Visible Minority (15), Age (15A), Sex (3) and Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force, Educational and Income Characteristics (900) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data

• Visible minority (15): Total - Visible minority
• Age (15A): Total - Age

This table details visible minority , age , sex and selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics for the population in private households in Abbotsford - Mission

Selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics (900)	Sex (3)
	Total - Sex	Male	Female
Total - Household type of person for the population in private households - 25% sample data	176,325	87,125	89,200
Persons in one-census-family households without additional persons	110,065	54,815	55,250
In a couple census family without children (no other persons present in the household)	30,395	15,140	15,255
In a couple census family with children (no other persons present in the household)	66,495	34,260	32,235
In a lone-parent census family (no other persons present in the household)	13,175	5,410	7,760
Persons in multigenerational households^Footnote 2	28,890	14,080	14,815
Persons in other census family households^Footnote 3	17,680	8,805	8,870
Persons in two-or-more-person non-census-family households	5,185	2,940	2,245
Persons living alone (one-person households)	14,510	6,485	8,025
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 4	143,095	69,870	73,225
Married or living common law	87,470	43,620	43,845
Married	77,200	38,545	38,660
Living common law	10,270	5,080	5,190
Not married and not living common law	55,630	26,250	29,380
Never married	36,255	19,985	16,270
Separated	3,865	1,595	2,270
Divorced	8,430	3,180	5,245
Widowed	7,075	1,485	5,590
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^Footnote 5	174,255	86,035	88,220
Non-movers	147,810	73,095	74,715
Movers	26,450	12,940	13,510
Non-migrants	14,305	7,030	7,270
Migrants	12,145	5,910	6,235
Internal migrants	10,220	5,010	5,210
Intraprovincial migrants	8,555	4,110	4,450
Interprovincial migrants	1,665	905	760
External migrants	1,920	895	1,030
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^Footnote 6	165,595	81,600	83,995
Non-movers	94,945	47,025	47,920
Movers	70,650	34,580	36,070
Non-migrants	38,890	19,090	19,805
Migrants	31,755	15,490	16,265
Internal migrants	25,180	12,270	12,910
Intraprovincial migrants	21,345	10,350	11,000
Interprovincial migrants	3,830	1,920	1,915
External migrants	6,580	3,225	3,360
Total - First official language spoken for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 7	176,330	87,125	89,205
English	166,040	82,605	83,435
French	1,355	670	695
English and French	570	240	330
Neither English nor French	8,360	3,615	4,740
Official language minority (number)^Footnote 8	1,645	785	860
Official language minority (percentage)^Footnote 9	0.9	0.9	1.0
Total - Mother tongue for the population in private households - 25% Sample Data^Footnote 10	176,325	87,130	89,200
English	120,685	60,045	60,635
French	1,440	695	740
Non-official language	50,605	24,710	25,895
English and French	280	125	155
English and non-official language	3,230	1,495	1,735
French and non-official language	75	50	25
English, French and non-official language	15	15	10
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the population in private households - 25% Sample Data^Footnote 11	176,330	87,125	89,200
English	136,000	67,320	68,680
French	265	115	155
Non-official language	30,700	15,010	15,690
English and French	130	75	55
English and non-official language	9,085	4,555	4,530
French and non-official language	35	25	10
English, French and non-official language	115	30	80
Total - Number of languages known for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 12	176,330	87,130	89,200
Knowledge of one language	119,225	59,140	60,085
English only	111,225	55,645	55,580
French only	35	20	15
Non-official language only	7,975	3,475	4,495
Knowledge of more than one language	57,100	27,985	29,115
English and French only	5,865	2,560	3,310
English, French and one or more non-official languages	2,320	1,025	1,295
English and one or more non official languages	48,420	24,235	24,190
French and one or more non official languages	40	15	25
Multiple non-official languages only	450	160	295
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 13	176,330	87,125	89,200
Canadian citizens^Footnote 14	161,540	80,055	81,490
Canadian citizens only	156,730	77,695	79,035
Citizens of Canada and at least one other country	4,815	2,360	2,455
Not Canadian citizens^Footnote 15	14,790	7,075	7,710
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 16	176,330	87,130	89,205
Non-immigrants^Footnote 17	130,310	65,130	65,180
Immigrants^Footnote 18	43,780	20,870	22,905
