Census Profile, 2016 Census
Oakville, Town [Census subdivision], Ontario and Alberta [Province]

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	Oakville, T Ontario [Census subdivision]			Alberta [Province]
	Data quality , Oakville, Town [Census subdivision], Ontario Map : Oakville, Town [Census subdivision], Ontario Change geography 1			Data quality : Alberta [Province] Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	155,025	74,295	80,725	3,206,050	1,602,810	1,603,235
No certificate, diploma or degree	18,075	8,915	9,155	540,665	284,020	256,640
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	35,120	16,705	18,410	895,885	440,665	455,220
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	101,830	48,670	53,160	1,769,500	878,130	891,375
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,705	3,775	1,935	309,465	242,160	67,305
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	2,985	1,740	1,240	94,735	56,255	38,480
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	2,720	2,030	695	214,730	185,905	28,825
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	27,055	11,615	15,435	615,480	250,590	364,895
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,255	1,810	2,445	94,620	36,875	57,750
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	64,810	31,465	33,345	749,930	348,510	401,425
Bachelor's degree	41,985	19,370	22,615	530,085	235,610	294,470
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,160	1,925	2,235	39,955	18,075	21,880
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,975	1,055	925	21,850	11,810	10,045
Master's degree	14,885	8,035	6,850	133,265	67,215	66,055
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	1,810	1,090	720	24,770	15,805	8,965
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	101,225	48,235	52,995	2,257,820	1,131,030	1,126,795
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,100	2,305	1,800	244,755	136,085	108,675
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	16,755	8,290	8,460	569,435	283,290	286,145
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	80,370	37,635	42,735	1,443,635	711,655	731,975
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,520	2,370	1,155	238,220	189,180	49,035
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	1,830	1,100	730	69,415	42,445	26,970
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	1,690	1,270	420	168,805	146,740	22,065
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	20,210	8,540	11,675	496,375	203,350	293,020
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,955	1,205	1,750	73,315	29,315	44,005
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	53,680	25,525	28,155	635,730	289,810	345,920
Bachelor's degree	34,010	15,455	18,550	448,235	197,045	251,195
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,440	1,510	1,930	32,095	14,155	17,940
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,695	855	840	18,855	9,505	9,350
Master's degree	13,055	6,865	6,190	116,975	57,230	59,740
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	1,480	840	645	19,570	11,875	7,695
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	155,020	74,290	80,730	3,206,045	1,602,810	1,603,235
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	53,195	25,625	27,570	1,436,545	724,680	711,865
Education	5,275	995	4,275	121,930	29,000	92,930
13. Education	5,270	995	4,275	121,930	29,000	92,930
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,510	1,825	2,685	49,660	20,960	28,705
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	605	465	140	9,130	6,305	2,820
50. Visual and performing arts	3,905	1,355	2,550	40,535	14,650	25,885
Humanities	6,175	1,925	4,250	69,305	27,480	41,830
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	630	100	525	6,790	1,620	5,170
23. English language and literature/letters	1,845	405	1,440	15,110	4,270	10,840
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,825	545	1,280	20,660	7,275	13,390
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	15	10	10	225	105	125
38. Philosophy and religious studies	335	170	165	4,890	2,750	2,140
39. Theology and religious vocations	205	120	85	11,435	6,560	4,865
54. History	1,015	545	465	8,600	4,560	4,045
55. French language and literature/letters	310	30	280	1,595	345	1,250
Social and behavioural sciences and law	15,565	5,615	9,945	159,735	51,705	108,030
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	150	10	140	2,345	470	1,875
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,740	615	1,125	17,180	6,320	10,865
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,545	130	1,420	28,750	2,185	26,570
22. Legal professions and studies	2,465	965	1,495	29,000	9,355	19,645
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	235	55	180	2,190	605	1,580
42. Psychology	2,430	535	1,900	27,275	6,765	20,515
45. Social sciences	6,990	3,310	3,685	52,985	26,000	26,985
Business, management and public administration	28,200	13,855	14,340	361,530	133,045	228,485
30.16 Accounting and computer science	30	10	15	670	155	520
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,240	245	995	21,565	4,015	17,555
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	26,925	13,595	13,325	339,295	128,885	210,410
Physical and life sciences and technologies	5,010	2,325	2,685	72,850	38,330	34,525
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,020	730	1,290	25,850	10,955	14,895
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,255	530	725	15,410	7,270	8,145
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	70	30	40	555	170	385
