Palau	0	0	0
Papua New Guinea	0	0	0
Pitcairn	0	0	0
Samoa	0	0	0
Solomon Islands	0	0	0
Tokelau	0	0	0
Tonga	0	0	0
Tuvalu	0	0	0
United States Minor Outlying Islands	0	0	0
Vanuatu	0	0	0
Wallis and Futuna	0	0	0
Other places of birth^Footnote 51	0	0	0
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 52	30,770	14,870	15,905
First generation^Footnote 53	2,280	1,115	1,170
Second generation^Footnote 54	3,785	1,835	1,950
Third generation or more^Footnote 55	24,710	11,920	12,785
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 56	30,770	14,870	15,905
North American Aboriginal origins	1,610	775	840
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,020	495	525
Inuit	55	25	25
Métis	570	265	305
Other North American origins	11,260	5,325	5,935
Acadian	20	15	0
American	320	165	160
Canadian	11,025	5,185	5,840
New Brunswicker	10	10	0
Newfoundlander	30	30	10
Nova Scotian	10	0	10
Ontarian	10	10	0
Québécois	0	0	0
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 57	0	0	0
European origins	23,920	11,575	12,345
British Isles origins	20,000	9,630	10,365
Channel Islander	0	0	0
Cornish	10	10	10
English	12,355	5,960	6,390
Irish	8,655	3,960	4,695
Manx	0	10	0
Scottish	10,185	4,880	5,305
Welsh	645	290	355
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 58	715	270	435
French origins	2,655	1,115	1,530
Alsatian	0	0	0
Breton	0	0	0
Corsican	0	0	0
French	2,650	1,120	1,530
Western European origins (except French origins)	7,370	3,570	3,800
Austrian	140	55	80
Bavarian	0	0	0
Belgian	100	40	55
Dutch	2,045	985	1,055
Flemish	15	10	0
Frisian	15	10	10
German	5,480	2,650	2,840
Luxembourger	0	0	0
Swiss	150	70	75
Western European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 59	0	0	0
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	605	305	295
Danish	155	80	70
Finnish	125	60	70
Icelandic	30	20	10
Norwegian	165	90	75
Swedish	195	95	95
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 60	10	10	0
Eastern European origins	1,900	935	965
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Byelorussian	0	0	0
Czech	90	50	40
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^Footnote 61	20	0	15
Estonian	30	10	15
Hungarian	285	135	155
Latvian	60	50	0
Lithuanian	15	10	10
Moldovan	0	0	0
Polish	735	380	355
Romanian	90	55	35
Russian	295	155	140
Slovak	40	10	30
Ukrainian	535	250	285
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 62	0	10	10
Southern European origins	1,150	590	555
Albanian	45	20	25
Bosnian	15	0	0
Catalan	0	0	0
Croatian	55	30	25
Cypriot	0	0	0
Greek	90	45	45
Italian	645	345	300
Kosovar	0	0	0
Macedonian	20	10	15
Maltese	20	15	10
Montenegrin	0	0	0
Portuguese	105	50	55
Serbian	10	0	0
Sicilian	10	10	0
Slovenian	0	0	0
Spanish	160	80	85
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^Footnote 63	15	0	15
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 64	0	0	0
Other European origins	160	85	75
Basque	0	0	0
Jewish	105	45	55
Roma (Gypsy)	25	20	0
Slavic, n.o.s.^Footnote 65	0	0	10
Other European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 66	45	20	30
Caribbean origins	205	80	125
Antiguan	0	0	0
Bahamian	0	0	0
Barbadian	10	0	0
Bermudan	0	0	0
Carib	0	0	0
Cuban	0	0	0
Dominican	0	0	0
Grenadian	0	0	10
Guadeloupean	0	0	0
Haitian	0	0	0
Jamaican	120	60	60
Kittitian/Nevisian	0	0	0
Martinican	0	0	0
Montserratan	0	0	0
Puerto Rican	20	10	10
St. Lucian	10	0	0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	20	10	15
Vincentian/Grenadinian	0	0	0
West Indian, n.o.s.^Footnote 67	25	10	20
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 68	10	0	10
Latin, Central and South American origins	125	75	50
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	0	0	0
Arawak	0	0	0
Argentinian	10	10	0
Belizean	0	0	0
Bolivian	0	0	0
Brazilian	15	10	0
Chilean	0	0	0
Colombian	10	10	0
Costa Rican	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	0	0	0
Guatemalan	10	0	0
Guyanese	15	10	0
Hispanic	0	0	0
Honduran	0	0	0
Maya	0	0	0
Mexican	35	20	20
Nicaraguan	0	0	0
Panamanian	0	0	0
Paraguayan	10	10	10
Peruvian	0	0	0
Salvadorean	0	0	0
Uruguayan	0	0	0
Venezuelan	0	0	0
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 69	25	0	20
African origins	300	105	190
Central and West African origins	15	15	0
Akan	0	0	0
Angolan	0	0	0
Ashanti	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Burkinabe	0	0	0
Cameroonian	0	0	0
Chadian	0	0	0
Congolese	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0
Gabonese	0	0	0
Gambian	0	0	0
Ghanaian	10	10	0
Guinean	0	0	0
Ibo	0	0	0
Ivorian	0	0	0
Liberian	0	0	0
Malian	0	0	0
Malinké	0	0	0
Nigerian	10	10	0
Peulh	0	0	0
Senegalese	0	0	0
Sierra Leonean	0	0	0
Togolese	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 70	0	0	0
North African origins	70	35	30
Algerian	0	0	0
Berber	10	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Egyptian	20	10	10
Libyan	40	25	15
Maure	0	0	0
Moroccan	10	0	10
Sudanese	0	0	0
Tunisian	0	0	0
North African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 71	0	0	0
Southern and East African origins	25	15	10
Afrikaner	0	0	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.^Footnote 72	0	0	0
Burundian	0	0	0