Before 1981	11,360	5,535	5,820
1981 to 1990	4,975	2,300	2,670
1991 to 2000	9,605	4,600	5,000
2001 to 2010	11,960	5,610	6,350
2001 to 2005	5,695	2,690	3,005
2006 to 2010	6,265	2,925	3,345
2011 to 2016^Footnote 19	5,880	2,815	3,060
Non-permanent residents^Footnote 20	2,240	1,125	1,110
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 21	43,780	20,870	22,905
Under 5 years	3,345	1,650	1,690
5 to 14 years	6,290	3,340	2,950
15 to 24 years	12,600	5,475	7,130
25 to 44 years	14,315	7,190	7,130
45 years and over	7,225	3,215	4,005
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^Footnote 22	33,020	15,635	17,385
Economic immigrants^Footnote 23	8,550	4,295	4,255
Principal applicants^Footnote 24	3,340	2,130	1,210
Secondary applicants^Footnote 25	5,205	2,165	3,045
Immigrants sponsored by family^Footnote 26	22,115	10,005	12,110
Refugees^Footnote 27	2,235	1,280	955
Other immigrants^Footnote 28	120	55	60
Total - Place of birth for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 29	176,330	87,130	89,205
Born in Canada	129,190	64,590	64,600
Born outside Canada	47,140	22,535	24,600
Americas	5,140	2,335	2,800
North America	2,260	940	1,320
Greenland	0	0	0
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	0	0	0
United States^Footnote 30	2,260	935	1,320
Central America	890	465	425
Belize	0	0	10
Costa Rica	30	15	20
El Salvador	360	175	195
Guatemala	105	60	40
Honduras	45	15	30
Mexico	320	185	130
Nicaragua	20	15	0
Panama	10	10	0
Caribbean and Bermuda	400	215	185
Anguilla	0	0	0
Antigua and Barbuda	10	0	0
Aruba	10	10	0
Bahamas	10	0	0
Barbados	30	15	15
Bermuda	0	10	0
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba	0	0	0
Cayman Islands	15	10	10
Cuba	45	15	30
Curaçao	0	0	0
Dominica	0	0	0
Dominican Republic	20	10	15
Grenada	10	0	10
Guadeloupe	0	0	0
Haiti	65	40	25
Jamaica	115	75	45
Martinique	0	0	0
Montserrat	0	0	0
Puerto Rico	0	0	0
Saint Barthélemy	0	0	0
Saint Kitts and Nevis	0	0	0
Saint Lucia	10	0	10
Saint Martin (French part)	0	0	0
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	0	0	10
Sint Maarten (Dutch part)	0	0	0
Trinidad and Tobago	70	35	30
Turks and Caicos Islands	0	0	0
Virgin Islands, British	0	0	0
Virgin Islands, United States	0	0	0
South America	1,580	715	870
Argentina	60	30	30
Bolivia^Footnote 31	25	10	20
Brazil	270	120	145
Chile	85	25	55
Colombia	135	55	80
Ecuador	30	15	10
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	0	0	0
French Guiana	0	0	0
Guyana	55	30	25
Paraguay	865	400	465
Peru	30	10	20
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	0	0	0
Suriname	0	10	0
Uruguay	10	0	0
Venezuela^Footnote 32	20	10	10
Europe	10,255	4,960	5,290
Western Europe	2,860	1,395	1,465
Austria	105	35	70
Belgium	45	15	30
France	110	55	60
Germany	1,180	580	605
Liechtenstein	0	0	0
Luxembourg	0	0	0
Monaco	0	0	0
Netherlands	1,325	670	660
Switzerland	85	45	45
Eastern Europe	2,165	965	1,195
Belarus	30	15	15
Bulgaria	40	20	20
Czech Republic	165	70	90
Estonia	10	0	0
Hungary	180	90	90
Latvia	15	0	0
Lithuania	0	0	10
Moldova^Footnote 33	10	0	10
Poland	460	195	270
Romania	350	150	205
Russian Federation	370	160	210
Slovakia	95	50	40
Ukraine	435	200	240
Northern Europe	4,510	2,230	2,275
Åland Islands	0	0	0
Denmark	230	115	110
Faroe Islands	0	0	0
Finland	170	60	105
Guernsey	0	0	0
Iceland	15	10	15
Ireland^Footnote 34	140	45	95
Isle of Man	10	0	10
Jersey	0	0	0
Norway	30	15	10
Sark	0	0	0
Svalbard and Jan Mayen	0	0	0
Sweden	70	30	35
United Kingdom^Footnote 35	3,840	1,945	1,895
Southern Europe	720	365	350
Albania	20	10	10
Andorra	0	0	0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	75	30	40
Croatia	65	35	25
Gibraltar	0	0	0
Greece	65	35	30
Holy See (Vatican City State)	0	0	0
Italy	225	120	100
Kosovo^Footnote 36	95	50	35
Macedonia, Republic of^Footnote 37	10	0	15
Malta	25	15	10
Montenegro	0	0	0
Portugal	75	30	50
San Marino	0	0	0
Serbia^Footnote 38	35	20	15
Slovenia	0	0	0
Spain	30	15	15
Africa	1,255	620	640
Western Africa	130	65	65
Benin	0	0	0
Burkina Faso	0	0	0
Cabo Verde	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	10	10	0
Gambia	0	0	0
Ghana	15	0	10
Guinea	0	0	0
Guinea-Bissau	0	0	0
Liberia	20	0	15
Mali	10	10	0
Mauritania	0	0	0
Niger	0	0	0
Nigeria	65	35	30
Saint Helena^Footnote 39	0	0	0
Senegal	0	0	0
Sierra Leone	0	10	0
Togo	0	0	0
Eastern Africa	545	250	295
Burundi	0	0	0
Comoros	0	0	0
Djibouti	0	0	0
Eritrea	15	10	0
Ethiopia	20	10	10
Kenya	150	75	75
Madagascar	0	0	0
Malawi	0	10	0
Mauritius	30	15	15
Mayotte	0	0	0
Mozambique	0	0	0
Réunion	0	0	0
Rwanda	10	10	0
Seychelles	0	0	0
Somalia	10	0	10
South Sudan	85	35	50
Tanzania^Footnote 40	70	40	30
Uganda	55	15	45
Zambia	40	20	20
Zimbabwe	75	30	45
Northern Africa	115	70	50
Algeria	15	10	10
Egypt	45	25	15
Libya	10	0	0
Morocco	30	20	0
Sudan^Footnote 41	15	10	10
Tunisia	10	0	0
