Census Profile, 2016 Census
Oshawa [Population centre], Ontario and Canada [Country]

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	Oshawa Ontario [Population centre]			Canada [Country]
	Data quality , Oshawa [Population centre], Ontario Map : Oshawa [Population centre], Ontario Change geography 1			Data quality : Canada [Country] Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	308,875	...	...	35,151,728	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	290,704 ^r	...	...	33,476,688	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	6.3	...	...	5.0	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	116,268	...	...	15,412,443	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	113,297	...	...	14,072,079	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,998.3	...	...	3.9	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	154.57	...	...	8,965,588.85	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	308,870	150,505	158,365	35,151,730	17,264,200	17,887,530
0 to 14 years	56,210	28,825	27,380	5,839,565	2,992,920	2,846,645
0 to 4 years	17,335	8,900	8,440	1,898,790	973,030	925,760
5 to 9 years	19,420	9,920	9,500	2,018,130	1,034,685	983,445
10 to 14 years	19,455	10,010	9,445	1,922,645	985,200	937,445
15 to 64 years	207,870	101,970	105,895	23,376,530	11,576,130	11,800,400
15 to 19 years	19,950	10,070	9,880	2,026,160	1,039,215	986,940
20 to 24 years	20,485	10,545	9,940	2,242,690	1,144,495	1,098,200
25 to 29 years	18,135	9,190	8,945	2,285,990	1,144,470	1,141,515
30 to 34 years	19,180	9,345	9,840	2,329,395	1,148,290	1,181,110
35 to 39 years	20,210	9,535	10,670	2,288,365	1,118,635	1,169,730
40 to 44 years	21,555	10,400	11,150	2,255,135	1,104,440	1,150,695
45 to 49 years	22,715	10,935	11,780	2,359,965	1,157,760	1,202,210
50 to 54 years	25,885	12,655	13,230	2,678,075	1,318,755	1,359,320
55 to 59 years	22,385	11,030	11,355	2,620,240	1,285,190	1,335,055
60 to 64 years	17,365	8,255	9,110	2,290,510	1,114,885	1,175,630
65 years and over	44,795	19,710	25,090	5,935,630	2,695,150	3,240,485
65 to 69 years	14,950	6,935	8,015	1,972,480	953,075	1,019,405
70 to 74 years	10,450	4,900	5,550	1,420,875	677,975	742,900
75 to 79 years	7,640	3,370	4,270	1,021,850	469,550	552,300
80 to 84 years	5,770	2,500	3,270	749,650	325,765	423,880
85 years and over	5,985	2,005	3,980	770,780	268,790	501,990
85 to 89 years	3,765	1,400	2,365	482,525	185,535	296,990
90 to 94 years	1,760	510	1,255	223,510	68,675	154,835
95 to 99 years	405	85	315	56,525	13,240	43,280
100 years and over	60	15	45	8,230	1,340	6,890
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.2	19.2	17.3	16.6	17.3	15.9
15 to 64 years	67.3	67.8	66.9	66.5	67.1	66.0
65 years and over	14.5	13.1	15.8	16.9	15.6	18.1
85 years and over	1.9	1.3	2.5	2.2	1.6	2.8
Average age of the population	39.5	38.5	40.6	41.0	40.1	41.9
Median age of the population	40.1	38.9	41.1	41.2	40.2	42.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	113,300	...	...	14,072,080	...	...
Single-detached house	70,795	...	...	7,541,495	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	10,340	...	...	1,391,040	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	32,150	...	...	4,949,795	...	...
Semi-detached house	6,625	...	...	698,800	...	...
Row house	12,140	...	...	891,305	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	4,555	...	...	784,300	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	8,665	...	...	2,539,390	...	...
Other single-attached house	160	...	...	36,005	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	10	...	...	189,755	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	113,295	...	...	14,072,080	...	...
1 person	24,895	...	...	3,969,790	...	...
2 persons	35,030	...	...	4,834,605	...	...
3 persons	20,590	...	...	2,140,640	...	...
4 persons	20,930	...	...	1,946,275	...	...
5 or more persons	11,855	...	...	1,180,770	...	...
Number of persons in private households	305,320	...	...	34,460,060	...	...
Average household size	2.7	...	...	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	252,660	121,675	130,985	29,312,160	14,271,280	15,040,885
Married or living common law	144,075	71,950	72,120	16,893,720	8,452,135	8,441,585
Married	121,020	60,445	60,575	13,383,455	6,693,465	6,689,990
Living common law	23,055	11,510	11,550	3,510,265	1,758,670	1,751,590
Not married and not living common law	108,585	49,725	58,865	12,418,440	5,819,140	6,599,300
Never married	70,820	37,630	33,195	8,254,340	4,444,425	3,809,915
Separated	8,690	3,550	5,140	718,295	309,905	408,400
Divorced	15,705	5,780	9,925	1,816,005	725,535	1,090,470
Widowed	13,370	2,770	10,600	1,629,800	339,280	1,290,525
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	88,120	...	...	9,840,730	...	...
2 persons	38,965	...	...	5,007,790	...	...
3 persons	20,870	...	...	2,107,830	...	...
4 persons	20,335	...	...	1,909,935	...	...
5 or more persons	7,950	...	...	815,170	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	88,120	...	...	9,840,730	...	...
Total couple families	70,810	...	...	8,227,925	...	...
Married couples	59,290	...	...	6,474,005	...	...
Common-law couples	11,520	...	...	1,753,920	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	17,305	...	...	1,612,805	...	...
Female parent	13,810	...	...	1,262,340	...	...
Male parent	3,500	...	...	350,465	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	70,810	...	...	8,227,925	...	...
Couples without children	28,850	...	...	4,024,305	...	...
Couples with children	41,960	...	...	4,203,615	...	...
1 child	15,660	...	...	1,650,165	...	...
2 children	18,795	...	...	1,783,080	...	...
3 or more children	7,505	...	...	770,375	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	17,305	...	...	1,612,805	...	...
1 child	10,115	...	...	983,485	...	...
2 children	5,210	...	...	457,670	...	...
3 or more children	1,985	...	...	171,655	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	41,490	19,335	22,150	6,107,260	2,941,395	3,165,865
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	113,295	...	...	14,072,075	...	...
One-census-family households	81,475	...	...	9,218,225	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	26,375	...	...	3,782,095	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	55,100	...	...	5,436,135	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	3,250	...	...	301,715	...	...
Non-census-family households	28,575	...	...	4,552,135	...	...
One-person households	24,895	...	...	3,969,790	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	3,680	...	...	582,350	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	306,450	149,630	156,820	34,767,255	17,101,170	17,666,080
English only	281,545	139,105	142,430	23,757,525	11,838,075	11,919,455
French only	240	110	135	4,144,685	1,925,845	2,218,840
English and French	22,550	9,590	12,965	6,216,065	3,071,325	3,144,740
Neither English nor French	2,115	830	1,290	648,970	265,920	383,045
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	306,455	149,635	156,820	34,767,250	17,101,165	17,666,085
English	298,030	145,865	152,160	26,007,500	12,852,330	13,155,165
French	5,385	2,540	2,840	7,705,755	3,780,105	3,925,650
English and French	1,010	445	565	417,485	209,130	208,355
Neither English nor French	2,035	785	1,250	636,515	259,600	376,910
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	5,890	2,765	3,120	7,914,495	3,884,670	4,029,825
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	1.9	1.8	2.0	22.8	22.7	22.8
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	306,455	149,635	156,820	34,767,255	17,101,170	17,666,085
Single responses	301,280	147,155	154,125	33,948,620	16,702,840	17,245,775
Official languages	261,250	128,085	133,165	26,627,555	13,201,620	13,425,940
English	255,790	125,500	130,285	19,460,850	9,680,125	9,780,725
French	5,460	2,580	2,880	7,166,705	3,521,495	3,645,215
Non-official languages	40,030	19,075	20,955	7,321,065	3,501,220	3,819,840
Aboriginal languages	35	10	15	195,700	94,795	100,900
Algonquian languages	15	5	10	130,450	62,930	67,520
Blackfoot	0	0	0	2,815	1,325	1,490
Cree-Montagnais languages	10	5	5	88,445	42,920	45,530
Atikamekw	0	0	0	6,150	3,135	3,015
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	10,230	4,885	5,350
Moose Cree	0	0	0	100	50	55
Naskapi	0	0	0	1,205	590	620
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	315	125	190
Plains Cree	0	0	0	3,065	1,360	1,710
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	45	20	25
Swampy Cree	5	5	0	1,440	585	850
Woods Cree	0	0	0	1,840	865	975
Cree, n.o.s.	0	5	0	64,050	31,305	32,745
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	6,990	3,310	3,680
Malecite	0	0	0	305	140	160
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	6,690	3,170	3,520
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5	32,150	15,350	16,800
Algonquin	0	0	0	1,260	590	670
Ojibway	5	0	5	17,890	8,440	9,450
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	12,855	6,260	6,595
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	150	65	85
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	45	25	20
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	17,365	8,325	9,045
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	17,315	8,310	9,010
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	110	55	60
Beaver	0	0	0	190	85	105
Carrier	5	0	0	1,025	465	565
Chilcotin	0	0	0	660	295	360
Dene	0	0	0	10,700	5,185	5,515
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	1,645	840	815
Gwich'in	0	0	0	260	110	145
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	80	25	50
Sekani	0	0	0	90	45	45
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	1,995	950	1,045
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	765	365	400
South Slavey	0	0	0	945	455	495
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	280	130	150
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	270	135	140
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	180	90	90
Tahltan	0	0	0	95	40	50
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	290	120	170
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	215	90	135
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	70	30	40
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	50	20	35
Haida	0	0	0	75	35	40
Inuit languages	5	0	5	36,545	18,100	18,445
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	1,025	445	575
Inuktitut	5	0	0	35,215	17,530	17,680
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	315	125	185
Iroquoian languages	5	5	5	1,115	485	635
Cayuga	0	0	0	45	20	20
Mohawk	5	5	5	980	430	555
Oneida	0	0	0	55	20	40
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	35	15	20
Kutenai	0	0	0	105	55	55
Michif	0	0	0	465	230	235
Salish languages	0	0	0	2,305	1,130	1,180
Comox	0	0	0	80	45	40
Halkomelem	0	0	0	475	225	245
Lillooet	0	0	0	315	155	155
Okanagan	0	0	0	270	135	135
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	445	225	220
Squamish	0	0	0	40	20	20
Straits	0	0	0	80	40	40
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	335	150	185
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	255	135	125
Siouan languages	0	0	0	4,285	2,070	2,220
Dakota	0	0	0	1,215	570	635
Stoney	0	0	0	3,025	1,465	1,555
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	55	30	25
Tlingit	0	0	0	95	40	55
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	1,480	730	755
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	880	435	445
Nisga'a	0	0	0	400	200	200
Tsimshian	0	0	0	200	90	110
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	805	370	435
Haisla	0	0	0	90	40	50
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	95	40	55
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	325	145	185
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	285	135	140
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	5	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	5	5	5	585	295	295
Non-Aboriginal languages	40,000	19,060	20,940	7,125,365	3,406,425	3,718,945
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,985	1,055	930	575,365	298,060	277,300
Berber languages	5	0	0	22,135	11,865	10,270
Kabyle	0	0	0	13,150	6,995	6,155
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	8,985	4,865	4,115
Cushitic languages	45	25	25	42,885	20,095	22,790
Bilen	0	0	0	805	455	350
Oromo	10	5	0	4,960	2,560	2,400
Somali	35	15	20	36,755	16,895	19,865
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	365	195	170
Semitic languages	1,935	1,030	905	509,190	265,465	243,725
Amharic	65	35	30	22,465	10,720	11,745
Arabic	1,565	860	705	419,890	220,785	199,105
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	5	5	16,070	7,910	8,160
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	0	5	5,545	2,780	2,770
Harari	10	5	5	1,320	635	685
Hebrew	25	10	10	19,530	10,480	9,045
Maltese	205	95	110	5,565	2,765	2,800
Tigrigna	30	15	15	16,650	8,310	8,340
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	20	5	15	2,155	1,085	1,070
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	1,155	635	520
Austro-Asiatic languages	460	200	255	176,725	81,810	94,920
Khmer (Cambodian)	35	15	15	20,130	9,270	10,860
Vietnamese	420	185	235	156,425	72,470	83,955
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	0	5	170	65	100
Austronesian languages	2,220	860	1,355	511,480	211,580	299,900
Bikol	5	0	5	1,790	790	1,000
Cebuano	75	25	55	19,890	7,930	11,960
Fijian	0	0	0	745	400	345
Hiligaynon	25	10	15	6,885	2,680	4,205
Ilocano	55	25	30	26,345	10,620	15,720
Malagasy	5	0	5	1,430	665	760
Malay	60	25	35	12,275	5,255	7,020
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	5	5	4,040	1,865	2,175
Pangasinan	5	0	5	1,390	590	800
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,955	750	1,200	431,380	178,575	252,810
Waray-Waray	5	0	5	1,110	430	675
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	4,195	1,770	2,425
Creole languages	160	70	90	72,125	32,310	39,820
Haitian Creole	20	10	10	3,030	1,445	1,590
Creole, n.o.s.	65	25	40	64,105	28,455	35,660
Creole languages, n.i.e.	75	35	40	4,985	2,410	2,575
Dravidian languages	2,015	995	1,025	189,405	94,765	94,640
