Census Profile, 2016 Census
British Columbia [Province] and Ontario [Province]

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	British Columbia [Province]			Ontario [Province]
	Data quality , British Columbia [Province] Map : British Columbia [Province] Change geography 1			Data quality : Ontario [Province] Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	4,648,055	...	...	13,448,494	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	4,400,057	...	...	12,851,821	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	5.6	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	2,063,417	...	...	5,598,391	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	1,881,969	...	...	5,169,174	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	5.0	...	...	14.8	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	922,503.01	...	...	908,699.33	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	4,648,055	2,278,245	2,369,815	13,448,495	6,559,390	6,889,105
0 to 14 years	691,390	355,400	335,985	2,207,970	1,131,615	1,076,350
0 to 4 years	220,625	113,355	107,275	697,360	357,300	340,055
5 to 9 years	236,900	122,070	114,830	756,085	387,320	368,765
10 to 14 years	233,860	119,975	113,885	754,530	387,000	367,530
15 to 64 years	3,107,680	1,527,280	1,580,400	8,988,865	4,412,115	4,576,750
15 to 19 years	258,980	133,000	125,985	811,670	416,730	394,945
20 to 24 years	287,560	147,615	139,945	894,390	457,815	436,570
25 to 29 years	303,000	151,585	151,415	874,350	436,345	438,010
30 to 34 years	313,750	155,035	158,715	864,765	420,800	443,965
35 to 39 years	293,590	143,070	150,520	842,485	402,900	439,585
40 to 44 years	295,045	141,930	153,115	871,875	418,465	453,415
45 to 49 years	322,365	155,325	167,040	937,385	453,105	484,275
50 to 54 years	354,375	172,065	182,310	1,056,345	517,170	539,175
55 to 59 years	354,925	171,210	183,715	989,460	482,280	507,180
60 to 64 years	324,095	156,450	167,645	846,145	406,505	439,640
65 years and over	848,985	395,560	453,425	2,251,655	1,015,655	1,236,000
65 to 69 years	287,520	139,490	148,035	737,745	352,475	385,270
70 to 74 years	201,785	97,675	104,110	528,645	250,455	278,185
75 to 79 years	145,225	68,715	76,510	393,010	179,810	213,195
80 to 84 years	105,255	48,645	56,610	291,185	126,825	164,360
85 years and over	109,190	41,035	68,155	301,075	106,090	194,985
85 to 89 years	67,510	27,930	39,575	188,470	73,045	115,425
90 to 94 years	31,815	10,615	21,205	88,390	27,400	60,990
95 to 99 years	8,545	2,215	6,330	21,210	5,150	16,060
100 years and over	1,325	275	1,050	3,005	495	2,520
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.9	15.6	14.2	16.4	17.3	15.6
15 to 64 years	66.9	67.0	66.7	66.8	67.3	66.4
65 years and over	18.3	17.4	19.1	16.7	15.5	17.9
85 years and over	2.3	1.8	2.9	2.2	1.6	2.8
Average age of the population	42.3	41.5	43.1	41.0	40.0	41.9
Median age of the population	43.0	41.9	44.0	41.3	40.2	42.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	1,881,970	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Single-detached house	830,660	...	...	2,807,380	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	177,830	...	...	886,705	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	824,190	...	...	1,460,200	...	...
Semi-detached house	57,395	...	...	289,975	...	...
Row house	147,830	...	...	460,425	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	230,075	...	...	176,080	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	385,140	...	...	522,810	...	...
Other single-attached house	3,755	...	...	10,910	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	49,290	...	...	14,890	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	1,881,970	...	...	5,169,170	...	...
1 person	541,910	...	...	1,341,300	...	...
2 persons	663,770	...	...	1,693,525	...	...
3 persons	277,690	...	...	834,260	...	...
4 persons	243,125	...	...	796,320	...	...
5 or more persons	155,470	...	...	503,775	...	...
Number of persons in private households	4,560,240	...	...	13,242,160	...	...
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	3,956,665	1,922,840	2,033,825	11,240,525	5,427,775	5,812,750
Married or living common law	2,297,325	1,146,175	1,151,150	6,438,085	3,219,290	3,218,795
Married	1,925,345	959,690	965,645	5,531,930	2,764,275	2,767,655
Living common law	371,985	186,485	185,505	906,155	455,015	451,145
Not married and not living common law	1,659,335	776,660	882,675	4,802,440	2,208,485	2,593,955
Never married	1,076,085	582,975	493,110	3,182,785	1,689,180	1,493,605
Separated	105,700	45,225	60,475	328,675	138,140	190,535
Divorced	263,870	103,475	160,395	653,835	252,900	400,935
Widowed	213,685	44,990	168,700	637,150	128,265	508,880
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	1,311,340	...	...	3,782,540	...	...
2 persons	703,685	...	...	1,815,000	...	...
3 persons	275,965	...	...	844,545	...	...
4 persons	243,960	...	...	792,435	...	...
5 or more persons	87,730	...	...	330,560	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	1,311,345	...	...	3,782,545	...	...
Total couple families	1,113,405	...	...	3,137,570	...	...
Married couples	927,440	...	...	2,684,735	...	...
Common-law couples	185,960	...	...	452,840	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	197,940	...	...	644,975	...	...
Female parent	155,670	...	...	518,480	...	...
Male parent	42,265	...	...	126,495	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	1,113,400	...	...	3,137,565	...	...
Couples without children	577,790	...	...	1,428,575	...	...
Couples with children	535,610	...	...	1,708,995	...	...
1 child	221,065	...	...	658,305	...	...
2 children	230,705	...	...	738,710	...	...
3 or more children	83,840	...	...	311,975	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	197,940	...	...	644,975	...	...
1 child	125,890	...	...	386,425	...	...
2 children	54,900	...	...	186,240	...	...
3 or more children	17,145	...	...	72,310	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	882,895	418,495	464,405	2,139,825	990,525	1,149,300
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	1,881,970	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
One-census-family households	1,195,735	...	...	3,481,885	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	527,700	...	...	1,311,575	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	668,035	...	...	2,170,315	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	55,620	...	...	145,615	...	...
Non-census-family households	630,620	...	...	1,541,665	...	...
One-person households	541,915	...	...	1,341,305	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	88,705	...	...	200,365	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	4,598,415	2,255,395	2,343,015	13,312,865	6,503,875	6,808,990
English only	4,127,770	2,050,130	2,077,645	11,455,500	5,689,830	5,765,665
French only	1,810	820	985	40,040	17,340	22,705
English and French	314,925	140,650	174,275	1,490,390	665,850	824,540
Neither English nor French	153,910	63,795	90,115	326,935	130,850	196,085
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	4,598,415	2,255,395	2,343,020	13,312,865	6,503,880	6,808,995
English	4,373,330	2,156,680	2,216,655	12,394,325	6,095,970	6,298,355
French	55,325	27,680	27,640	504,130	236,875	267,250
English and French	18,000	8,315	9,685	92,940	42,910	50,030
Neither English nor French	151,760	62,720	89,040	321,480	128,125	193,355
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	64,325	31,840	32,480	550,600	258,330	292,270
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	1.4	1.4	1.4	4.1	4.0	4.3
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	4,598,415	2,255,400	2,343,015	13,312,870	6,503,875	6,808,990
Single responses	4,494,995	2,205,775	2,289,220	12,946,960	6,327,630	6,619,330
Official languages	3,227,535	1,614,375	1,613,160	9,393,040	4,637,520	4,755,520
English	3,170,110	1,585,760	1,584,355	8,902,320	4,406,210	4,496,110
French	57,425	28,615	28,810	490,715	231,310	259,410
Non-official languages	1,267,460	591,400	676,060	3,553,920	1,690,110	1,863,810
Aboriginal languages	8,435	3,940	4,490	22,765	10,815	11,950
Algonquian languages	1,050	445	605	21,235	10,175	11,060
Blackfoot	40	5	35	10	5	5
Cree-Montagnais languages	840	375	465	5,080	2,485	2,595
Atikamekw	0	0	0	5	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	5	5	5
Moose Cree	5	5	0	85	40	45
Naskapi	0	0	0	10	5	5
Northern East Cree	10	0	10	55	25	30
Plains Cree	150	60	85	35	5	30
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	5	0	0
Swampy Cree	25	15	10	355	135	225
Woods Cree	60	25	35	15	10	5
Cree, n.o.s.	585	270	320	4,500	2,255	2,245
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	5	10	90	40	50
Malecite	5	0	0	10	5	0
Mi'kmaq	10	5	5	85	35	50
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	155	55	105	16,025	7,620	8,400
Algonquin	5	5	0	65	30	35
Ojibway	135	50	90	9,505	4,515	4,985
Oji-Cree	10	0	10	6,310	3,015	3,300
Ottawa (Odawa)	5	0	5	145	65	80
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	30	20	10
Athabaskan languages	2,310	1,045	1,260	60	20	40
Northern Athabaskan languages	2,295	1,045	1,250	55	20	35
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	110	55	55	0	0	0
Beaver	160	75	85	0	0	0
Carrier	1,005	460	550	5	0	5
Chilcotin	650	295	355	5	0	5
Dene	90	35	50	20	10	10
Dogrib (Tlicho)	5	0	0	5	5	5
Gwich'in	15	5	10	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	5	10	0	5
Sekani	85	40	45	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	75	30	45	5	5	0
North Slavey (Hare)	5	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	20	5	15	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	50	25	30	0	0	5
Tahltan languages	105	45	50	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	15	10	5	0	0	0
Tahltan	90	40	50	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	5	0	5	0	0	5
Northern Tutchone	5	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	5	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	5	0	5
Haida	70	30	40	0	5	0
Inuit languages	80	30	55	475	165	305
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	10	0	10	5	5	5
Inuktitut	50	20	30	425	145	280
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	45	20	25
Iroquoian languages	15	10	5	710	300	410
Cayuga	0	0	0	40	20	20
Mohawk	10	5	5	590	255	335
Oneida	0	0	0	55	15	40
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	5	15
Kutenai	100	55	50	0	0	0
Michif	35	20	10	25	15	15
Salish languages	2,270	1,115	1,155	5	0	5
Comox	80	45	40	0	0	0
Halkomelem	475	230	245	0	0	0
Lillooet	315	155	160	0	0	0
Okanagan	270	135	135	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	435	220	215	5	0	0
Squamish	35	20	20	0	0	0
Straits	80	40	40	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	330	150	185	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	250	130	120	0	0	0
Siouan languages	45	25	20	10	5	5
Dakota	30	15	20	5	5	5
Stoney	0	0	5	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	10	5	5
Tlingit	30	15	15	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	1,460	715	740	5	5	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	875	435	445	0	0	5
Nisga'a	385	195	190	5	0	0
Tsimshian	195	90	110	0	5	0
Wakashan languages	795	365	435	0	0	5
Haisla	90	40	55	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	100	45	55	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	320	140	180	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	275	135	140	5	5	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	5	10	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	190	80	110	235	130	105
Non-Aboriginal languages	1,259,025	587,455	671,570	3,531,160	1,679,300	1,851,865
Afro-Asiatic languages	24,870	13,405	11,465	253,830	127,720	126,110
Berber languages	115	75	45	725	405	320
Kabyle	40	30	15	425	225	200
Berber languages, n.i.e.	80	45	30	305	180	120
Cushitic languages	1,505	765	740	24,605	10,730	13,870
Bilen	5	0	0	250	140	110
Oromo	205	115	95	1,445	720	730
Somali	1,270	640	640	22,680	9,755	12,925
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	225	115	110
Semitic languages	23,195	12,540	10,655	227,985	116,320	111,665
Amharic	1,370	670	700	10,720	4,960	5,760
Arabic	17,480	9,595	7,890	171,370	88,400	82,965
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	650	315	330	14,555	7,135	7,420
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	440	245	200	4,795	2,365	2,425
Harari	20	5	15	1,030	485	545
Hebrew	2,065	1,125	940	11,575	6,220	5,350
Maltese	215	100	115	5,175	2,575	2,600
Tigrigna	805	395	405	7,345	3,470	3,870
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	150	80	65	1,435	705	730
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	520	265	250
Austro-Asiatic languages	28,740	13,170	15,575	78,125	35,880	42,240
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,560	710	850	7,355	3,330	4,020
Vietnamese	27,150	12,440	14,710	70,690	32,520	38,165
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	30	15	15	85	30	50
Austronesian languages	96,535	38,765	57,770	194,380	76,060	118,315
Bikol	375	165	215	595	260	330
Cebuano	4,065	1,565	2,505	6,545	2,500	4,045
Fijian	470	240	230	80	45	40
Hiligaynon	1,470	550	920	2,750	1,030	1,725
Ilocano	5,240	2,055	3,190	11,285	4,430	6,860
Malagasy	20	10	15	100	45	55
Malay	3,895	1,675	2,220	5,760	2,520	3,240
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	700	320	380	1,505	670	840
Pangasinan	295	130	170	535	215	315
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	78,770	31,550	47,220	163,415	63,665	99,755
Waray-Waray	215	85	135	405	140	270
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,015	435	580	1,400	550	850
Creole languages	840	440	400	11,255	5,095	6,165
Haitian Creole	35	20	15	630	290	340
Creole, n.o.s.	500	255	245	8,025	3,580	4,440
Creole languages, n.i.e.	305	155	145	2,605	1,225	1,380
Dravidian languages	7,500	3,995	3,510	148,605	73,530	75,075
Kannada	280	150	135	2,670	1,365	1,305
Malayalam	2,385	1,260	1,130	17,140	8,795	8,350
Tamil	3,615	1,875	1,740	117,630	57,310	60,320
Telugu	1,175	695	480	10,820	5,895	4,925
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	340	165	175
Hmong-Mien languages	140	75	70	525	250	270
Indo-European languages	588,175	286,135	302,035	2,024,365	980,200	1,044,165
Albanian	1,465	765	705	19,045	9,535	9,510
Armenian	1,195	600	600	15,070	7,305	7,765
Balto-Slavic languages	83,110	38,595	44,515	410,725	188,695	222,025
Baltic languages	1,070	485	585	9,080	3,785	5,295
Latvian	565	255	300	3,910	1,650	2,260
Lithuanian	505	225	280	5,175	2,135	3,035
Slavic languages	82,040	38,110	43,930	401,645	184,915	216,730
Belarusan	95	45	50	515	230	280
Bosnian	1,360	675	685	6,370	3,125	3,245
Bulgarian	2,025	955	1,070	9,095	4,355	4,740
Croatian	7,475	3,655	3,820	31,875	15,460	16,410
Czech	5,920	2,850	3,070	10,670	4,930	5,740
Macedonian	325	160	165	15,635	7,470	8,165
Polish	16,910	7,875	9,035	121,075	54,675	66,405
Russian	25,955	11,640	14,310	101,100	45,630	55,470
Serbian	7,045	3,600	3,450	41,740	20,585	21,150
Serbo-Croatian	1,395	670	725	4,875	2,310	2,570
Slovak	3,400	1,525	1,870	10,280	4,710	5,565
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,160	545	615	6,740	2,995	3,745
Ukrainian	8,630	3,730	4,900	40,375	17,760	22,610
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	345	175	170	1,310	670	635
Celtic languages	615	325	290	1,110	505	605
Scottish Gaelic	240	130	110	450	210	240
Welsh	280	145	135	435	180	260
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	95	50	45	225	120	110
Germanic languages	101,725	48,350	53,380	200,640	94,475	106,165
Afrikaans	3,260	1,655	1,610	2,295	1,125	1,170
Danish	4,665	2,280	2,385	4,265	2,010	2,250
Dutch	21,020	10,130	10,895	51,720	24,875	26,840
Frisian	295	145	145	1,240	630	620
German	66,885	31,525	35,360	131,525	61,520	70,005
Icelandic	275	135	145	210	100	110
Norwegian	2,005	970	1,035	940	405	540
Swedish	2,520	1,100	1,420	2,395	1,040	1,350
Vlaams (Flemish)	445	220	225	2,150	925	1,225
Yiddish	290	150	140	3,735	1,765	1,970
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	65	45	25	170	80	85
Greek	6,115	3,245	2,870	55,415	27,305	28,110
Indo-Iranian languages	297,800	147,830	149,970	707,845	357,350	350,495
Indo-Aryan languages	251,000	124,260	126,740	565,600	285,720	279,875
Bengali	3,180	1,665	1,510	46,810	23,615	23,195
Gujarati	6,895	3,290	3,605	76,675	38,740	37,940
Hindi	26,720	12,910	13,810	58,735	29,805	28,930
Kashmiri	65	35	25	345	170	175
Konkani	255	130	125	2,510	1,195	1,315