Western Sahara	0	0	0
Central Africa	40	25	10
Angola	10	10	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Central African Republic	0	0	0
Chad	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15	10	10
Congo, Republic of the	0	10	0
Equatorial Guinea	0	0	0
Gabon	0	0	0
Sao Tome and Principe	0	0	0
Southern Africa	430	215	215
Botswana	10	10	10
Lesotho	0	10	0
Namibia	15	10	0
South Africa, Republic of	405	195	210
Swaziland	0	0	0
Asia	29,825	14,255	15,570
West Central Asia and the Middle East	855	500	350
Afghanistan	45	30	15
Armenia	15	15	0
Azerbaijan	0	0	0
Bahrain	0	10	0
Cyprus	10	0	0
Georgia	10	10	0
Iran^Footnote 42	100	60	40
Iraq	135	80	60
Israel	50	30	20
Jordan	0	0	0
Kazakhstan	45	20	25
Kuwait	65	40	20
Kyrgyzstan	50	30	25
Lebanon	35	25	0
Oman	0	0	0
Qatar	0	0	0
Saudi Arabia	50	30	15
Syria^Footnote 43	105	45	60
Tajikistan	0	0	0
Turkey	75	45	25
Turkmenistan	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	25	20	10
Uzbekistan	0	0	0
West Bank and Gaza Strip (Palestine)^Footnote 44	15	0	10
Yemen	15	10	10
Eastern Asia	2,965	1,355	1,615
China^Footnote 45	1,085	500	580
Hong Kong^Footnote 46	130	65	60
Japan	250	110	140
Korea, North^Footnote 47	10	0	10
Korea, South^Footnote 48	1,340	600	740
Macao^Footnote 49	0	0	0
Mongolia	0	10	0
Taiwan	155	70	80
Southeast Asia	2,900	1,205	1,700
Brunei Darussalam	0	0	10
Burma (Myanmar)	10	10	10
Cambodia	50	30	25
Indonesia	50	20	25
Laos^Footnote 50	295	155	140
Malaysia	135	70	65
Philippines	1,425	495	930
Singapore	55	25	35
Thailand	135	70	65
Timor-Leste	0	0	0
Viet Nam	735	335	400
Southern Asia	23,100	11,195	11,905
Bangladesh	0	0	0
Bhutan	0	0	0
British Indian Ocean Territory	0	0	0
India	22,730	10,990	11,740
Maldives	0	0	0
Nepal	10	0	10
Pakistan	265	145	115
Sri Lanka	100	50	50
Oceania	665	365	305
American Samoa	0	0	0
Australia	215	130	85
Christmas Island	0	0	0
Cocos (Keeling) Islands	0	0	0
Cook Islands	0	10	0
Fiji	310	155	160
French Polynesia	0	0	0
Guam	0	0	0
Kiribati	0	0	0
Marshall Islands	0	0	0
Micronesia, Federated States of	0	0	0
Nauru	0	0	0
New Caledonia	0	0	0
New Zealand	125	70	50
Niue	0	0	0
Norfolk Island	0	0	0
Northern Mariana Islands	0	0	0
Palau	0	0	0
Papua New Guinea	0	0	0
Pitcairn	0	0	0
Samoa	20	10	10
Solomon Islands	0	0	0
Tokelau	0	0	0
Tonga	0	0	0
Tuvalu	0	0	0
United States Minor Outlying Islands	0	0	0
Vanuatu	0	0	0
Wallis and Futuna	0	0	0
Other places of birth^Footnote 51	0	0	0
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 52	176,325	87,130	89,205
First generation^Footnote 53	47,140	22,535	24,600
Second generation^Footnote 54	45,375	23,065	22,305
Third generation or more^Footnote 55	83,815	41,525	42,290
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 56	176,330	87,130	89,205
North American Aboriginal origins	10,875	5,270	5,605
First Nations (North American Indian)	6,995	3,415	3,585
Inuit	65	20	45
Métis	4,245	2,030	2,220
Other North American origins	37,550	18,680	18,865
Acadian	125	60	65
American	2,650	1,240	1,410
Canadian	35,735	17,810	17,925
New Brunswicker	10	0	0
Newfoundlander	55	25	30
Nova Scotian	15	0	0
Ontarian	0	0	0
Québécois	35	10	20
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 57	50	30	25
European origins	112,845	55,060	57,785
British Isles origins	69,145	33,450	35,695
Channel Islander	15	0	10
Cornish	0	0	0
English	43,350	20,730	22,625
Irish	23,045	10,555	12,495
Manx	25	15	15
Scottish	30,720	14,735	15,985
Welsh	3,855	1,710	2,140
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 58	4,230	2,005	2,220
French origins	15,035	7,050	7,985
Alsatian	10	0	10
Breton	0	0	0
Corsican	0	0	0
French	15,035	7,050	7,985
Western European origins (except French origins)	47,365	23,000	24,370
Austrian	2,000	905	1,090
Bavarian	0	0	0
Belgian	610	250	355
Dutch	16,735	8,170	8,560
Flemish	125	55	65
Frisian	125	65	60
German	33,380	16,080	17,300
Luxembourger	10	0	0
Swiss	1,185	560	625
Western European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 59	0	10	0
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	14,070	6,580	7,485
Danish	2,390	1,090	1,300
Finnish	1,615	770	840
Icelandic	930	400	530
Norwegian	5,560	2,600	2,965
Swedish	4,570	2,135	2,430
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 60	495	245	250
Eastern European origins	24,740	11,970	12,765
Bulgarian	95	50	45
Byelorussian	75	30	40
Czech	590	290	300
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^Footnote 61	320	130	190
Estonian	235	125	110
Hungarian	2,595	1,290	1,305
Latvian	110	40	70
Lithuanian	180	65	115
Moldovan	15	10	10
Polish	5,760	2,605	3,155
Romanian	1,265	620	645
Russian	7,825	3,875	3,950
Slovak	380	210	170
Ukrainian	9,525	4,560	4,960
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 62	75	40	40
Southern European origins	8,995	4,555	4,440
Albanian	120	55	70
Bosnian	130	70	65
