Visible Minority (15), Age (15A), Sex (3) and Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force, Educational and Income Characteristics (900) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data

• Visible minority (15): Total - Visible minority
• Age (15A): Total - Age

This table details visible minority , age , sex and selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics for the population in private households in Kelowna

Selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics (900)	Sex (3)
	Total - Sex	Male	Female
Total - Household type of person for the population in private households - 25% sample data	190,565	92,950	97,615
Persons in one-census-family households without additional persons	133,665	66,170	67,495
In a couple census family without children (no other persons present in the household)	52,265	26,160	26,110
In a couple census family with children (no other persons present in the household)	66,755	34,055	32,705
In a lone-parent census family (no other persons present in the household)	14,640	5,960	8,685
Persons in multigenerational households^Footnote 2	9,990	4,550	5,440
Persons in other census family households^Footnote 3	14,805	7,370	7,440
Persons in two-or-more-person non-census-family households	10,420	5,925	4,490
Persons living alone (one-person households)	21,685	8,930	12,755
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 4	163,005	79,040	83,965
Married or living common law	98,885	49,410	49,470
Married	81,540	40,710	40,830
Living common law	17,350	8,705	8,640
Not married and not living common law	64,120	29,630	34,495
Never married	39,605	21,815	17,790
Separated	4,545	1,745	2,805
Divorced	11,825	4,415	7,410
Widowed	8,140	1,650	6,485
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^Footnote 5	188,810	92,075	96,730
Non-movers	156,560	76,030	80,530
Movers	32,250	16,050	16,200
Non-migrants	18,640	9,330	9,305
Migrants	13,610	6,720	6,895
Internal migrants	12,030	5,900	6,125
Intraprovincial migrants	7,230	3,550	3,685
Interprovincial migrants	4,800	2,350	2,450
External migrants	1,585	820	765
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^Footnote 6	181,955	88,535	93,420
Non-movers	98,900	47,805	51,095
Movers	83,055	40,735	42,325
Non-migrants	42,475	20,860	21,610
Migrants	40,585	19,870	20,715
Internal migrants	35,890	17,535	18,355
Intraprovincial migrants	20,940	10,195	10,750
Interprovincial migrants	14,950	7,345	7,610
External migrants	4,695	2,335	2,360
Total - First official language spoken for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 7	190,565	92,945	97,615
English	186,595	91,085	95,500
French	2,880	1,370	1,505
English and French	270	115	160
Neither English nor French	825	375	445
Official language minority (number)^Footnote 8	3,015	1,430	1,585
Official language minority (percentage)^Footnote 9	1.6	1.5	1.6
Total - Mother tongue for the population in private households - 25% Sample Data^Footnote 10	190,565	92,950	97,615
English	164,000	80,710	83,285
French	3,165	1,520	1,640
Non-official language	21,570	9,865	11,700
English and French	355	145	210
English and non-official language	1,405	690	715
French and non-official language	50	10	40
English, French and non-official language	20	10	20
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the population in private households - 25% Sample Data^Footnote 11	190,565	92,945	97,615
English	179,270	87,615	91,650
French	805	360	440
Non-official language	6,610	3,185	3,430
English and French	225	125	95
English and non-official language	3,570	1,650	1,920
French and non-official language	20	0	15
English, French and non-official language	75	15	60
Total - Number of languages known for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 12	190,565	92,950	97,615
Knowledge of one language	152,715	75,560	77,155
English only	151,825	75,150	76,675
French only	70	15	50
Non-official language only	830	390	435
Knowledge of more than one language	37,845	17,390	20,455
English and French only	10,475	4,795	5,680
English, French and one or more non-official languages	2,285	935	1,350
English and one or more non official languages	25,025	11,635	13,395
French and one or more non official languages	15	0	10
Multiple non-official languages only	40	20	25
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 13	190,565	92,950	97,615
Canadian citizens^Footnote 14	181,895	88,750	93,145
Canadian citizens only	176,280	86,210	90,070
Citizens of Canada and at least one other country	5,620	2,540	3,075
Not Canadian citizens^Footnote 15	8,670	4,200	4,470
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 16	190,565	92,950	97,615
Non-immigrants^Footnote 17	162,055	79,480	82,580
Immigrants^Footnote 18	26,450	12,390	14,060
Before 1981	12,315	5,865	6,450