Marathi	620	325	295	5,490	2,805	2,685
Nepali	1,155	620	540	7,870	3,915	3,960
Oriya (Odia)	70	35	35	715	380	335
Punjabi (Panjabi)	198,805	98,525	100,285	197,060	100,160	96,895
Sindhi	1,675	780	895	6,840	3,225	3,615
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,675	845	830	10,165	4,925	5,235
Urdu	9,885	5,090	4,795	152,385	76,795	75,595
Iranian languages	46,390	23,355	23,035	139,675	70,270	69,405
Kurdish	1,765	945	825	6,665	3,615	3,050
Pashto	1,155	615	535	10,950	5,630	5,315
Persian (Farsi)	43,470	21,795	21,675	122,070	61,025	61,040
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	410	220	195	2,565	1,350	1,215
Italic (Romance) languages	96,135	46,430	49,710	614,525	295,030	319,490
Catalan	160	85	75	285	150	135
Italian	22,680	11,445	11,230	231,040	112,440	118,600
Portuguese	17,450	8,240	9,210	150,000	72,280	77,715
Romanian	8,730	4,250	4,480	41,755	19,565	22,190
Spanish	47,010	22,335	24,675	191,025	90,390	100,630
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	105	65	40	420	200	215
Japanese	21,350	7,195	14,150	13,260	4,590	8,670
Kartvelian languages	85	50	35	1,200	635	565
Georgian	85	50	40	1,200	635	565
Korean	52,160	23,495	28,670	69,775	32,035	37,740
Mongolic languages	360	150	205	405	180	220
Mongolian	360	155	210	405	180	225
Niger-Congo languages	3,725	1,875	1,850	35,760	16,705	19,050
Akan (Twi)	495	275	220	9,695	4,510	5,190
Bamanankan	10	5	5	140	60	80
Edo	85	50	35	1,140	475	670
Ewe	85	45	35	560	270	295
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	45	25	20	365	180	185
Ga	45	20	25	600	275	325
Ganda	90	45	45	760	360	400
Igbo	245	145	105	2,090	1,080	1,010
Lingala	80	30	45	850	365	485
Rundi (Kirundi)	115	50	60	1,430	640	785
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	155	70	80	1,330	545	785
Shona	215	100	115	1,455	660	790
Swahili	805	400	405	5,525	2,540	2,985
Wolof	50	25	25	290	145	150
Yoruba	330	185	150	4,365	2,260	2,105
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	885	410	480	5,155	2,345	2,810
Nilo-Saharan languages	340	175	165	1,610	810	800
Dinka	105	60	45	345	170	175
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	240	115	125	1,260	635	625
Sign languages	1,155	610	545	3,030	1,570	1,455
American Sign Language	470	230	240	1,305	640	670
Quebec Sign Language	5	0	5	20	10	15
Sign languages, n.i.e	690	380	305	1,700	925	780
Sino-Tibetan languages	410,920	187,725	223,190	611,795	284,865	326,935
Chinese languages	408,415	186,455	221,960	602,610	280,340	322,270
Cantonese	193,530	89,325	104,210	275,315	128,090	147,220
Hakka	2,325	1,010	1,315	6,985	3,140	3,840
Mandarin	186,325	84,370	101,955	283,735	132,275	151,460
Min Dong	230	105	120	855	405	450
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	11,210	4,995	6,215	13,545	6,240	7,300
Wu (Shanghainese)	4,540	1,995	2,545	6,300	2,825	3,470
Chinese, n.o.s.	10,050	4,570	5,480	15,645	7,235	8,410
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	205	85	120	240	120	120
Tibeto-Burman languages	2,500	1,265	1,230	9,185	4,520	4,660
Burmese	1,125	580	545	1,640	775	865
Karenic languages	815	395	425	1,730	865	860
Tibetan	330	175	160	5,115	2,530	2,585
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	230	120	110	700	345	350
Tai-Kadai languages	3,985	1,335	2,650	8,485	3,535	4,945
Lao	1,100	550	550	5,190	2,480	2,710
Thai	2,865	775	2,090	3,270	1,045	2,220
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	20	10	15	25	10	15
Turkic languages	4,140	2,295	1,845	22,615	11,745	10,870
Azerbaijani	530	290	235	1,990	1,070	920
Turkish	3,145	1,790	1,360	18,415	9,610	8,810
Uyghur	170	85	85	515	255	260
Uzbek	105	50	55	1,055	515	545
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	190	80	110	640	295	345
Uralic languages	13,490	6,285	7,205	50,670	23,095	27,570
Estonian	705	295	410	4,205	1,810	2,400
Finnish	3,760	1,555	2,200	9,720	4,140	5,580
Hungarian	9,025	4,435	4,590	36,740	17,150	19,590
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	500	280	225	1,475	780	690
Multiple responses	103,415	49,625	53,795	365,910	176,250	189,660
English and French	10,065	4,815	5,250	54,045	25,165	28,880
English and non-official language	89,135	42,820	46,315	288,285	140,345	147,940
French and non-official language	2,100	1,040	1,065	12,565	5,735	6,830
English, French and non-official language	2,115	950	1,165	11,010	5,000	6,005
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	4,598,415	2,255,395	2,343,015	13,312,865	6,503,875	6,808,990
Single responses	4,365,875	2,145,020	2,220,855	12,522,045	6,123,955	6,398,085
Official languages	3,648,500	1,807,825	1,840,675	10,605,725	5,214,425	5,391,300
English	3,631,700	1,799,625	1,832,075	10,328,680	5,084,885	5,243,800
French	16,795	8,195	8,605	277,045	129,540	147,500
Non-official languages	717,375	337,200	380,180	1,916,315	909,530	1,006,780
Aboriginal languages	1,565	765	795	9,210	4,600	4,610
Algonquian languages	105	50	55	8,685	4,370	4,320
Blackfoot	0	5	0	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	85	40	45	2,370	1,205	1,165
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	5	5	5
Moose Cree	0	0	0	10	10	5
Naskapi	0	0	0	10	5	5
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	20	10	15
Plains Cree	15	10	10	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	105	50	55
Woods Cree	0	0	5	5	5	0
Cree, n.o.s.	60	30	30	2,220	1,135	1,085
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0	0	5	5	5
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	5	0	0	5	5	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	5	5	6,305	3,155	3,145
Algonquin	0	0	0	5	0	0
Ojibway	15	5	5	3,315	1,695	1,620
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	2,905	1,420	1,490
Ottawa (Odawa)	5	0	0	75	40	35
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	0
Athabaskan languages	610	290	320	20	10	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	605	290	315	15	10	10
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	20	10	10	0	0	0
Beaver	40	20	20	0	0	0
Carrier	245	110	130	0	5	0
Chilcotin	260	125	130	0	0	0
Dene	15	5	10	5	0	5
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	5
Gwich'in	0	0	0	5	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	5	5	0
Sekani	15	10	5	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	5	5	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	5	0	5	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	5	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	5	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	5	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	5	0
Haida	10	5	5	0	0	0
Inuit languages	10	5	5	160	60	90
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	5
Inuktitut	10	0	5	140	60	80
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	15	5	10
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	210	90	120
Cayuga	0	0	0	5	5	5
Mohawk	0	0	0	185	80	100
Oneida	0	0	0	20	5	10
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	15	10	5	0	0	0
Michif	0	5	0	5	5	0
Salish languages	275	130	150	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	50	20	30	0	0	0
Lillooet	25	15	15	0	0	0
Okanagan	85	35	45	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	50	30	20	0	0	0
Squamish	5	5	0	0	0	0
Straits	25	10	15	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	20	10	10	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0	0	0
Siouan languages	15	10	5	5	0	5
Dakota	10	10	5	5	5	0
Stoney	5	5	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	5
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	405	215	195	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	310	155	155	0	0	0
Nisga'a	70	45	25	0	0	0
Tsimshian	25	15	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	75	40	35	0	0	0
Haisla	20	10	15	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	5	5	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	25	10	10	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	30	15	10	5	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	45	15	25	120	55	65
Non-Aboriginal languages	715,815	336,435	379,380	1,907,105	904,930	1,002,170
Afro-Asiatic languages	13,990	7,065	6,920	138,460	66,865	71,590
Berber languages	45	25	20	345	175	170
Kabyle	20	10	15	255	125	130
Berber languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	90	50	45
Cushitic languages	770	355	415	14,460	6,100	8,360
Bilen	0	0	0	170	80	85
Oromo	90	50	45	805	380	425
Somali	665	300	360	13,370	5,590	7,780
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	110	50	65
Semitic languages	13,155	6,680	6,475	123,410	60,475	62,940
Amharic	600	275	320	5,625	2,540	3,085
Arabic	10,415	5,335	5,080	94,195	46,505	47,695
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	405	195	210	9,515	4,595	4,920
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	310	165	145	2,915	1,410	1,500
Harari	10	5	5	555	250	305
Hebrew	900	465	440	4,850	2,505	2,345
Maltese	15	5	10	1,090	505	580
Tigrigna	410	190	225	3,920	1,805	2,115
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	95	45	50	755	360	395
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	245	115	125
Austro-Asiatic languages	17,870	8,305	9,560	50,245	23,105	27,140
Khmer (Cambodian)	800	375	420	3,770	1,650	2,120
Vietnamese	17,055	7,920	9,130	46,435	21,435	25,000
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	15	10	5	40	20	20
Austronesian languages	40,605	17,945	22,660	85,370	36,525	48,845
Bikol	75	30	35	90	35	55
Cebuano	1,305	585	715	2,325	1,020	1,315
Fijian	110	65	55	15	10	10
Hiligaynon	415	175	240	910	385	530
Ilocano	1,615	695	930	4,100	1,780	2,320
Malagasy	10	5	10	35	15	20
Malay	1,120	510	605	1,810	860	945
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	150	70	80	445	200	250
Pangasinan	55	25	30	90	40	50
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	35,375	15,600	19,770	75,070	31,965	43,105
Waray-Waray	55	25	35	90	35	55
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	310	150	160	380	175	200
Creole languages	335	150	180	5,325	2,355	2,970
Haitian Creole	0	0	5	355	165	190
Creole, n.o.s.	235	105	130	3,995	1,735	2,255
Creole languages, n.i.e.	95	50	45	975	455	520
Dravidian languages	3,940	1,995	1,940	96,250	46,575	49,680
Kannada	110	55	60	1,060	540	520
Malayalam	1,225	615	605	8,760	4,460	4,295
Tamil	2,055	1,025	1,030	80,600	38,460	42,140
Telugu	535	295	240	5,705	3,050	2,655
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	125	55	70
Hmong-Mien languages	55	25	30	200	95	105
Indo-European languages	282,090	137,135	144,955	978,300	469,640	508,670
Albanian	695	335	360	9,190	4,580	4,605
Armenian	545	240	305	8,630	4,065	4,560
Balto-Slavic languages	31,640	15,150	16,490	192,945	90,585	102,365
Baltic languages	210	90	115	2,305	950	1,355
Latvian	80	30	50	860	350	515
Lithuanian	125	60	65	1,440	600	840
Slavic languages	31,430	15,060	16,370	190,645	89,635	101,005
Belarusan	15	5	5	175	80	90
Bosnian	595	300	300	3,220	1,595	1,620
Bulgarian	1,035	485	550	4,830	2,350	2,480
Croatian	2,235	1,055	1,180	11,125	5,275	5,855
Czech	1,595	800	795	3,070	1,480	1,595
Macedonian	150	75	75	6,255	2,965	3,285
Polish	5,690	2,720	2,970	52,555	24,510	28,045
Russian	13,310	6,290	7,020	63,570	29,655	33,920
Serbian	3,695	1,870	1,825	23,175	11,335	11,840
Serbo-Croatian	500	235	265	1,925	920	1,010
Slovak	1,000	480	520	3,520	1,680	1,845
Slovene (Slovenian)	145	65	85	1,465	645	815
Ukrainian	1,430	665	765	15,415	6,995	8,420
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	355	160	190
Celtic languages	70	40	30	120	65	55
Scottish Gaelic	35	20	10	60	30	25
Welsh	25	10	10	30	10	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	35	20	15
Germanic languages	14,430	6,870	7,555	44,515	21,630	22,880
Afrikaans	1,475	715	760	755	365	390
Danish	305	145	160	280	135	150
Dutch	1,895	890	1,005	4,450	2,145	2,305
Frisian	10	5	5	90	45	45
German	10,085	4,795	5,295	37,255	18,140	19,120
Icelandic	75	35	35	45	20	30
Norwegian	140	60	80	70	30	40
Swedish	360	170	195	385	190	190
Vlaams (Flemish)	50	30	20	145	60	85
Yiddish	10	10	5	370	190	185
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	655	315	340
Greek	2,010	975	1,035	21,700	10,160	11,535
Indo-Iranian languages	194,590	95,380	99,215	435,835	215,755	220,080
Indo-Aryan languages	164,185	80,610	83,575	344,050	171,125	172,920
Bengali	1,815	895	920	29,590	14,595	14,995
Gujarati	2,970	1,320	1,645	45,445	22,410	23,035
Hindi	12,310	5,890	6,425	28,960	14,485	14,475
Kashmiri	10	5	5	65	30	35
Konkani	40	25	25	540	260	280
Marathi	270	140	130	2,420	1,230	1,190
Nepali	665	345	320	5,640	2,815	2,820
Oriya (Odia)	35	20	15	325	160	165
Punjabi (Panjabi)	139,080	68,565	70,515	132,135	66,410	65,725
Sindhi	615	270	345	2,880	1,320	1,560
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	675	330	340	4,595	2,250	2,345
Urdu	5,705	2,825	2,880	91,450	45,160	46,295
Iranian languages	30,205	14,665	15,540	90,730	44,090	46,640
Kurdish	1,080	540	535	3,675	1,900	1,770
Pashto	700	350	350	6,750	3,360	3,395
Persian (Farsi)	28,420	13,765	14,660	80,305	38,830	41,475
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	200	100	100	1,050	540	515
Italic (Romance) languages	38,110	18,145	19,970	265,375	122,790	142,585
Catalan	65	35	35	135	60	75
Italian	5,200	2,245	2,955	72,960	31,195	41,770
Portuguese	6,725	3,140	3,580	67,415	32,065	35,355
Romanian	3,800	1,830	1,970	19,920	9,380	10,535
Spanish	22,310	10,900	11,410	104,820	50,035	54,785
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	110	50	60
Japanese	9,860	4,070	5,790	6,040	2,590	3,450
Kartvelian languages	30	15	10	770	420	355
Georgian	30	15	15	775	420	355
Korean	38,605	17,785	20,820	48,540	22,685	25,855
Mongolic languages	170	80	90	225	115	110
Mongolian	165	80	85	230	120	110
Niger-Congo languages	960	430	530	12,120	5,400	6,725
Akan (Twi)	150	80	65	4,415	1,915	2,495
Bamanankan	5	5	5	25	15	15
Edo	15	10	10	305	120	180
Ewe	20	5	10	135	60	80
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20	5	10	110	55	55
Ga	5	5	0	175	80	100
Ganda	10	5	5	195	85	110
Igbo	40	20	15	540	265	275
Lingala	35	15	20	225	100	130
Rundi (Kirundi)	55	20	40	475	230	240
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	60	25	35	420	160	260
Shona	65	25	40	455	210	245
Swahili	200	90	115	2,085	925	1,160
Wolof	20	10	10	130	65	65
Yoruba	60	30	35	1,300	625	675
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	200	85	120	1,120	500	625
Nilo-Saharan languages	140	60	75	550	260	290
Dinka	55	30	20	120	60	65
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	85	30	55	425	195	225
Sign languages	1,535	850	685	4,425	2,485	1,940
American Sign Language	455	230	225	1,605	830	770
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	25	15	15
Sign languages, n.i.e	1,080	615	460	2,795	1,640	1,150
Sino-Tibetan languages	299,420	137,555	161,865	448,200	210,560	237,640
Chinese languages	297,675	136,670	161,000	441,615	207,305	234,310
Cantonese	137,075	62,545	74,525	198,745	91,545	107,200
Hakka	700	295	410	2,870	1,305	1,575
Mandarin	146,435	67,695	78,740	220,535	105,360	115,175
Min Dong	65	25	35	265	115	145
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,820	2,185	2,630	5,775	2,635	3,140
Wu (Shanghainese)	2,595	1,195	1,400	3,690	1,735	1,955
Chinese, n.o.s.	5,885	2,680	3,205	9,630	4,565	5,070
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	105	45	55	100	45	55
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,745	885	865	6,580	3,250	3,330
Burmese	720	375	350	1,010	480	530
Karenic languages	725	355	370	1,360	685	675
Tibetan	205	110	90	3,875	1,925	1,945
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	90	45	45	335	165	170
Tai-Kadai languages	1,380	595	785	3,865	1,845	2,020
Lao	460	225	235	2,535	1,220	1,315
Thai	920	370	545	1,315	615	695
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	10	5	5	10	5	10
Turkic languages	1,695	880	815	12,435	6,200	6,230
Azerbaijani	195	105	95	770	385	380
Turkish	1,310	685	630	10,545	5,245	5,300
Uyghur	95	50	50	290	150	140
Uzbek	45	25	20	585	290	295
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40	20	25	250	130	120
Uralic languages	3,005	1,415	1,590	15,330	6,990	8,340
Estonian	95	40	55	790	290	500
Finnish	725	325	400	1,835	780	1,050
Hungarian	2,185	1,050	1,130	12,700	5,915	6,790
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	145	70	75	465	245	225
Multiple responses	232,540	110,375	122,165	790,825	379,925	410,905
English and French	6,155	2,970	3,185	45,655	20,895	24,755
English and non-official language	222,670	105,750	116,920	719,595	347,730	371,865