Djiboutian	0	0	0
Eritrean	0	0	0
Ethiopian	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Kenyan	0	0	10
Malagasy	0	0	0
Mauritian	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Rwandan	0	0	0
Seychellois	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
South African	25	20	10
Tanzanian	0	0	0
Tigrian	0	0	0
Ugandan	0	0	0
Zambian	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0
Zulu	0	0	0
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 73	0	0	0
Other African origins	185	40	145
Black, n.o.s.^Footnote 74	40	10	30
Other African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 75	145	30	115
Asian origins	775	380	390
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	150	95	60
Afghan	0	0	0
Arab, n.o.s.^Footnote 76	70	45	30
Armenian	20	10	0
Assyrian	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hazara	0	0	0
Iranian	15	0	0
Iraqi	25	10	15
Israeli	0	0	0
Jordanian	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Kurd	0	0	0
Kuwaiti	0	0	0
Kyrgyz	0	0	0
Lebanese	0	0	0
Palestinian	15	10	0
Pashtun	0	0	0
Saudi Arabian	0	0	0
Syrian	0	10	0
Tajik	0	0	0
Tatar	0	0	0
Turk	0	0	0
Turkmen	0	0	0
Uighur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Yemeni	0	0	0
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 77	0	0	0
South Asian origins	205	100	105
Bangladeshi	0	0	0
Bengali	0	0	0
Bhutanese	0	0	0
East Indian	195	105	95
Goan	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Nepali	10	0	0
Pakistani	0	0	0
Punjabi	10	0	10
Sinhalese	0	0	0
Sri Lankan	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 78	0	0	0
East and Southeast Asian origins	415	185	225
Burmese	0	0	0
Cambodian (Khmer)	0	0	0
Chinese	180	75	105
Filipino	65	20	50
Hmong	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Japanese	30	0	20
Karen	0	0	0
Korean	85	40	45
Laotian	30	20	10
Malaysian	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	10
Singaporean	0	0	0
Taiwanese	0	0	0
Thai	10	10	0
Tibetan	10	0	0
Vietnamese	40	30	10
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 79	0	0	0
Other Asian origins	15	10	10
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 80	15	0	10
Oceania origins	55	40	20
Australian	20	15	0
New Zealander	0	0	0
Pacific Islands origins	35	25	10
Fijian	0	0	0
Hawaiian	0	0	0
Maori	35	25	10
Samoan	0	0	0
Polynesian, n.o.s.^Footnote 81	0	0	0
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 82	0	0	0
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 83	26,250	12,555	13,690
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,345	2,760	2,585
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^Footnote 84	7,995	3,865	4,130
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	12,905	5,935	6,975
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,010	1,395	615
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^Footnote 85	830	490	335
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^Footnote 86	1,185	900	280
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	6,535	2,585	3,945
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	490	230	260
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	3,870	1,720	2,150
Bachelor's degree	2,505	1,080	1,420
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	330	140	185
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	200	120	75
Master's degree	780	350	430
Earned doctorate^Footnote 87	60	20	35
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 88	26,250	12,555	13,690
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 89	13,345	6,625	6,720
Education	865	240	625
13. Education	860	235	625
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	415	195	215
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	55	50	10
50. Visual and performing arts	350	145	210
Humanities	625	260	365
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	25	0	20
23. English language and literature/letters	170	60	115
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	130	50	85
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^Footnote 90	0	0	0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	40	20	20
39. Theology and religious vocations	145	85	65
54. History	85	45	35
55. French language and literature/letters	25	0	25
Social and behavioural sciences and law	1,220	385	835
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	10	0	10
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	85	45	40
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	335	25	310
22. Legal professions and studies	200	80	130
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^Footnote 91	40	10	35
42. Psychology	200	35	160
45. Social sciences	355	200	160
Business, management and public administration	2,230	740	1,490
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	290	75	215
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	1,940	665	1,270
Physical and life sciences and technologies	265	145	115
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	125	45	75
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	35	15	25
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^Footnote 92	10	10	0