1981 to 1990	2,895	1,360	1,535
1991 to 2000	3,440	1,490	1,955
2001 to 2010	4,805	2,245	2,560
2001 to 2005	2,100	1,010	1,090
2006 to 2010	2,705	1,230	1,475
2011 to 2016^Footnote 19	2,995	1,430	1,560
Non-permanent residents^Footnote 20	2,055	1,080	975
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 21	26,455	12,390	14,060
Under 5 years	3,020	1,390	1,625
5 to 14 years	5,045	2,560	2,485
15 to 24 years	6,605	2,920	3,685
25 to 44 years	9,915	4,585	5,330
45 years and over	1,865	935	930
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^Footnote 22	14,455	6,680	7,775
Economic immigrants^Footnote 23	7,605	3,700	3,905
Principal applicants^Footnote 24	3,035	1,875	1,160
Secondary applicants^Footnote 25	4,575	1,825	2,745
Immigrants sponsored by family^Footnote 26	5,375	2,215	3,160
Refugees^Footnote 27	1,380	735	645
Other immigrants^Footnote 28	100	35	65
Total - Place of birth for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 29	190,565	92,945	97,615
Born in Canada	160,710	78,755	81,955
Born outside Canada	29,850	14,190	15,660
Americas	4,405	2,000	2,405
North America	2,585	1,160	1,430
Greenland	10	0	0
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	0	0	0
United States^Footnote 30	2,580	1,160	1,420
Central America	590	290	305
Belize	0	0	0
Costa Rica	0	0	10
El Salvador	110	55	60
Guatemala	25	0	25
Honduras	30	10	20
Mexico	385	200	185
Nicaragua	25	15	10
Panama	10	10	0
Caribbean and Bermuda	570	290	285
Anguilla	0	0	0
Antigua and Barbuda	0	10	0
Aruba	0	0	0
Bahamas	0	10	0
Barbados	10	0	15
Bermuda	10	0	0
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba	0	0	0
Cayman Islands	15	10	0
Cuba	15	10	10
Curaçao	0	0	0
Dominica	0	0	0
Dominican Republic	10	0	10
Grenada	10	0	0
Guadeloupe	0	0	0
Haiti	30	10	20
Jamaica	370	185	190
Martinique	0	0	0
Montserrat	0	0	0
Puerto Rico	10	0	10
Saint Barthélemy	0	0	0
Saint Kitts and Nevis	0	0	0
Saint Lucia	0	0	0
Saint Martin (French part)	0	0	0
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	0	0	0
Sint Maarten (Dutch part)	0	0	0
Trinidad and Tobago	85	55	25
Turks and Caicos Islands	0	0	0
Virgin Islands, British	0	0	0
Virgin Islands, United States	0	0	0
South America	650	265	390
Argentina	40	15	25
Bolivia^Footnote 31	20	0	15
Brazil	110	50	65
Chile	120	60	60
Colombia	105	35	65
Ecuador	40	20	15
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	0	0	0
French Guiana	0	0	0
Guyana	25	0	25
Paraguay	50	25	30
Peru	95	25	70
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	0	0	0
Suriname	0	0	0
Uruguay	0	0	0
Venezuela^Footnote 32	35	25	10
Europe	16,195	7,840	8,350
Western Europe	4,965	2,405	2,555
Austria	270	120	155
Belgium	80	50	35
France	290	120	170
Germany	3,055	1,445	1,610
Liechtenstein	0	0	0
Luxembourg	0	0	0
Monaco	0	0	0
Netherlands	955	530	430
Switzerland	315	145	165
Eastern Europe	2,980	1,380	1,595
Belarus	35	10	25
Bulgaria	40	15	20
Czech Republic	350	170	175
Estonia	15	15	0
Hungary	405	195	205
Latvia	45	20	25
Lithuania	15	0	15
Moldova^Footnote 33	30	15	20
Poland	860	395	470
Romania	340	180	165
Russian Federation	380	175	205
Slovakia	105	25	80
Ukraine	355	165	190
Northern Europe	6,480	3,195	3,285
Åland Islands	0	0	0
Denmark	135	55	85
Faroe Islands	0	0	0
Finland	145	75	75
Guernsey	0	0	0
Iceland	10	0	10
Ireland^Footnote 34	195	105	90
Isle of Man	0	10	0
Jersey	15	10	10
Norway	50	30	15
Sark	0	0	0
Svalbard and Jan Mayen	0	0	0
Sweden	120	50	70
United Kingdom^Footnote 35	5,805	2,865	2,940
Southern Europe	1,770	860	915
Albania	10	0	10
Andorra	0	0	0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	160	75	80
Croatia	250	100	155
Gibraltar	0	0	0
Greece	75	30	45
Holy See (Vatican City State)	0	0	0
Italy	700	375	335
Kosovo^Footnote 36	10	10	10
Macedonia, Republic of^Footnote 37	0	0	0
Malta	20	15	0
Montenegro	10	10	0
Portugal	170	100	70
San Marino	0	0	0
Serbia^Footnote 38	185	70	115
Slovenia	135	60	75
Spain	50	20	35
Africa	935	475	460
Western Africa	110	80	30
Benin	10	0	10
Burkina Faso	20	10	15
Cabo Verde	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Gambia	0	0	0
Ghana	35	30	10
Guinea	0	0	0
Guinea-Bissau	0	0	0
Liberia	10	0	0
Mali	0	0	0
Mauritania	0	0	0
Niger	0	0	0
Nigeria	40	35	0
Saint Helena^Footnote 39	0	0	0
Senegal	0	0	0
Sierra Leone	0	0	0
Togo	0	0	0
Eastern Africa	240	110	130
Burundi	0	0	0
Comoros	0	0	0
Djibouti	0	0	0
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	50	20	30
Kenya	15	15	0
Madagascar	0	0	0
Malawi	0	0	0
Mauritius	20	10	10
Mayotte	0	0	0
Mozambique	10	10	0
Réunion	0	0	0
Rwanda	0	0	0
Seychelles	0	0	0
Somalia	0	0	0
South Sudan	0	0	0
Tanzania^Footnote 40	20	0	20
Uganda	15	0	10
Zambia	25	10	15
Zimbabwe	85	45	40
Northern Africa	95	50	45
Algeria	15	0	10
Egypt	45	40	10
Libya	20	0	10
Morocco	15	0	15
Sudan^Footnote 41	0	0	0
Tunisia	10	0	0
Western Sahara	0	0	0