40. Physical sciences	1,545	990	550	26,130	17,875	8,255
41. Science technologies/technicians	120	40	85	4,900	2,055	2,845
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,525	3,570	1,960	60,830	37,710	23,120
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,960	2,765	1,195	48,975	32,855	16,125
25. Library science	255	15	235	4,295	515	3,780
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,215	730	490	7,050	4,020	3,035
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	100	60	35	515	330	185
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	16,175	13,655	2,515	463,185	415,665	47,520
04. Architecture and related services	875	585	290	11,325	7,140	4,190
14. Engineering	8,355	6,510	1,840	110,345	89,275	21,070
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	2,690	2,420	280	84,800	72,145	12,655
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	60	10	50
46. Construction trades	1,590	1,565	20	100,370	96,810	3,560
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,670	1,615	55	103,880	100,100	3,785
48. Precision production	990	965	30	52,400	50,195	2,205
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,140	600	535	44,270	27,245	17,025
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	665	330	335	28,440	17,860	10,580
03. Natural resources and conservation	475	265	205	15,830	9,390	6,445
Health and related fields	11,120	2,815	8,305	270,920	51,220	219,700
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	1,220	605	615	19,300	9,110	10,195
51. Health professions and related programs	9,295	1,885	7,405	245,265	38,460	206,810
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	600	320	285	6,350	3,650	2,695
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,140	1,495	1,650	95,140	45,720	49,415
12. Personal and culinary services	1,745	400	1,345	57,285	14,985	42,305
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	10	0	250	230	20
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	20	25	0	740	655	85
43. Security and protective services	920	660	260	16,985	11,590	5,400
49. Transportation and materials moving	440	395	40	19,880	18,270	1,610
Other	10	0	0	150	60	95
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	10	0	0	145	60	95
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	101,225	48,230	52,995	2,257,820	1,131,025	1,126,795
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	20,855	10,595	10,260	814,190	419,370	394,820
Education	3,890	670	3,220	91,020	19,920	71,105
13. Education	3,885	670	3,220	91,025	19,920	71,100
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,340	1,280	2,065	40,255	16,670	23,585
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	390	305	90	7,095	4,810	2,285
50. Visual and performing arts	2,950	980	1,970	33,155	11,860	21,300
Humanities	4,665	1,440	3,230	55,985	21,840	34,145
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	480	65	410	5,690	1,310	4,380
23. English language and literature/letters	1,390	315	1,075	12,345	3,425	8,920
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,415	425	990	17,320	6,020	11,300
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	10	10	10	200	95	100
38. Philosophy and religious studies	245	130	110	3,930	2,205	1,725
39. Theology and religious vocations	130	75	60	8,500	4,960	3,545
54. History	750	410	340	6,855	3,565	3,285
55. French language and literature/letters	255	15	230	1,140	245	895
Social and behavioural sciences and law	12,525	4,390	8,135	135,545	42,855	92,685
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	105	10	90	2,025	425	1,600
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,315	420	900	14,880	5,360	9,520
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,190	100	1,085	23,730	1,770	21,960
22. Legal professions and studies	2,125	755	1,370	25,095	7,395	17,705
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	160	45	120	1,790	530	1,255
42. Psychology	1,915	395	1,525	22,460	5,290	17,170
45. Social sciences	5,705	2,670	3,030	45,565	22,095	23,465
Business, management and public administration	23,240	11,290	11,950	301,995	110,825	191,170
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	10	0	560	135	420
44. Public administration and social service professions	900	185	715	18,035	3,130	14,910
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	22,325	11,095	11,230	283,400	107,560	175,840
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,610	1,570	2,040	58,120	29,655	28,465
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,530	520	1,010	20,925	8,620	12,310
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	920	370	550	12,175	5,740	6,435
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	60	20	35	460	155	305
40. Physical sciences	1,040	635	400	20,785	13,645	7,140
41. Science technologies/technicians	65	20	40	3,775	1,500	2,270
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,930	3,225	1,705	53,975	33,590	20,385
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,695	2,555	1,140	44,735	29,980	14,750
25. Library science	170	15	160	3,400	440	2,965
27. Mathematics and statistics	980	600	380	5,420	2,915	2,500
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	90	60	30	420	255	165
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	12,210	10,000	2,210	376,875	335,210	41,670
04. Architecture and related services	740	490	250	9,335	5,630	3,710
14. Engineering	6,725	5,065	1,650	95,005	75,840	19,170
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	1,895	1,660	235	69,300	58,610	10,690
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	10	55	10	50