40. Physical sciences	80	70	10
41. Science technologies/technicians	20	15	0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	230	120	110
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	145	90	55
25. Library science	25	0	25
27. Mathematics and statistics	60	35	30
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^Footnote 93	0	0	0
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	2,575	2,460	120
04. Architecture and related services	50	35	10
14. Engineering	270	250	25
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	585	540	40
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	605	595	10
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	730	725	10
48. Precision production	330	315	20
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	410	300	110
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	260	180	80
03. Natural resources and conservation	150	120	25
Health and related fields	2,970	540	2,425
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	220	105	115
51. Health professions and related programs	2,675	385	2,295
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	70	45	25
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,090	545	545
12. Personal and culinary services	620	155	460
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0
43. Security and protective services	305	240	70
49. Transportation and materials moving	160	145	10
Other	10	0	10
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	10	0	10
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 94	26,250	12,560	13,690
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	13,345	6,625	6,720
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 95	12,905	5,935	6,970
Location of study inside Canada	12,070	5,515	6,560
Same as province or territory of residence	11,585	5,285	6,300
Different than province or territory of residence	490	235	255
Location of study outside Canada^Footnote 96	830	420	415
United States^Footnote 97	250	120	130
Philippines	25	10	15
India	55	25	30
United Kingdom^Footnote 98	175	105	70
China^Footnote 99	15	10	10
France	0	0	0
Other	315	155	160
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^Footnote 100	26,250	12,560	13,690
In the labour force	15,605	7,845	7,750
Employed	14,570	7,280	7,285
Unemployed	1,030	565	470
Not in the labour force	10,655	4,710	5,940
Participation rate	59.4	62.5	56.6
Employment rate	55.5	58.0	53.2
Unemployment rate	6.6	7.2	6.1
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^Footnote 101	26,255	12,560	13,695
Did not work^Footnote 102	9,805	4,405	5,400
Worked	16,450	8,160	8,295
Worked full year, full time^Footnote 103	8,200	4,390	3,810
Worked part year and/or part time^Footnote 104	8,250	3,765	4,480
Average weeks worked in reference year	43.0	43.1	42.8
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^Footnote 105	15,600	7,845	7,755
Class of worker - not applicable^Footnote 106	295	170	120
All classes of workers^Footnote 107	15,305	7,675	7,630
Employee	13,410	6,550	6,860
Self-employed^Footnote 108	1,900	1,125	770
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^Footnote 109	15,600	7,850	7,755
Occupation - not applicable^Footnote 110	295	170	120
All occupations^Footnote 111	15,305	7,675	7,630
0 Management occupations	1,575	935	640
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	1,815	445	1,365
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	595	490	105
3 Health occupations	1,645	325	1,320
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	1,760	595	1,165
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	335	135	200
6 Sales and service occupations	3,940	1,540	2,395
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	2,310	2,125	180
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	375	335	40
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	960	735	220
Total Labour Force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^Footnote 112	15,600	7,850	7,750
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^Footnote 113	295	170	120
All industry categories^Footnote 114	15,305	7,675	7,630
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	315	220	95
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	155	145	10
22 Utilities	345	320	25
23 Construction	1,075	910	165
31-33 Manufacturing	1,595	1,185	415
41 Wholesale trade	385	290	90
44-45 Retail trade	2,325	970	1,360
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	535	405	130
51 Information and cultural industries	200	130	70
52 Finance and insurance	375	120	255
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	250	110	145
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	575	305	270
55 Management of companies and enterprises	0	10	0
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	655	385	270
61 Educational services	850	275	570
62 Health care and social assistance	2,830	540	2,295
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	390	175	215
72 Accommodation and food services	1,125	495	625
81 Other services (except public administration)	690	330	360
91 Public administration	635	365	270