Central Africa	35	20	15
Angola	20	0	10
Cameroon	0	0	0
Central African Republic	0	0	0
Chad	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15	10	0
Congo, Republic of the	0	0	0
Equatorial Guinea	0	0	0
Gabon	0	0	0
Sao Tome and Principe	0	0	0
Southern Africa	455	215	240
Botswana	0	0	0
Lesotho	0	0	0
Namibia	20	15	0
South Africa, Republic of	440	205	240
Swaziland	0	0	0
Asia	7,470	3,395	4,075
West Central Asia and the Middle East	955	515	440
Afghanistan	40	25	15
Armenia	20	10	15
Azerbaijan	15	20	0
Bahrain	0	0	0
Cyprus	10	10	10
Georgia	0	0	0
Iran^Footnote 42	310	160	145
Iraq	15	15	0
Israel	75	20	55
Jordan	15	0	10
Kazakhstan	130	50	80
Kuwait	35	15	20
Kyrgyzstan	10	10	10
Lebanon	90	60	25
Oman	10	0	10
Qatar	10	0	0
Saudi Arabia	50	35	15
Syria^Footnote 43	40	25	20
Tajikistan	0	10	0
Turkey	40	15	20
Turkmenistan	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	25	20	10
Uzbekistan	0	0	0
West Bank and Gaza Strip (Palestine)^Footnote 44	25	20	0
Yemen	0	0	0
Eastern Asia	2,130	935	1,190
China^Footnote 45	860	395	465
Hong Kong^Footnote 46	210	105	105
Japan	315	110	200
Korea, North^Footnote 47	0	0	0
Korea, South^Footnote 48	555	245	310
Macao^Footnote 49	20	10	15
Mongolia	0	0	0
Taiwan	165	75	85
Southeast Asia	2,210	805	1,400
Brunei Darussalam	10	0	0
Burma (Myanmar)	0	0	0
Cambodia	0	10	0
Indonesia	85	25	60
Laos^Footnote 50	10	0	0
Malaysia	110	55	50
Philippines	1,485	535	950
Singapore	75	40	35
Thailand	100	20	80
Timor-Leste	0	0	0
Viet Nam	325	115	215
Southern Asia	2,180	1,140	1,050
Bangladesh	100	55	45
Bhutan	0	0	0
British Indian Ocean Territory	0	0	0
India	1,830	965	860
Maldives	0	0	0
Nepal	45	20	30
Pakistan	160	80	75
Sri Lanka	50	10	35
Oceania	845	480	365
American Samoa	0	0	0
Australia	495	275	220
Christmas Island	0	0	0
Cocos (Keeling) Islands	0	0	0
Cook Islands	0	0	0
Fiji	40	25	15
French Polynesia	0	0	0
Guam	0	0	0
Kiribati	0	0	0
Marshall Islands	0	0	10
Micronesia, Federated States of	0	0	0
Nauru	0	0	0
New Caledonia	0	0	0
New Zealand	295	170	130
Niue	0	0	0
Norfolk Island	0	0	0
Northern Mariana Islands	0	0	0
Palau	0	0	0
Papua New Guinea	10	10	0
Pitcairn	0	0	0
Samoa	0	0	0
Solomon Islands	0	0	0
Tokelau	0	0	0
Tonga	0	0	0
Tuvalu	0	0	0
United States Minor Outlying Islands	0	0	0
Vanuatu	0	0	0
Wallis and Futuna	0	0	0
Other places of birth^Footnote 51	0	0	0
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 52	190,560	92,950	97,615
First generation^Footnote 53	29,855	14,195	15,660
Second generation^Footnote 54	39,265	19,175	20,090
Third generation or more^Footnote 55	121,445	59,575	61,860
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 56	190,560	92,950	97,615
North American Aboriginal origins	13,190	6,225	6,965
First Nations (North American Indian)	7,755	3,680	4,070
Inuit	190	75	120
Métis	5,665	2,685	2,985
Other North American origins	49,545	24,645	24,900
Acadian	160	90	65
American	3,650	1,730	1,920
Canadian	46,780	23,310	23,465
New Brunswicker	25	15	10
Newfoundlander	70	30	35
Nova Scotian	10	10	0
Ontarian	10	0	0
Québécois	65	30	35
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 57	10	0	10
European origins	156,375	75,720	80,655
British Isles origins	99,430	48,160	51,270
Channel Islander	10	10	0
Cornish	20	10	10
English	60,780	29,230	31,550
Irish	34,120	15,905	18,215
Manx	40	10	30
Scottish	43,340	20,575	22,770
Welsh	5,340	2,505	2,830
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 58	5,630	2,665	2,970
French origins	21,845	10,305	11,540
Alsatian	0	0	0
Breton	0	10	0
Corsican	0	0	0
French	21,845	10,305	11,540
Western European origins (except French origins)	55,715	26,600	29,120
Austrian	3,345	1,580	1,765
Bavarian	0	10	0
Belgian	1,100	495	605
Dutch	11,325	5,505	5,820
Flemish	90	50	35
Frisian	35	25	10
German	43,170	20,620	22,545
Luxembourger	25	10	15
Swiss	1,990	950	1,040
Western European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 59	25	15	10
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	18,805	8,700	10,100
Danish	2,420	1,070	1,355
Finnish	1,540	715	820
Icelandic	1,405	625	780
Norwegian	7,945	3,775	4,175
Swedish	6,515	2,885	3,635
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 60	940	470	470
Eastern European origins	37,380	17,845	19,540
Bulgarian	95	40	50
Byelorussian	95	45	50
Czech	1,235	635	595
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^Footnote 61	510	235	275
Estonian	195	100	90
Hungarian	3,895	1,820	2,075
Latvian	270	120	150
Lithuanian	255	70	185
Moldovan	55	25	25
Polish	9,850	4,640	5,210
Romanian	1,650	710	945
Russian	7,905	3,755	4,150
Slovak	540	275	275
Ukrainian	17,335	8,390	8,950
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 62	95	45	50
Southern European origins	14,680	6,970	7,715
Albanian	15	0	0
Bosnian	170	65	105
Catalan	0	0	0
Croatian	990	455	530
Cypriot	10	0	10