Catalan	0	0	0
Croatian	370	195	170
Cypriot	25	20	10
Greek	750	375	375
Italian	4,740	2,440	2,300
Kosovar	45	20	20
Macedonian	15	10	10
Maltese	125	65	65
Montenegrin	0	0	0
Portuguese	905	535	370
Serbian	150	80	70
Sicilian	0	0	0
Slovenian	140	105	35
Spanish	1,910	830	1,085
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^Footnote 63	180	100	80
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 64	0	0	0
Other European origins	1,120	600	520
Basque	35	20	10
Jewish	415	230	185
Roma (Gypsy)	20	10	10
Slavic, n.o.s.^Footnote 65	25	20	0
Other European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 66	630	325	305
Caribbean origins	805	415	390
Antiguan	25	20	10
Bahamian	10	10	0
Barbadian	60	20	40
Bermudan	0	0	0
Carib	0	0	0
Cuban	50	10	40
Dominican	0	0	10
Grenadian	0	0	0
Guadeloupean	0	0	0
Haitian	110	55	55
Jamaican	390	220	170
Kittitian/Nevisian	0	0	0
Martinican	0	0	0
Montserratan	0	0	0
Puerto Rican	10	10	0
St. Lucian	10	0	0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	120	70	45
Vincentian/Grenadinian	0	0	0
West Indian, n.o.s.^Footnote 67	65	20	45
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 68	10	0	0
Latin, Central and South American origins	2,880	1,460	1,420
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	120	55	65
Arawak	0	0	0
Argentinian	35	20	15
Belizean	0	0	0
Bolivian	10	0	10
Brazilian	250	125	125
Chilean	115	65	50
Colombian	170	100	75
Costa Rican	30	15	20
Ecuadorian	40	25	15
Guatemalan	120	65	60
Guyanese	50	35	10
Hispanic	90	45	50
Honduran	45	20	25
Maya	0	0	10
Mexican	830	455	375
Nicaraguan	50	20	30
Panamanian	0	0	10
Paraguayan	315	185	135
Peruvian	75	35	40
Salvadorean	525	215	305
Uruguayan	15	0	10
Venezuelan	45	20	30
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 69	195	95	100
African origins	2,090	1,015	1,075
Central and West African origins	220	115	100
Akan	0	0	0
Angolan	15	15	0
Ashanti	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Burkinabe	0	0	0
Cameroonian	10	15	0
Chadian	0	0	0
Congolese	10	10	0
Edo	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0
Gabonese	0	0	0
Gambian	0	0	0
Ghanaian	20	15	10
Guinean	0	0	0
Ibo	10	0	0
Ivorian	10	0	10
Liberian	10	0	10
Malian	20	10	0
Malinké	0	0	0
Nigerian	75	40	30
Peulh	0	0	0
Senegalese	0	0	0
Sierra Leonean	0	0	0
Togolese	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	20	0	20
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 70	25	10	15
North African origins	310	170	135
Algerian	25	15	10
Berber	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Dinka	30	20	0
Egyptian	60	30	30
Libyan	0	0	0
Maure	0	0	0
Moroccan	60	40	20
Sudanese	140	65	75
Tunisian	10	0	0
North African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 71	0	0	0
Southern and East African origins	735	385	345
Afrikaner	0	0	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.^Footnote 72	0	0	0
Burundian	0	0	0
Djiboutian	0	0	0
Eritrean	0	10	0
Ethiopian	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Kenyan	115	50	60
Malagasy	0	0	0
Mauritian	40	10	30
Oromo	0	0	0
Rwandan	0	10	0
Seychellois	10	10	0
Somali	10	10	10
South African	375	220	160
Tanzanian	20	10	10
Tigrian	0	0	0
Ugandan	10	0	10
Zambian	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	75	40	40
Zulu	0	0	0
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 73	100	60	35
Other African origins	940	420	520
Black, n.o.s.^Footnote 74	90	35	55
Other African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 75	850	390	460
Asian origins	48,315	24,060	24,260
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	1,280	730	545
Afghan	85	55	35
Arab, n.o.s.^Footnote 76	80	45	30
Armenian	125	65	55
Assyrian	35	20	10
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Georgian	10	10	0
Hazara	0	0	0
Iranian	220	125	90
Iraqi	125	75	45
Israeli	70	30	40
Jordanian	35	15	20
Kazakh	0	0	0
Kurd	30	20	10
Kuwaiti	0	0	0
Kyrgyz	10	10	0
Lebanese	150	80	70
Palestinian	55	45	10
Pashtun	0	0	0
Saudi Arabian	20	15	0
Syrian	125	55	75
Tajik	0	0	0
Tatar	20	0	10
Turk	120	70	45
Turkmen	0	0	0
Uighur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Yemeni	15	10	10
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 77	75	50	25
South Asian origins	37,920	19,100	18,815
Bangladeshi	0	0	0
Bengali	0	10	0
Bhutanese	0	0	0
East Indian	33,340	16,735	16,600
Goan	10	10	10
Gujarati	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Nepali	10	10	0
Pakistani	370	205	170
Punjabi	5,250	2,655	2,595
Sinhalese	35	10	20
Sri Lankan	100	60	40
Tamil	25	15	0
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 78	430	225	210
East and Southeast Asian origins	9,140	4,255	4,880
Burmese	0	0	10
Cambodian (Khmer)	90	55	35
Chinese	3,320	1,580	1,740
Filipino	2,060	790	1,270
Hmong	0	0	0
Indonesian	115	60	50
Japanese	735	340	390
Karen	0	0	0