46. Construction trades	1,110	1,090	20	80,455	77,430	3,020
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,140	1,110	30	81,470	78,290	3,180
48. Precision production	605	585	25	41,255	39,405	1,850
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	890	440	450	35,820	21,060	14,760
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	485	205	280	21,990	12,970	9,025
03. Natural resources and conservation	410	240	170	13,825	8,090	5,740
Health and related fields	8,680	2,190	6,485	217,640	42,225	175,410
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	950	460	485	15,955	7,530	8,425
51. Health professions and related programs	7,190	1,450	5,740	196,250	31,775	164,475
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	540	280	265	5,435	2,925	2,505
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,380	1,145	1,235	76,300	37,755	38,540
12. Personal and culinary services	1,290	295	995	44,755	12,085	32,670
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	15	10	190	170	20
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	0	0	460	410	50
43. Security and protective services	735	535	200	14,100	9,595	4,505
49. Transportation and materials moving	335	295	40	16,795	15,490	1,305
Other	0	0	0	115	55	60
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	0	0	0	110	55	60
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	155,025	74,295	80,725	3,206,045	1,602,810	1,603,235
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	53,190	25,620	27,570	1,436,545	724,685	711,865
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	101,830	48,670	53,160	1,769,505	878,130	891,370
Location of study inside Canada	72,175	34,270	37,905	1,424,855	709,950	714,905
Same as province or territory of residence	63,410	29,905	33,505	1,064,560	530,135	534,430
Different than province or territory of residence	8,765	4,365	4,395	360,290	179,815	180,475
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	29,655	14,400	15,255	344,645	168,180	176,465
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	3,995	2,105	1,885	45,690	25,545	20,145
Philippines	1,465	450	1,010	68,760	26,480	42,280
India	2,365	1,110	1,260	41,560	21,025	20,535
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	3,900	2,290	1,615	28,630	16,255	12,370
China^{Census data footnote 162}	2,910	1,320	1,585	18,850	8,805	10,050
France	205	110	95	2,150	1,275	875
Other	14,815	7,005	7,805	139,010	68,800	70,210
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	101,225	48,235	52,990	2,257,820	1,131,030	1,126,795
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	20,850	10,595	10,260	814,190	419,375	394,820
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	80,370	37,635	42,730	1,443,630	711,655	731,980
Location of study inside Canada	57,085	26,755	30,330	1,150,780	572,180	578,595
Same as province or territory of residence	50,460	23,495	26,965	857,370	426,365	431,010
Different than province or territory of residence	6,625	3,260	3,360	293,410	145,820	147,590
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	23,285	10,880	12,405	292,850	139,470	153,380
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	3,260	1,655	1,605	34,655	18,640	16,015
Philippines	1,220	335	880	64,000	24,435	39,565
India	1,840	805	1,030	37,240	18,505	18,740
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	2,160	1,245	920	20,065	11,390	8,675
China^{Census data footnote 162}	2,570	1,165	1,405	16,600	7,630	8,965
France	185	100	85	1,870	1,105	765
Other	12,050	5,570	6,480	118,425	57,770	60,655

Note(s):

Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Return to footnote 146 referrer

Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

Return to footnote 147 referrer

Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

Return to footnote 148 referrer

Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

Return to footnote 149 referrer

Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

Return to footnote 150 referrer

Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

Return to footnote 151 referrer

Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

Return to footnote 152 referrer

Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

Return to footnote 153 referrer

Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

Return to footnote 154 referrer

Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

Return to footnote 155 referrer

Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

Return to footnote 156 referrer

Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Return to footnote 157 referrer

Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

Return to footnote 158 referrer

Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

Return to footnote 159 referrer

Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

Return to footnote 160 referrer

Footnote 161

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

Return to footnote 161 referrer

Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

Return to footnote 162 referrer

Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. Oakville, T [Census subdivision], Ontario and Alberta [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 24, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Oakville, Town [Census subdivision], Ontario and Alberta [Province]

Census Profile, 2016 Census Oakville, Town [Census subdivision], Ontario and Alberta [Province]

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Oakville, Town [Census subdivision], Ontario and Alberta [Province]