Greek	850	455	390
Italian	8,700	4,220	4,475
Kosovar	0	0	0
Macedonian	25	0	20
Maltese	90	50	40
Montenegrin	25	20	10
Portuguese	1,385	685	700
Serbian	475	235	240
Sicilian	25	15	10
Slovenian	410	175	235
Spanish	1,880	795	1,085
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^Footnote 63	450	225	225
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 64	10	10	10
Other European origins	1,365	635	730
Basque	0	0	0
Jewish	595	280	315
Roma (Gypsy)	30	10	30
Slavic, n.o.s.^Footnote 65	50	30	25
Other European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 66	690	315	375
Caribbean origins	1,030	530	500
Antiguan	15	10	0
Bahamian	0	0	0
Barbadian	35	15	20
Bermudan	10	0	0
Carib	0	0	0
Cuban	20	15	10
Dominican	15	0	10
Grenadian	0	10	10
Guadeloupean	0	0	0
Haitian	55	15	40
Jamaican	610	320	290
Kittitian/Nevisian	20	15	10
Martinican	0	0	0
Montserratan	0	0	0
Puerto Rican	10	0	10
St. Lucian	20	0	20
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	145	85	60
Vincentian/Grenadinian	0	0	0
West Indian, n.o.s.^Footnote 67	55	25	25
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 68	40	25	20
Latin, Central and South American origins	1,975	925	1,050
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	40	25	15
Arawak	0	0	0
Argentinian	55	30	30
Belizean	10	10	0
Bolivian	45	10	30
Brazilian	115	60	50
Chilean	200	100	100
Colombian	145	70	75
Costa Rican	10	10	0
Ecuadorian	25	10	15
Guatemalan	65	15	50
Guyanese	115	45	75
Hispanic	0	0	0
Honduran	45	15	35
Maya	20	15	10
Mexican	730	350	375
Nicaraguan	35	15	20
Panamanian	25	10	20
Paraguayan	55	25	25
Peruvian	105	40	70
Salvadorean	125	45	80
Uruguayan	35	15	20
Venezuelan	25	10	10
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 69	50	30	15
African origins	1,475	775	700
Central and West African origins	130	90	45
Akan	0	0	0
Angolan	15	10	0
Ashanti	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Burkinabe	15	10	10
Cameroonian	10	0	0
Chadian	0	0	0
Congolese	10	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0
Gabonese	0	0	0
Gambian	0	0	0
Ghanaian	45	30	20
Guinean	0	0	0
Ibo	0	0	10
Ivorian	0	0	0
Liberian	10	0	10
Malian	0	0	0
Malinké	0	0	0
Nigerian	25	20	0
Peulh	0	0	0
Senegalese	0	0	0
Sierra Leonean	0	0	0
Togolese	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	15	15	0
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 70	0	0	0
North African origins	200	95	105
Algerian	30	15	15
Berber	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Egyptian	130	60	70
Libyan	20	0	10
Maure	0	0	0
Moroccan	25	10	15
Sudanese	0	0	0
Tunisian	0	0	0
North African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 71	0	0	0
Southern and East African origins	675	335	335
Afrikaner	30	20	15
Amhara	0	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.^Footnote 72	0	0	0
Burundian	0	0	0
Djiboutian	0	0	0
Eritrean	0	0	0
Ethiopian	75	25	55
Harari	0	0	0
Kenyan	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Mauritian	60	35	30
Oromo	0	0	0
Rwandan	20	10	10
Seychellois	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
South African	415	235	180
Tanzanian	0	0	10
Tigrian	0	0	0
Ugandan	0	0	0
Zambian	20	0	20
Zimbabwean	10	10	0
Zulu	0	0	0
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 73	25	0	25
Other African origins	500	260	245
Black, n.o.s.^Footnote 74	75	35	40
Other African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 75	435	220	210
Asian origins	13,875	6,655	7,215
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	1,650	885	765
Afghan	60	40	25
Arab, n.o.s.^Footnote 76	60	45	15
Armenian	95	45	50
Assyrian	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	15	15	0
Georgian	20	10	10
Hazara	0	0	0
Iranian	505	250	255
Iraqi	15	0	10
Israeli	55	15	35
Jordanian	20	20	10
Kazakh	30	10	25
Kurd	55	30	25
Kuwaiti	0	0	0
Kyrgyz	0	0	0
Lebanese	480	260	220
Palestinian	55	35	20
Pashtun	0	0	0
Saudi Arabian	15	10	0
Syrian	100	45	55
Tajik	0	0	0
Tatar	0	0	0
Turk	115	85	30
Turkmen	25	10	10
Uighur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Yemeni	0	0	0
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 77	15	10	10
South Asian origins	3,955	2,055	1,900
Bangladeshi	110	65	50
Bengali	15	10	10
Bhutanese	10	0	0
East Indian	3,415	1,780	1,635
Goan	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Nepali	60	30	35
Pakistani	150	80	65
Punjabi	265	155	115
Sinhalese	0	0	0
Sri Lankan	80	25	55
Tamil	10	0	10
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 78	70	20	50
East and Southeast Asian origins	8,360	3,755	4,610
Burmese	25	0	30
Cambodian (Khmer)	30	20	10
Chinese	2,860	1,330	1,530
Filipino	2,200	920	1,285
Hmong	0	0	0
Indonesian	170	70	105
Japanese	1,900	875	1,030
Karen	0	0	0
Korean	675	310	365
Laotian	20	10	10
Malaysian	105	50	55
Mongolian	40	20	20
Singaporean	10	0	0
Taiwanese	190	90	100