Korean	1,525	710	810
Laotian	470	255	215
Malaysian	70	35	40
Mongolian	20	15	0
Singaporean	10	10	0
Taiwanese	70	40	30
Thai	175	75	105
Tibetan	0	0	0
Vietnamese	1,165	570	595
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 79	50	30	25
Other Asian origins	125	60	65
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 80	125	60	65
Oceania origins	1,050	550	500
Australian	495	260	240
New Zealander	95	65	25
Pacific Islands origins	480	235	245
Fijian	315	140	175
Hawaiian	80	30	45
Maori	45	30	15
Samoan	40	30	15
Polynesian, n.o.s.^Footnote 81	10	10	10
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 82	15	10	10
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 83	143,090	69,875	73,225
No certificate, diploma or degree	30,410	15,495	14,920
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^Footnote 84	48,410	24,025	24,390
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	64,270	30,355	33,910
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	13,290	9,805	3,485
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^Footnote 85	5,785	3,385	2,405
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^Footnote 86	7,505	6,420	1,085
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	23,455	8,575	14,880
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	5,755	2,165	3,590
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	21,775	9,815	11,960
Bachelor's degree	14,335	6,190	8,145
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,860	705	1,150
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	795	525	270
Master's degree	4,290	2,055	2,240
Earned doctorate^Footnote 87	500	340	160
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 88	143,095	69,870	73,225
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 89	78,820	39,515	39,310
Education	4,950	1,305	3,650
13. Education	4,950	1,300	3,650
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,870	775	1,100
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	365	275	90
50. Visual and performing arts	1,505	495	1,010
Humanities	5,315	2,295	3,020
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	365	95	270
23. English language and literature/letters	790	200	590
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,830	740	1,095
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^Footnote 90	0	0	10
38. Philosophy and religious studies	295	185	105
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,305	730	580
54. History	615	330	285
55. French language and literature/letters	110	20	95
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,310	1,955	4,355
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	40	10	30
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	280	140	145
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,540	70	1,465
22. Legal professions and studies	1,025	285	740
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^Footnote 91	115	35	80
42. Psychology	1,090	270	815
45. Social sciences	2,220	1,145	1,080
Business, management and public administration	11,165	3,920	7,250
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	10	20
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,025	235	790
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,120	3,680	6,435
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,685	880	810
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	660	300	360
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	555	290	270
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^Footnote 92	10	0	0
40. Physical sciences	325	245	75
41. Science technologies/technicians	150	45	100
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,880	1,175	705
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,555	1,045	515
25. Library science	135	10	125
27. Mathematics and statistics	170	120	55
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^Footnote 93	15	0	10
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	13,760	13,000	765
04. Architecture and related services	175	150	25
14. Engineering	1,700	1,515	190
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	2,035	1,790	245
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	3,880	3,775	110
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	4,020	3,895	130
48. Precision production	1,950	1,880	65
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,490	950	540
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	1,140	700	445
03. Natural resources and conservation	345	250	100
Health and related fields	11,190	1,995	9,195
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	650	330	320
51. Health professions and related programs	10,335	1,525	8,805
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	205	135	70