Kannada	35	15	15	3,970	2,040	1,935
Malayalam	235	130	110	28,570	14,770	13,800
Tamil	1,630	795	840	140,720	69,080	71,640
Telugu	110	55	55	15,655	8,640	7,020
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	490	240	250
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	795	395	405
Indo-European languages	27,215	13,105	14,110	3,877,330	1,889,400	1,987,930
Albanian	95	50	45	26,890	13,610	13,285
Armenian	125	55	70	33,455	16,270	17,185
Balto-Slavic languages	6,555	2,955	3,595	701,975	323,640	378,340
Baltic languages	105	50	55	12,530	5,315	7,215
Latvian	55	25	30	5,455	2,350	3,105
Lithuanian	50	20	25	7,075	2,965	4,115
Slavic languages	6,450	2,910	3,540	689,450	318,325	371,115
Belarusan	5	5	5	810	385	430
Bosnian	20	10	10	12,210	6,035	6,180
Bulgarian	65	25	35	20,025	9,675	10,345
Croatian	345	180	170	48,200	23,540	24,665
Czech	120	60	60	22,290	10,525	11,765
Macedonian	635	315	320	16,775	8,050	8,725
Polish	2,865	1,250	1,610	181,710	82,435	99,275
Russian	635	260	375	188,255	85,400	102,855
Serbian	385	205	180	57,350	28,535	28,815
Serbo-Croatian	40	25	20	9,555	4,565	4,985
Slovak	170	65	105	17,580	8,075	9,510
Slovene (Slovenian)	170	80	90	9,790	4,415	5,370
Ukrainian	960	415	550	102,485	45,440	57,040
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	2,415	1,255	1,165
Celtic languages	45	20	25	2,690	1,335	1,360
Scottish Gaelic	20	10	10	1,090	540	550
Welsh	20	10	15	1,075	495	575
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	530	295	235
Germanic languages	3,085	1,375	1,710	538,765	258,410	280,350
Afrikaans	70	30	40	10,265	5,115	5,145
Danish	85	40	40	12,630	6,245	6,390
Dutch	1,135	510	620	99,020	48,200	50,820
Frisian	30	15	15	2,100	1,095	1,005
German	1,655	725	930	384,035	183,215	200,820
Icelandic	5	0	5	1,285	600	685
Norwegian	25	10	10	4,615	2,170	2,445
Swedish	45	30	20	6,840	3,015	3,825
Vlaams (Flemish)	20	10	15	3,895	1,730	2,165
Yiddish	5	5	0	13,555	6,750	6,800
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	525	280	240
Greek	1,065	540	525	106,525	53,350	53,170
Indo-Iranian languages	7,500	3,795	3,700	1,312,750	664,120	648,630
Indo-Aryan languages	5,660	2,840	2,815	1,064,760	538,530	526,235
Bengali	475	245	235	73,125	37,410	35,720
Gujarati	815	405	410	108,780	55,105	53,670
Hindi	550	275	275	110,640	55,880	54,765
Kashmiri	0	0	0	565	300	265
Konkani	20	10	10	3,330	1,625	1,710
Marathi	50	25	25	8,295	4,300	3,995
Nepali	15	5	10	18,275	9,230	9,045
Oriya (Odia)	10	10	0	1,055	560	495
Punjabi (Panjabi)	745	385	360	501,680	253,515	248,160
Sindhi	90	40	50	11,860	5,605	6,260
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	175	80	95	16,335	8,050	8,285
Urdu	2,705	1,360	1,350	210,815	106,960	103,860
Iranian languages	1,805	940	865	242,805	122,835	119,970
Kurdish	35	20	10	11,705	6,345	5,355
Pashto	165	90	80	16,910	8,760	8,145
Persian (Farsi)	1,605	830	775	214,200	107,725	106,470
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20	5,180	2,755	2,425
Italic (Romance) languages	8,750	4,305	4,445	1,154,270	558,660	595,615
Catalan	5	5	5	865	440	425
Italian	3,275	1,700	1,580	375,635	184,415	191,220
Portuguese	1,950	950	1,000	221,540	106,630	114,910
Romanian	615	275	340	96,665	46,195	50,470
Spanish	2,900	1,380	1,520	458,850	220,605	238,245
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	720	380	340
Japanese	105	40	65	43,640	14,790	28,855
Kartvelian languages	0	0	0	1,715	910	805
Georgian	0	0	0	1,715	910	805
Korean	360	180	180	153,425	70,310	83,115
Mongolic languages	0	5	0	1,575	690	885
Mongolian	5	5	5	1,575	690	880
Niger-Congo languages	540	260	280	91,375	45,075	46,305
Akan (Twi)	85	35	50	13,455	6,490	6,970
Bamanankan	5	0	0	1,535	815	720
Edo	10	5	5	1,670	770	900
Ewe	10	5	0	1,760	950	805
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5	2,825	1,495	1,335
Ga	15	5	5	920	445	470
Ganda	10	5	5	1,295	625	665
Igbo	55	30	25	4,235	2,265	1,970
Lingala	15	5	5	3,810	1,785	2,025
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	5	15	5,845	2,785	3,060
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	10	5	5,250	2,355	2,895
Shona	40	20	25	3,180	1,520	1,665
Swahili	75	40	40	13,370	6,385	6,990
Wolof	0	0	0	3,990	2,170	1,820
Yoruba	85	45	40	9,085	4,785	4,300
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	100	50	50	19,135	9,435	9,695
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5	5,870	3,025	2,845
Dinka	0	0	0	2,120	1,115	1,000
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	3,755	1,910	1,840
Sign languages	80	30	45	7,500	3,925	3,575
American Sign Language	35	15	20	2,685	1,320	1,360
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	695	340	355
Sign languages, n.i.e	45	20	25	4,120	2,265	1,860
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,560	1,645	1,915	1,269,215	589,570	679,645
Chinese languages	3,540	1,635	1,910	1,253,360	581,650	671,715
Cantonese	1,365	635	730	565,270	262,865	302,405
Hakka	35	15	20	10,910	4,900	6,015
Mandarin	1,900	880	1,020	592,040	274,630	317,410
Min Dong	5	5	5	1,230	580	650
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	25	35	31,795	14,450	17,350
Wu (Shanghainese)	40	25	20	12,915	5,780	7,140
Chinese, n.o.s.	130	55	80	38,580	18,165	20,410
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	610	275	335
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	10	5	15,850	7,925	7,935
Burmese	5	5	0	3,585	1,795	1,790
Karenic languages	0	0	0	4,705	2,355	2,350
Tibetan	5	5	0	6,165	3,080	3,080
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	1,400	695	705
Tai-Kadai languages	155	65	90	22,010	8,870	13,145
Lao	40	20	25	12,670	6,145	6,525
Thai	115	45	70	9,255	2,690	6,565
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	80	35	55
Turkic languages	145	75	65	40,140	21,120	19,025
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	3,260	1,785	1,470
Turkish	125	65	60	32,815	17,375	15,440
Uyghur	5	5	5	1,035	510	525
Uzbek	0	0	0	1,715	855	865
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	1,315	590	720
Uralic languages	975	470	505	81,985	37,790	44,195
Estonian	65	45	30	5,445	2,325	3,115
Finnish	120	50	70	15,295	6,395	8,900
Hungarian	785	375	405	61,235	29,060	32,175
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	5	5
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	3,690	2,045	1,645
Multiple responses	5,170	2,475	2,695	818,635	398,325	420,305
English and French	925	440	485	165,320	80,460	84,860
English and non-official language	3,955	1,895	2,060	533,265	259,160	274,100
French and non-official language	160	80	80	86,150	42,170	43,985
English, French and non-official language	130	60	70	33,900	16,535	17,365
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	306,455	149,635	156,820	34,767,250	17,101,165	17,666,085
Single responses	296,925	145,080	151,840	33,103,860	16,298,475	16,805,395
Official languages	280,535	137,320	143,215	29,106,670	14,383,020	14,723,645
English	278,415	136,310	142,110	22,162,865	10,966,135	11,196,730
French	2,115	1,010	1,110	6,943,800	3,416,890	3,526,910
Non-official languages	16,385	7,760	8,630	3,997,195	1,915,450	2,081,750
Aboriginal languages	5	0	5	118,470	59,720	58,750
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	75,080	37,825	37,260
Blackfoot	0	0	0	1,115	555	555
Cree-Montagnais languages	0	0	0	55,825	28,135	27,685
Atikamekw	0	0	0	5,465	2,825	2,640
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	8,590	4,195	4,395
Moose Cree	0	0	0	10	5	5
Naskapi	0	0	0	1,200	595	605
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	110	55	60
Plains Cree	0	0	0	1,350	665	685
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	20	5	15
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	330	140	190
Woods Cree	0	0	0	800	410	390
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	37,945	19,240	18,710
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	3,615	1,795	1,820
Malecite	0	0	0	55	30	30
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	3,560	1,770	1,795
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	14,525	7,335	7,190
Algonquin	0	0	0	370	170	200
Ojibway	0	0	0	6,175	3,165	3,015
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	7,900	3,960	3,940
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	75	40	35
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	5	5
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	10,265	5,125	5,135
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	10,255	5,120	5,135
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	15	10	10
Beaver	0	0	0	50	30	20
Carrier	0	0	0	245	115	130
Chilcotin	0	0	0	255	125	130
Dene	0	0	0	7,710	3,805	3,905
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	1,020	550	475
Gwich'in	0	0	0	45	25	25
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	10	5	5
Sekani	0	0	0	15	10	5
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	820	425	395
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	340	180	155
South Slavey	0	0	0	370	190	185
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	105	55	55
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	25	15	15
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	25	10	10
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	5	5
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	30	15	15
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	25	15	10
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	10	0	5
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	5	5
Haida	0	0	0	10	5	0
Inuit languages	5	0	0	29,490	14,995	14,495
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	165	75	90
Inuktitut	0	0	5	29,230	14,885	14,345
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	90	40	55
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	285	135	155
Cayuga	0	0	0	10	0	5
Mohawk	0	0	0	255	115	140
Oneida	0	0	0	15	5	10
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	5
Kutenai	0	0	0	15	10	5
Michif	0	0	0	85	40	45
Salish languages	0	0	0	285	130	150
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	45	20	25
Lillooet	0	0	0	25	15	10
Okanagan	0	0	0	85	35	45
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	55	30	20
Squamish	0	0	0	5	0	5
Straits	0	0	0	20	10	15
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	20	10	10
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	25	15	10
Siouan languages	0	0	0	2,225	1,085	1,140
Dakota	0	0	0	255	140	120
Stoney	0	0	0	1,950	940	1,010
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	10	15
Tlingit	0	0	0	5	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	410	210	190
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	315	155	155
Nisga'a	0	0	0	70	40	30
Tsimshian	0	0	0	25	15	15
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	75	45	35
Haisla	0	0	0	20	10	15
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	5	5	5
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	20	10	10
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	30	15	15
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	235	110	125
Non-Aboriginal languages	16,385	7,755	8,630	3,878,725	1,855,730	2,022,995
Afro-Asiatic languages	830	415	410	307,755	153,275	154,480
Berber languages	0	0	0	8,105	4,215	3,895
Kabyle	0	0	0	5,490	2,855	2,640
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	2,620	1,365	1,260
Cushitic languages	30	10	15	27,095	12,455	14,640
Bilen	0	0	0	620	330	285
Oromo	5	5	0	3,410	1,700	1,710
Somali	20	10	15	22,895	10,340	12,555
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	185	85	95
Semitic languages	795	400	395	272,100	136,390	135,720
Amharic	15	5	10	12,780	6,010	6,770
Arabic	700	355	345	223,540	112,690	110,850
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5	10,510	5,090	5,425
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5	3,445	1,695	1,750
Harari	5	0	0	735	335	400
Hebrew	0	0	0	8,560	4,425	4,135
Maltese	45	20	25	1,130	525	605
Tigrigna	5	5	5	10,205	5,040	5,170
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	1,200	585	620
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	440	215	230
Austro-Asiatic languages	280	120	155	115,210	53,500	61,710
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	5	5	10,880	4,940	5,945
Vietnamese	265	115	150	104,245	48,525	55,725
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	85	40	45
Austronesian languages	650	290	355	239,785	108,110	131,680
Bikol	0	0	0	290	140	155
Cebuano	25	10	15	7,210	3,325	3,880
Fijian	0	0	0	195	105	90
Hiligaynon	10	0	5	2,205	970	1,240
Ilocano	5	5	5	9,125	4,045	5,080
Malagasy	5	0	0	435	220	210
Malay	5	0	5	3,620	1,710	1,910
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	0	1,200	565	630
Pangasinan	0	0	0	240	110	135
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	595	270	325	213,790	96,235	117,555
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	310	135	170
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	1,160	545	620
Creole languages	45	20	20	27,860	12,005	15,850
Haitian Creole	10	10	5	1,280	575	705
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	10	24,575	10,510	14,060
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	2,005	920	1,085
Dravidian languages	1,265	605	660	122,490	59,780	62,710
Kannada	5	5	5	1,630	825	800
Malayalam	130	75	55	15,440	7,865	7,575
Tamil	1,065	500	570	96,955	46,570	50,385
Telugu	65	30	35	8,280	4,430	3,850
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	190	85	105
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	340	160	180
Indo-European languages	10,160	4,780	5,385	1,911,215	927,225	983,985
Albanian	45	25	20	13,135	6,575	6,560
Armenian	55	25	30	21,505	10,165	11,345
Balto-Slavic languages	2,360	1,055	1,305	314,965	149,315	165,650
Baltic languages	15	10	10	3,275	1,400	1,870
Latvian	5	5	0	1,255	530	725
Lithuanian	10	5	5	2,020	870	1,150
Slavic languages	2,340	1,045	1,295	311,690	147,910	163,780
Belarusan	5	0	0	230	105	120
Bosnian	5	5	5	6,045	3,010	3,040
Bulgarian	30	15	15	11,985	5,835	6,150
Croatian	80	40	45	16,775	7,980	8,795
Czech	20	10	10	6,235	3,060	3,180
Macedonian	165	70	95	6,830	3,250	3,580
Polish	1,195	545	650	74,780	34,910	39,870
Russian	320	140	185	116,595	55,175	61,425