French and non-official language	650	290	360	6,725	2,930	3,795
English, French and non-official language	3,065	1,365	1,700	18,855	8,365	10,490
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	4,598,415	2,255,400	2,343,015	13,312,865	6,503,875	6,808,990
None	3,931,210	1,940,390	1,990,820	11,071,665	5,436,665	5,635,000
English	274,535	132,990	141,545	896,170	437,015	459,155
French	41,020	18,435	22,590	243,970	108,390	135,580
Non-official language	340,930	158,590	182,345	1,056,960	501,315	555,645
Aboriginal	7,985	3,765	4,215	14,315	6,580	7,735
Non-Aboriginal	332,945	154,820	178,125	1,042,645	494,735	547,910
English and French	1,195	545	650	8,150	3,755	4,395
English and non-official language	5,660	2,655	3,005	19,105	9,370	9,735
French and non-official language	3,765	1,745	2,020	16,435	7,165	9,270
English, French and non-official language	100	45	50	415	205	215
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	3,870,330	1,882,865	1,987,460	11,038,440	5,342,850	5,695,590
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	3,727,360	1,815,500	1,911,860	10,556,935	5,115,460	5,441,475
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	33,012	40,370	27,543	33,539	39,889	28,676
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	3,731,980	1,819,375	1,912,600	10,559,805	5,115,825	5,443,975
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	29,783	35,383	25,659	30,641	35,753	26,585
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	3,363,310	1,665,225	1,698,085	9,391,800	4,650,130	4,741,675
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	31,585	39,557	25,304	32,871	39,831	27,012
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	2,628,215	1,140,195	1,488,025	7,632,575	3,402,810	4,229,770
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	4,592	3,717	4,920	4,206	2,034	5,463
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	2,775,010	1,415,295	1,359,715	7,790,680	3,998,335	3,792,350
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	31,713	39,186	26,034	33,946	39,490	29,413
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,605	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	3,727,715	1,815,380	1,912,335	10,556,925	5,114,340	5,442,580
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	45,616	54,797	36,901	47,915	56,780	39,585
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	3,732,420	1,819,290	1,913,130	10,559,935	5,114,725	5,445,210
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	37,922	44,282	31,874	39,318	45,443	33,564
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	3,362,835	1,664,850	1,697,985	9,391,645	4,649,230	4,742,415
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	44,933	54,787	35,271	47,890	57,511	38,459
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	2,628,230	1,139,390	1,488,840	7,632,220	3,402,745	4,229,475
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,207	7,255	7,171	7,346	6,763	7,815
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	2,775,010	1,415,100	1,359,910	7,790,680	3,995,700	3,794,985
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	43,339	52,171	34,149	47,369	55,263	39,057
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,605	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	1,147,070	652,115	494,950	3,737,385	2,082,480	1,654,900
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	53,940	61,004	47,039	55,121	60,345	49,713
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	64,625	72,840	53,801	68,628	76,536	58,676
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	88.9	91.7	84.9	88.9	92.1	84.7
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	70.8	74.4	65.8	72.9	76.0	68.7
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	11.1	8.3	15.1	11.1	7.9	15.3
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	3,870,330	1,882,865	1,987,460	11,038,440	5,342,850	5,695,590
Without total income	142,970	67,370	75,600	481,500	227,390	254,115
With total income	3,727,360	1,815,505	1,911,860	10,556,940	5,115,460	5,441,475
Percentage with total income	96.3	96.4	96.2	95.6	95.7	95.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	573,315	240,120	333,195	1,615,790	711,105	904,685
$10,000 to $19,999	653,915	262,225	391,685	1,829,355	742,710	1,086,645
$20,000 to $29,999	503,290	209,095	294,195	1,410,760	589,975	820,785
$30,000 to $39,999	424,330	188,860	235,470	1,147,510	519,550	627,955
$40,000 to $49,999	366,220	173,020	193,200	1,021,880	489,595	532,285
$50,000 to $59,999	286,310	148,095	138,215	809,115	415,950	393,165
$60,000 to $69,999	222,975	129,400	93,580	630,635	348,525	282,110
$70,000 to $79,999	171,625	103,795	67,830	479,890	277,725	202,165
$80,000 to $89,999	134,090	83,100	50,990	378,185	222,095	156,095
$90,000 to $99,999	96,825	62,825	34,005	324,810	181,815	142,995
$100,000 and over	294,475	214,980	79,500	909,005	616,420	292,585
$100,000 to $149,999	198,355	142,260	56,095	600,995	394,410	206,590
$150,000 and over	96,115	72,715	23,405	308,010	222,010	86,000
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	3,870,330	1,882,870	1,987,460	11,038,440	5,342,850	5,695,590
Without after-tax income	138,350	63,495	74,855	478,635	227,025	251,610
With after-tax income	3,731,980	1,819,375	1,912,605	10,559,805	5,115,825	5,443,980
Percentage with after-tax income	96.4	96.6	96.2	95.7	95.8	95.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	597,310	253,480	343,835	1,659,280	722,040	937,235
$10,000 to $19,999	686,510	280,490	406,015	1,906,875	777,330	1,129,540
$20,000 to $29,999	593,490	252,075	341,415	1,623,230	690,290	932,940
$30,000 to $39,999	495,200	226,080	269,120	1,377,100	642,645	734,450
$40,000 to $49,999	402,535	200,565	201,965	1,166,040	585,490	580,555
$50,000 to $59,999	293,450	167,870	125,585	845,305	464,610	380,700
$60,000 to $69,999	210,085	128,000	82,080	604,005	354,015	249,985
$70,000 to $79,999	151,775	95,230	56,545	465,485	268,140	197,345
$80,000 and over	301,635	215,590	86,045	912,490	611,260	301,230
$80,000 to $89,999	94,700	64,330	30,370	299,315	183,410	115,905
$90,000 to $99,999	59,050	42,050	17,000	174,110	116,330	57,785
$100,000 and over	147,885	109,215	38,670	439,070	311,525	127,540
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	3,870,330	1,882,865	1,987,460	11,038,440	5,342,850	5,695,590
Without employment income	1,095,320	467,570	627,745	3,247,760	1,344,515	1,903,245
With employment income	2,775,010	1,415,295	1,359,715	7,790,680	3,998,335	3,792,350
Percentage with employment income	71.7	75.2	68.4	70.6	74.8	66.6
Under $5,000 (including loss)	441,080	204,275	236,810	1,094,860	546,920	547,940
$5,000 to $9,999	212,715	90,015	122,705	635,305	281,135	354,165
$10,000 to $19,999	371,875	160,350	211,525	1,027,910	464,445	563,465
$20,000 to $29,999	309,470	135,945	173,525	827,805	372,185	455,625
$30,000 to $39,999	282,045	126,870	155,180	767,840	351,925	415,910
$40,000 to $49,999	253,810	118,870	134,935	709,775	341,320	368,450
$50,000 to $59,999	203,885	107,605	96,280	588,220	310,155	278,065
$60,000 to $69,999	163,740	98,205	65,535	465,670	263,430	202,240
$70,000 to $79,999	132,340	82,120	50,220	369,085	218,570	150,515
$80,000 and over	404,040	291,050	112,990	1,304,210	848,245	455,970
$80,000 to $89,999	106,680	67,815	38,860	307,660	182,660	125,005
$90,000 to $99,999	76,470	51,990	24,480	280,530	156,440	124,090
$100,000 and over	220,890	171,245	49,645	716,015	509,140	206,875
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	1,881,970	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	69,995	...	...	74,287	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	61,280	...	...	65,285	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	541,915	...	...	1,341,300	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	35,701	...	...	36,900	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	31,899	...	...	33,219	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	1,340,055	...	...	3,827,875	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	88,466	...	...	90,967	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	77,108	...	...	79,528	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	1,881,970	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	90,354	...	...	97,856	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	75,209	...	...	80,322	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	541,925	...	...	1,341,115	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	46,696	...	...	49,571	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	39,091	...	...	40,830	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	1,340,045	...	...	3,828,060	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	108,010	...	...	114,773	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	89,816	...	...	94,157	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	1,881,965	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Under $5,000	43,415	...	...	86,720	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	27,140	...	...	70,245	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	55,745	...	...	134,395	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	77,565	...	...	185,245	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	78,695	...	...	200,770	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	72,985	...	...	189,450	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	78,080	...	...	202,580	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	78,395	...	...	207,180	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	76,775	...	...	206,605	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	75,860	...	...	202,015	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	143,475	...	...	388,820	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	132,845	...	...	363,580	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	122,350	...	...	335,770	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	111,350	...	...	309,105	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	99,420	...	...	282,740	...	...
$100,000 and over	607,855	...	...	1,803,955	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	198,140	...	...	560,090	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	138,420	...	...	394,570	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	149,210	...	...	449,885	...	...
$200,000 and over	122,080	...	...	399,410	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	1,881,965	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Under $5,000	46,350	...	...	92,220	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	27,605	...	...	71,480	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	56,780	...	...	136,550	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	80,315	...	...	192,920	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	89,795	...	...	222,605	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	88,035	...	...	211,440	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	93,640	...	...	232,755	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	92,220	...	...	244,335	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	91,635	...	...	247,645	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	88,520	...	...	241,965	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	165,685	...	...	463,170	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	150,650	...	...	422,695	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	136,430	...	...	388,720	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	118,520	...	...	342,330	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	101,185	...	...	290,720	...	...
$100,000 and over	454,595	...	...	1,367,630	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	187,490	...	...	539,915	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	111,260	...	...	334,420	...	...
$150,000 and over	155,845	...	...	493,295	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	1,276,275	...	...	3,689,580	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	88,451	...	...	91,089	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	77,002	...	...	79,531	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	519,030	...	...	1,280,890	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	80,788	...	...	81,459	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	70,464	...	...	71,237	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	536,175	...	...	1,716,115	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	111,736	...	...	115,381	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	96,176	...	...	99,205	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	4.0	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	179,945	...	...	584,180	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	51,056	...	...	54,363	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	46,668	...	...	50,317	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	1,275,865	...	...	3,689,080	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	108,241	...	...	115,328	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	89,792	...	...	94,410	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	518,295	...	...	1,280,580	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	100,772	...	...	104,425	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	83,021	...	...	84,952	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	536,580	...	...	1,717,295	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	131,213	...	...	140,590	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	108,407	...	...	114,144	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	179,615	...	...	581,945	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	63,004	...	...	67,748	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	54,655	...	...	58,742	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	768,855	373,390	395,465	1,818,815	867,175	951,640
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	31,255	33,342	29,674	32,097	33,925	30,753
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	28,320	29,815	27,221	29,417	30,678	28,442
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	766,660	371,595	395,060	1,814,575	864,020	950,555
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	41,666	44,615	38,892	44,298	46,765	42,057
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	35,191	37,100	33,395	36,874	38,228	35,644
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	4,560,235	2,237,490	2,322,745	13,242,160	6,472,205	6,769,955
In the bottom half of the distribution	2,265,245	1,078,695	1,186,555	6,335,170	3,016,275	3,318,895
In the bottom decile	537,405	258,275	279,140	1,346,645	651,310	695,335
In the second decile	449,395	205,320	244,075	1,280,675	581,380	699,290
In the third decile	420,355	198,845	221,510	1,237,415	583,840	653,575
In the fourth decile	422,805	203,710	219,095	1,223,510	589,740	633,770
In the fifth decile	435,290	212,555	222,735	1,246,925	610,000	636,930
In the top half of the distribution	2,294,990	1,158,795	1,136,195	6,906,990	3,455,930	3,451,060
In the sixth decile	442,070	218,225	223,845	1,279,095	629,635	649,465
In the seventh decile	451,795	226,240	225,555	1,321,220	655,840	665,375
In the eighth decile	462,900	233,935	228,970	1,382,795	691,630	691,165
In the ninth decile	473,535	241,165	232,375	1,464,415	736,030	728,385
In the top decile	464,685	239,235	225,450	1,459,465	742,795	716,670
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	4,477,875	2,196,415	2,281,460	13,184,055	6,442,930	6,741,130
0 to 17 years	822,390	422,685	399,710	2,656,535	1,361,905	1,294,630
0 to 5 years	260,110	133,670	126,445	835,000	428,025	406,975
18 to 64 years	2,876,495	1,404,390	1,472,105	8,418,960	4,110,615	4,308,345
65 years and over	778,990	369,345	409,645	2,108,560	970,405	1,138,155
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	694,960	325,015	369,940	1,898,975	886,530	1,012,445
0 to 17 years	151,880	78,110	73,770	489,905	251,830	238,080
0 to 5 years	46,920	24,035	22,885	165,140	84,825	80,310
18 to 64 years	427,085	198,475	228,615	1,155,315	538,535	616,780
65 years and over	115,990	48,430	67,560	253,755	96,170	157,585
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	15.5	14.8	16.2	14.4	13.8	15.0