Thai	145	55	90
Tibetan	0	0	0
Vietnamese	505	225	285
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 79	10	0	10
Other Asian origins	45	15	30
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 80	40	15	30
Oceania origins	1,270	625	650
Australian	740	370	365
New Zealander	280	150	125
Pacific Islands origins	285	125	165
Fijian	125	45	80
Hawaiian	85	50	30
Maori	15	10	10
Samoan	35	15	20
Polynesian, n.o.s.^Footnote 81	0	0	10
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 82	25	0	20
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 83	163,000	79,040	83,965
No certificate, diploma or degree	23,785	12,205	11,580
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^Footnote 84	50,700	24,530	26,175
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	88,515	42,300	46,215
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	17,840	12,925	4,915
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^Footnote 85	6,985	3,790	3,200
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^Footnote 86	10,850	9,135	1,715
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	36,765	13,975	22,790
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,760	1,795	2,965
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	29,155	13,610	15,540
Bachelor's degree	19,405	8,610	10,790
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,210	935	1,275
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	955	725	240
Master's degree	5,430	2,605	2,825
Earned doctorate^Footnote 87	1,155	740	415
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 88	163,005	79,040	83,965
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 89	74,490	36,735	37,750
Education	6,480	1,620	4,865
13. Education	6,480	1,615	4,865
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,280	1,510	1,770
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	860	645	215
50. Visual and performing arts	2,420	865	1,555
Humanities	3,635	1,610	2,025
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	255	65	195
23. English language and literature/letters	925	290	630
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	945	365	585
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^Footnote 90	10	0	10
38. Philosophy and religious studies	250	175	70
39. Theology and religious vocations	680	435	240
54. History	460	250	210
55. French language and literature/letters	105	25	85
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,590	2,435	5,160
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	65	20	50
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	620	265	355
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,500	110	1,385
22. Legal professions and studies	1,485	375	1,110
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^Footnote 91	100	20	75
42. Psychology	1,585	450	1,135
45. Social sciences	2,240	1,190	1,050
Business, management and public administration	18,445	6,835	11,615
30.16 Accounting and computer science	35	15	20
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,255	275	985
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	17,160	6,545	10,615
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,835	1,530	1,305
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,160	565	595
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	710	320	385
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^Footnote 92	0	0	0
40. Physical sciences	785	570	215
41. Science technologies/technicians	185	70	115
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,380	1,595	780
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,850	1,375	480
25. Library science	175	15	165
27. Mathematics and statistics	325	195	130
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^Footnote 93	25	10	15
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	19,475	18,080	1,395
04. Architecture and related services	480	345	130
14. Engineering	2,520	2,175	340
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	3,495	3,015	480
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	10
46. Construction trades	5,690	5,545	140
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,055	4,895	160
48. Precision production	2,230	2,095	135
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,830	1,240	595
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	1,120	730	390
03. Natural resources and conservation	710	505	200
Health and related fields	16,195	2,920	13,275
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	1,185	570	615
51. Health professions and related programs	14,730	2,145	12,590
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	275	205	75
Personal, protective and transportation services	6,365	2,935	3,425
12. Personal and culinary services	4,340	1,195	3,150