Serbian	190	90	100	31,750	15,665	16,085
Serbo-Croatian	15	10	5	3,885	1,865	2,020
Slovak	40	20	20	5,615	2,685	2,920
Slovene (Slovenian)	35	15	20	2,050	905	1,145
Ukrainian	235	90	145	28,250	13,150	15,100
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	670	310	360
Celtic languages	5	0	5	360	205	155
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0	185	105	80
Welsh	0	0	0	95	50	45
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	80	50	30
Germanic languages	240	95	145	146,455	71,835	74,615
Afrikaans	20	10	10	4,790	2,355	2,435
Danish	5	0	0	855	410	445
Dutch	65	25	40	9,565	4,630	4,935
Frisian	0	0	5	185	95	90
German	145	60	90	120,335	58,905	61,435
Icelandic	5	0	0	270	120	150
Norwegian	0	0	0	345	145	200
Swedish	5	0	0	1,045	500	545
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	355	170	185
Yiddish	0	0	0	7,080	3,695	3,385
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	1,625	820	810
Greek	295	140	150	44,545	21,110	23,440
Indo-Iranian languages	4,055	1,970	2,085	838,755	416,960	421,795
Indo-Aryan languages	3,020	1,475	1,545	676,185	337,440	338,745
Bengali	250	125	130	47,350	23,585	23,765
Gujarati	395	185	210	64,150	31,740	32,405
Hindi	240	110	130	55,510	27,805	27,710
Kashmiri	0	0	0	135	70	70
Konkani	10	5	0	720	355	370
Marathi	35	15	15	3,780	1,940	1,840
Nepali	10	5	5	13,375	6,710	6,670
Oriya (Odia)	10	5	0	470	235	240
Punjabi (Panjabi)	385	195	195	349,145	174,905	174,240
Sindhi	25	15	15	4,975	2,280	2,695
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	60	30	30	7,790	3,860	3,925
Urdu	1,600	785	815	128,785	63,965	64,820
Iranian languages	1,030	495	535	160,195	78,310	81,880
Kurdish	20	5	5	6,580	3,400	3,175
Pashto	90	45	45	10,590	5,305	5,290
Persian (Farsi)	925	440	480	143,020	69,600	73,425
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	2,375	1,215	1,160
Italic (Romance) languages	3,115	1,465	1,650	531,485	251,050	280,440
Catalan	0	0	0	355	165	190
Italian	830	365	465	115,415	49,975	65,440
Portuguese	665	305	355	98,710	46,915	51,795
Romanian	285	130	150	53,320	25,795	27,525
Spanish	1,340	660	680	263,510	128,110	135,400
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	180	85	95
Japanese	50	20	25	19,785	8,265	11,515
Kartvelian languages	0	0	0	1,040	565	475
Georgian	0	0	0	1,035	565	475
Korean	200	105	100	109,705	51,385	58,320
Mongolic languages	5	0	5	910	440	470
Mongolian	5	0	5	910	435	470
Niger-Congo languages	120	55	65	28,665	13,340	15,320
Akan (Twi)	20	10	10	5,990	2,695	3,295
Bamanankan	0	0	0	340	180	160
Edo	0	0	0	415	175	240
Ewe	0	0	0	410	185	225
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	5	825	400	425
Ga	0	0	0	250	105	140
Ganda	0	0	5	345	160	185
Igbo	10	5	0	1,000	485	510
Lingala	5	5	0	1,045	455	590
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	5	5	2,110	990	1,115
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	5	1,530	670	865
Shona	0	5	0	1,035	475	560
Swahili	10	5	5	5,370	2,500	2,870
Wolof	0	0	0	1,380	745	635
Yoruba	15	10	10	2,615	1,275	1,340
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	4,010	1,850	2,160
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	2,650	1,305	1,350
Dinka	0	0	0	1,130	580	550
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	1,525	730	800
Sign languages	130	75	55	10,445	5,870	4,570
American Sign Language	45	20	20	3,015	1,560	1,460
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	730	375	355
Sign languages, n.i.e	85	55	35	6,690	3,935	2,755
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,280	1,095	1,180	924,720	433,530	491,190
Chinese languages	2,275	1,090	1,180	913,365	427,860	485,505
Cantonese	775	365	405	400,215	184,340	215,885
Hakka	10	5	5	4,080	1,820	2,265
Mandarin	1,370	655	715	462,890	220,075	242,815
Min Dong	5	0	0	345	150	195
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	10	10	13,965	6,345	7,625
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	10	10	7,650	3,580	4,075
Chinese, n.o.s.	85	40	35	23,935	11,440	12,500
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	280	130	150
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	5	0	11,350	5,670	5,680
Burmese	0	0	0	2,245	1,115	1,125
Karenic languages	0	0	0	3,865	1,935	1,930
Tibetan	5	5	0	4,590	2,305	2,280
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	655	305	345
Tai-Kadai languages	95	40	50	9,565	4,455	5,110
Lao	20	5	15	6,175	2,995	3,180
Thai	75	30	40	3,360	1,450	1,915
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	30	15	15
Turkic languages	65	30	30	22,250	11,205	11,045
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	1,245	640	610
Turkish	55	30	25	18,955	9,525	9,430
Uyghur	5	0	5	610	315	290
Uzbek	0	0	0	990	505	490
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	455	230	225
Uralic languages	225	105	120	23,245	10,715	12,535
Estonian	0	0	0	975	365	610
Finnish	10	5	5	2,790	1,220	1,565
Hungarian	210	100	115	19,485	9,125	10,355
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	1,110	605	500
Multiple responses	9,530	4,555	4,980	1,663,390	802,695	860,690
English and French	735	325	405	160,185	77,940	82,235
English and non-official language	8,505	4,090	4,415	1,284,975	620,375	664,600
French and non-official language	55	30	30	148,915	70,915	78,000
English, French and non-official language	235	110	125	69,315	33,465	35,850
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	306,450	149,635	156,820	34,767,255	17,101,165	17,666,080
None	279,305	136,955	142,355	29,615,245	14,612,175	15,003,065
English	8,570	4,195	4,370	2,109,340	1,045,215	1,064,120
French	3,930	1,610	2,320	731,095	342,245	388,855
Non-official language	14,155	6,650	7,505	2,151,690	1,023,940	1,127,750
Aboriginal	40	20	25	90,740	42,890	47,850
Non-Aboriginal	14,110	6,635	7,480	2,060,945	981,055	1,079,895
English and French	90	35	55	47,970	23,785	24,190
English and non-official language	175	85	90	61,075	30,045	31,030
French and non-official language	225	95	130	48,755	22,690	26,065
English, French and non-official language	0	0	0	2,080	1,075	1,010
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	249,200	120,355	128,840	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,355
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	237,025	114,565	122,455	27,488,530	13,444,335	14,044,190
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	37,288	45,552	30,448	34,204	40,782	28,860
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	237,105	114,570	122,535	27,499,185	13,449,010	14,050,175
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	33,601	40,082	28,027	30,866	35,933	26,621
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	212,645	105,190	107,450	24,583,315	12,296,595	12,286,725
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	36,236	45,045	28,220	32,762	39,925	26,613
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	169,335	73,845	95,485	19,743,240	8,755,815	10,987,430
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	4,357	2,055	5,629	5,453	4,199	6,136
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	181,770	93,550	88,220	20,428,685	10,547,760	9,880,925
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	37,046	44,323	31,266	33,684	39,836	28,474
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	249,305	120,360	128,945	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	236,940	114,315	122,625	27,489,395	13,441,555	14,047,845
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	48,047	57,258	39,461	47,487	56,740	38,632
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	237,050	114,320	122,730	27,500,230	13,446,230	14,053,995
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	39,666	46,182	33,597	38,977	45,404	32,828
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	212,355	104,865	107,490	24,584,065	12,295,015	12,289,055
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	47,724	57,761	37,933	46,885	56,803	36,962
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	169,215	73,600	95,615	19,742,130	8,752,070	10,990,060
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,387	6,637	7,965	7,738	7,345	8,050
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	181,890	93,375	88,515	20,428,670	10,542,540	9,886,130
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	47,273	54,887	39,240	46,057	54,369	37,193
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	249,305	120,360	128,945	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	88,700	49,340	39,370	9,367,045	5,231,015	4,136,035
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	60,172	66,671	53,529	53,431	59,326	47,420
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	69,160	76,995	59,340	65,997	74,289	55,510
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	89.0	92.5	84.3	88.3	91.6	83.7
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	75.3	78.2	71.5	72.0	75.2	67.7
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	11.0	7.5	15.7	11.7	8.4	16.3
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	249,200	120,355	128,845	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,360
Without total income	12,180	5,790	6,390	1,154,450	546,285	608,165
With total income	237,025	114,570	122,450	27,488,530	13,444,335	14,044,195
Percentage with total income	95.1	95.2	95.0	96.0	96.1	95.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	34,370	14,715	19,660	3,877,620	1,668,960	2,208,655
$10,000 to $19,999	37,445	14,445	22,995	4,680,380	1,867,600	2,812,785
$20,000 to $29,999	28,745	10,885	17,860	3,807,840	1,593,335	2,214,505
$30,000 to $39,999	24,430	10,680	13,750	3,206,175	1,472,670	1,733,510
$40,000 to $49,999	24,115	11,490	12,630	2,827,045	1,376,565	1,450,480
$50,000 to $59,999	19,705	10,115	9,590	2,179,775	1,145,685	1,034,090
$60,000 to $69,999	15,415	8,535	6,880	1,655,070	938,755	716,310
$70,000 to $79,999	12,375	7,215	5,165	1,271,850	745,830	526,015
$80,000 to $89,999	10,065	5,930	4,130	966,885	579,290	387,590
$90,000 to $99,999	8,720	4,985	3,735	749,290	452,240	297,050
$100,000 and over	21,635	15,580	6,055	2,266,600	1,603,400	663,195
$100,000 to $149,999	15,725	10,945	4,780	1,493,570	1,024,210	469,365
$150,000 and over	5,915	4,630	1,280	773,025	579,190	193,830
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	249,205	120,360	128,845	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,360
Without after-tax income	12,095	5,785	6,310	1,143,795	541,620	602,175
With after-tax income	237,110	114,575	122,535	27,499,185	13,449,010	14,050,175
Percentage with after-tax income	95.1	95.2	95.1	96.0	96.1	95.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	35,360	14,900	20,465	4,004,475	1,706,825	2,297,645
$10,000 to $19,999	39,130	15,145	23,985	4,905,055	1,972,920	2,932,130
$20,000 to $29,999	33,375	13,120	20,255	4,489,925	1,926,175	2,563,755
$30,000 to $39,999	30,715	13,995	16,720	3,924,960	1,870,705	2,054,250
$40,000 to $49,999	28,045	14,105	13,940	3,144,200	1,619,670	1,524,525
$50,000 to $59,999	20,825	11,495	9,330	2,209,280	1,245,570	963,705
$60,000 to $69,999	15,665	9,215	6,455	1,540,300	912,230	628,065
$70,000 to $79,999	12,430	7,275	5,155	1,076,180	654,570	421,610
$80,000 and over	21,560	15,325	6,235	2,204,820	1,540,335	664,485
$80,000 to $89,999	7,925	5,050	2,875	688,705	444,550	244,145
$90,000 to $99,999	4,670	3,340	1,330	420,975	291,090	129,885
$100,000 and over	8,965	6,935	2,030	1,095,140	804,690	290,445
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	249,200	120,360	128,845	28,642,980	13,990,625	14,652,360
Without employment income	67,430	26,805	40,620	8,214,295	3,442,860	4,771,430
With employment income	181,770	93,550	88,220	20,428,690	10,547,760	9,880,925
Percentage with employment income	72.9	77.7	68.5	71.3	75.4	67.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	27,695	14,365	13,330	2,778,990	1,357,430	1,421,560
$5,000 to $9,999	13,630	5,765	7,860	1,602,140	697,025	905,120
$10,000 to $19,999	21,355	9,120	12,230	2,736,010	1,212,855	1,523,155
$20,000 to $29,999	16,915	7,330	9,590	2,293,785	1,022,090	1,271,695
$30,000 to $39,999	16,095	7,070	9,025	2,149,860	1,001,065	1,148,795
$40,000 to $49,999	15,705	7,285	8,420	1,928,565	946,625	981,940
$50,000 to $59,999	14,205	7,260	6,945	1,554,100	839,045	715,055
$60,000 to $69,999	11,715	6,490	5,220	1,220,310	708,270	512,040
$70,000 to $79,999	10,020	5,870	4,150	992,170	591,945	400,225
$80,000 and over	34,440	22,995	11,450	3,172,770	2,171,415	1,001,355
$80,000 to $89,999	8,555	5,030	3,530	773,755	475,700	298,055
$90,000 to $99,999	7,720	4,415	3,300	623,980	382,330	241,650
$100,000 and over	18,165	13,545	4,620	1,775,030	1,313,385	461,645
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	113,295	...	...	14,072,080	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	83,981	...	...	70,336	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	72,753	...	...	61,348	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	24,895	...	...	3,969,790	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	40,123	...	...	35,174	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	35,464	...	...	31,446	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	88,400	...	...	10,102,290	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	99,406	...	...	88,249	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	85,377	...	...	76,419	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	113,345	...	...	14,072,075	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	100,440	...	...	92,764	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	82,958	...	...	76,171	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	24,870	...	...	3,967,765	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	48,653	...	...	46,799	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	40,546	...	...	38,685	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	88,475	...	...	10,104,315	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	114,998	...	...	110,813	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	94,880	...	...	90,890	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	113,295	...	...	14,072,075	...	...