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^Footnote 115	16,880	8,400	8,475
English	16,780	8,375	8,400
French	65	15	50
Non-official language	20	10	15
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language	10	10	10
French and non-official language	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language	0	0	0
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 116	26,250	12,560	13,690
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	25,490	12,175	13,320
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	31,329	36,753	26,309
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	40,821	46,775	35,377
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	25,510	12,180	13,330
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	28,858	33,342	25,002
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	34,920	39,455	30,777
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	22,480	10,880	11,600
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	28,198	34,659	22,711
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	38,426	45,261	32,014
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	19,395	8,735	10,655
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	8,483	8,452	8,517
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	9,119	8,819	9,366
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	17,550	8,855	8,695
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	28,646	33,062	25,174
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	37,534	42,380	32,597
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 117	26,250	12,560	13,695
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^Footnote 118	8,070	4,315	3,755
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^Footnote 119	47,054	51,618	43,198
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^Footnote 120	55,712	60,961	49,680
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data^Footnote 121	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^Footnote 122	83.0	86.5	78.8
Employment income (%)^Footnote 123	63.3	65.9	60.1
Government transfers (%)^Footnote 124	17.0	13.5	21.2
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 125	26,250	12,560	13,695
Without total income	755	385	375
With total income	25,495	12,175	13,315
Percentage with total income	97.1	96.9	97.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	3,090	1,340	1,750
$10,000 to $19,999	5,145	2,020	3,125
$20,000 to $29,999	4,005	1,590	2,415
$30,000 to $39,999	3,485	1,675	1,810
$40,000 to $49,999	2,760	1,440	1,320
$50,000 to $59,999	1,970	1,060	905
$60,000 to $69,999	1,365	815	555
$70,000 to $79,999	910	500	410
$80,000 to $89,999	755	430	330
$90,000 to $99,999	575	325	250
$100,000 and over	1,430	980	455
$100,000 to $149,999	975	650	325
$150,000 and over	460	325	130
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 126	26,250	12,560	13,690
Without after-tax income	740	375	360
With after-tax income	25,510	12,180	13,330
Percentage with after-tax income	97.2	97.0	97.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	3,220	1,370	1,850
$10,000 to $19,999	5,325	2,080	3,245
$20,000 to $29,999	4,740	1,980	2,755
$30,000 to $39,999	4,005	1,970	2,035
$40,000 to $49,999	2,840	1,550	1,285
$50,000 to $59,999	1,790	1,040	750
$60,000 to $69,999	1,220	645	575
$70,000 to $79,999	885	500	385
$80,000 and over	1,495	1,035	460
$80,000 to $89,999	530	345	185
$90,000 to $99,999	325	220	105
$100,000 and over	635	470	165
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 127	26,250	12,560	13,690
Without employment income	8,705	3,700	5,000
With employment income	17,550	8,860	8,695
Percentage with employment income	66.9	70.5	63.5
Under $5,000 (including loss)	2,970	1,540	1,425
$5,000 to $9,999	1,645	660	980
$10,000 to $19,999	2,390	1,010	1,380
$20,000 to $29,999	2,025	895	1,125
$30,000 to $39,999	2,040	985	1,055
$40,000 to $49,999	1,800	920	880
$50,000 to $59,999	1,150	640	515
$60,000 to $69,999	855	550	310
$70,000 to $79,999	605	335	270
$80,000 and over	2,060	1,320	745
$80,000 to $89,999	530	285	245
$90,000 to $99,999	500	240	260
$100,000 and over	1,035	790	250
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 128	30,770	14,870	15,900
In the bottom half of the distribution	16,815	7,905	8,910
In the bottom decile	3,375	1,595	1,780
In the second decile	3,680	1,595	2,075
In the third decile	3,800	1,775	2,025
In the fourth decile	3,105	1,470	1,640
In the fifth decile	2,855	1,460	1,390
In the top half of the distribution	13,955	6,970	6,990
In the sixth decile	3,165	1,550	1,610
In the seventh decile	3,060	1,485	1,570
In the eighth decile	2,790	1,390	1,400
In the ninth decile	2,695	1,375	1,315
In the top decile	2,255	1,165	1,095
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 25% sample data^Footnote 129	30,770	14,870	15,905
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	5,075	2,255	2,825
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	16.5	15.2	17.8
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	1,855	885	970
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.0	6.0	6.1