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	10	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	55	50	0
43. Security and protective services	615	465	160
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,345	1,225	120
Other	0	0	0
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	0	0	10
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 94	163,005	79,040	83,960
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	74,485	36,740	37,750
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 95	88,515	42,305	46,215
Location of study inside Canada	77,240	36,565	40,675
Same as province or territory of residence	49,930	22,655	27,275
Different than province or territory of residence	27,310	13,910	13,400
Location of study outside Canada^Footnote 96	11,280	5,740	5,540
United States^Footnote 97	2,875	1,590	1,290
Philippines	725	205	520
India	390	200	195
United Kingdom^Footnote 98	1,955	1,055	900
China^Footnote 99	160	70	90
France	110	55	60
Other	5,055	2,570	2,480
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^Footnote 100	163,005	79,040	83,960
In the labour force	103,840	53,545	50,295
Employed	96,495	49,285	47,210
Unemployed	7,345	4,260	3,085
Not in the labour force	59,160	25,495	33,670
Participation rate	63.7	67.7	59.9
Employment rate	59.2	62.4	56.2
Unemployment rate	7.1	8.0	6.1
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^Footnote 101	163,005	79,040	83,965
Did not work^Footnote 102	54,040	23,120	30,920
Worked	108,965	55,920	53,045
Worked full year, full time^Footnote 103	49,615	27,975	21,645
Worked part year and/or part time^Footnote 104	59,350	27,945	31,405
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.7	42.0	41.3
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^Footnote 105	103,840	53,545	50,295
Class of worker - not applicable^Footnote 106	1,545	780	765
All classes of workers^Footnote 107	102,295	52,765	49,525
Employee	86,210	42,955	43,255
Self-employed^Footnote 108	16,085	9,810	6,275
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^Footnote 109	103,840	53,545	50,295
Occupation - not applicable^Footnote 110	1,545	780	765
All occupations^Footnote 111	102,295	52,770	49,530
0 Management occupations	11,975	7,545	4,435
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	14,870	3,680	11,185
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,320	4,280	1,035
3 Health occupations	8,255	1,630	6,630
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	9,690	3,115	6,575
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	3,090	1,340	1,750
6 Sales and service occupations	26,765	11,180	15,585
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	16,580	15,560	1,025
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	2,970	2,330	650
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,780	2,115	665
Total Labour Force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^Footnote 112	103,840	53,545	50,295
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^Footnote 113	1,545	780	765
All industry categories^Footnote 114	102,295	52,770	49,525
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,235	1,455	775
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,645	1,480	165
22 Utilities	540	420	120
23 Construction	11,150	9,655	1,490
31-33 Manufacturing	5,765	4,165	1,600
41 Wholesale trade	3,025	2,140	885
44-45 Retail trade	13,340	6,375	6,965
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	4,200	3,125	1,075
51 Information and cultural industries	2,070	1,220	845
52 Finance and insurance	3,520	1,320	2,200
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,265	1,140	1,125
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,845	3,440	3,405
55 Management of companies and enterprises	150	75	75
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	5,085	2,910	2,175
61 Educational services	6,335	2,190	4,145
62 Health care and social assistance	13,365	2,465	10,905
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,620	1,345	1,275
72 Accommodation and food services	9,615	3,925	5,685
81 Other services (except public administration)	4,980	2,080	2,905
91 Public administration	3,560	1,845	1,720
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^Footnote 115	112,595	57,675	54,925
English	111,335	57,145	54,195
French	280	80	205
Non-official language	460	235	225
English and French	145	65	80
English and non-official language	350	150	200
French and non-official language	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language	20	0	20
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 116	163,005	79,040	83,965
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	158,580	77,035	81,550
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	34,433	42,384	28,688