Under $5,000	1,000	...	...	228,790	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,000	...	...	200,315	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,485	...	...	374,575	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,040	...	...	565,940	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,690	...	...	602,800	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,440	...	...	538,710	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,715	...	...	603,480	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,760	...	...	606,600	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	4,205	...	...	596,110	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,990	...	...	578,325	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	8,175	...	...	1,097,345	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	7,830	...	...	1,010,415	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	7,425	...	...	924,320	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	7,065	...	...	836,765	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	6,805	...	...	745,655	...	...
$100,000 and over	45,670	...	...	4,561,920	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	13,995	...	...	1,470,255	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	10,485	...	...	1,016,245	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	12,170	...	...	1,116,140	...	...
$200,000 and over	9,020	...	...	959,285	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	113,295	...	...	14,072,075	...	...
Under $5,000	1,070	...	...	243,780	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,025	...	...	203,865	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,510	...	...	380,680	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,190	...	...	591,660	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	4,120	...	...	673,740	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,910	...	...	628,225	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	4,355	...	...	719,825	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	4,815	...	...	725,675	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	4,910	...	...	711,180	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	4,915	...	...	691,695	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	9,955	...	...	1,299,680	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	9,360	...	...	1,169,515	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	9,020	...	...	1,041,635	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	8,400	...	...	900,055	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	7,080	...	...	757,295	...	...
$100,000 and over	34,675	...	...	3,333,575	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	14,195	...	...	1,371,945	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	8,940	...	...	809,540	...	...
$150,000 and over	11,545	...	...	1,152,090	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	85,865	...	...	9,688,845	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	99,235	...	...	88,306	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	85,173	...	...	76,372	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.2	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	25,545	...	...	3,706,220	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	85,496	...	...	78,976	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	74,123	...	...	68,309	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	42,345	...	...	4,222,140	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	126,179	...	...	113,465	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	106,392	...	...	96,608	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	15,695	...	...	1,481,410	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	59,164	...	...	53,193	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	53,949	...	...	48,856	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	85,945	...	...	9,689,855	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	114,960	...	...	111,235	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	94,699	...	...	91,040	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	25,540	...	...	3,706,400	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	99,933	...	...	101,086	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	82,801	...	...	82,296	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	42,455	...	...	4,225,855	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	141,344	...	...	137,094	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	115,079	...	...	111,307	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	15,670	...	...	1,477,190	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	69,110	...	...	65,549	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	59,252	...	...	56,687	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	34,345	16,595	17,750	5,313,545	2,608,845	2,704,705
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	35,168	39,097	32,519	31,890	34,483	29,801
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	31,699	34,503	29,824	28,959	30,746	27,495
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	34,320	16,555	17,765	5,299,050	2,596,985	2,702,070
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	43,841	47,358	40,563	42,939	46,085	39,915
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	36,839	39,024	34,803	35,801	37,724	33,952
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	305,320	149,130	156,185	34,460,065	16,971,550	17,488,515
In the bottom half of the distribution	129,145	60,730	68,420	17,229,835	8,256,970	8,972,865
In the bottom decile	23,905	11,435	12,470	3,445,950	1,672,900	1,773,050
In the second decile	23,415	10,275	13,145	3,445,660	1,564,965	1,880,700
In the third decile	24,750	11,555	13,200	3,446,165	1,641,930	1,804,235
In the fourth decile	27,200	12,920	14,280	3,445,850	1,677,120	1,768,730
In the fifth decile	29,875	14,550	15,325	3,446,210	1,700,060	1,746,150
In the top half of the distribution	176,165	88,400	87,770	17,230,230	8,714,580	8,515,650
In the sixth decile	32,075	15,855	16,220	3,445,695	1,716,510	1,729,185
In the seventh decile	34,520	17,080	17,435	3,446,470	1,730,975	1,715,500
In the eighth decile	37,420	18,730	18,690	3,445,940	1,741,640	1,704,300
In the ninth decile	40,180	20,360	19,820	3,446,045	1,751,850	1,694,195
In the top decile	31,975	16,375	15,600	3,446,080	1,773,600	1,672,475
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	305,315	149,130	156,185	33,968,295	16,724,265	17,244,035
0 to 17 years	67,880	34,655	33,225	6,836,380	3,504,250	3,332,125
0 to 5 years	21,040	10,810	10,230	2,228,770	1,142,505	1,086,270
18 to 64 years	195,060	95,450	99,615	21,695,090	10,690,090	11,005,005
65 years and over	42,375	19,025	23,345	5,436,830	2,529,930	2,906,905
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	33,550	15,290	18,265	4,809,940	2,243,200	2,566,740
0 to 17 years	10,015	5,115	4,895	1,163,830	597,570	566,255
0 to 5 years	3,395	1,745	1,655	396,095	203,055	193,030
18 to 64 years	19,845	9,000	10,840	2,855,290	1,341,590	1,513,700
65 years and over	3,695	1,175	2,525	790,825	304,040	486,780
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.0	10.3	11.7	14.2	13.4	14.9
0 to 17 years (%)	14.8	14.8	14.7	17.0	17.1	17.0
0 to 5 years (%)	16.1	16.1	16.2	17.8	17.8	17.8
18 to 64 years (%)	10.2	9.4	10.9	13.2	12.5	13.8
65 years and over (%)	8.7	6.2	10.8	14.5	12.0	16.7
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	19,520	9,560	9,965	3,128,995	1,519,370	1,609,630
0 to 17 years	5,080	2,640	2,440	696,025	357,255	338,770
0 to 5 years	1,745	920	825	236,435	121,170	115,260
18 to 64 years	13,595	6,590	7,010	2,157,745	1,057,585	1,100,160
65 years and over	845	330	515	275,225	104,525	170,695
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.4	6.4	6.4	9.2	9.1	9.3
0 to 17 years (%)	7.5	7.6	7.3	10.2	10.2	10.2
0 to 5 years (%)	8.3	8.5	8.1	10.6	10.6	10.6
18 to 64 years (%)	7.0	6.9	7.0	9.9	9.9	10.0
65 years and over (%)	2.0	1.7	2.2	5.1	4.1	5.9
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	305,535	149,205	156,325	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485
Official languages	303,445	148,330	155,110	33,818,210	16,709,290	17,108,920
English	303,245	148,240	155,005	29,748,265	14,806,270	14,941,995
French	22,730	9,805	12,925	10,242,945	4,952,455	5,290,495
Non-official languages	50,490	24,360	26,135	9,369,280	4,488,185	4,881,090
Aboriginal languages	85	30	55	263,845	127,550	136,295
Algonquian languages	60	20	40	177,570	85,505	92,065
Blackfoot	0	0	0	5,645	2,695	2,950
Cree-Montagnais languages	30	10	25	116,585	56,515	60,070
Atikamekw	0	0	0	6,640	3,335	3,305
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	11,440	5,500	5,945
Moose Cree	0	0	0	195	80	115
Naskapi	0	0	0	1,465	710	755
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	545	225	320
Plains Cree	10	0	0	5,905	2,705	3,200
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	40	30	10
Swampy Cree	15	0	15	2,345	995	1,350
Woods Cree	0	0	0	2,665	1,230	1,435
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	10	86,115	42,080	44,035
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	9,765	4,710	5,050
Malecite	0	0	0	755	370	390
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	9,025	4,350	4,670
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	30	10	15	46,685	22,100	24,585
Algonquin	0	0	0	2,480	1,165	1,315
Ojibway	30	10	15	28,585	13,365	15,220
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	15,610	7,575	8,030
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	205	105	105
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	120	60	60
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	23,655	11,340	12,320
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	0	0	23,570	11,300	12,265
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	210	105	100
Beaver	0	0	0	340	180	165
Carrier	0	0	0	2,105	955	1,145
Chilcotin	0	0	0	1,150	535	610
Dene	0	0	0	13,060	6,270	6,790
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	2,375	1,210	1,165
Gwich'in	0	0	0	360	165	200
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	150	60	90
Sekani	0	0	0	185	85	100
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	2,815	1,340	1,475
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	1,010	475	530
South Slavey	0	0	0	1,365	660	710
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	680	320	360
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	630	340	285
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	365	205	170
Tahltan	0	0	0	270	140	130
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	420	160	260
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	285	115	170
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	145	50	95
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	85	35	50
Haida	0	0	0	465	205	260
Inuit languages	10	0	10	42,980	21,355	21,630
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	1,975	895	1,080
Inuktitut	0	0	10	40,620	20,280	20,340
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	470	225	240
Iroquoian languages	15	15	0	2,800	1,240	1,555
Cayuga	0	0	0	125	40	85
Mohawk	15	10	0	2,415	1,120	1,295
Oneida	0	0	0	180	60	125
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	115	45	75
Kutenai	0	0	0	175	95	80
Michif	0	0	0	1,210	585	625
Salish languages	0	0	0	5,750	2,730	3,015
Comox	0	0	0	185	75	110
Halkomelem	0	0	0	1,060	475	585
Lillooet	0	0	0	790	405	385
Okanagan	0	0	0	820	370	450
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	1,305	640	665
Squamish	0	0	0	285	125	155
Straits	0	0	0	360	160	200
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	450	220	235
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	565	295	270
Siouan languages	0	0	0	5,430	2,665	2,770
Dakota	0	0	0	1,760	870	890
Stoney	0	0	0	3,675	1,805	1,875
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	140	70	70
Tlingit	0	0	0	260	140	120
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	2,730	1,350	1,380
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	1,305	645	660
Nisga'a	0	0	0	1,060	545	515
Tsimshian	0	0	0	410	180	235
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	1,490	680	805
Haisla	0	0	0	175	65	110
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	125	50	75
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	605	285	320
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	565	265	300
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	30	20	10
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	665	310	360
Non-Aboriginal languages	50,405	24,330	26,080	9,107,075	4,361,420	4,745,660