Symbol(s)

Symbol ..

not available for a specific reference period

Symbol ...

not applicable

Symbol x

suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act

Symbol F

too unreliable to be published

Footnote(s)

Footnote 1

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 2

In households where there is at least one person living with a child and a grandchild.

Footnote 3

In households that are not multigenerational where there is one census family with additional persons or more than one census family.

Footnote 4

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Footnote 5

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 6

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 7

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 8

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Footnote 9

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Footnote 10

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 11

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often. For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 12

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 13

Citizenship refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 14

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

Footnote 15

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

Footnote 16

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 17

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

Footnote 18

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

Footnote 19

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

Footnote 20

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

Footnote 21

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 22

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 23

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

Footnote 24

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

Footnote 25

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

Footnote 26

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

Footnote 27

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

Footnote 28

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

Footnote 29

For more information on the place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 30

The official name of United States is United States of America.

Footnote 31

The official name of Bolivia is Plurinational State of Bolivia.

Footnote 32

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

Footnote 33

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

Footnote 34

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

Footnote 35

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

Footnote 36

The official name of Kosovo is Republic of Kosovo.

Footnote 37

Macedonia, Republic of: known as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia by the United Nations and other international bodies.

Footnote 38

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

Footnote 39

The official name of Saint Helena is Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.

Footnote 40

The official name of Tanzania is United Republic of Tanzania.

Footnote 41

The full name of Sudan is the Republic of the Sudan.

Footnote 42

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

Footnote 43

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

Footnote 44

West Bank and Gaza Strip (Palestine): West Bank and Gaza Strip are the territories referred to in the Declaration of Principles, signed by Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1993. Palestine refers to pre-1948 British mandate Palestine.

Footnote 45

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

Footnote 46

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

Footnote 47

The official name of North Korea is Democratic People's Republic of Korea.

Footnote 48

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

Footnote 49

The full name of Macao is Macao Special Administrative Region of China.

Footnote 50

The official name of Laos is Lao People's Democratic Republic.

Footnote 51

Includes other places of birth not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea'.

Footnote 52

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 53

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

Footnote 54

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

Footnote 55

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

Footnote 56

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 57

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

Footnote 58

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

Footnote 59

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

Footnote 60

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

Footnote 61

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 62

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

Footnote 63

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 64

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

Footnote 65

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 66

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

Footnote 67

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 68

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

Footnote 69

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

Footnote 70

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

Footnote 71

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

Footnote 72

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 73

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

Footnote 74

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 75

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

Footnote 76

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 77

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

Footnote 78

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

Footnote 79

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

Footnote 80

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

Footnote 81

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 82

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

Footnote 83

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Footnote 84

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 85

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

Footnote 86

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

Footnote 87

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

Footnote 88

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/concepts/classification.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

Footnote 89

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 90

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

Footnote 91

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

Footnote 92

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

Footnote 93

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

Footnote 94

'Location of study' refers to either:

- the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;

- the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Footnote 95

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

Footnote 96

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

Footnote 97

The official name of United States is United States of America.

Footnote 98

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

Footnote 99

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

Footnote 100

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

Footnote 101

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

Footnote 102

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

Footnote 103

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

Footnote 104

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

Footnote 105

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

Footnote 106

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

Footnote 107

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

Footnote 108

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

Footnote 109

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

Footnote 110

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

Footnote 111

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday May 7, 2016 were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

Footnote 112

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

Footnote 113

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

Footnote 114

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

Footnote 115

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 116

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

- statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
- statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
- statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

- employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
- income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
- income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
- other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
- income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

- one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
- capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
- employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
- voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period.

It includes:

- Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
- retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
- benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
- child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
- social assistance benefits;
- workers' compensation benefits;
- Working income tax benefit;
- Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
- other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Footnote 117

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 118

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 119

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median.

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Footnote 120

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Footnote 121

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 122

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 123

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 124

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

- Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
- retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
- benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
- child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
- social assistance benefits;
- workers' compensation benefits;
- Working income tax benefit;
- Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
- other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 125

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

- statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
- statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
- statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

- employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
- income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
- income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
- other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
- income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

- one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
- capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
- employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
- voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 126

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.


For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 127

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.


For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 128

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 129

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Data quality note(s) – Owen Sound

• Incomplete enumeration flag
  Default. Not applicable.
• Long-form data quality flag
  Global non-response rate (GNR), long-form census questionnaire: 5.0%.
• Long-form income data quality flag
  Default. Data quality index showing a long-form income non-response rate lower than 10%.

Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-400-X2016192.