0 to 17 years (%)	18.5	18.5	18.5	18.4	18.5	18.4
0 to 5 years (%)	18.0	18.0	18.1	19.8	19.8	19.7
18 to 64 years (%)	14.8	14.1	15.5	13.7	13.1	14.3
65 years and over (%)	14.9	13.1	16.5	12.0	9.9	13.8
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	491,645	236,430	255,215	1,298,590	627,935	670,650
0 to 17 years	99,330	50,890	48,450	304,390	156,575	147,815
0 to 5 years	29,250	14,930	14,315	102,750	52,810	49,935
18 to 64 years	345,345	165,740	179,605	887,640	430,545	457,095
65 years and over	46,965	19,805	27,165	106,555	40,815	65,740
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	11.0	10.8	11.2	9.8	9.7	9.9
0 to 17 years (%)	12.1	12.0	12.1	11.5	11.5	11.4
0 to 5 years (%)	11.2	11.2	11.3	12.3	12.3	12.3
18 to 64 years (%)	12.0	11.8	12.2	10.5	10.5	10.6
65 years and over (%)	6.0	5.4	6.6	5.1	4.2	5.8
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	4,560,235	2,237,490	2,322,745	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,925
Official languages	4,407,125	2,173,840	2,233,285	12,918,075	6,342,930	6,575,145
English	4,405,380	2,173,040	2,232,340	12,879,045	6,326,225	6,552,825
French	314,225	140,085	174,140	1,521,020	677,505	843,510
Non-official languages	1,546,550	727,200	819,355	4,431,270	2,115,510	2,315,760
Aboriginal languages	17,190	8,115	9,075	33,855	15,815	18,035
Algonquian languages	1,950	905	1,045	30,630	14,505	16,125
Blackfoot	35	0	35	15	15	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	1,600	795	805	6,560	3,160	3,395
Atikamekw	0	0	0	10	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	10	0	10
Moose Cree	15	0	10	145	70	75
Naskapi	0	0	0	25	10	10
Northern East Cree	10	0	10	65	25	45
Plains Cree	345	160	180	105	50	50
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	55	25	30	605	255	350
Woods Cree	80	45	40	45	25	25
Cree, n.o.s.	1,090	560	525	5,620	2,760	2,865
Eastern Algonquian languages	30	20	10	180	95	85
Malecite	10	10	0	20	20	0
Mi'kmaq	25	15	0	160	75	85
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	310	100	205	23,980	11,285	12,690
Algonquin	20	0	15	205	95	105
Ojibway	275	95	180	16,220	7,600	8,630
Oji-Cree	15	0	15	7,515	3,585	3,935
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	200	105	100
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	85	40	50
Athabaskan languages	4,375	2,050	2,330	85	25	65
Northern Athabaskan languages	4,345	2,035	2,315	80	25	55
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	200	100	95	10	0	0
Beaver	255	130	130	0	0	0
Carrier	2,045	940	1,110	10	0	10
Chilcotin	1,130	525	605	10	0	10
Dene	130	55	80	45	20	30
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	10	0	10
Gwich'in	0	0	0	10	0	10
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	185	85	100	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	125	60	75	10	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	10	0	10	0	0	0
South Slavey	25	15	10	0	0	10
Slavey, n.o.s.	105	45	60	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	290	155	130	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	35	20	15	0	0	0
Tahltan	250	135	120	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	10	0	10	10	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	10	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	10	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0	0	0
Haida	455	195	255	0	0	0
Inuit languages	170	70	95	840	320	525
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	20	10	10	10	0	10
Inuktitut	120	50	70	730	285	445
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	35	15	25	105	35	70
Iroquoian languages	30	10	15	1,940	810	1,125
Cayuga	0	0	0	120	35	85
Mohawk	25	10	15	1,625	710	915
Oneida	0	0	0	180	55	125
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	10	0	50	25	25
Kutenai	170	95	80	0	0	0
Michif	110	50	60	180	65	110
Salish languages	5,660	2,690	2,970	10	0	10
Comox	185	75	105	0	0	0
Halkomelem	1,045	470	570	0	0	0
Lillooet	790	405	385	0	0	0
Okanagan	805	360	445	0	10	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	1,280	630	650	0	0	0
Squamish	280	125	155	0	0	0
Straits	360	160	200	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	440	220	220	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	540	280	260	10	0	10
Siouan languages	55	20	35	40	10	30
Dakota	30	15	15	20	10	10
Stoney	10	10	10	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	20	0	15
Tlingit	60	40	20	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	2,685	1,330	1,350	10	0	10
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	1,275	635	645	10	0	10
Nisga'a	1,035	535	500	0	0	0
Tsimshian	405	180	230	10	0	10
Wakashan languages	1,460	670	795	10	10	0
Haisla	175	65	105	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	120	50	70	0	0	10
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	590	275	315	10	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	560	265	295	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	240	105	135	210	100	110
Non-Aboriginal languages	1,529,635	719,190	810,440	4,397,690	2,099,820	2,297,865
Afro-Asiatic languages	35,115	18,585	16,530	362,645	183,050	179,595
Berber languages	145	95	45	925	505	415
Kabyle	65	40	25	530	280	255
Berber languages, n.i.e.	80	60	20	390	225	165
Cushitic languages	2,070	955	1,120	34,160	15,155	19,000
Bilen	20	10	15	355	200	160
Oromo	245	140	110	2,075	905	1,175
Somali	1,800	815	985	31,535	13,925	17,610
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	370	170	205
Semitic languages	33,110	17,660	15,460	330,315	168,750	161,570
Amharic	2,095	1,050	1,045	16,010	7,565	8,445
Arabic	24,230	13,180	11,050	246,015	127,015	119,000
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	760	370	390	17,825	8,775	9,050
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	570	285	285	6,185	3,045	3,140
Harari	55	35	20	1,310	660	645
Hebrew	5,450	2,805	2,645	43,255	22,165	21,090
Maltese	315	155	155	7,020	3,455	3,570
Tigrigna	1,055	560	495	9,385	4,320	5,065
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	300	160	140	1,985	1,010	975
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	170	85	85	1,125	535	590
Austro-Asiatic languages	35,915	17,130	18,785	99,830	46,210	53,620
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,875	850	1,020	10,045	4,490	5,550
Vietnamese	34,140	16,295	17,840	90,265	41,965	48,300
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	60	10	50
Austronesian languages	125,425	51,215	74,210	249,435	98,295	151,150
Bikol	530	215	310	755	340	425
Cebuano	5,365	2,000	3,370	9,475	3,650	5,830
Fijian	1,095	655	440	110	40	65
Hiligaynon	1,685	710	975	3,110	1,205	1,910
Ilocano	6,450	2,480	3,970	15,235	5,940	9,295
Malagasy	25	15	10	215	115	100
Malay	7,495	3,480	4,010	9,780	4,500	5,280
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	855	365	495	1,935	855	1,080
Pangasinan	480	205	275	565	245	320
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	113,265	45,455	67,805	232,935	91,110	141,820
Waray-Waray	320	130	195	410	125	285
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,515	740	775	1,785	755	1,030
Creole languages	2,485	1,320	1,165	30,260	13,525	16,735
Haitian Creole	135	55	75	1,430	605	830
Creole, n.o.s.	1,310	730	585	19,375	8,480	10,895
Creole languages, n.i.e.	1,055	540	515	9,685	4,525	5,155
Dravidian languages	10,390	5,485	4,905	196,315	97,975	98,335
Kannada	510	250	265	5,775	2,930	2,845
Malayalam	3,350	1,795	1,550	22,880	11,535	11,345
Tamil	5,445	2,830	2,610	157,700	77,975	79,730
Telugu	1,720	970	750	16,315	8,925	7,390
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	85	30	55	495	250	240
Hmong-Mien languages	165	85	80	545	265	280
Indo-European languages	764,815	371,760	393,060	2,608,060	1,265,535	1,342,525
Albanian	1,640	840	795	22,375	11,180	11,195
Armenian	1,680	845	835	18,435	8,860	9,575
Balto-Slavic languages	94,050	44,710	49,340	473,565	221,450	252,120
Baltic languages	1,030	515	520	10,545	4,495	6,050
Latvian	555	290	265	4,675	2,070	2,610
Lithuanian	475	220	250	5,875	2,430	3,445
Slavic languages	93,235	44,305	48,940	465,170	217,885	247,285
Belarusan	245	115	125	1,360	680	680
Bosnian	2,075	1,020	1,050	9,915	4,905	5,010
Bulgarian	2,430	1,105	1,325	10,410	5,060	5,350
Croatian	10,685	5,255	5,430	46,580	22,880	23,700
Czech	7,480	3,665	3,815	14,045	6,615	7,430
Macedonian	400	220	185	21,505	10,365	11,140
Polish	19,175	8,980	10,190	142,985	65,415	77,575
Russian	33,990	15,850	18,135	138,735	64,355	74,380
Serbian	9,110	4,625	4,485	53,250	26,725	26,525
Serbo-Croatian	1,525	770	750	5,815	2,845	2,965
Slovak	4,270	2,045	2,225	12,035	5,550	6,490
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,375	610	760	7,935	3,550	4,390
Ukrainian	10,740	4,835	5,905	54,615	24,125	30,490
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	420	215	205	1,750	935	815
Celtic languages	1,855	990	865	3,800	1,880	1,920
Scottish Gaelic	660	395	265	1,480	720	765
Welsh	345	145	195	685	300	390
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	860	450	410	1,650	870	785
Germanic languages	136,685	65,350	71,335	274,305	130,610	143,700
Afrikaans	7,670	3,875	3,800	7,360	3,625	3,735
Danish	5,510	2,490	3,020	5,440	2,455	2,980
Dutch	24,060	11,520	12,550	63,410	29,875	33,535
Frisian	465	230	240	1,655	820	835
German	95,005	45,840	49,165	189,035	90,730	98,305
Icelandic	405	210	195	285	130	155
Norwegian	2,845	1,425	1,415	2,140	975	1,165
Swedish	4,825	2,125	2,695	5,125	2,345	2,785
Vlaams (Flemish)	545	270	275	2,275	1,050	1,225
Yiddish	505	225	280	7,175	3,535	3,640
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	155	95	60	3,290	1,645	1,645
Greek	9,095	4,725	4,370	80,690	40,105	40,590
Indo-Iranian languages	363,205	181,340	181,865	915,765	463,175	452,585
Indo-Aryan languages	311,955	155,465	156,490	759,390	384,940	374,450
Bengali	3,670	1,885	1,785	59,685	30,420	29,265
Gujarati	11,500	5,455	6,050	103,890	52,380	51,510
Hindi	81,330	39,950	41,380	250,095	127,765	122,335
Kashmiri	60	30	25	600	300	300
Konkani	415	215	200	5,490	2,515	2,975
Marathi	1,475	780	695	10,360	5,380	4,980
Nepali	1,485	725	760	10,245	5,115	5,135
Oriya (Odia)	70	40	30	1,090	515	570
Punjabi (Panjabi)	244,485	122,450	122,035	282,065	145,050	137,015
Sindhi	3,300	1,415	1,885	11,515	5,385	6,130
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	2,430	1,265	1,170	18,555	9,230	9,330
Urdu	16,750	8,840	7,915	231,500	117,305	114,190
Iranian languages	52,300	26,435	25,870	163,490	81,710	81,785
Kurdish	2,225	1,185	1,040	8,795	4,755	4,040
Pashto	1,660	940	725	15,315	8,145	7,170
Persian (Farsi)	49,835	25,135	24,690	145,465	72,275	73,190
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	935	490	450	4,665	2,495	2,175
Italic (Romance) languages	177,685	83,505	94,185	880,330	418,225	462,105
Catalan	395	210	180	515	275	240
Italian	37,475	18,075	19,400	333,645	161,190	172,455
Portuguese	23,260	11,060	12,200	193,520	93,885	99,635
Romanian	10,045	4,945	5,105	49,635	23,205	26,430
Spanish	115,115	53,215	61,900	337,615	156,040	181,580
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	380	245	140	1,355	745	605
Japanese	36,990	15,955	21,040	25,675	11,535	14,140
Kartvelian languages	115	55	60	1,555	775	780
Georgian	115	55	55	1,555	770	785
Korean	57,490	26,310	31,180	79,175	36,930	42,245
Mongolic languages	370	170	200	515	225	285
Mongolian	370	165	195	515	225	285
Niger-Congo languages	8,025	4,130	3,895	70,570	33,620	36,945
Akan (Twi)	630	350	280	15,950	7,520	8,435
Bamanankan	30	20	15	385	195	185
Edo	145	80	60	2,130	930	1,195
Ewe	135	90	45	880	435	445
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	105	30	70	700	320	375
Ga	150	95	50	1,340	645	695
Ganda	165	80	85	1,225	550	675
Igbo	425	240	185	4,025	2,105	1,920
Lingala	280	125	150	4,885	2,165	2,720
Rundi (Kirundi)	125	45	75	2,555	1,080	1,475
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	290	125	165	2,220	885	1,330
Shona	415	220	195	2,350	1,055	1,300
Swahili	3,365	1,785	1,575	16,750	8,110	8,640
Wolof	50	25	30	730	355	375
Yoruba	885	455	435	10,495	5,345	5,150
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,835	840	1,000	11,210	5,255	5,950
Nilo-Saharan languages	405	210	200	2,025	1,020	1,010
Dinka	85	50	35	415	220	200
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	325	155	165	1,615	805	810
Sign languages	7,545	2,865	4,680	18,865	7,645	11,220
American Sign Language	3,860	1,280	2,575	10,220	3,695	6,525
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	0	235	60	180
Sign languages, n.i.e.	3,780	1,615	2,160	8,690	4,005	4,680
Sino-Tibetan languages	457,595	211,220	246,375	689,145	324,575	364,565
Chinese languages	454,885	209,850	245,030	679,170	319,635	359,530
Cantonese	234,445	108,485	125,960	341,875	159,280	182,600
Hakka	2,715	1,290	1,430	7,865	3,445	4,420
Mandarin	265,635	119,995	145,640	385,395	179,890	205,510
Min Dong	130	55	75	810	330	480
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	16,410	7,230	9,185	16,980	7,650	9,330
Wu (Shanghainese)	5,600	2,445	3,155	8,305	3,860	4,440
Chinese, n.o.s.	10,380	4,725	5,650	16,455	7,710	8,745
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	200	75	120	185	95	90
Tibeto-Burman languages	3,000	1,500	1,505	10,460	5,200	5,260
Burmese	1,490	730	755	2,215	1,055	1,165
Karenic languages	955	485	465	1,820	905	920
Tibetan	375	205	165	5,695	2,845	2,850
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	330	150	180	1,245	645	605
Tai-Kadai languages	5,635	2,190	3,450	11,120	4,945	6,180
Lao	1,630	735	890	6,740	3,215	3,520
Thai	4,275	1,535	2,740	5,195	2,065	3,135
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	30	10	20
Turkic languages	6,785	3,685	3,095	33,335	17,310	16,025
Azerbaijani	945	510	435	3,260	1,710	1,550
Turkish	5,585	3,025	2,555	27,850	14,510	13,340
Uyghur	115	60	55	700	350	345
Uzbek	170	95	75	1,405	700	705
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	275	140	130	915	450	465
Uralic languages	15,280	7,095	8,185	58,370	27,060	31,310
Estonian	780	350	425	4,785	2,155	2,625
Finnish	4,030	1,640	2,385	11,145	4,865	6,280
Hungarian	10,495	5,100	5,395	42,545	20,070	22,480
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	1,045	575	470	3,675	1,950	1,725
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	4,560,235	2,237,485	2,322,750	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	4,138,300	2,038,285	2,100,015	12,223,065	5,987,360	6,235,705
Canadian citizens aged under 18	790,485	406,970	383,510	2,546,075	1,305,820	1,240,255
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	3,347,820	1,631,310	1,716,505	9,676,990	4,681,540	4,995,445
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	421,935	199,205	222,735	1,019,095	484,880	534,215
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	3,167,155	1,584,305	1,582,855	9,188,815	4,555,270	4,633,545
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	1,292,675	603,800	688,875	3,852,145	1,814,665	2,037,480
Before 1981	356,155	171,330	184,825	1,077,745	507,500	570,240
1981 to 1990	152,220	70,475	81,750	513,995	246,235	267,755
1991 to 2000	287,505	132,190	155,315	834,510	390,315	444,195
2001 to 2010	321,240	147,250	173,985	953,730	446,895	506,835
2001 to 2005	147,735	67,425	80,305	490,560	230,950	259,610
2006 to 2010	173,505	79,825	93,680	463,170	215,945	247,225
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	175,555	82,555	92,995	472,170	223,715	248,450
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	100,405	49,385	51,020	201,200	102,305	98,895
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	1,292,670	603,800	688,875	3,852,145	1,814,665	2,037,485
Under 5 years	112,665	56,495	56,175	369,955	184,255	185,705
5 to 14 years	212,710	108,975	103,730	685,085	345,865	339,225
15 to 24 years	279,495	126,690	152,805	855,475	381,025	474,450
25 to 44 years	537,500	242,185	295,310	1,579,500	741,340	838,160
45 years and over	150,305	69,455	80,845	362,130	162,180	199,945
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	1,292,675	603,800	688,875	3,852,145	1,814,665	2,037,480
Americas	110,850	50,515	60,330	598,950	265,930	333,025
Brazil	3,800	1,545	2,260	14,705	6,700	8,010
Colombia	3,915	1,720	2,195	28,815	13,085	15,730
El Salvador	5,425	2,710	2,715	20,920	10,165	10,750
Guyana	1,305	600	710	79,745	35,325	44,420
Haiti	570	250	315	10,195	4,410	5,785
Jamaica	3,505	1,770	1,735	119,840	51,320	68,525
Mexico	10,375	4,425	5,945	30,075	13,895	16,185
Peru	3,265	1,330	1,930	10,550	4,660	5,895
Trinidad and Tobago	2,620	1,205	1,415	52,810	23,515	29,300