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,505	1,330	1,175	837,355	432,560	404,795
Berber languages	0	0	0	29,460	15,745	13,715
Kabyle	0	0	0	17,120	9,100	8,015
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	12,505	6,735	5,775
Cushitic languages	50	30	20	57,125	26,870	30,250
Bilen	0	0	0	1,085	625	470
Oromo	10	10	0	6,245	3,070	3,175
Somali	40	20	20	49,665	23,070	26,590
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	480	220	265
Semitic languages	2,450	1,300	1,150	771,130	400,780	370,350
Amharic	75	45	25	33,670	16,675	16,995
Arabic	1,960	1,060	900	629,055	329,235	299,820
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	0	10	19,745	9,720	10,020
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	20	10	10	7,115	3,505	3,610
Harari	20	0	15	1,710	855	860
Hebrew	120	55	65	75,020	38,730	36,290
Maltese	250	115	135	7,625	3,760	3,870
Tigrigna	10	0	0	21,340	10,640	10,705
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	3,220	1,655	1,565
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	2,775	1,440	1,335
Austro-Asiatic languages	480	195	280	224,865	105,845	119,020
Khmer (Cambodian)	70	35	40	27,035	12,640	14,400
Vietnamese	410	160	250	198,895	93,735	105,155
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	190	70	120
Austronesian languages	2,985	1,170	1,820	656,200	273,075	383,125
Bikol	10	0	0	2,075	885	1,190
Cebuano	215	90	125	27,045	10,960	16,085
Fijian	0	0	0	1,660	955	705
Hiligaynon	40	15	30	7,925	3,200	4,720
Ilocano	105	45	60	34,530	13,805	20,730
Malagasy	0	0	0	2,335	1,120	1,220
Malay	140	55	85	22,470	10,370	12,100
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	45	15	35	5,425	2,445	2,980
Pangasinan	0	0	0	1,800	790	1,015
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,670	1,045	1,625	612,735	253,210	359,530
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	1,395	530	860
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20	5,585	2,540	3,040
Creole languages	545	245	300	155,615	70,545	85,070
Haitian Creole	25	10	20	6,850	3,140	3,710
Creole, n.o.s.	195	85	110	133,045	59,890	73,160
Creole languages, n.i.e.	325	155	165	16,635	7,955	8,675
Dravidian languages	2,670	1,360	1,315	250,180	126,220	123,960
Kannada	95	50	40	8,245	4,180	4,065
Malayalam	315	150	160	37,810	19,410	18,400
Tamil	2,225	1,150	1,075	189,860	94,640	95,220
Telugu	170	75	95	23,160	12,770	10,390
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	790	385	405
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	870	435	435
Indo-European languages	34,675	16,885	17,790	5,158,010	2,506,455	2,651,555
Albanian	110	55	55	31,930	16,140	15,790
Armenian	150	70	80	41,295	19,980	21,315
Balto-Slavic languages	7,715	3,635	4,080	817,315	384,960	432,350
Baltic languages	90	40	45	14,675	6,470	8,205
Latvian	50	25	25	6,500	2,960	3,540
Lithuanian	40	15	25	8,185	3,510	4,675
Slavic languages	7,640	3,600	4,040	805,915	379,965	425,945
Belarusan	10	10	0	2,265	1,070	1,195
Bosnian	60	35	25	18,265	9,055	9,215
Bulgarian	85	45	35	22,425	10,920	11,505
Croatian	575	290	290	69,840	34,515	35,325
Czech	245	130	115	28,720	13,675	15,050
Macedonian	780	385	400	23,075	11,190	11,880
Polish	3,180	1,460	1,720	214,965	99,365	115,600
Russian	1,010	415	595	269,645	127,055	142,595
Serbian	685	355	325	73,775	37,040	36,740
Serbo-Croatian	40	25	20	11,275	5,525	5,750
Slovak	180	90	85	21,470	10,215	11,255
Slovene (Slovenian)	200	85	115	11,495	5,205	6,290
Ukrainian	1,280	585	690	132,115	58,820	73,300
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	3,000	1,590	1,405
Celtic languages	115	60	55	9,165	4,705	4,455
Scottish Gaelic	60	35	30	3,980	2,010	1,975
Welsh	25	0	20	1,690	830	860
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	3,590	1,915	1,680
Germanic languages	4,005	1,770	2,230	695,535	337,215	358,320
Afrikaans	205	80	125	23,410	11,795	11,610
Danish	105	35	70	15,745	7,320	8,425
Dutch	1,165	510	655	120,865	57,885	62,990
Frisian	25	25	0	2,910	1,515	1,395
German	2,420	1,090	1,330	502,730	245,745	256,985
Icelandic	20	10	15	1,780	830	945
Norwegian	50	35	10	8,120	3,860	4,260
Swedish	80	40	40	14,140	6,510	7,635
Vlaams (Flemish)	20	10	15	4,400	1,945	2,455
Yiddish	20	10	15	20,985	10,435	10,550
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	8,710	4,425	4,285
Greek	1,600	805	795	150,965	75,510	75,455
Indo-Iranian languages	9,650	4,865	4,795	1,658,220	840,850	817,365
Indo-Aryan languages	7,840	3,930	3,910	1,387,805	704,370	683,435
Bengali	665	340	325	91,220	46,935	44,285
Gujarati	1,120	545	575	149,045	74,765	74,285
Hindi	2,400	1,230	1,180	433,365	221,665	211,700
Kashmiri	20	15	10	905	490	420
Konkani	45	30	20	6,790	3,185	3,605
Marathi	85	40	45	15,570	8,200	7,365
Nepali	30	15	10	21,380	10,915	10,470
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	1,535	755	775
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,535	810	725	668,240	341,450	326,790
Sindhi	140	65	75	20,260	9,310	10,945
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	415	170	245	27,825	13,970	13,855
Urdu	3,850	1,965	1,885	322,220	164,685	157,535
Iranian languages	1,920	980	940	281,715	142,030	139,680
Kurdish	20	15	0	15,290	8,290	7,000
Pashto	160	95	65	23,180	12,465	10,715
Persian (Farsi)	1,815	910	905	252,320	126,565	125,755
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	85	50	35	8,875	4,715	4,155
Italic (Romance) languages	12,155	6,050	6,100	1,897,630	898,530	999,100
Catalan	0	0	0	2,035	1,145	890
Italian	4,700	2,450	2,245	574,725	278,500	296,225
Portuguese	2,340	1,170	1,170	295,955	144,465	151,485
Romanian	810	375	430	115,050	55,275	59,770
Spanish	4,680	2,240	2,440	995,255	460,250	535,010
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	2,680	1,610	1,075
Japanese	235	90	145	83,090	36,760	46,335
Kartvelian languages	10	0	0	2,150	1,075	1,075
Georgian	0	0	10	2,150	1,080	1,070
Korean	390	200	195	172,755	80,170	92,590
Mongolic languages	0	0	0	2,090	960	1,130
Mongolian	0	0	0	2,090	960	1,130
Niger-Congo languages	1,110	535	570	177,215	88,135	89,080
Akan (Twi)	155	80	75	22,145	10,810	11,340
Bamanankan	15	10	10	3,190	1,660	1,530
Edo	20	10	15	3,220	1,510	1,705
Ewe	10	0	0	3,000	1,685	1,315
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	0	0	4,725	2,460	2,260
Ga	20	0	15	2,250	1,140	1,110
Ganda	0	0	0	2,495	1,175	1,320
Igbo	70	35	35	8,850	4,710	4,140
Lingala	115	70	45	17,010	7,865	9,145
Rundi (Kirundi)	50	15	35	8,590	4,075	4,515
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	75	40	35	7,860	3,600	4,260
Shona	80	35	45	5,425	2,530	2,905
Swahili	190	100	90	38,680	19,565	19,115
Wolof	10	0	0	8,240	4,455	3,785
Yoruba	185	85	100	22,420	11,475	10,940
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	310	150	155	40,760	20,375	20,385
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	10	10	7,015	3,520	3,495
Dinka	0	0	0	2,475	1,280	1,190
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	4,555	2,240	2,315
Sign languages	555	210	345	48,115	18,985	29,130
American Sign Language	335	115	225	21,930	7,780	14,155
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	4,665	1,665	3,005
Sign languages, n.i.e.	220	100	120	22,275	9,835	12,440
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,005	1,910	2,100	1,430,440	672,100	758,340
Chinese languages	3,980	1,895	2,085	1,413,110	663,465	749,640
Cantonese	1,680	755	925	699,125	325,840	373,285
Hakka	25	0	15	12,445	5,555	6,890
Mandarin	2,460	1,170	1,285	814,450	377,635	436,815
Min Dong	0	0	0	1,045	440	600
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	105	60	45	42,840	19,005	23,835
Wu (Shanghainese)	70	45	25	16,530	7,490	9,040
Chinese, n.o.s.	185	95	90	41,690	19,995	21,690
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	590	250	340
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	10	15	18,270	9,100	9,175
Burmese	15	10	10	4,995	2,490	2,500
Karenic languages	0	0	0	4,895	2,425	2,475
Tibetan	0	0	0	7,050	3,555	3,490
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	2,375	1,160	1,220
Tai-Kadai languages	185	130	60	30,400	13,210	17,195
Lao	90	45	40	17,235	8,240	8,990
Thai	115	80	30	15,390	5,875	9,520
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	115	50	65
Turkic languages	190	105	90	60,530	31,585	28,945
Azerbaijani	15	10	15	5,450	2,885	2,565
Turkish	175	95	80	50,775	26,605	24,165
Uyghur	0	0	0	1,385	685	700
Uzbek	0	0	0	2,465	1,230	1,235
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	1,870	905	965
Uralic languages	1,065	565	505	94,810	44,270	50,545
Estonian	50	35	20	6,070	2,750	3,315
Finnish	125	65	65	17,595	7,540	10,050
Hungarian	890	465	425	71,285	34,005	37,280
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	25	10	10
Other languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	9,730	5,375	4,355
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	305,535	149,205	156,325	34,460,065	16,971,580	17,488,490
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	294,235	143,685	150,555	32,034,590	15,799,495	16,235,090
Canadian citizens aged under 18	66,740	34,125	32,615	6,652,795	3,412,785	3,240,010
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	227,495	109,560	117,935	25,381,795	12,386,710	12,995,080
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	11,300	5,520	5,780	2,425,480	1,172,085	1,253,400
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	305,530	149,205	156,325	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	244,570	119,990	124,580	26,412,610	13,124,325	13,288,290
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	59,280	28,235	31,045	7,540,830	3,586,495	3,954,330
Before 1981	24,350	11,450	12,905	1,941,510	927,795	1,013,715
1981 to 1990	8,485	4,135	4,345	915,555	439,245	476,310
1991 to 2000	10,460	5,050	5,410	1,486,655	696,720	789,940
2001 to 2010	11,805	5,590	6,215	1,985,035	940,570	1,044,465
2001 to 2005	6,375	3,030	3,345	928,935	439,890	489,050
2006 to 2010	5,430	2,560	2,875	1,056,095	500,680	555,415
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	4,180	2,010	2,175	1,212,075	582,175	629,895
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	1,685	985	700	506,625	260,755	245,870
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	59,275	28,230	31,045	7,540,830	3,586,500	3,954,335
Under 5 years	7,015	3,595	3,425	731,340	364,165	367,175
5 to 14 years	12,835	6,470	6,360	1,311,810	665,870	645,945
15 to 24 years	14,370	6,420	7,950	1,604,430	724,430	880,005
25 to 44 years	21,560	10,245	11,320	3,198,920	1,513,970	1,684,950
45 years and over	3,500	1,505	1,995	694,320	318,060	376,260
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	59,275	28,235	31,045	7,540,830	3,586,495	3,954,330
Americas	14,590	6,625	7,970	1,128,745	510,650	618,100
Brazil	300	105	190	29,320	13,235	16,080
Colombia	320	155	165	70,035	32,065	37,965
El Salvador	220	115	105	48,080	23,865	24,215
Guyana	2,350	1,055	1,295	87,685	38,940	48,745
Haiti	110	45	60	93,480	40,955	52,525
Jamaica	4,280	1,905	2,370	138,345	59,960	78,390
Mexico	295	110	180	80,585	37,530	43,055
Peru	160	70	85	29,615	12,950	16,665
Trinidad and Tobago	2,055	1,015	1,040	65,040	29,325	35,710
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	1,910	795	1,120	253,715	113,505	140,215
Other places of birth in Americas	2,595	1,245	1,345	232,850	108,325	124,530
Europe	23,980	11,570	12,410	2,088,410	1,015,145	1,073,260
Bosnia and Herzegovina	225	140	85	36,135	18,050	18,085
Croatia	385	180	205	40,045	20,005	20,035
France	190	125	70	105,565	55,395	50,170
Germany	1,405	705	705	145,845	69,525	76,320
Greece	650	350	300	62,715	31,580	31,135
Hungary	455	265	195	36,820	17,945	18,875
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	510	240	270	28,325	14,355	13,970
Italy	2,080	1,125	950	236,640	118,595	118,040
Netherlands	1,070	525	550	88,475	45,185	43,295
Poland	1,990	890	1,100	146,465	66,450	80,020
Portugal	1,090	555	540	139,450	68,150	71,300
Romania	715	340	370	90,305	42,795	47,510
Russian Federation	385	160	230	78,685	34,265	44,420
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	330	150	180	33,320	16,325	17,000
Ukraine	480	205	275	73,030	33,360	39,665
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	9,935	4,630	5,305	499,115	243,225	255,890
Other places of birth in Europe	2,080	990	1,095	247,470	119,945	127,530
Africa	3,185	1,610	1,570	637,485	322,510	314,970
Algeria	15	0	15	64,620	33,920	30,705
Egypt	375	195	175	64,615	34,125	30,495
Ethiopia	100	50	55	32,790	15,980	16,810
Kenya	180	75	100	27,150	12,810	14,340
Morocco	80	55	25	69,655	36,120	33,535
Nigeria	430	200	225	42,430	21,830	20,600
Somalia	40	25	15	27,230	12,070	15,160
South Africa, Republic of	455	245	205	44,660	22,205	22,460
Other places of birth in Africa	1,510	750	760	264,320	133,450	130,870