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	47,214	57,898	37,121
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	158,735	77,160	81,575
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	30,974	37,091	26,438
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	39,341	46,899	32,193
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	146,655	72,165	74,490
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	31,344	39,745	24,780
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	44,970	56,260	34,032
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	111,865	48,530	63,335
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	6,707	7,324	6,367
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,974	8,242	7,769
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	117,745	59,715	58,030
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	30,103	37,454	25,141
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	41,572	50,975	31,897
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 117	163,005	79,040	83,965
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^Footnote 118	47,980	26,850	21,125
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^Footnote 119	50,885	58,766	44,097
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^Footnote 120	61,531	70,695	49,885
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data^Footnote 121	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^Footnote 122	88.1	91.0	83.7
Employment income (%)^Footnote 123	65.4	68.2	61.2
Government transfers (%)^Footnote 124	11.9	9.0	16.3
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 125	163,000	79,040	83,965
Without total income	4,425	2,010	2,415
With total income	158,580	77,030	81,550
Percentage with total income	97.3	97.5	97.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	19,530	8,140	11,395
$10,000 to $19,999	27,200	10,180	17,015
$20,000 to $29,999	23,830	9,885	13,945
$30,000 to $39,999	19,360	8,180	11,175
$40,000 to $49,999	16,790	8,005	8,785
$50,000 to $59,999	12,765	6,910	5,850
$60,000 to $69,999	10,015	5,905	4,115
$70,000 to $79,999	7,105	4,265	2,840
$80,000 to $89,999	5,765	3,640	2,125
$90,000 to $99,999	3,720	2,455	1,265
$100,000 and over	12,500	9,465	3,035
$100,000 to $149,999	8,105	6,005	2,095
$150,000 and over	4,400	3,460	940
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 126	163,000	79,040	83,960
Without after-tax income	4,270	1,875	2,390
With after-tax income	158,740	77,160	81,575
Percentage with after-tax income	97.4	97.6	97.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	20,745	8,730	12,020
$10,000 to $19,999	28,865	11,220	17,645
$20,000 to $29,999	27,440	11,260	16,185
$30,000 to $39,999	22,970	10,350	12,620
$40,000 to $49,999	17,955	9,225	8,730
$50,000 to $59,999	12,840	7,535	5,310
$60,000 to $69,999	9,065	5,425	3,635
$70,000 to $79,999	6,130	3,975	2,155
$80,000 and over	12,720	9,445	3,280
$80,000 to $89,999	3,645	2,540	1,100
$90,000 to $99,999	2,435	1,740	700
$100,000 and over	6,645	5,160	1,480
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 127	163,005	79,040	83,965
Without employment income	45,260	19,325	25,930
With employment income	117,745	59,710	58,030
Percentage with employment income	72.2	75.5	69.1
Under $5,000 (including loss)	20,260	9,740	10,525
$5,000 to $9,999	9,020	3,720	5,300
$10,000 to $19,999	15,850	6,690	9,155
$20,000 to $29,999	13,475	5,895	7,580
$30,000 to $39,999	12,220	5,135	7,085
$40,000 to $49,999	11,065	4,915	6,155
$50,000 to $59,999	8,445	4,620	3,825
$60,000 to $69,999	6,725	4,150	2,580
$70,000 to $79,999	5,110	3,135	1,980
$80,000 and over	15,580	11,725	3,855
$80,000 to $89,999	4,340	2,815	1,525
$90,000 to $99,999	2,515	1,795	715
$100,000 and over	8,725	7,105	1,615
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 128	190,560	92,950	97,615
In the bottom half of the distribution	92,030	42,950	49,085
In the bottom decile	17,810	8,380	9,430
In the second decile	19,425	8,465	10,965
In the third decile	17,950	8,275	9,665
In the fourth decile	17,970	8,555	9,410
In the fifth decile	18,880	9,270	9,610
In the top half of the distribution	98,530	50,000	48,530
In the sixth decile	19,160	9,645	9,515
In the seventh decile	19,985	10,085	9,895
In the eighth decile	20,650	10,410	10,240
In the ninth decile	19,585	9,900	9,690
In the top decile	19,150	9,960	9,190
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 25% sample data^Footnote 129	180,125	88,085	92,040
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	22,525	9,995	12,535
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	12.5	11.3	13.6
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	13,260	6,420	6,845
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	7.4	7.3	7.4