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	57,780	26,425	31,355	109,005	47,170	61,830
Other places of birth in Americas	18,295	8,530	9,765	122,280	55,685	66,600
Europe	319,885	156,975	162,915	1,144,295	546,250	598,050
Bosnia and Herzegovina	4,570	2,230	2,345	21,300	10,655	10,645
Croatia	5,780	2,945	2,830	27,330	13,495	13,835
France	5,700	2,895	2,805	13,385	6,310	7,070
Germany	35,045	16,835	18,210	63,460	29,685	33,775
Greece	3,630	1,965	1,670	36,575	18,225	18,350
Hungary	6,175	3,145	3,030	22,085	10,495	11,590
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	5,890	3,090	2,795	15,275	7,415	7,860
Italy	15,405	8,050	7,355	157,815	78,510	79,305
Netherlands	18,225	9,365	8,855	47,400	23,910	23,490
Poland	15,115	6,965	8,145	96,000	43,155	52,845
Portugal	8,215	4,125	4,090	103,025	50,240	52,785
Romania	8,995	4,400	4,595	42,720	19,720	23,000
Russian Federation	10,920	4,700	6,215	42,980	18,540	24,440
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	4,480	2,225	2,260	23,695	11,610	12,085
Ukraine	7,500	3,520	3,980	39,945	18,150	21,795
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	123,810	60,975	62,835	264,125	125,730	138,390
Other places of birth in Europe	40,425	19,545	20,880	127,190	60,395	66,790
Africa	42,805	21,500	21,310	226,770	109,585	117,185
Algeria	485	310	175	2,925	1,480	1,450
Egypt	2,705	1,480	1,225	34,510	18,000	16,510
Ethiopia	2,070	1,015	1,060	15,570	7,230	8,340
Kenya	4,705	2,175	2,535	14,940	6,910	8,025
Morocco	985	535	455	5,485	2,690	2,795
Nigeria	1,740	925	815	20,630	10,285	10,345
Somalia	1,080	515	570	16,970	6,845	10,125
South Africa, Republic of	13,375	6,700	6,675	19,390	9,545	9,840
Other places of birth in Africa	15,645	7,840	7,800	96,355	46,610	49,745
Asia	788,055	359,835	428,220	1,869,805	886,570	983,240
Afghanistan	5,040	2,550	2,490	33,145	16,490	16,655
Bangladesh	2,125	1,080	1,040	39,410	19,970	19,440
China^{Census data footnote 59}	199,990	89,145	110,845	317,225	143,705	173,515
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	74,210	34,120	40,090	108,030	50,945	57,090
India	162,650	79,395	83,245	360,540	179,950	180,590
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	37,160	18,890	18,270	86,810	43,445	43,360
Iraq	5,550	2,855	2,690	50,390	25,280	25,115
Japan	13,365	3,840	9,520	8,145	2,550	5,585
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	41,515	18,870	22,645	57,085	26,660	30,425
Lebanon	2,235	1,290	950	34,545	18,145	16,405
Pakistan	10,665	5,470	5,190	142,265	71,925	70,345
Philippines	112,100	45,890	66,210	231,760	93,730	138,030
Sri Lanka	4,585	2,360	2,230	109,855	53,640	56,215
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	2,845	1,450	1,400	22,680	11,405	11,270
Taiwan	38,900	17,450	21,450	17,840	7,775	10,065
Viet Nam	27,875	12,970	14,905	80,525	36,545	43,985
Other places of birth in Asia	47,255	22,215	25,045	169,555	84,400	85,160
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	31,075	14,975	16,100	12,330	6,330	5,990
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	175,555	82,555	92,995	472,170	223,720	248,450
Americas	14,550	7,160	7,385	60,700	29,005	31,700
Brazil	1,145	525	615	3,180	1,505	1,675
Colombia	580	250	325	4,520	2,005	2,520
Cuba	140	60	80	1,950	910	1,045
Haiti	35	35	10	2,575	1,140	1,435
Jamaica	625	355	265	8,935	4,840	4,090
Mexico	2,885	1,420	1,460	5,670	2,745	2,925
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	6,485	3,290	3,190	14,635	7,225	7,405
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	270	115	155	2,460	1,120	1,340
Other places of birth in Americas	2,380	1,105	1,275	16,775	7,510	9,265
Europe	19,735	10,260	9,475	45,295	22,250	23,045
France	970	510	460	2,010	1,025	985
Germany	1,450	775	675	1,695	885	805
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	1,430	900	530	1,900	1,185	715
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	245	120	125	880	400	480
Romania	690	310	380	2,425	995	1,430
Russian Federation	1,735	620	1,110	4,905	1,790	3,115
Ukraine	1,230	495	735	4,455	2,005	2,445
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	6,540	3,840	2,695	7,780	4,515	3,265
Other places of birth in Europe	5,455	2,685	2,765	19,245	9,450	9,795
Africa	6,200	3,150	3,050	39,380	19,045	20,330
Algeria	65	40	20	415	180	240
Cameroon	65	25	35	1,390	640	750
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	150	80	75	1,835	845	990
Côte d'Ivoire	20	10	10	605	245	360
Egypt	625	340	290	8,220	4,290	3,935
Eritrea	320	175	145	2,055	1,010	1,045
Ethiopia	305	170	140	2,505	1,115	1,385
Morocco	205	115	95	655	275	375
Nigeria	645	325	315	5,910	2,895	3,015
Somalia	355	145	215	2,065	965	1,100
South Africa, Republic of	1,625	815	810	1,410	715	695
Tunisia	80	30	45	310	155	150
Other places of birth in Africa	1,745	890	860	12,010	5,715	6,295
Asia	131,880	60,140	71,735	324,820	152,205	172,615
Afghanistan	870	455	415	5,785	2,845	2,945
Bangladesh	470	230	245	8,180	4,055	4,125
China^{Census data footnote 59}	38,105	16,965	21,140	58,840	26,025	32,815
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	1,800	770	1,030	1,985	800	1,190
India	27,460	13,780	13,680	69,325	35,060	34,265
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	8,645	4,315	4,330	21,225	10,300	10,930
Iraq	1,910	940	965	14,645	7,315	7,330
Israel	365	205	160	2,050	1,085	970
Japan	2,285	570	1,715	1,385	370	1,015
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	8,025	3,430	4,595	6,320	2,855	3,470
Lebanon	265	155	110	3,230	1,685	1,545
Nepal	310	115	195	3,395	1,725	1,665
Pakistan	1,965	990	975	25,435	12,425	13,015
Philippines	26,680	11,615	15,065	53,190	21,740	31,450
Saudi Arabia	400	180	215	3,140	1,615	1,530
Sri Lanka	535	265	265	8,185	3,580	4,605
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	2,185	1,095	1,085	12,710	6,590	6,120
Taiwan	2,505	970	1,530	1,015	435	580
Turkey	395	220	170	2,590	1,440	1,145
United Arab Emirates	385	195	195	4,290	2,230	2,055
Viet Nam	1,780	685	1,090	3,885	1,520	2,365
Other places of birth in Asia	4,545	1,980	2,560	13,995	6,505	7,485
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	3,185	1,845	1,340	1,980	1,215	765
Australia	1,920	1,130	790	1,535	965	565
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	1,265	715	550	445	250	200
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	1,426,450	670,440	756,010	4,122,840	1,953,095	2,169,740
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	1,043,860	523,340	520,520	3,049,835	1,525,300	1,524,540
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	2,089,925	1,043,705	1,046,225	6,069,485	2,993,845	3,075,640
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	955,955	442,040	513,915	2,825,480	1,331,730	1,493,750
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	537,875	258,560	279,315	1,364,380	677,695	686,685
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	209,685	123,645	86,040	540,795	338,460	202,335
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	328,185	134,915	193,275	823,580	339,240	484,350
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	323,440	133,775	189,670	940,405	382,890	557,520
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	82,360	44,250	38,110	482,665	253,750	228,910
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	12,285	5,455	6,825	38,035	17,400	20,640
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	270,585	130,265	140,320	374,395	179,970	194,420
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	263,540	127,115	136,425	361,125	173,685	187,445
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	172,520	83,645	88,880	236,680	112,840	123,845
Métis	89,405	42,715	46,690	120,585	59,015	61,570
Inuk (Inuit)	1,610	760	855	3,860	1,835	2,030
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	4,350	2,090	2,260	5,730	2,680	3,045
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	2,695	1,060	1,635	7,540	3,615	3,930
Non-Aboriginal identity	4,289,655	2,107,225	2,182,430	12,867,765	6,292,265	6,575,500
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	4,560,240	2,237,485	2,322,750	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,925
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	135,835	65,560	70,280	170,895	81,560	89,335
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	4,424,400	2,171,930	2,252,470	13,071,265	6,390,680	6,680,585
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	91,710	45,690	46,020	112,875	54,840	58,035
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	90,390	45,100	45,295	111,575	54,180	57,395
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	79,875	39,685	40,190	97,430	47,130	50,305
Métis single ancestry	10,080	5,215	4,865	12,925	6,490	6,435
Inuit single ancestry	430	200	235	1,220	565	655
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	1,325	595	725	1,295	665	640
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	1,175	535	635	1,055	545	510
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	100	50	50	145	70	75
Métis and Inuit ancestries	45	10	45	65	25	40
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	0	0	0	30	20	10
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	211,100	100,835	110,260	405,425	192,320	213,100
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	201,895	96,650	105,245	395,205	187,695	207,510
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	130,020	62,170	67,850	276,920	130,810	146,110
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	70,180	33,595	36,585	113,785	54,830	58,955
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	1,700	890	815	4,500	2,050	2,450
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	9,200	4,185	5,015	10,215	4,620	5,590
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	8,865	4,050	4,810	9,305	4,205	5,100
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	165	75	90	595	290	305
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	125	35	90	300	125	170
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	45	20	20	15	0	10
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	4,257,430	2,090,960	2,166,465	12,723,865	6,225,080	6,498,785
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	1,381,235	658,260	722,975	3,885,585	1,878,075	2,007,505
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	365,705	183,650	182,055	1,150,415	582,010	568,400
Chinese	508,480	237,805	270,670	754,550	359,230	395,315
Black	43,500	22,455	21,045	627,715	296,270	331,445
Filipino	145,025	62,505	82,520	311,675	132,440	179,230
Latin American	44,115	20,600	23,515	195,950	93,645	102,310
Arab	19,840	10,865	8,980	210,435	109,585	100,850
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	54,920	25,975	28,950	133,855	63,255	70,605
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	48,695	24,880	23,810	154,670	77,385	77,280
Korean	60,495	27,915	32,580	88,935	42,445	46,495
Japanese	41,230	17,435	23,800	30,830	13,595	17,235
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	8,760	4,280	4,485	97,970	46,105	51,860
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	40,465	19,900	20,565	128,585	62,105	66,485
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	3,179,005	1,579,230	1,599,775	9,356,575	4,594,165	4,762,410
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
North American Aboriginal origins	302,810	146,530	156,280	518,300	247,160	271,135
First Nations (North American Indian)	220,245	106,595	113,650	385,505	183,075	202,430
Inuit	2,615	1,280	1,340	6,870	3,150	3,720
Métis	90,515	43,460	47,050	137,485	66,245	71,235
Other North American origins	922,690	460,355	462,335	3,220,595	1,585,255	1,635,340
Acadian	3,940	1,960	1,980	16,580	8,135	8,450
American	78,170	37,765	40,405	140,165	67,480	72,690
Canadian	866,530	432,975	433,560	3,109,770	1,531,645	1,578,125
New Brunswicker	60	45	15	320	190	125
Newfoundlander	1,875	995	880	10,850	5,520	5,325
Nova Scotian	185	95	85	1,485	685	800
Ontarian	130	55	75	2,165	1,085	1,075
Québécois	1,830	945	880	5,390	2,730	2,665
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	405	175	230	675	375	300
European origins	2,857,080	1,408,510	1,448,575	8,151,470	3,978,900	4,172,570
British Isles origins	1,926,040	945,580	980,460	4,900,430	2,380,595	2,519,835
Channel Islander	455	230	220	1,120	530	590
Cornish	610	340	265	755	370	385
English	1,203,540	585,700	617,845	2,808,805	1,357,650	1,451,160
Irish	675,135	318,455	356,675	2,095,460	991,625	1,103,835
Manx	1,810	835	975	2,450	1,320	1,130
Scottish	860,775	417,080	443,700	2,107,295	1,016,260	1,091,030
Welsh	113,905	54,260	59,645	198,475	94,555	103,920
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	122,700	59,225	63,475	323,185	152,525	170,660
French origins	388,815	184,705	204,110	1,350,520	643,360	707,160
Alsatian	210	95	115	1,235	495	740
Breton	110	45	65	290	175	120
Corsican	105	40	65	205	125	85
French	388,580	184,595	203,980	1,349,255	642,790	706,470
Western European origins (except French origins)	839,860	411,165	428,695	1,766,975	864,010	902,970
Austrian	48,510	23,030	25,485	72,475	35,415	37,065
Bavarian	225	105	120	450	225	230
Belgian	19,980	9,615	10,360	57,890	28,460	29,430
Dutch	213,670	105,040	108,630	527,750	259,585	268,165
Flemish	2,215	1,145	1,075	4,005	2,005	1,995
Frisian	850	425	425	2,705	1,400	1,305
German	603,265	294,860	308,410	1,189,670	579,315	610,355
Luxembourger	695	340	355	915	500	415
Swiss	31,390	15,510	15,880	59,835	29,395	30,440
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	905	425	485	1,095	560	530
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	346,525	166,100	180,425	266,085	127,885	138,195
Danish	58,205	27,985	30,220	53,555	26,355	27,195
Finnish	34,150	16,285	17,870	76,755	36,955	39,800
Icelandic	26,410	12,860	13,545	13,215	6,325	6,895
Norwegian	138,430	66,870	71,565	59,335	28,350	30,980
Swedish	110,030	51,000	59,030	71,035	32,705	38,325
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	15,080	7,610	7,470	12,540	6,400	6,140
Eastern European origins	569,260	275,900	293,360	1,339,610	644,610	695,000
Bulgarian	4,015	1,875	2,140	16,750	8,230	8,525
Byelorussian	2,760	1,400	1,365	11,690	5,645	6,045
Czech	23,375	11,500	11,875	42,340	20,815	21,530
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	7,970	3,795	4,175	14,810	6,820	7,990
Estonian	4,840	2,250	2,590	15,075	7,255	7,825
Hungarian	56,535	27,450	29,090	163,500	79,850	83,655
Latvian	4,935	2,565	2,370	18,095	8,615	9,480
Lithuanian	7,225	3,465	3,755	35,100	16,965	18,135
Moldovan	1,085	510	580	3,905	1,910	1,995
Polish	149,635	71,605	78,030	523,490	251,575	271,910
Romanian	31,250	15,125	16,125	98,235	46,825	51,410
Russian	131,060	62,880	68,180	220,850	103,650	117,200
Slovak	11,220	5,440	5,780	40,535	19,645	20,885
Ukrainian	229,205	111,285	117,915	376,440	181,725	194,715
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	3,555	1,645	1,915	10,330	4,940	5,390
Southern European origins	334,740	164,780	169,960	1,772,160	880,335	891,830
Albanian	1,925	975	950	25,980	13,085	12,895
Bosnian	3,290	1,635	1,655	14,680	7,255	7,425
Catalan	120	85	30	285	180	110
Croatian	23,845	12,180	11,660	82,220	41,350	40,875
Cypriot	440	230	205	4,400	2,170	2,230
Greek	24,460	12,410	12,050	148,555	74,830	73,720
Italian	166,095	83,095	83,000	931,805	467,100	464,705
Kosovar	280	135	145	1,305	655	650
Macedonian	1,205	620	580	39,440	19,820	19,625
Maltese	2,645	1,350	1,295	35,255	17,525	17,730
Montenegrin	710	360	350	2,545	1,295	1,250
Portuguese	41,770	20,620	21,145	324,930	160,970	163,960
Serbian	12,895	6,625	6,270	66,835	34,035	32,800
Sicilian	545	295	255	4,190	2,090	2,100
Slovenian	5,555	2,725	2,825	26,485	13,215	13,275
Spanish	64,470	29,245	35,225	171,145	78,880	92,265
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	7,080	3,360	3,725	20,245	9,785	10,460
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	395	200	195	965	425	540
Other European origins	34,700	17,800	16,900	105,865	53,050	52,820
Basque	840	470	375	1,585	805	780
Jewish	17,580	8,950	8,635	77,280	38,860	38,425
Roma (Gypsy)	805	320	485	2,295	1,050	1,245
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	965	520	450	2,065	1,110	955
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	14,715	7,635	7,080	23,290	11,540	11,750
Caribbean origins	25,010	12,350	12,660	462,600	213,660	248,940
Antiguan	220	115	105	3,275	1,480	1,800
Bahamian	255	140	110	2,305	1,190	1,115
Barbadian	1,870	945	930	26,625	12,375	14,250
Bermudan	335	155	175	2,010	925	1,085