Asia	17,300	8,290	9,015	3,629,160	1,709,985	1,919,175
Afghanistan	870	430	440	51,955	26,030	25,930
Bangladesh	425	205	215	58,735	29,875	28,865
China^{Census data footnote 59}	2,085	940	1,145	649,260	290,800	358,460
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	475	225	250	208,940	98,020	110,915
India	2,995	1,515	1,480	668,565	334,030	334,540
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	450	245	205	154,425	77,970	76,455
Iraq	135	65	70	68,485	34,785	33,705
Japan	80	10	70	27,240	7,955	19,285
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	345	185	160	123,305	57,170	66,140
Lebanon	320	180	140	88,745	47,295	41,450
Pakistan	2,395	1,250	1,145	202,260	103,225	99,035
Philippines	2,920	1,185	1,735	588,305	247,095	341,210
Sri Lanka	1,705	810	890	131,995	64,825	67,170
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	45	25	20	52,960	26,595	26,365
Taiwan	105	50	55	63,770	28,170	35,605
Viet Nam	355	140	215	169,250	78,000	91,250
Other places of birth in Asia	1,600	815	790	320,965	158,150	162,815
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	220	145	80	57,030	28,210	28,825
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	4,185	2,010	2,175	1,212,075	582,180	629,895
Americas	925	490	430	152,595	72,870	79,720
Brazil	40	15	30	8,500	4,000	4,490
Colombia	55	25	25	15,300	6,885	8,415
Cuba	30	15	15	5,370	2,545	2,820
Haiti	30	15	15	19,985	9,160	10,830
Jamaica	210	140	75	12,495	6,680	5,820
Mexico	40	25	20	18,660	9,090	9,575
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	200	110	85	33,060	16,480	16,580
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	20	0	15	6,425	2,990	3,435
Other places of birth in Americas	305	150	155	32,790	15,040	17,750
Europe	495	250	250	140,030	70,995	69,035
France	10	10	0	24,150	13,000	11,150
Germany	15	10	0	6,300	3,255	3,045
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	25	20	10	5,660	3,540	2,120
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	10	0	10	5,900	2,735	3,165
Romania	55	25	30	7,610	3,330	4,280
Russian Federation	10	0	10	11,565	4,485	7,080
Ukraine	65	25	35	13,425	6,015	7,410
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	145	90	60	24,445	14,235	10,215
Other places of birth in Europe	175	75	105	40,970	20,405	20,570
Africa	470	250	220	162,800	81,545	81,245
Algeria	0	0	0	17,175	8,440	8,735
Cameroon	10	0	0	10,265	5,005	5,255
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	15	10	7,400	3,570	3,835
Côte d'Ivoire	20	10	10	6,240	3,030	3,210
Egypt	120	60	60	16,115	8,445	7,665
Eritrea	0	0	0	6,050	3,195	2,855
Ethiopia	0	0	0	7,510	3,625	3,890
Morocco	0	0	0	15,105	7,470	7,635
Nigeria	85	50	40	17,285	8,850	8,435
Somalia	0	0	0	5,335	2,600	2,730
South Africa, Republic of	60	25	35	5,765	2,935	2,830
Tunisia	0	0	0	6,700	3,475	3,230
Other places of birth in Africa	150	85	65	41,855	20,905	20,950
Asia	2,245	985	1,255	748,700	352,095	396,610
Afghanistan	40	20	25	9,240	4,530	4,710
Bangladesh	50	25	25	12,900	6,445	6,460
China^{Census data footnote 59}	360	160	200	129,020	57,745	71,270
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	10	0	0	4,975	2,090	2,880
India	495	235	265	147,190	75,145	72,045
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	80	40	40	42,070	20,580	21,490
Iraq	30	10	25	20,665	10,345	10,320
Israel	10	10	0	4,740	2,615	2,130
Japan	25	0	25	4,905	1,250	3,655
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	20	10	10	21,710	9,630	12,075
Lebanon	25	0	15	9,375	4,980	4,400
Nepal	0	0	0	7,505	3,780	3,715
Pakistan	295	145	150	41,480	20,530	20,945
Philippines	430	140	285	188,810	83,050	105,760
Saudi Arabia	65	40	25	5,465	2,820	2,640
Sri Lanka	140	65	70	11,495	5,190	6,305
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	0	0	10	29,945	15,245	14,700
Taiwan	15	10	10	4,310	1,685	2,625
Turkey	0	10	0	4,255	2,365	1,890
United Arab Emirates	20	10	10	6,135	3,220	2,910
Viet Nam	0	0	0	11,210	4,500	6,705
Other places of birth in Asia	135	70	65	31,320	14,345	16,970
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	55	35	20	7,955	4,670	3,280
Australia	45	30	10	4,965	2,950	2,010
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	10	10	0	2,990	1,720	1,270
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	305,535	149,210	156,325	34,460,060	16,971,575	17,488,485
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	62,005	29,775	32,225	8,219,555	3,936,045	4,283,505
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	72,780	36,480	36,300	6,100,725	3,053,075	3,047,650
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	170,750	82,950	87,800	20,139,790	9,982,460	10,157,330
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	35,785	17,165	18,620	5,703,615	2,709,530	2,994,085
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	16,385	8,270	8,120	2,994,130	1,496,240	1,497,885
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	6,355	4,055	2,300	1,220,755	755,370	465,380
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	10,035	4,220	5,815	1,773,380	740,870	1,032,510
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	13,605	5,785	7,830	1,782,490	728,085	1,054,400
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	5,430	2,955	2,470	858,845	453,675	405,175
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	360	155	205	68,145	31,530	36,615
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	305,535	149,205	156,325	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	7,200	3,415	3,790	1,673,785	813,520	860,265
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	6,890	3,255	3,630	1,629,805	792,970	836,835
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	4,145	1,980	2,160	977,235	471,510	505,725
Métis	2,610	1,220	1,395	587,545	289,435	298,115
Inuk (Inuit)	130	60	70	65,030	32,030	32,995
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	140	70	70	21,310	10,165	11,145
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	175	90	90	22,670	10,385	12,290
Non-Aboriginal identity	298,330	145,790	152,540	32,786,280	16,158,060	16,628,225
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	305,530	149,205	156,330	34,460,065	16,971,580	17,488,490
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	1,950	970	980	820,120	395,670	424,445
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	303,585	148,240	155,350	33,639,945	16,575,905	17,064,040
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	305,535	149,205	156,325	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,490
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	1,070	485	585	727,790	356,970	370,815
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	1,040	480	560	709,235	347,985	361,245
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	710	325	380	573,215	280,040	293,180
Métis single ancestry	325	155	170	91,255	45,740	45,515
Inuit single ancestry	10	0	15	44,765	22,210	22,555
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	30	0	25	18,555	8,985	9,565
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	25	10	20	15,140	7,305	7,835
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	10	0	10	2,470	1,205	1,265
Métis and Inuit ancestries	0	0	0	770	390	380
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	0	0	0	170	85	85
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	10,590	4,880	5,705	1,402,735	669,710	733,025
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	10,310	4,745	5,570	1,347,610	644,210	703,400
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	7,895	3,660	4,240	881,455	418,215	463,235
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	2,260	1,005	1,255	441,000	213,940	227,065
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	155	80	80	25,155	12,045	13,105
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	275	145	140	55,125	25,505	29,625
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	270	135	140	49,325	22,740	26,585
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	10	10	0	3,470	1,655	1,815
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	0	0	0	2,005	940	1,065
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	0	0	0	325	170	160
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	293,875	143,840	150,035	32,329,545	15,944,900	16,384,645
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	305,530	149,205	156,325	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	59,270	29,335	29,930	7,674,580	3,725,090	3,949,495
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	14,755	7,635	7,120	1,924,635	977,690	946,945
Chinese	5,450	2,625	2,825	1,577,060	746,400	830,665
Black	19,775	9,550	10,225	1,198,540	580,070	618,475
Filipino	4,795	2,175	2,620	780,125	341,800	438,330
Latin American	2,740	1,370	1,370	447,325	215,460	231,860
Arab	2,030	1,095	930	523,235	276,425	246,810
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	1,045	495	550	313,260	148,880	164,385
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	1,805	905	900	264,305	133,475	130,825
Korean	515	295	220	188,710	89,110	99,600
Japanese	730	370	360	92,920	40,105	52,815
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	2,515	1,210	1,310	132,090	62,540	69,550
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	3,105	1,610	1,495	232,375	113,140	119,230
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	246,265	119,870	126,395	26,785,480	13,246,485	13,539,000
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	305,530	149,205	156,325	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485
North American Aboriginal origins	11,660	5,365	6,295	2,130,520	1,026,675	1,103,840
First Nations (North American Indian)	8,910	4,125	4,785	1,525,570	731,410	794,155
Inuit	180	80	95	79,130	38,695	40,435
Métis	2,880	1,300	1,580	599,995	291,310	308,690
Other North American origins	97,960	48,025	49,940	11,628,535	5,745,695	5,882,835
Acadian	460	225	235	119,675	57,805	61,865
American	3,640	1,665	1,975	377,405	182,690	194,715
Canadian	94,950	46,640	48,305	11,135,965	5,501,595	5,634,370
New Brunswicker	15	15	0	1,490	800	685
Newfoundlander	630	305	320	22,215	11,420	10,800
Nova Scotian	50	40	10	3,700	1,770	1,930
Ontarian	65	30	35	3,925	1,980	1,945
Québécois	120	85	35	194,560	99,320	95,235
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	25	15	15	1,895	950	945
European origins	215,690	104,500	111,185	19,683,320	9,687,715	9,995,605
British Isles origins	156,655	75,160	81,500	11,211,850	5,474,735	5,737,115
Channel Islander	0	0	10	3,595	1,740	1,855
Cornish	0	0	0	1,975	995	975
English	90,715	43,185	47,535	6,320,085	3,069,515	3,250,570
Irish	66,410	31,065	35,345	4,627,000	2,195,620	2,431,385
Manx	80	25	55	6,125	3,090	3,040
Scottish	67,275	32,185	35,095	4,799,005	2,323,390	2,475,620
Welsh	6,845	3,200	3,645	474,805	226,600	248,210
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	10,435	4,775	5,665	644,695	307,090	337,610
French origins	29,925	14,025	15,905	4,680,820	2,283,480	2,397,340
Alsatian	10	0	10	2,800	1,300	1,495
Breton	0	0	0	11,845	5,765	6,080
Corsican	0	0	0	1,750	950	805
French	29,920	14,025	15,895	4,670,595	2,278,430	2,392,165
Western European origins (except French origins)	39,610	18,925	20,690	4,600,855	2,258,095	2,342,760
Austrian	1,955	1,000	955	207,050	100,775	106,275
Bavarian	10	0	0	940	485	455
Belgian	965	455	510	186,665	91,395	95,270
Dutch	12,965	6,210	6,755	1,111,655	546,565	565,090
Flemish	45	30	10	11,685	5,730	5,960
Frisian	10	0	10	4,590	2,395	2,195
German	25,760	12,215	13,545	3,322,405	1,626,785	1,695,615
Luxembourger	15	10	15	3,915	2,025	1,890
Swiss	965	500	465	155,120	76,935	78,185
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	30	10	20	3,365	1,645	1,720
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	6,085	2,890	3,195	1,201,320	579,005	622,315
Danish	1,505	705	795	207,470	100,660	106,810
Finnish	1,365	675	690	143,645	69,045	74,600
Icelandic	355	165	190	101,795	49,875	51,915
Norwegian	1,380	655	730	463,275	223,075	240,200
Swedish	1,575	740	830	349,645	163,545	186,095
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	300	140	160	52,780	26,965	25,820
Eastern European origins	31,240	15,030	16,215	3,431,245	1,666,740	1,764,505
Bulgarian	270	140	135	34,565	16,935	17,625
Byelorussian	155	90	65	20,710	10,190	10,515
Czech	900	460	430	104,580	51,555	53,030
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	350	150	200	40,715	19,235	21,480
Estonian	380	225	150	24,530	11,715	12,815
Hungarian	3,845	1,900	1,945	348,085	170,040	178,045
Latvian	375	195	185	30,725	14,920	15,805
Lithuanian	550	230	320	59,285	28,745	30,535
Moldovan	10	0	10	14,915	7,265	7,650
Polish	12,340	5,925	6,420	1,106,585	533,830	572,750