Personal, protective and transportation services	4,645	2,120	2,525
12. Personal and culinary services	2,875	705	2,170
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	30	25	0
43. Security and protective services	725	485	240
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,010	900	110
Other	10	0	10
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	0	0	10
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 94	143,095	69,870	73,225
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	78,825	39,515	39,310
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 95	64,270	30,360	33,910
Location of study inside Canada	52,215	24,320	27,895
Same as province or territory of residence	43,525	20,020	23,505
Different than province or territory of residence	8,690	4,300	4,390
Location of study outside Canada^Footnote 96	12,055	6,040	6,015
United States^Footnote 97	2,040	1,140	895
Philippines	670	210	455
India	4,125	2,025	2,105
United Kingdom^Footnote 98	1,260	735	530
China^Footnote 99	290	115	175
France	30	15	15
Other	3,645	1,805	1,835
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^Footnote 100	143,090	69,875	73,225
In the labour force	93,930	49,615	44,315
Employed	87,815	46,715	41,100
Unemployed	6,115	2,905	3,210
Not in the labour force	49,165	20,255	28,910
Participation rate	65.6	71.0	60.5
Employment rate	61.4	66.9	56.1
Unemployment rate	6.5	5.9	7.2
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^Footnote 101	143,090	69,870	73,225
Did not work^Footnote 102	45,565	18,790	26,780
Worked	97,530	51,085	46,445
Worked full year, full time^Footnote 103	45,190	27,490	17,700
Worked part year and/or part time^Footnote 104	52,340	23,595	28,740
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.7	42.9	40.4
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^Footnote 105	93,930	49,620	44,310
Class of worker - not applicable^Footnote 106	1,515	730	790
All classes of workers^Footnote 107	92,415	48,890	43,530
Employee	79,975	40,800	39,165
Self-employed^Footnote 108	12,445	8,085	4,360
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^Footnote 109	93,925	49,615	44,315
Occupation - not applicable^Footnote 110	1,510	725	785
All occupations^Footnote 111	92,415	48,890	43,530
0 Management occupations	9,475	6,265	3,210
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	12,455	3,165	9,290
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	3,465	2,830	635
3 Health occupations	5,835	1,100	4,735
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	9,410	3,025	6,385
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,970	880	1,085
6 Sales and service occupations	20,390	7,465	12,925
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	19,295	18,210	1,090
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	4,875	2,405	2,470
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	5,250	3,550	1,705
Total Labour Force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^Footnote 112	93,925	49,615	44,315
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^Footnote 113	1,515	725	785
All industry categories^Footnote 114	92,415	48,890	43,525
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	6,160	2,940	3,220
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	430	380	50
22 Utilities	325	260	70
23 Construction	9,685	8,530	1,160
31-33 Manufacturing	9,270	6,770	2,505
41 Wholesale trade	3,795	2,590	1,205
44-45 Retail trade	10,175	4,265	5,910
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	7,400	6,080	1,320
51 Information and cultural industries	1,235	730	505
52 Finance and insurance	2,560	960	1,605
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,470	775	690
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	4,110	2,045	2,070
55 Management of companies and enterprises	145	70	70
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	4,175	2,435	1,735
61 Educational services	5,620	1,645	3,975
62 Health care and social assistance	9,385	1,475	7,910
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,185	515	670
72 Accommodation and food services	6,345	2,030	4,310
81 Other services (except public administration)	4,910	2,230	2,680
91 Public administration	4,040	2,170	1,870
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^Footnote 115	101,355	52,845	48,510
English	93,500	48,765	44,735
French	150	35	115
Non-official language	5,020	2,535	2,485
English and French	135	55	85
English and non-official language	2,540	1,460	1,080
French and non-official language	10	0	0
English, French and non-official language	15	0	10
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 116	143,095	69,870	73,225
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	137,165	66,950	70,215
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	30,277	39,206	24,355