Carib	70	50	25	2,295	855	1,440
Cuban	1,320	615	700	14,490	6,625	7,865
Dominican	735	330	410	9,180	4,420	4,760
Grenadian	380	195	185	14,690	6,420	8,275
Guadeloupean	15	0	15	70	20	50
Haitian	1,140	530	615	17,715	8,085	9,630
Jamaican	10,545	5,425	5,120	257,060	119,100	137,955
Kittitian/Nevisian	130	70	55	2,260	1,090	1,175
Martinican	25	0	20	195	65	125
Montserratan	25	15	10	620	300	325
Puerto Rican	570	260	310	1,495	755	740
St. Lucian	190	85	110	7,170	3,195	3,985
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	4,170	2,085	2,085	59,560	27,850	31,710
Vincentian/Grenadinian	415	180	230	12,155	5,250	6,905
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	2,120	930	1,190	56,865	25,380	31,480
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	1,920	945	975	16,970	7,770	9,195
Latin, Central and South American origins	69,920	33,580	36,335	322,210	153,045	169,165
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	2,625	1,350	1,275	10,795	5,040	5,750
Arawak	90	45	45	1,055	470	585
Argentinian	2,025	910	1,120	11,460	5,620	5,840
Belizean	125	60	65	810	395	415
Bolivian	375	145	230	1,885	935	955
Brazilian	5,455	2,465	2,990	18,395	8,760	9,635
Chilean	5,700	2,740	2,955	14,625	7,015	7,610
Colombian	5,860	2,805	3,055	40,820	19,345	21,480
Costa Rican	810	385	425	2,790	1,380	1,410
Ecuadorian	1,040	490	550	20,385	9,650	10,735
Guatemalan	2,575	1,310	1,265	10,040	4,870	5,170
Guyanese	1,925	995	935	73,360	34,050	39,315
Hispanic	1,535	720	810	5,805	2,790	3,015
Honduran	1,445	750	695	3,360	1,590	1,765
Maya	930	475	455	2,500	1,285	1,215
Mexican	23,055	11,025	12,035	43,120	20,735	22,380
Nicaraguan	1,520	735	785	7,100	3,440	3,665
Panamanian	325	140	185	2,475	1,125	1,355
Paraguayan	895	475	420	600	280	320
Peruvian	3,905	1,775	2,135	14,780	6,985	7,800
Salvadorean	6,815	3,390	3,425	27,595	13,530	14,070
Uruguayan	410	205	205	4,200	2,150	2,050
Venezuelan	1,900	915	980	11,750	5,320	6,430
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	3,310	1,605	1,705	14,095	6,745	7,350
African origins	59,985	30,635	29,345	414,095	203,260	210,835
Central and West African origins	7,075	3,810	3,265	85,735	42,745	42,990
Akan	40	30	10	965	540	425
Angolan	90	55	35	1,635	815	820
Ashanti	85	30	50	1,205	620	585
Beninese	35	20	15	555	280	270
Burkinabe	45	30	15	415	190	225
Cameroonian	150	85	70	4,700	2,330	2,370
Chadian	70	50	25	645	320	325
Congolese	810	405	400	10,425	4,960	5,460
Edo	85	55	30	1,025	545	480
Ewe	55	25	30	180	95	80
Gabonese	10	0	10	170	80	90
Gambian	25	10	15	630	305	330
Ghanaian	1,600	865	730	24,850	12,060	12,790
Guinean	130	45	80	1,105	550	560
Ibo	280	160	115	1,940	1,035	905
Ivorian	100	55	50	1,350	600	745
Liberian	250	95	150	770	365	405
Malian	80	55	25	490	250	240
Malinké	10	0	0	345	160	185
Nigerian	2,615	1,430	1,185	26,560	13,620	12,940
Peulh	20	0	15	135	80	55
Senegalese	95	75	25	1,000	500	495
Sierra Leonean	130	60	65	1,175	585	585
Togolese	100	70	40	670	370	300
Wolof	0	0	0	80	45	35
Yoruba	255	135	125	4,055	2,155	1,900
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	620	305	315	4,745	2,340	2,410
North African origins	9,840	5,210	4,630	86,665	44,970	41,695
Algerian	770	465	305	4,065	2,035	2,030
Berber	210	130	80	1,845	985	860
Coptic	150	90	65	2,305	1,185	1,120
Dinka	45	25	15	205	110	95
Egyptian	4,520	2,340	2,180	52,845	27,465	25,375
Libyan	420	275	140	3,785	2,015	1,760
Maure	150	60	90	290	160	125
Moroccan	2,005	1,105	895	12,305	6,310	6,000
Sudanese	1,225	535	695	8,975	4,600	4,375
Tunisian	500	290	215	2,295	1,210	1,085
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	215	115	105	1,755	920	830
Southern and East African origins	24,800	12,345	12,450	128,910	61,680	67,230
Afrikaner	705	355	355	560	285	275
Amhara	115	60	50	720	360	360
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	255	140	120	870	455	415
Burundian	215	95	120	3,105	1,465	1,640
Djiboutian	0	0	0	1,035	460	575
Eritrean	1,055	550	505	11,870	5,740	6,125
Ethiopian	2,550	1,280	1,270	22,560	10,755	11,800
Harari	0	0	0	475	255	215
Kenyan	1,615	775	845	5,860	2,780	3,080
Malagasy	105	65	40	430	200	230
Mauritian	975	520	450	3,600	1,830	1,770
Oromo	140	75	65	1,290	610	685
Rwandan	420	225	195	3,215	1,380	1,830
Seychellois	25	15	15	350	140	205
Somali	2,295	1,115	1,180	40,995	19,200	21,795
South African	11,060	5,510	5,550	19,760	9,790	9,970
Tanzanian	490	220	275	2,610	1,300	1,315
Tigrian	205	110	95	770	395	375
Ugandan	775	390	380	2,950	1,445	1,505
Zambian	210	95	110	805	410	395
Zimbabwean	855	445	405	3,425	1,595	1,830
Zulu	75	25	45	440	225	215
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	1,840	910	930	8,475	3,900	4,570
Other African origins	19,215	9,745	9,465	119,670	57,245	62,420
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	2,660	1,315	1,340	17,380	7,720	9,660
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	16,740	8,515	8,225	103,560	50,150	53,410
Asian origins	1,312,445	624,270	688,175	3,100,450	1,506,795	1,593,655
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	99,560	51,315	48,245	523,340	265,615	257,730
Afghan	7,895	4,005	3,885	54,535	27,255	27,280
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	5,660	3,125	2,540	44,705	23,345	21,360
Armenian	3,715	1,905	1,815	29,675	14,570	15,105
Assyrian	545	295	250	12,075	6,140	5,935
Azerbaijani	990	570	425	4,105	1,995	2,110
Georgian	740	380	355	2,815	1,415	1,395
Hazara	55	30	20	680	390	290
Iranian	47,985	24,290	23,695	117,065	58,995	58,065
Iraqi	5,575	2,860	2,715	50,460	25,420	25,035
Israeli	2,655	1,370	1,285	17,080	8,890	8,185
Jordanian	785	425	355	9,660	5,110	4,545
Kazakh	385	205	175	1,325	610	715
Kurd	2,120	1,165	950	9,210	4,880	4,330
Kuwaiti	125	85	40	1,510	795	715
Kyrgyz	175	90	85	340	130	210
Lebanese	7,980	4,175	3,805	86,245	43,700	42,545
Palestinian	2,625	1,410	1,210	28,480	15,215	13,270
Pashtun	360	200	160	3,010	1,635	1,375
Saudi Arabian	975	615	360	3,660	1,975	1,685
Syrian	3,955	1,905	2,055	31,440	15,570	15,870
Tajik	260	135	125	1,850	880	970
Tatar	790	365	425	2,135	930	1,205
Turk	6,355	3,485	2,865	34,165	17,340	16,825
Turkmen	120	70	55	695	345	355
Uighur	130	65	60	755	385	375
Uzbek	270	150	120	2,400	1,155	1,240
Yemeni	300	185	115	4,225	2,065	2,155
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	2,635	1,340	1,295	16,270	8,395	7,875
South Asian origins	363,885	182,650	181,235	1,182,845	595,480	587,370
Bangladeshi	1,840	925	920	29,195	14,965	14,230
Bengali	850	405	445	15,235	7,795	7,445
Bhutanese	120	65	55	1,450	710	735
East Indian	309,315	154,795	154,520	774,500	390,015	384,480
Goan	485	245	240	4,775	2,245	2,525
Gujarati	700	335	365	5,915	3,055	2,860
Kashmiri	185	100	85	1,795	900	895
Nepali	1,495	690	805	8,150	4,070	4,080
Pakistani	12,585	6,565	6,015	149,060	75,860	73,200
Punjabi	38,725	19,700	19,025	55,455	28,580	26,875
Sinhalese	620	325	300	5,195	2,545	2,645
Sri Lankan	5,710	2,970	2,740	124,270	60,685	63,585
Tamil	1,235	670	560	42,760	21,705	21,050
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	8,245	4,070	4,170	58,705	29,705	29,005
East and Southeast Asian origins	855,345	393,475	461,875	1,422,890	659,650	763,245
Burmese	2,310	1,135	1,175	4,420	2,105	2,315
Cambodian (Khmer)	3,235	1,580	1,655	14,655	6,810	7,845
Chinese	540,155	253,065	287,090	849,345	403,280	446,065
Filipino	158,215	68,710	89,505	337,760	144,830	192,930
Hmong	130	70	60	650	340	305
Indonesian	6,625	3,115	3,510	9,325	4,305	5,025
Japanese	51,150	22,200	28,945	41,620	18,530	23,090
Karen	895	450	445	1,645	830	815
Korean	63,300	29,330	33,975	93,420	44,585	48,835
Laotian	2,530	1,275	1,255	9,875	4,865	5,015
Malaysian	5,060	2,260	2,800	7,310	3,370	3,935
Mongolian	1,495	740	760	2,940	1,390	1,545
Singaporean	1,055	490	560	1,260	565	700
Taiwanese	21,455	9,810	11,650	10,060	4,595	5,465
Thai	5,065	1,870	3,195	6,865	2,725	4,135
Tibetan	550	290	260	6,365	3,175	3,185
Vietnamese	41,435	20,205	21,230	107,640	51,350	56,290
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	785	310	470	4,375	2,165	2,210
Other Asian origins	2,500	1,250	1,250	13,430	6,575	6,855
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	2,500	1,250	1,255	13,430	6,575	6,855
Oceania origins	41,125	20,605	20,520	20,680	10,435	10,240
Australian	16,240	8,385	7,855	13,315	6,780	6,530
New Zealander	6,565	3,405	3,155	4,250	2,255	2,000
Pacific Islands origins	19,135	9,240	9,890	3,490	1,625	1,860
Fijian	14,145	6,895	7,250	1,610	665	945
Hawaiian	2,200	970	1,235	470	235	240
Maori	1,120	595	530	485	255	230
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	600	275	325	275	115	165
Samoan	485	255	230	225	140	85
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	905	440	465	555	265	290
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	1,881,970	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Owner	1,279,020	...	...	3,601,825	...	...
Renter	599,360	...	...	1,559,720	...	...
Band housing	3,590	...	...	7,635	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	1,881,970	...	...	5,169,170	...	...
Condominium	416,770	...	...	680,495	...	...
Not condominium	1,465,200	...	...	4,488,680	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	1,881,970	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
No bedrooms	22,705	...	...	33,950	...	...
1 bedroom	311,035	...	...	699,980	...	...
2 bedrooms	514,015	...	...	1,122,145	...	...
3 bedrooms	513,135	...	...	1,876,905	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	521,075	...	...	1,436,185	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	1,881,970	...	...	5,169,170	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	642,910	...	...	1,369,660	...	...
5 rooms	274,780	...	...	718,020	...	...
6 rooms	235,845	...	...	770,730	...	...
7 rooms	199,715	...	...	713,595	...	...
8 or more rooms	528,720	...	...	1,597,165	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.0	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	1,881,970	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
One person or fewer per room	1,839,850	...	...	5,046,810	...	...
More than 1 person per room	42,120	...	...	122,360	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	1,881,965	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Suitable	1,781,905	...	...	4,858,170	...	...
Not suitable	100,060	...	...	311,005	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	1,881,970	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
1960 or before	267,560	...	...	1,293,135	...	...
1961 to 1980	559,485	...	...	1,449,585	...	...
1981 to 1990	289,565	...	...	709,135	...	...
1991 to 2000	331,865	...	...	622,565	...	...
2001 to 2005	125,335	...	...	396,130	...	...
2006 to 2010	171,945	...	...	368,235	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	136,210	...	...	330,390	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	1,881,970	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	1,763,105	...	...	4,851,335	...	...
Major repairs needed	118,865	...	...	317,840	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	1,881,970	...	...	5,169,170	...	...
1 household maintainer	1,091,500	...	...	2,962,065	...	...
2 household maintainers	725,675	...	...	2,059,710	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	64,790	...	...	147,400	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	1,881,970	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
15 to 24 years	58,620	...	...	135,835	...	...
25 to 34 years	253,950	...	...	681,685	...	...
35 to 44 years	304,185	...	...	880,070	...	...
45 to 54 years	378,545	...	...	1,113,885	...	...
55 to 64 years	390,185	...	...	1,047,185	...	...
65 to 74 years	288,165	...	...	738,445	...	...
75 to 84 years	152,225	...	...	414,210	...	...
85 years and over	56,085	...	...	157,860	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	1,832,420	...	...	5,106,290	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	1,320,210	...	...	3,694,385	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	512,210	...	...	1,411,900	...	...
30% to less than 100%	420,705	...	...	1,208,010	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,242,600	...	...	3,557,485	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	58.6	...	...	61.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	20.7	...	...	19.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,149	...	...	1,299	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,387	...	...	1,463	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	500,874	...	...	400,496	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	720,689	...	...	506,409	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	592,825	...	...	1,554,940	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	12.5	...	...	15.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	43.3	...	...	45.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,036	...	...	1,045	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,149	...	...	1,109	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,605	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
No certificate, diploma or degree	601,640	305,320	296,315	1,935,355	961,690	973,670
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	1,138,565	549,580	588,985	3,026,100	1,485,320	1,540,770
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,130,175	1,027,870	1,102,310	6,076,985	2,895,745	3,181,235
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	338,980	250,270	88,720	664,180	471,055	193,120
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	142,935	83,055	59,880	324,370	199,510	124,855
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	196,045	167,210	28,840	339,810	271,545	68,260
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	700,945	280,300	420,645	2,298,715	981,785	1,316,930
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	138,010	54,420	83,585	242,005	107,065	134,945
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	952,240	442,880	509,360	2,872,085	1,335,845	1,536,250
Bachelor's degree	622,670	281,020	341,655	1,911,530	854,135	1,057,395
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	69,005	28,575	40,430	189,370	83,670	105,695
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	29,110	16,690	12,420	79,760	42,295	37,460
Master's degree	195,825	94,360	101,465	593,645	294,180	299,470
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	35,625	22,240	13,390	97,790	61,560	36,230
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	2,532,975	1,227,040	1,305,940	7,229,120	3,498,620	3,730,495
No certificate, diploma or degree	244,000	134,410	109,585	752,995	404,770	348,225
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	671,010	330,835	340,175	1,768,955	895,020	873,935
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,617,965	761,790	856,175	4,707,165	2,198,830	2,508,335
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	231,445	172,290	59,155	446,390	315,975	130,420
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	97,350	56,920	40,435	218,980	134,685	84,295
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	134,095	115,370	18,725	227,410	181,290	46,120
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	528,805	210,880	317,925	1,782,530	762,505	1,020,030
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	99,695	39,205	60,490	170,925	75,935	94,995
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	758,015	339,415	418,605	2,307,320	1,044,420	1,262,895
Bachelor's degree	497,845	219,005	278,840	1,519,850	668,450	851,400
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	52,955	20,995	31,965	148,960	62,370	86,590
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	22,440	11,665	10,775	63,790	30,895	32,895
Master's degree	159,740	73,335	86,405	500,415	239,160	261,255
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	25,030	14,420	10,615	74,310	43,545	30,765
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	3,870,380	1,882,770	1,987,610	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	1,740,205	854,900	885,300	4,961,455	2,447,010	2,514,445
Education	144,100	34,915	109,185	349,745	79,245	270,505
13. Education	144,100	34,910	109,185	349,750	79,245	270,505
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	98,735	44,465	54,275	246,075	109,955	136,120
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	16,970	12,880	4,090	38,745	28,735	10,010
50. Visual and performing arts	81,765	31,580	50,185	207,325	81,220	126,110