Romanian	1,655	785	870	238,050	114,705	123,345
Russian	2,990	1,405	1,590	622,445	297,600	324,850
Slovak	925	485	440	72,285	35,360	36,925
Ukrainian	11,050	5,250	5,800	1,359,655	663,560	696,095
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	85	50	30	20,415	9,895	10,520
Southern European origins	38,660	19,605	19,055	3,012,375	1,494,605	1,517,775
Albanian	160	85	75	36,185	18,385	17,800
Bosnian	180	110	65	26,740	13,320	13,420
Catalan	0	0	0	1,280	740	535
Croatian	1,355	695	660	133,970	67,825	66,140
Cypriot	55	15	45	5,650	2,850	2,795
Greek	4,075	2,060	2,015	271,410	137,405	134,005
Italian	19,235	9,905	9,330	1,587,965	794,525	793,445
Kosovar	20	0	15	2,865	1,470	1,395
Macedonian	1,795	940	850	43,110	21,650	21,460
Maltese	1,790	795	995	41,920	20,955	20,965
Montenegrin	30	15	15	4,160	2,180	1,985
Portuguese	6,755	3,375	3,375	482,605	239,360	243,250
Serbian	790	415	370	96,530	49,095	47,440
Sicilian	160	85	75	6,940	3,500	3,435
Slovenian	625	335	295	40,470	20,105	20,365
Spanish	4,260	2,015	2,255	396,460	184,520	211,945
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	480	270	210	38,480	18,620	19,860
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	0	0	0	2,170	1,030	1,135
Other European origins	1,535	830	710	226,695	115,110	111,580
Basque	35	15	20	6,965	3,690	3,275
Jewish	700	390	310	143,660	72,625	71,035
Roma (Gypsy)	15	10	15	4,630	2,195	2,440
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	85	40	45	4,870	2,560	2,310
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	710	385	325	67,890	34,730	33,160
Caribbean origins	18,510	8,825	9,680	749,155	349,810	399,345
Antiguan	145	70	75	4,500	2,115	2,385
Bahamian	105	55	50	3,675	1,915	1,760
Barbadian	1,450	700	750	37,780	17,745	20,035
Bermudan	40	15	25	3,075	1,435	1,640
Carib	180	50	125	3,030	1,175	1,860
Cuban	325	170	155	29,065	13,800	15,270
Dominican	275	125	155	23,130	11,000	12,125
Grenadian	550	240	315	17,915	7,835	10,080
Guadeloupean	0	0	0	1,125	515	605
Haitian	250	110	135	165,095	76,460	88,635
Jamaican	10,805	5,195	5,610	309,485	145,080	164,410
Kittitian/Nevisian	75	35	40	2,915	1,460	1,460
Martinican	0	0	0	2,010	900	1,110
Montserratan	25	10	15	930	460	470
Puerto Rican	50	35	10	3,405	1,645	1,765
St. Lucian	270	135	135	8,985	4,095	4,890
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	3,185	1,535	1,650	78,965	37,325	41,635
Vincentian/Grenadinian	580	260	320	17,420	7,475	9,945
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	2,295	1,020	1,275	70,270	31,625	38,645
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	540	270	275	26,830	12,520	14,310
Latin, Central and South American origins	7,275	3,465	3,810	674,640	325,210	349,430
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	275	140	135	22,725	10,875	11,850
Arawak	65	20	45	1,440	610	830
Argentinian	140	85	65	20,680	10,130	10,545
Belizean	40	15	25	1,755	915	845
Bolivian	55	30	20	5,055	2,480	2,580
Brazilian	390	140	250	36,830	17,380	19,455
Chilean	315	150	165	45,190	22,280	22,910
Colombian	480	255	225	96,325	45,590	50,735
Costa Rican	60	35	25	5,535	2,680	2,855
Ecuadorian	335	140	190	25,405	11,995	13,415
Guatemalan	220	135	90	26,275	13,360	12,915
Guyanese	3,145	1,490	1,660	84,275	39,530	44,745
Hispanic	80	35	50	11,055	5,380	5,670
Honduran	50	25	20	10,650	5,235	5,415
Maya	35	20	15	6,285	3,350	2,940
Mexican	660	305	355	128,485	62,890	65,595
Nicaraguan	55	25	25	13,705	6,650	7,055
Panamanian	95	40	50	4,700	2,210	2,495
Paraguayan	15	0	10	4,325	2,165	2,160
Peruvian	255	140	110	42,145	19,645	22,505
Salvadorean	255	130	125	66,220	32,960	33,255
Uruguayan	25	10	15	6,795	3,390	3,410
Venezuelan	335	180	150	26,345	12,220	14,125
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	235	90	140	28,455	13,930	14,525
African origins	7,780	3,905	3,880	1,067,930	539,805	528,120
Central and West African origins	1,635	855	780	230,110	118,040	112,070
Akan	20	20	0	1,955	1,090	870
Angolan	50	35	10	2,960	1,475	1,480
Ashanti	15	10	0	1,585	855	735
Beninese	0	0	0	4,995	2,670	2,320
Burkinabe	0	0	0	3,150	1,665	1,485
Cameroonian	160	75	85	24,615	12,390	12,230
Chadian	0	0	0	1,845	955	885
Congolese	270	170	100	38,365	18,925	19,440
Edo	10	10	0	1,945	1,095	855
Ewe	0	0	10	845	470	375
Gabonese	0	0	0	1,405	660	750
Gambian	0	0	0	975	495	475
Ghanaian	320	155	165	35,495	17,720	17,770
Guinean	45	35	10	7,240	3,785	3,455
Ibo	40	35	10	5,315	2,850	2,470
Ivorian	55	15	40	10,935	5,485	5,450
Liberian	10	10	0	2,485	1,130	1,360
Malian	10	0	10	4,490	2,280	2,210
Malinké	0	0	0	1,125	585	535
Nigerian	520	245	275	51,835	27,025	24,805
Peulh	0	0	0	2,435	1,270	1,170
Senegalese	10	0	0	10,175	5,500	4,670
Sierra Leonean	50	30	25	2,620	1,330	1,295
Togolese	0	0	0	5,300	2,870	2,430
Wolof	0	0	0	840	495	345
Yoruba	145	60	85	9,585	5,075	4,515
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	110	60	50	15,380	7,940	7,445
North African origins	940	485	450	355,045	185,775	169,270
Algerian	40	20	20	67,335	34,755	32,580
Berber	0	0	0	37,060	19,685	17,375
Coptic	25	10	20	3,535	1,860	1,680
Dinka	0	0	0	900	500	400
Egyptian	610	295	310	99,140	51,730	47,410
Libyan	80	40	40	7,740	4,135	3,605
Maure	0	0	0	1,190	655	535
Moroccan	130	90	35	103,940	54,005	49,945
Sudanese	35	15	20	19,960	10,315	9,645
Tunisian	10	10	10	25,645	13,985	11,665
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	30	0	20	6,115	3,320	2,795
Southern and East African origins	1,515	790	730	260,145	128,325	131,815
Afrikaner	10	0	0	1,870	955	915
Amhara	0	0	0	1,530	815	715
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	30	20	0	3,965	2,175	1,785
Burundian	80	40	40	10,990	5,405	5,580
Djiboutian	0	0	0	1,710	790	920
Eritrean	30	10	20	25,255	12,830	12,430
Ethiopian	145	70	70	44,065	21,680	22,385
Harari	0	0	0	665	355	305
Kenyan	90	45	50	10,915	5,230	5,685
Malagasy	0	0	0	4,500	2,175	2,325
Mauritian	50	10	40	9,325	4,655	4,665
Oromo	15	10	10	3,350	1,745	1,605
Rwandan	45	25	15	10,775	5,065	5,705
Seychellois	25	0	15	1,285	575	710
Somali	100	50	45	62,550	30,215	32,330
South African	510	290	225	41,375	20,575	20,800
Tanzanian	65	50	20	4,710	2,400	2,310
Tigrian	0	0	0	2,155	1,160	995
Ugandan	50	30	20	5,705	2,875	2,830
Zambian	30	15	10	1,860	935	920
Zimbabwean	140	70	70	8,090	3,975	4,110
Zulu	20	15	0	945	475	475
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	190	80	110	17,305	8,445	8,860
Other African origins	3,830	1,855	1,970	239,560	116,400	123,165
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	595	290	305	30,385	14,015	16,370
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	3,290	1,595	1,695	212,005	103,790	108,215
Asian origins	37,135	18,505	18,625	6,095,235	2,958,120	3,137,115
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	5,930	3,075	2,860	1,011,145	518,170	492,980
Afghan	1,520	760	765	83,995	42,320	41,675
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	590	315	275	111,400	58,930	52,475
Armenian	405	195	205	63,810	31,505	32,305
Assyrian	10	0	10	13,835	7,115	6,720
Azerbaijani	20	10	10	6,425	3,230	3,200
Georgian	10	0	10	4,775	2,430	2,345
Hazara	0	0	0	1,515	810	705
Iranian	760	405	355	210,405	106,565	103,840
Iraqi	165	85	90	70,925	35,965	34,955
Israeli	180	105	75	28,735	15,065	13,675
Jordanian	120	65	55	14,250	7,520	6,735
Kazakh	10	0	0	3,330	1,615	1,710
Kurd	10	10	10	16,315	8,810	7,515
Kuwaiti	0	10	0	2,235	1,185	1,055
Kyrgyz	20	0	10	1,060	510	550
Lebanese	945	435	515	219,555	112,970	106,590
Palestinian	475	275	200	44,820	23,900	20,920
Pashtun	20	15	0	4,810	2,565	2,245
Saudi Arabian	150	95	55	6,810	3,935	2,880
Syrian	310	165	145	77,045	38,445	38,600
Tajik	30	15	15	2,905	1,410	1,495
Tatar	10	10	10	4,825	2,155	2,670
Turk	425	235	185	63,955	32,855	31,100
Turkmen	0	0	0	1,040	540	500
Uighur	0	0	0	1,555	775	785
Uzbek	70	35	35	3,920	1,920	2,000
Yemeni	0	0	0	6,645	3,335	3,305
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	110	70	40	25,280	13,180	12,100
South Asian origins	16,945	8,665	8,280	1,963,330	993,595	969,735
Bangladeshi	325	165	160	45,940	23,645	22,300
Bengali	120	70	55	22,900	11,730	11,180
Bhutanese	0	0	0	3,600	1,765	1,835
East Indian	11,065	5,680	5,380	1,374,710	694,990	679,720
Goan	65	25	40	6,070	2,915	3,155
Gujarati	65	35	35	8,350	4,305	4,050
Kashmiri	65	45	20	3,115	1,605	1,510
Nepali	20	10	10	17,140	8,715	8,420
Pakistani	2,650	1,345	1,310	215,555	110,420	105,140
Punjabi	310	165	145	118,400	61,155	57,240
Sinhalese	70	30	40	7,285	3,605	3,685
Sri Lankan	2,075	1,050	1,030	152,595	75,010	77,585
Tamil	525	295	230	48,670	24,845	23,825
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	1,090	530	555	76,400	38,815	37,585
East and Southeast Asian origins	15,240	7,240	7,995	3,163,360	1,467,205	1,696,155
Burmese	80	25	50	9,335	4,535	4,795
Cambodian (Khmer)	125	75	45	38,490	18,515	19,980
Chinese	7,965	3,830	4,135	1,769,195	836,150	933,045
Filipino	5,355	2,430	2,920	837,130	369,105	468,025
Hmong	0	0	0	805	420	390
Indonesian	230	130	105	21,390	9,950	11,440
Japanese	950	470	485	121,485	53,415	68,070
Karen	0	0	0	4,510	2,275	2,240
Korean	560	305	255	198,210	93,680	104,525
Laotian	115	65	50	24,580	12,190	12,390
Malaysian	140	90	50	16,920	7,735	9,185
Mongolian	65	35	25	7,480	3,560	3,915
Singaporean	10	0	0	2,850	1,325	1,520
Taiwanese	65	20	40	36,510	16,570	19,945
Thai	160	105	50	19,010	7,330	11,680
Tibetan	0	0	0	8,040	4,055	3,985
Vietnamese	585	250	340	240,615	115,935	124,680
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	40	25	20	6,500	3,150	3,355
Other Asian origins	135	70	65	22,745	11,280	11,460
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	135	70	70	22,740	11,280	11,460
Oceania origins	545	305	240	85,470	43,030	42,440
Australian	380	210	175	42,315	21,710	20,605
New Zealander	100	60	40	15,395	8,065	7,330
Pacific Islands origins	90	55	35	29,485	14,240	15,250
Fijian	55	35	15	19,375	9,280	10,090
Hawaiian	20	15	10	3,295	1,500	1,795
Maori	0	0	0	2,500	1,310	1,195
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	0	0	0	1,530	725	805
Samoan	0	0	0	1,100	625	475
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	15	10	10	2,335	1,145	1,185
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	113,345	...	...	14,072,075	...	...
Owner	85,925	...	...	9,541,320	...	...
Renter	27,420	...	...	4,474,530	...	...
Band housing	0	...	...	56,230	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	113,345	...	...	14,072,075	...	...
Condominium	7,090	...	...	1,874,840	...	...
Not condominium	106,255	...	...	12,197,240	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	113,345	...	...	14,072,080	...	...
No bedrooms	310	...	...	93,345	...	...
1 bedroom	8,675	...	...	1,925,015	...	...
2 bedrooms	17,510	...	...	3,547,090	...	...
3 bedrooms	48,175	...	...	4,836,485	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	38,680	...	...	3,670,145	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	113,345	...	...	14,072,075	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	18,465	...	...	4,068,915	...	...
5 rooms	15,000	...	...	2,177,045	...	...
6 rooms	18,875	...	...	1,981,585	...	...
7 rooms	18,900	...	...	1,790,180	...	...
8 or more rooms	42,100	...	...	4,054,355	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.9	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	113,345	...	...	14,072,080	...	...
One person or fewer per room	112,240	...	...	13,802,060	...	...
More than 1 person per room	1,100	...	...	270,020	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	113,350	...	...	14,072,075	...	...
Suitable	108,880	...	...	13,376,345	...	...
Not suitable	4,465	...	...	695,730	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	113,345	...	...	14,072,080	...	...
1960 or before	20,140	...	...	3,126,380	...	...
1961 to 1980	30,160	...	...	4,185,510	...	...
1981 to 1990	18,465	...	...	1,977,640	...	...
1991 to 2000	16,485	...	...	1,746,390	...	...
2001 to 2005	12,145	...	...	976,390	...	...
2006 to 2010	9,260	...	...	1,089,750	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	6,690	...	...	970,015	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	113,345	...	...	14,072,080	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	107,215	...	...	13,151,600	...	...
Major repairs needed	6,130	...	...	920,480	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	113,345	...	...	14,072,080	...	...
1 household maintainer	62,250	...	...	8,324,865	...	...
2 household maintainers	48,205	...	...	5,404,800	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	2,895	...	...	342,415	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	113,345	...	...	14,072,080	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,750	...	...	437,230	...	...
25 to 34 years	13,700	...	...	1,991,685	...	...
35 to 44 years	21,460	...	...	2,414,920	...	...