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	40,315	48,900	32,129
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	137,315	67,080	70,230
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	27,671	34,319	23,236
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	34,458	40,593	28,599
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	121,185	60,640	60,545
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	29,116	39,356	21,384
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	39,412	48,964	29,844
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	98,170	41,665	56,505
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	5,745	4,148	6,422
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,677	7,309	7,948
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	104,680	53,790	50,890
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	29,577	39,499	21,932
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	38,531	47,385	29,172
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 117	143,095	69,870	73,225
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^Footnote 118	43,910	26,590	17,320
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^Footnote 119	50,369	57,688	42,530
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^Footnote 120	57,353	63,812	47,436
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data^Footnote 121	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^Footnote 122	86.4	90.7	80.1
Employment income (%)^Footnote 123	72.9	77.9	65.8
Government transfers (%)^Footnote 124	13.6	9.3	19.9
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 125	143,095	69,870	73,220
Without total income	5,930	2,920	3,005
With total income	137,160	66,950	70,215
Percentage with total income	95.9	95.8	95.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	20,110	8,310	11,805
$10,000 to $19,999	27,335	10,340	16,990
$20,000 to $29,999	20,540	7,975	12,570
$30,000 to $39,999	16,545	7,490	9,055
$40,000 to $49,999	13,340	6,685	6,655
$50,000 to $59,999	10,760	6,150	4,605
$60,000 to $69,999	7,585	4,855	2,730
$70,000 to $79,999	5,765	3,855	1,910
$80,000 to $89,999	4,545	3,165	1,385
$90,000 to $99,999	2,940	2,070	870
$100,000 and over	7,695	6,060	1,640
$100,000 to $149,999	5,760	4,515	1,245
$150,000 and over	1,935	1,540	395
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 126	143,095	69,870	73,220
Without after-tax income	5,780	2,790	2,990
With after-tax income	137,310	67,080	70,235
Percentage with after-tax income	96.0	96.0	95.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	20,815	8,745	12,065
$10,000 to $19,999	28,720	11,110	17,610
$20,000 to $29,999	23,945	9,700	14,245
$30,000 to $39,999	18,975	8,970	10,000
$40,000 to $49,999	14,750	7,950	6,800
$50,000 to $59,999	10,115	6,345	3,775
$60,000 to $69,999	7,145	4,805	2,345
$70,000 to $79,999	4,875	3,410	1,470
$80,000 and over	7,975	6,050	1,925
$80,000 to $89,999	2,820	2,065	760
$90,000 to $99,999	1,755	1,345	410
$100,000 and over	3,390	2,640	755
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 127	143,095	69,870	73,225
Without employment income	38,415	16,080	22,335
With employment income	104,680	53,795	50,890
Percentage with employment income	73.2	77.0	69.5
Under $5,000 (including loss)	15,165	6,785	8,375
$5,000 to $9,999	9,180	3,370	5,815
$10,000 to $19,999	15,660	6,115	9,545
$20,000 to $29,999	12,890	5,355	7,535
$30,000 to $39,999	11,175	5,485	5,700
$40,000 to $49,999	10,100	5,330	4,765
$50,000 to $59,999	7,995	4,860	3,130
$60,000 to $69,999	5,775	3,870	1,900
$70,000 to $79,999	4,700	3,200	1,500
$80,000 and over	12,040	9,420	2,615
$80,000 to $89,999	3,780	2,755	1,025
$90,000 to $99,999	2,360	1,730	630
$100,000 and over	5,905	4,935	965
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 128	176,330	87,125	89,200
In the bottom half of the distribution	93,115	44,680	48,430
In the bottom decile	16,200	7,775	8,425
In the second decile	16,855	7,520	9,340
In the third decile	18,095	8,635	9,460
In the fourth decile	21,715	10,715	11,000
In the fifth decile	20,240	10,030	10,210
In the top half of the distribution	83,215	42,445	40,770
In the sixth decile	19,665	9,970	9,695
In the seventh decile	18,675	9,460	9,215
In the eighth decile	17,055	8,645	8,405
In the ninth decile	15,615	8,115	7,500
In the top decile	12,195	6,255	5,945
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 25% sample data^Footnote 129	176,045	86,970	89,070
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	22,975	10,605	12,370
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.1	12.2	13.9
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	12,505	6,065	6,445
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	7.1	7.0	7.2