Humanities	124,600	49,025	75,575	359,560	133,350	226,210
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	15,235	3,675	11,555	37,900	8,170	29,730
23. English language and literature/letters	34,710	10,845	23,865	98,440	28,290	70,145
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	35,720	13,670	22,050	95,345	32,940	62,410
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	585	210	375	2,165	805	1,365
38. Philosophy and religious studies	6,710	4,050	2,660	24,255	13,425	10,830
39. Theology and religious vocations	12,275	7,400	4,880	28,175	17,120	11,055
54. History	15,780	8,475	7,300	57,295	30,015	27,280
55. French language and literature/letters	3,580	705	2,880	15,990	2,590	13,400
Social and behavioural sciences and law	245,990	87,960	158,025	810,410	269,735	540,670
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	4,120	1,060	3,060	10,765	2,210	8,560
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	23,180	8,505	14,680	81,500	31,825	49,675
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	38,070	3,285	34,785	141,750	11,775	129,975
22. Legal professions and studies	38,505	13,545	24,955	128,860	45,275	83,590
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	4,325	1,345	2,985	16,210	3,400	12,815
42. Psychology	43,230	12,480	30,750	122,545	29,640	92,905
45. Social sciences	94,560	47,755	46,810	308,775	145,620	163,155
Business, management and public administration	426,460	166,470	259,990	1,279,665	527,085	752,580
30.16 Accounting and computer science	775	215	560	2,725	895	1,830
44. Public administration and social service professions	26,520	5,960	20,565	108,935	21,405	87,530
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	399,160	160,295	238,865	1,168,005	504,780	663,225
Physical and life sciences and technologies	86,425	46,070	40,355	253,905	124,050	129,850
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	36,760	16,800	19,960	110,950	45,120	65,835
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	19,025	9,400	9,620	54,745	24,800	29,945
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	835	225	610	3,830	1,190	2,640
40. Physical sciences	26,370	18,395	7,975	72,355	48,145	24,205
41. Science technologies/technicians	3,440	1,255	2,185	12,025	4,795	7,235
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	80,070	51,490	28,575	290,045	185,310	104,730
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	62,795	43,900	18,890	220,550	150,765	69,790
25. Library science	5,560	755	4,805	15,220	2,450	12,770
27. Mathematics and statistics	10,875	6,295	4,580	49,025	28,515	20,515
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	835	540	300	5,235	3,580	1,655
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	427,670	388,335	39,340	1,173,030	1,055,050	117,985
04. Architecture and related services	15,490	9,985	5,505	51,845	34,590	17,265
14. Engineering	98,455	81,055	17,395	334,085	271,010	63,070
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	68,500	60,490	8,010	237,775	214,500	23,275
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	90	25	65	160	30	125
46. Construction trades	100,765	97,615	3,150	198,790	194,555	4,235
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	97,720	94,520	3,200	225,860	220,545	5,315
48. Precision production	46,660	44,650	2,015	124,515	119,820	4,695
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	50,210	31,680	18,525	106,895	67,015	39,880
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	24,950	13,670	11,275	66,035	41,790	24,240
03. Natural resources and conservation	25,260	18,010	7,250	40,860	25,230	15,635
Health and related fields	322,715	65,735	256,975	865,970	173,780	692,185
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	23,740	11,920	11,820	75,715	37,005	38,705
51. Health professions and related programs	290,645	48,985	241,655	767,680	124,280	643,400
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	8,330	4,835	3,495	22,575	12,490	10,075
Personal, protective and transportation services	122,855	61,605	61,250	340,285	170,915	169,375
12. Personal and culinary services	79,740	24,860	54,885	183,925	49,390	134,535
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	320	290	30	2,135	1,815	320
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	1,235	1,120	115	2,610	2,385	225
43. Security and protective services	13,935	10,390	3,545	98,325	68,625	29,695
49. Transportation and materials moving	27,620	24,945	2,680	53,290	48,695	4,595
Other	355	115	240	1,405	260	1,145
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	350	115	240	1,405	255	1,145
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	2,532,980	1,227,040	1,305,935	7,229,120	3,498,625	3,730,500
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	915,015	465,250	449,765	2,521,950	1,299,790	1,222,160
Education	96,005	21,035	74,970	243,635	52,670	190,965
13. Education	96,010	21,035	74,975	243,635	52,670	190,965
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	77,655	34,430	43,225	192,630	85,175	107,450
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	12,710	9,580	3,130	28,705	21,070	7,635
50. Visual and performing arts	64,940	24,845	40,090	163,925	64,105	99,815
Humanities	93,605	35,490	58,115	266,665	95,805	170,855
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	11,710	2,510	9,195	29,210	5,775	23,435
23. English language and literature/letters	25,665	7,810	17,850	73,110	20,225	52,885
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	28,260	10,505	17,750	72,145	24,330	47,815
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	425	170	255	1,665	615	1,045
38. Philosophy and religious studies	4,970	2,960	2,010	17,755	9,925	7,830
39. Theology and religious vocations	8,330	4,945	3,385	19,390	11,790	7,605
54. History	11,805	6,140	5,665	42,315	21,735	20,585
55. French language and literature/letters	2,445	455	2,000	11,075	1,415	9,655
Social and behavioural sciences and law	196,450	67,000	129,450	648,285	207,200	441,085
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	3,460	845	2,615	8,630	1,785	6,845
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	19,685	6,940	12,750	67,115	26,015	41,105
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	29,855	2,505	27,350	111,550	8,405	103,145
22. Legal professions and studies	31,190	9,665	21,525	108,895	34,250	74,650
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	3,540	1,110	2,425	12,875	2,705	10,170
42. Psychology	33,055	8,845	24,210	93,770	21,045	72,725
45. Social sciences	75,665	37,095	38,575	245,445	113,000	132,445
Business, management and public administration	335,220	128,975	206,245	1,026,975	414,425	612,550
30.16 Accounting and computer science	540	170	365	2,225	715	1,510
44. Public administration and social service professions	20,695	4,240	16,455	88,130	16,590	71,540
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	313,985	124,565	189,425	936,620	397,120	539,500
Physical and life sciences and technologies	63,705	32,325	31,385	190,235	88,535	101,700
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	28,505	12,595	15,915	84,580	33,150	51,425
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	13,825	6,570	7,260	41,255	18,020	23,240
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	645	160	485	3,135	975	2,165
40. Physical sciences	18,525	12,250	6,270	52,490	33,175	19,310
41. Science technologies/technicians	2,210	750	1,460	8,775	3,215	5,555
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	68,660	44,820	23,840	252,275	162,360	89,915
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	56,390	39,660	16,725	198,775	136,120	62,655
25. Library science	3,830	545	3,290	10,755	1,765	8,995
27. Mathematics and statistics	7,760	4,185	3,570	38,160	21,440	16,720
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	680	430	250	4,580	3,030	1,550
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	310,855	277,375	33,475	878,300	779,075	99,225
04. Architecture and related services	12,110	7,240	4,875	42,115	27,365	14,745
14. Engineering	76,935	61,380	15,560	266,040	211,240	54,800
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	48,690	42,285	6,405	178,830	160,160	18,675
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	65	20	45	140	25	115
46. Construction trades	72,800	70,225	2,570	141,515	138,160	3,360
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	69,025	66,545	2,480	162,855	158,770	4,080
48. Precision production	31,225	29,690	1,535	86,805	83,355	3,450
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	39,360	23,810	15,555	82,775	49,710	33,065
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	18,965	9,875	9,090	50,160	30,065	20,095
03. Natural resources and conservation	20,395	13,930	6,470	32,615	19,650	12,965
Health and related fields	244,975	50,520	194,460	664,880	133,665	531,220
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	18,900	9,380	9,520	58,160	27,950	30,205
51. Health professions and related programs	219,800	37,800	182,000	589,085	96,720	492,365
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	6,285	3,340	2,940	17,640	8,990	8,645
Personal, protective and transportation services	91,185	45,925	45,265	259,400	129,985	129,415
12. Personal and culinary services	58,820	18,880	39,945	137,250	36,225	101,030
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	195	165	30	1,685	1,405	280
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	570	505	65	1,415	1,270	145
43. Security and protective services	11,175	8,110	3,060	77,190	52,840	24,345
49. Transportation and materials moving	20,430	18,265	2,165	41,855	38,245	3,610
Other	275	85	185	1,125	220	900
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	270	85	185	1,125	225	900
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	3,870,380	1,882,770	1,987,610	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,740,205	854,900	885,300	4,961,460	2,447,010	2,514,445
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	2,130,175	1,027,870	1,102,305	6,076,985	2,895,745	3,181,240
Location of study inside Canada	1,625,550	785,340	840,205	4,786,950	2,261,260	2,525,690
Same as province or territory of residence	1,243,905	593,275	650,635	4,414,485	2,081,525	2,332,960
Different than province or territory of residence	381,645	192,070	189,575	372,470	179,735	192,730
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	504,630	242,530	262,100	1,290,035	634,485	655,545
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	74,030	40,425	33,610	167,260	89,350	77,910
Philippines	56,845	20,455	36,395	115,410	39,750	75,655
India	44,115	22,045	22,065	169,340	85,500	83,840
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	58,825	31,920	26,910	115,690	66,215	49,470
China^{Census data footnote 162}	61,840	27,630	34,210	98,415	46,230	52,185
France	4,385	2,360	2,025	10,775	5,800	4,975
Other	204,580	97,700	106,885	613,145	301,635	311,510
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	2,532,975	1,227,040	1,305,935	7,229,120	3,498,620	3,730,500
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	915,015	465,250	449,765	2,521,955	1,299,795	1,222,160
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	1,617,960	761,790	856,170	4,707,170	2,198,830	2,508,335
Location of study inside Canada	1,239,640	589,155	650,490	3,713,145	1,728,610	1,984,540
Same as province or territory of residence	970,485	454,780	515,700	3,432,015	1,593,170	1,838,850
Different than province or territory of residence	269,155	134,375	134,785	281,130	135,440	145,690
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	378,325	172,640	205,685	994,025	470,225	523,800
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	50,095	26,175	23,920	127,005	65,045	61,960
Philippines	48,935	17,385	31,555	97,230	32,925	64,300
India	36,800	17,455	19,345	143,205	70,040	73,175
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	32,890	17,360	15,530	62,325	34,315	28,010
China^{Census data footnote 162}	53,570	23,445	30,125	82,020	37,900	44,125
France	3,505	1,885	1,615	8,705	4,630	4,070
Other	152,530	68,935	83,595	473,530	225,365	248,160
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,610	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,680
In the labour force	2,471,665	1,285,835	1,185,830	7,141,675	3,689,625	3,452,055
Employed	2,305,690	1,194,455	1,111,240	6,612,150	3,414,255	3,197,895
Unemployed	165,975	91,385	74,590	529,525	275,370	254,160
Not in the labour force	1,398,710	596,935	801,775	3,896,765	1,653,130	2,243,630
Participation rate	63.9	68.3	59.7	64.7	69.1	60.6
Employment rate	59.6	63.4	55.9	59.9	63.9	56.1
Unemployment rate	6.7	7.1	6.3	7.4	7.5	7.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,605	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	1,290,235	547,350	742,885	3,696,235	1,561,475	2,134,755
Worked	2,580,140	1,335,420	1,244,720	7,342,205	3,781,280	3,560,925
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	1,183,405	675,950	507,460	3,837,565	2,148,635	1,688,935
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	1,396,735	659,470	737,260	3,504,645	1,632,645	1,871,995
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.8	42.4	41.1	42.9	43.4	42.3
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	2,471,670	1,285,840	1,185,835	7,141,675	3,689,625	3,452,055
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	43,805	21,245	22,555	171,050	81,735	89,315
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	2,427,860	1,264,585	1,163,275	6,970,625	3,607,890	3,362,735
Employee	2,084,470	1,054,630	1,029,840	6,146,035	3,084,740	3,061,295
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	343,395	209,955	133,430	824,595	523,145	301,445
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	2,471,665	1,285,835	1,185,830	7,141,675	3,689,625	3,452,050
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	43,805	21,245	22,560	171,045	81,735	89,315
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	2,427,860	1,264,585	1,163,270	6,970,625	3,607,890	3,362,735
0 Management occupations	275,000	168,820	106,180	790,880	483,240	307,635
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	368,940	106,205	262,740	1,124,770	357,215	767,555
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	161,520	127,060	34,460	516,110	399,195	116,915
3 Health occupations	162,865	35,775	127,095	447,045	90,495	356,550
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	269,255	87,765	181,485	831,340	265,075	566,265
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	93,100	44,855	48,245	225,720	104,445	121,275
6 Sales and service occupations	595,225	251,490	343,735	1,632,085	709,375	922,710
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	360,970	339,660	21,315	927,820	866,870	60,950
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	64,235	47,530	16,700	113,405	88,150	25,260
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	76,745	55,430	21,315	361,455	243,835	117,620
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	2,471,665	1,285,835	1,185,830	7,141,675	3,689,625	3,452,050
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	43,805	21,250	22,555	171,050	81,730	89,315
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	2,427,865	1,264,590	1,163,270	6,970,625	3,607,890	3,362,735
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	65,205	42,840	22,360	102,070	67,005	35,070
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	25,920	21,810	4,115	32,340	27,920	4,415
22 Utilities	12,445	8,915	3,535	50,820	38,195	12,630
23 Construction	199,985	175,195	24,790	476,835	419,600	57,230
31-33 Manufacturing	157,560	113,945	43,615	683,335	482,800	200,530
41 Wholesale trade	82,105	55,530	26,580	270,745	178,945	91,800
44-45 Retail trade	283,135	129,985	153,150	783,540	367,175	416,365
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	128,400	98,580	29,815	329,240	242,045	87,190
51 Information and cultural industries	67,225	41,065	26,155	176,715	101,045	75,670
52 Finance and insurance	93,805	38,430	55,380	380,765	169,590	211,180
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	54,995	29,515	25,475	144,275	77,385	66,890
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	196,670	107,680	88,990	567,825	316,685	251,140
55 Management of companies and enterprises	4,320	1,975	2,345	12,365	5,290	7,075