Symbol(s)

Symbol ..

not available for a specific reference period

Symbol ...

not applicable

Symbol x

suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act

Symbol F

too unreliable to be published

Footnote(s)

Footnote 1

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 2

In households where there is at least one person living with a child and a grandchild.

Footnote 3

In households that are not multigenerational where there is one census family with additional persons or more than one census family.

Footnote 4

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Footnote 5

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 6

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 7

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 8

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Footnote 9

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Footnote 10

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 11

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often. For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 12

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 13

Citizenship refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 14

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

Footnote 15

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

Footnote 16

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 17

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

Footnote 18

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

Footnote 19

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

Footnote 20

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

Footnote 21

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 22

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 23

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

Footnote 24

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

Footnote 25

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

Footnote 26

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

Footnote 27

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

Footnote 28

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

Footnote 29

For more information on the place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 30

The official name of United States is United States of America.

Footnote 31

The official name of Bolivia is Plurinational State of Bolivia.

Footnote 32

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

Footnote 33

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

Footnote 34

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

Footnote 35

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

Footnote 36

The official name of Kosovo is Republic of Kosovo.

Footnote 37

Macedonia, Republic of: known as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia by the United Nations and other international bodies.

Footnote 38

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

Footnote 39

The official name of Saint Helena is Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.

Footnote 40

The official name of Tanzania is United Republic of Tanzania.

Footnote 41

The full name of Sudan is the Republic of the Sudan.

Footnote 42

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

Footnote 43

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

Footnote 44

West Bank and Gaza Strip (Palestine): West Bank and Gaza Strip are the territories referred to in the Declaration of Principles, signed by Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1993. Palestine refers to pre-1948 British mandate Palestine.

Footnote 45

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

Footnote 46

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

Footnote 47

The official name of North Korea is Democratic People's Republic of Korea.

Footnote 48

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

Footnote 49

The full name of Macao is Macao Special Administrative Region of China.

Footnote 50

The official name of Laos is Lao People's Democratic Republic.

Footnote 51

Includes other places of birth not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea'.

Footnote 52

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 53

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

Footnote 54

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

Footnote 55

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

Footnote 56

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 57

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

Footnote 58

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

Footnote 59

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

Footnote 60

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

Footnote 61

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 62

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

Footnote 63

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 64

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

Footnote 65

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 66

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

Footnote 67

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 68

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

Footnote 69

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

Footnote 70

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

Footnote 71

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

Footnote 72

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 73

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

Footnote 74

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 75

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

Footnote 76

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 77

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

Footnote 78

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

Footnote 79

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

Footnote 80

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

Footnote 81

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 82

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

Footnote 83

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Footnote 84

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 85

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

Footnote 86

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

Footnote 87

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

Footnote 88

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/concepts/classification.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

Footnote 89

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 90

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

Footnote 91

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

Footnote 92

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

Footnote 93

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

Footnote 94

'Location of study' refers to either:

- the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;

- the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Footnote 95

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

Footnote 96

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

Footnote 97

The official name of United States is United States of America.

Footnote 98

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

Footnote 99

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

Footnote 100

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

Footnote 101

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

Footnote 102

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

Footnote 103

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

Footnote 104

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

Footnote 105

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

Footnote 106

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

Footnote 107

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

Footnote 108

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

Footnote 109

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

Footnote 110

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

Footnote 111

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday May 7, 2016 were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

Footnote 112

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

Footnote 113

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

Footnote 114

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

Footnote 115

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 116

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

- statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
- statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
- statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

- employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
- income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
- income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
- other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
- income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

- one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
- capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
- employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
- voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period.

It includes:

- Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
- retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
- benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
- child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
- social assistance benefits;
- workers' compensation benefits;
- Working income tax benefit;
- Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
- other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Footnote 117

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 118

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 119

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median.

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Footnote 120

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Footnote 121

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 122

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 123

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 124

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

- Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
- retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
- benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
- child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
- social assistance benefits;
- workers' compensation benefits;
- Working income tax benefit;
- Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
- other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 125

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

- statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
- statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
- statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

- employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
- income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
- income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
- other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
- income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

- one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
- capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
- employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
- voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 126

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.


For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 127

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.


For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 128

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 129

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Data quality note(s) – Kelowna

• Incomplete enumeration flag
  Default. Not applicable.
• Long-form data quality flag
  Global non-response rate (GNR), long-form census questionnaire: 6.0%.
• Long-form income data quality flag
  Default. Data quality index showing a long-form income non-response rate lower than 10%.

Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-400-X2016192.