Symbol(s)

Symbol ..

not available for a specific reference period

Symbol ...

not applicable

Symbol x

suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act

Symbol F

too unreliable to be published

Footnote(s)

Footnote 1

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 2

In households where there is at least one person living with a child and a grandchild.

Footnote 3

In households that are not multigenerational where there is one census family with additional persons or more than one census family.

Footnote 4

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Footnote 5

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 6

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 7

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 8

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Footnote 9

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Footnote 10

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 11

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often. For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 12

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 13

Citizenship refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 14

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

Footnote 15

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

Footnote 16

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 17

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

Footnote 18

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

Footnote 19

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

Footnote 20

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

Footnote 21

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 22

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 23

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

Footnote 24

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

Footnote 25

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

Footnote 26

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

Footnote 27

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

Footnote 28

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

Footnote 29

For more information on the place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 30

The official name of United States is United States of America.

Footnote 31

The official name of Bolivia is Plurinational State of Bolivia.

Footnote 32

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

Footnote 33

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

Footnote 34

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

Footnote 35

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

Footnote 36

The official name of Kosovo is Republic of Kosovo.

Footnote 37

Macedonia, Republic of: known as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia by the United Nations and other international bodies.

Footnote 38

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

Footnote 39

The official name of Saint Helena is Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.

Footnote 40

The official name of Tanzania is United Republic of Tanzania.

Footnote 41

The full name of Sudan is the Republic of the Sudan.

Footnote 42

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

Footnote 43

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

Footnote 44

West Bank and Gaza Strip (Palestine): West Bank and Gaza Strip are the territories referred to in the Declaration of Principles, signed by Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1993. Palestine refers to pre-1948 British mandate Palestine.

Footnote 45

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

Footnote 46

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

Footnote 47

The official name of North Korea is Democratic People's Republic of Korea.

Footnote 48

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

Footnote 49

The full name of Macao is Macao Special Administrative Region of China.

Footnote 50

The official name of Laos is Lao People's Democratic Republic.

Footnote 51

Includes other places of birth not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea'.

Footnote 52

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 53

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

Footnote 54

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

Footnote 55

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

Footnote 56

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 57

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

Footnote 58

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

Footnote 59

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

Footnote 60

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

Footnote 61

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 62

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

Footnote 63

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 64

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

Footnote 65

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 66

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

Footnote 67

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 68

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

Footnote 69

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

Footnote 70

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

Footnote 71

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

Footnote 72

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 73

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

Footnote 74

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 75

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

Footnote 76

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 77

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

Footnote 78

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

Footnote 79

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

Footnote 80

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

Footnote 81

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 82

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

Footnote 83

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Footnote 84

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 85

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

Footnote 86

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

Footnote 87

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

Footnote 88

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/concepts/classification.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

Footnote 89

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 90

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

Footnote 91

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

Footnote 92

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

Footnote 93

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

Footnote 94

'Location of study' refers to either:

- the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;

- the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Footnote 95

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

Footnote 96

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

Footnote 97

The official name of United States is United States of America.

Footnote 98

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

Footnote 99

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

Footnote 100

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

Footnote 101

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

Footnote 102

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

Footnote 103

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

Footnote 104

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

Footnote 105

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

Footnote 106

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

Footnote 107

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

Footnote 108

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

Footnote 109

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

Footnote 110

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

Footnote 111

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday May 7, 2016 were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

Footnote 112

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

Footnote 113

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

Footnote 114

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

Footnote 115

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 116

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

- statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
- statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
- statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

- employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
- income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
- income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
- other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
- income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

- one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
- capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
- employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
- voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period.

It includes:

- Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
- retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
- benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
- child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
- social assistance benefits;
- workers' compensation benefits;
- Working income tax benefit;
- Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
- other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Footnote 117

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 118

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 119

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median.

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Footnote 120

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Footnote 121

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 122

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 123

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 124

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

- Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
- retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
- benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
- child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
- social assistance benefits;
- workers' compensation benefits;
- Working income tax benefit;
- Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
- other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 125

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

- statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
- statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
- statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

- employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
- income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
- income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
- other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
- income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

- one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
- capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
- employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
- voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 126

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.


For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 127

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.


For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 128

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 129

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Data quality note(s) – Abbotsford - Mission

• Incomplete enumeration flag
  Default. Not applicable.
• Long-form data quality flag
  Global non-response rate (GNR), long-form census questionnaire: 5.3%.
• Long-form income data quality flag
  Default. Data quality index showing a long-form income non-response rate lower than 10%.

Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-400-X2016192.