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	109,095	62,325	46,775	338,640	190,210	148,430
61 Educational services	173,820	56,455	117,365	528,470	163,680	364,795
62 Health care and social assistance	270,855	52,320	218,530	754,555	134,270	620,275
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	57,940	29,050	28,895	147,425	75,330	72,095
72 Accommodation and food services	207,045	86,555	120,490	478,070	201,260	276,805
81 Other services (except public administration)	112,335	47,960	64,375	296,960	133,220	163,745
91 Public administration	125,000	64,450	60,545	415,635	216,250	199,385
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	2,305,690	1,194,455	1,111,240	6,612,150	3,414,255	3,197,900
Worked at home	196,510	95,515	100,990	480,290	242,495	237,795
Worked outside Canada	16,040	11,285	4,760	39,145	25,995	13,150
No fixed workplace address	326,180	243,130	83,050	736,715	536,140	200,570
Worked at usual place	1,766,965	844,520	922,440	5,355,995	2,609,620	2,746,375
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	1,766,965	844,520	922,440	5,356,000	2,609,625	2,746,375
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	864,410	382,105	482,305	3,109,070	1,418,260	1,690,810
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	807,840	405,435	402,400	857,565	419,960	437,605
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	81,750	47,820	33,930	1,350,375	749,770	600,605
Commute to a different province or territory	12,965	9,160	3,805	38,990	21,630	17,355
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	2,093,145	1,087,655	1,005,490	6,092,710	3,145,765	2,946,945
Car, truck, van - as a driver	1,475,585	803,485	672,095	4,375,215	2,392,270	1,982,945
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	114,580	49,075	65,500	372,480	151,880	220,600
Public transit	274,205	117,830	156,375	888,920	376,690	512,235
Walked	142,310	62,395	79,920	320,015	143,885	176,130
Bicycle	51,350	32,665	18,680	75,460	50,200	25,260
Other method	35,115	22,195	12,915	60,620	30,835	29,785
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	2,093,140	1,087,650	1,005,490	6,092,715	3,145,765	2,946,950
Less than 15 minutes	601,950	276,005	325,950	1,463,845	675,540	788,310
15 to 29 minutes	689,520	353,590	335,925	1,964,690	991,525	973,165
30 to 44 minutes	425,680	237,995	187,685	1,295,375	706,155	589,225
45 to 59 minutes	184,690	104,220	80,465	612,415	336,090	276,325
60 minutes and over	191,305	115,840	75,470	756,385	436,455	319,930
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	2,093,140	1,087,650	1,005,490	6,092,715	3,145,765	2,946,950
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	142,370	101,315	41,050	413,515	296,265	117,245
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	342,500	214,795	127,700	1,039,255	640,810	398,445
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	526,485	271,110	255,375	1,571,230	778,100	793,130
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	470,210	202,910	267,295	1,354,870	577,565	777,310
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	292,185	125,470	166,715	740,330	328,410	411,920
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	319,400	172,045	147,355	973,515	524,620	448,895
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	2,670,700	1,378,580	1,292,120	7,579,085	3,895,880	3,683,200
Single responses	2,622,495	1,354,780	1,267,710	7,434,675	3,828,665	3,606,015
Official languages	2,537,990	1,309,980	1,228,015	7,319,360	3,767,405	3,551,955
English	2,531,850	1,308,325	1,223,530	7,225,210	3,732,550	3,492,655
French	6,140	1,660	4,485	94,145	34,850	59,295
Non-official languages	84,500	44,805	39,705	115,320	61,255	54,060
Aboriginal languages	260	75	180	1,485	765	715
Algonquian languages	15	0	10	1,420	745	675
Blackfoot	0	0	10	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	10	0	10	370	220	150
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Woods Cree	0	0	0	0	0	10
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	0	360	215	145
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	1,050	525	525
Algonquin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway	0	0	0	495	235	265
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	545	290	260
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	10	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	45	15	30	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	45	15	30	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	20	0	15	0	0	0
Chilcotin	20	10	10	0	0	0
Dene	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	10	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	10	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	10	0	0	0
Inuit languages	0	0	0	25	0	20
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	25	10	20
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	25	10	20
Cayuga	0	0	0	10	0	10
Mohawk	0	0	0	20	10	10
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	110	30	85	0	0	0
Comox	10	0	10	0	0	0
Halkomelem	15	0	15	0	0	0
Lillooet	15	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	20	0	20	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	30	10	25	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	15	0	10	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	10	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	25	10	20	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	15	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	10	10	10	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	30	10	20	0	0	0
Haisla	10	0	10	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	10	10	10	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	10	10	10	0	10	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	15	10	0	10	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	84,245	44,730	39,520	113,835	60,490	53,340
Afro-Asiatic languages	440	295	145	3,305	1,995	1,310
Berber languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	10	125	45	80
Bilen	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0	15	10	10
Somali	10	0	10	110	35	70
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	435	295	135	3,175	1,955	1,225
Amharic	15	15	0	75	30	45
Arabic	320	235	85	2,430	1,605	825
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	20	10	145	110	40
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	35	20	15
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	75	30	50	395	140	260
Maltese	0	0	0	20	15	10
Tigrigna	0	0	0	60	30	25
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,505	1,165	1,345	2,575	1,065	1,510
Khmer (Cambodian)	45	30	20	95	50	50
Vietnamese	2,460	1,140	1,325	2,480	1,015	1,465
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	825	385	440	1,280	495	790
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	20	0	20	25	10	15
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	10	10	0
Ilocano	30	15	20	40	20	20
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	65	35	20	55	20	30
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	695	320	375	1,145	435	705
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	10	0	10
Creole languages	0	0	0	60	35	30
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	15	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	50	25	20
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Dravidian languages	30	15	20	1,980	945	1,035
Kannada	0	0	0	10	0	10
Malayalam	0	0	0	75	45	30
Tamil	30	10	15	1,870	900	975
Telugu	0	0	0	35	10	20
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	23,765	13,305	10,460	38,960	21,375	17,580
Albanian	15	15	0	275	170	105
Armenian	0	0	0	145	75	75
Balto-Slavic languages	950	440	510	6,655	3,165	3,495
Baltic languages	10	10	0	70	25	40
Latvian	0	0	0	20	10	10
Lithuanian	10	0	0	45	20	25
Slavic languages	935	435	500	6,595	3,135	3,455
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	15	0	10	100	55	40
Bulgarian	10	0	10	120	85	40
Croatian	30	10	25	155	100	50
Czech	40	20	10	25	20	10
Macedonian	0	0	10	85	35	45
Polish	115	50	70	1,925	960	960
Russian	565	255	315	2,905	1,240	1,670
Serbian	95	55	40	390	240	145
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	20	10	10
Slovak	15	10	0	55	40	20
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	15	0	10
Ukrainian	40	25	15	780	320	460
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Celtic languages	10	10	0	15	10	10
Scottish Gaelic	10	10	0	10	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Germanic languages	805	465	335	6,905	3,655	3,250
Afrikaans	15	10	0	0	0	0
Danish	15	15	0	30	15	20
Dutch	120	70	45	790	425	365
Frisian	0	0	0	25	20	10
German	590	330	260	5,690	3,005	2,690
Icelandic	0	0	0	0	10	0
Norwegian	15	10	10	30	10	20
Swedish	25	20	10	55	15	35
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	10	10	10
Yiddish	10	10	10	20	0	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	240	155	80
Greek	55	25	30	405	240	165
Indo-Iranian languages	19,805	11,280	8,535	11,880	6,560	5,315
Indo-Aryan languages	18,715	10,560	8,160	9,205	4,900	4,310
Bengali	15	15	0	335	160	170
Gujarati	35	15	25	730	255	475
Hindi	300	185	110	800	380	415
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0	30	10	20
Nepali	20	10	10	80	30	50
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	18,295	10,310	7,985	6,025	3,480	2,550
Sindhi	0	0	10	20	10	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	30	15	10
Urdu	45	25	25	1,150	555	600
Iranian languages	1,085	720	365	2,660	1,655	1,005
Kurdish	25	25	0	105	95	15
Pashto	0	0	0	20	10	15
Persian (Farsi)	1,060	700	360	2,530	1,555	975
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	10
Italic (Romance) languages	2,140	1,085	1,060	12,680	7,505	5,170
Catalan	10	10	0	10	0	10
Italian	110	50	60	945	505	445
Portuguese	515	255	260	5,815	3,865	1,950
Romanian	70	45	25	300	140	160
Spanish	1,435	725	710	5,590	2,985	2,605
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	20	10	10
Japanese	1,730	650	1,080	1,010	360	655
Kartvelian languages	0	0	0	15	0	10
Georgian	10	10	0	15	0	10
Korean	5,585	3,005	2,585	4,945	2,505	2,445
Mongolic languages	10	10	0	0	0	0
Mongolian	10	10	0	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	10	15	0	120	55	65
Akan (Twi)	10	0	0	20	0	20
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	10	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0	0	10	0
Ganda	0	0	0	25	15	15
Igbo	0	0	0	10	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	15	0	10
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0	20	10	0
Wolof	0	0	0	10	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0	10	0	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	20	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	280	90	190	810	295	515
American Sign Language	215	45	165	575	170	410
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	10	0	10
Sign languages, n.i.e	70	45	25	225	130	100
Sino-Tibetan languages	48,735	25,645	23,085	57,620	30,735	26,890
Chinese languages	48,645	25,595	23,055	57,535	30,690	26,840
Cantonese	23,555	12,020	11,535	26,955	14,190	12,770
Hakka	15	0	10	30	10	25
Mandarin	23,835	12,935	10,900	29,090	15,730	13,360
Min Dong	0	0	0	30	15	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	210	120	85	250	155	90
Wu (Shanghainese)	50	25	20	35	20	10
Chinese, n.o.s.	985	485	500	1,145	565	580
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	85	50	30	90	50	45
Burmese	25	15	15	10	10	10
Karenic languages	55	35	15	30	10	20
Tibetan	0	0	0	45	30	15
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	170	65	110	235	95	145
Lao	10	0	10	80	40	35
Thai	165	65	105	160	55	105
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	65	50	15	465	315	150
Azerbaijani	0	10	0	15	15	0
Turkish	55	40	15	440	295	140
Uyghur	0	10	0	10	10	0
Uzbek	0	0	0	10	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	45	20	25	420	205	220
Estonian	0	0	0	45	10	35
Finnish	25	10	15	75	25	50
Hungarian	25	10	15	295	165	130
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20	10	0	10
Multiple responses	48,205	23,795	24,410	144,405	67,215	77,185
English and French	4,210	1,865	2,345	63,665	26,760	36,900
English and non-official language	43,480	21,760	21,720	78,240	39,330	38,910
French and non-official language	55	30	25	175	75	100
English, French and non-official language	465	145	320	2,325	1,055	1,270
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	2,670,700	1,378,580	1,292,120	7,579,080	3,895,880	3,683,200
None	2,498,070	1,293,650	1,204,420	6,975,415	3,605,485	3,369,930
English	36,505	18,270	18,235	109,150	48,930	60,220
French	22,465	10,170	12,300	260,050	118,655	141,395
Non-official language	110,375	54,925	55,455	226,490	119,130	107,360
Aboriginal	1,860	630	1,225	5,970	2,480	3,490
Non-Aboriginal	108,515	54,295	54,225	220,520	116,650	103,870
English and French	60	40	15	245	100	150
English and non-official language	1,155	545	610	1,620	780	845
French and non-official language	2,070	980	1,090	6,080	2,780	3,300
English, French and non-official language	10	0	0	35	25	10
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	4,516,810	2,215,515	2,301,295	13,106,990	6,403,470	6,703,520
Non-movers	3,811,375	1,868,420	1,942,945	11,475,985	5,603,290	5,872,695
Movers	705,440	347,095	358,345	1,631,005	800,180	830,820
Non-migrants	386,620	189,765	196,855	941,380	460,170	481,210
Migrants	318,825	157,335	161,490	689,625	340,015	349,610
Internal migrants	249,960	123,425	126,540	535,180	263,055	272,120
Intraprovincial migrants	188,225	92,150	96,070	467,890	229,080	238,810
Interprovincial migrants	61,740	31,275	30,465	67,290	33,980	33,315
External migrants	68,860	33,910	34,950	154,445	76,955	77,490
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	4,339,960	2,124,780	2,215,180	12,546,040	6,116,715	6,429,325
Non-movers	2,490,535	1,220,635	1,269,905	7,887,825	3,845,945	4,041,880
Movers	1,849,425	904,145	945,275	4,658,215	2,270,770	2,387,445
Non-migrants	940,895	460,185	480,710	2,545,875	1,238,055	1,307,820
Migrants	908,535	443,965	464,570	2,112,340	1,032,710	1,079,630
Internal migrants	672,805	329,700	343,105	1,562,375	761,630	800,740
Intraprovincial migrants	503,685	245,895	257,795	1,380,900	672,540	708,360
Interprovincial migrants	169,115	83,805	85,310	181,480	89,090	92,390
External migrants	235,730	114,265	121,465	549,965	271,080	278,885

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

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Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

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Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

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Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

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Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

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Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

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Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

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Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 22 referrer

Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 32 referrer

Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 34 referrer

Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 35 referrer

Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 36 referrer

Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 37 referrer

Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 38 referrer

Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 39 referrer

Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 40 referrer

Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 41 referrer

Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

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Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

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Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

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Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. British Columbia [Province] and Ontario [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 23, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
British Columbia [Province] and Ontario [Province]

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
British Columbia [Province] and Ontario [Province]