45 to 54 years	26,950	...	...	2,862,870	...	...
55 to 64 years	22,940	...	...	2,859,315	...	...
65 to 74 years	15,000	...	...	2,034,220	...	...
75 to 84 years	8,390	...	...	1,084,700	...	...
85 years and over	3,150	...	...	387,135	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	113,270	...	...	13,798,305	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	84,105	...	...	10,472,355	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	29,170	...	...	3,325,950	...	...
30% to less than 100%	26,350	...	...	2,861,615	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	85,925	...	...	9,368,330	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	69.1	...	...	60.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	18.4	...	...	16.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,536	...	...	1,130	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,553	...	...	1,313	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	425,285	...	...	341,556	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	458,354	...	...	443,058	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	27,420	...	...	4,452,850	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	16.1	...	...	13.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	48.8	...	...	40.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,045	...	...	910	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,103	...	...	1,002	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	249,305	120,360	128,945	28,643,015	13,990,435	14,652,580
No certificate, diploma or degree	42,630	21,790	20,840	5,239,575	2,667,995	2,571,585
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	76,110	37,340	38,760	7,576,400	3,686,630	3,889,770
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	130,570	61,225	69,345	15,827,040	7,635,805	8,191,230
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	16,350	11,855	4,490	2,800,260	1,906,610	893,650
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	7,615	4,655	2,960	1,549,880	880,365	669,515
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	8,730	7,200	1,530	1,250,385	1,026,250	224,140
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	64,000	27,285	36,715	5,553,825	2,326,940	3,226,890
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,245	1,855	2,390	813,335	331,940	481,395
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	45,980	20,235	25,750	6,659,615	3,070,315	3,589,300
Bachelor's degree	33,920	14,515	19,405	4,443,835	1,967,905	2,475,935
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,090	1,220	1,870	462,295	203,725	258,570
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	800	405	395	190,925	102,530	88,395
Master's degree	7,360	3,595	3,770	1,331,045	651,510	679,535
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	810	500	310	231,510	144,640	86,870
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	166,700	80,690	86,005	18,931,380	9,268,555	9,662,830
No certificate, diploma or degree	15,850	9,195	6,650	2,169,790	1,200,110	969,685
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	46,915	23,945	22,970	4,494,585	2,247,020	2,247,565
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	103,935	47,545	56,390	12,267,005	5,821,425	6,445,580
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	11,410	8,290	3,125	2,042,430	1,377,775	664,650
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	5,340	3,285	2,055	1,145,035	639,785	505,250
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	6,070	5,005	1,070	897,390	737,990	159,405
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	51,475	21,865	29,605	4,241,985	1,786,065	2,455,920
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,145	1,340	1,805	580,885	240,040	340,850
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	37,905	16,055	21,850	5,401,705	2,417,555	2,984,155
Bachelor's degree	27,720	11,470	16,250	3,590,080	1,562,160	2,027,925
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,560	930	1,625	362,455	151,205	211,250
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	640	305	340	153,290	74,440	78,855
Master's degree	6,355	2,985	3,365	1,120,190	527,335	592,850
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	630	355	275	175,685	102,415	73,275
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	249,305	120,355	128,945	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	118,730	59,130	59,600	12,815,980	6,354,625	6,461,350
Education	7,705	1,785	5,920	1,060,095	251,290	808,800
13. Education	7,705	1,785	5,920	1,060,095	251,290	808,805
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,310	2,565	2,745	596,230	268,050	328,180
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,200	905	300	99,020	72,865	26,150
50. Visual and performing arts	4,110	1,660	2,445	497,210	195,185	302,025
Humanities	6,085	2,265	3,820	850,840	330,490	520,345
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	390	95	295	98,000	22,100	75,900
23. English language and literature/letters	1,625	425	1,200	178,590	52,785	125,810
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,590	495	1,100	275,525	104,135	171,390
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	35	20	20	4,160	1,640	2,520
38. Philosophy and religious studies	345	200	145	51,930	30,185	21,750
39. Theology and religious vocations	635	380	250	77,490	46,285	31,200
54. History	1,170	625	550	111,465	59,965	51,500
55. French language and literature/letters	280	20	255	53,680	13,400	40,290
Social and behavioural sciences and law	17,760	4,935	12,825	1,761,900	586,455	1,175,445
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	190	30	160	24,685	5,660	19,025
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,090	825	1,265	182,275	68,030	114,245
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,420	250	3,165	324,660	26,065	298,595
22. Legal professions and studies	3,555	675	2,880	289,600	102,660	186,945
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	320	40	285	35,445	8,150	27,295
42. Psychology	2,665	545	2,120	281,470	71,230	210,230
45. Social sciences	5,525	2,580	2,945	623,775	304,660	319,110
Business, management and public administration	27,625	10,630	16,995	3,360,045	1,272,475	2,087,565
30.16 Accounting and computer science	70	20	50	6,190	1,850	4,340
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,555	380	2,180	237,835	48,815	189,015
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	25,000	10,230	14,770	3,116,025	1,221,805	1,894,215
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,035	2,025	2,010	614,280	315,665	298,615
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,730	760	970	249,955	105,560	144,400
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,015	460	560	125,600	61,685	63,915
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	65	15	50	28,155	12,625	15,530
40. Physical sciences	1,040	715	330	179,305	122,815	56,485
41. Science technologies/technicians	190	80	105	31,270	12,980	18,290
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,115	3,325	1,790	651,480	420,370	231,110
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,165	2,865	1,300	514,685	356,435	158,250
25. Library science	235	40	195	40,820	6,495	34,320
27. Mathematics and statistics	635	355	280	86,655	50,930	35,725
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	85	65	15	9,325	6,510	2,815
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	26,460	24,530	1,935	3,327,405	3,022,700	304,700
04. Architecture and related services	810	605	205	114,315	72,880	41,435
14. Engineering	4,600	3,910	690	752,465	615,880	136,585
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	6,370	5,755	615	620,065	551,855	68,205
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	410	85	325
46. Construction trades	5,945	5,810	130	702,155	682,710	19,445
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,755	5,615	135	731,135	709,430	21,705
48. Precision production	2,985	2,830	155	406,855	389,850	17,005
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,525	945	585	339,050	219,040	120,010
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	865	500	360	205,930	127,925	78,005
03. Natural resources and conservation	665	445	220	133,120	91,115	42,005
Health and related fields	19,665	3,425	16,240	2,266,720	441,180	1,825,545
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	2,200	1,185	1,015	164,295	81,260	83,040
51. Health professions and related programs	17,285	2,125	15,165	2,047,680	329,010	1,718,670
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	175	115	60	54,740	30,910	23,830
Personal, protective and transportation services	9,270	4,795	4,475	995,825	507,200	488,630
12. Personal and culinary services	4,345	1,150	3,190	565,555	151,530	414,025
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	3,505	3,080	420
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25	20	0	7,900	7,230	670
43. Security and protective services	3,685	2,490	1,190	206,745	150,540	56,205
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,210	1,125	85	212,125	194,810	17,315
Other	15	0	15	3,170	885	2,280
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	20	0	15	3,170	890	2,280
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	166,700	80,685	86,010	18,931,385	9,268,555	9,662,825
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	62,760	33,135	29,620	6,664,380	3,447,130	3,217,250
Education	5,940	1,310	4,635	727,515	160,315	567,205
13. Education	5,940	1,305	4,640	727,515	160,315	567,200
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,170	2,015	2,150	467,905	208,365	259,545
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	855	650	205	74,530	53,995	20,535
50. Visual and performing arts	3,315	1,365	1,950	393,375	154,370	239,005
Humanities	4,720	1,665	3,050	614,815	232,425	382,390
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	305	60	245	76,540	16,200	60,340
23. English language and literature/letters	1,275	310	965	133,800	38,310	95,485
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,225	385	840	191,005	71,770	119,235
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	30	15	15	3,140	1,250	1,895
38. Philosophy and religious studies	250	130	120	37,870	21,930	15,940
39. Theology and religious vocations	465	275	185	52,295	31,200	21,090
54. History	935	480	455	82,565	43,475	39,085
55. French language and literature/letters	240	20	220	37,600	8,285	29,315
Social and behavioural sciences and law	14,845	3,935	10,910	1,417,625	453,100	964,525
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	145	25	120	20,300	4,595	15,705
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,765	715	1,055	152,080	56,125	95,955
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,805	170	2,635	259,845	19,160	240,685
22. Legal professions and studies	3,175	540	2,635	241,170	76,720	164,445
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	270	30	245	27,310	6,390	20,920
42. Psychology	2,115	370	1,745	218,470	51,570	166,900
45. Social sciences	4,565	2,085	2,475	498,450	238,540	259,915
Business, management and public administration	22,765	8,635	14,130	2,696,770	1,000,895	1,695,875
30.16 Accounting and computer science	60	20	35	4,955	1,480	3,475
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,135	325	1,810	192,190	36,890	155,305
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	20,575	8,290	12,285	2,499,625	962,530	1,537,095
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,150	1,480	1,670	449,870	222,120	227,755
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,340	565	780	195,830	79,945	115,880
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	820	345	480	89,205	42,265	46,945
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	45	0	45	9,280	3,850	5,430
40. Physical sciences	800	520	280	132,935	87,025	45,905
41. Science technologies/technicians	140	50	95	22,625	9,035	13,590
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,510	2,960	1,550	567,415	368,840	198,575
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,755	2,605	1,150	464,000	321,805	142,190
25. Library science	195	35	160	29,955	4,870	25,080
27. Mathematics and statistics	490	265	225	65,620	36,895	28,725
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	75	55	15	7,840	5,270	2,575
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	20,000	18,440	1,565	2,532,555	2,271,735	260,820
04. Architecture and related services	650	490	160	93,135	57,280	35,850
14. Engineering	3,515	2,935	580	612,265	490,980	121,285
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	4,985	4,505	480	475,045	418,595	56,450
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	350	70	275
46. Construction trades	4,460	4,350	110	515,630	499,670	15,960
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	4,270	4,165	105	540,800	523,425	17,375
48. Precision production	2,120	1,995	120	295,335	281,715	13,620
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,220	705	515	269,445	167,680	101,770
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	650	340	305	159,975	94,680	65,295
03. Natural resources and conservation	570	365	205	109,470	73,000	36,470
Health and related fields	15,495	2,675	12,815	1,749,545	342,395	1,407,145
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	1,765	915	845	129,560	63,315	66,245
51. Health professions and related programs	13,600	1,690	11,920	1,576,945	256,895	1,320,050
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	125	75	50	43,040	22,185	20,860
Personal, protective and transportation services	7,110	3,725	3,390	770,950	392,820	378,135
12. Personal and culinary services	3,195	800	2,395	431,415	114,395	317,025
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	2,725	2,355	375
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	10	0	4,425	3,975	445
43. Security and protective services	2,955	2,015	940	162,995	116,750	46,240
49. Transportation and materials moving	945	900	45	169,400	155,340	14,050
Other	10	0	10	2,590	745	1,845
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	10	0	10	2,585	740	1,845
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	249,305	120,355	128,945	28,643,015	13,990,435	14,652,585
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	118,730	59,130	59,605	12,815,975	6,354,625	6,461,350
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	130,570	61,230	69,345	15,827,040	7,635,805	8,191,235
Location of study inside Canada	113,160	52,430	60,730	13,117,190	6,299,305	6,817,890
Same as province or territory of residence	106,605	49,135	57,465	11,519,215	5,503,640	6,015,575
Different than province or territory of residence	6,555	3,290	3,260	1,597,975	795,655	802,315
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	17,415	8,805	8,610	2,709,850	1,336,505	1,373,345
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	2,945	1,490	1,450	349,540	189,995	159,545
Philippines	1,365	495	870	298,830	109,820	189,020
India	1,440	705	735	281,415	142,410	138,995
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	2,710	1,650	1,055	232,035	131,050	100,980
China^{Census data footnote 162}	810	390	425	205,375	94,690	110,685
France	100	60	40	88,860	50,400	38,455
Other	8,040	4,005	4,035	1,253,790	618,135	635,655
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	166,695	80,685	86,010	18,931,380	9,268,555	9,662,830
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	62,760	33,135	29,620	6,664,380	3,447,125	3,217,250
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	103,940	47,545	56,390	12,267,005	5,821,430	6,445,575
Location of study inside Canada	91,145	41,420	49,725	10,134,590	4,807,045	5,327,545
Same as province or territory of residence	86,035	38,900	47,135	8,918,160	4,207,495	4,710,665
Different than province or territory of residence	5,110	2,515	2,595	1,216,425	599,545	616,875
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	12,795	6,130	6,665	2,132,415	1,014,385	1,118,030
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	2,415	1,180	1,230	254,245	131,955	122,290
Philippines	1,050	360	690	263,095	96,025	167,065
India	1,200	565	625	239,535	117,445	122,090
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	1,200	715	480	133,655	73,575	60,085
China^{Census data footnote 162}	695	325	370	175,825	79,635	96,190
France	90	60	30	72,920	40,610	32,310
Other	6,155	2,925	3,225	993,135	475,145	517,990
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	249,305	120,360	128,950	28,643,020	13,990,430	14,652,585
In the labour force	164,360	83,990	80,370	18,672,475	9,731,830	8,940,645
Employed	150,140	76,355	73,785	17,230,040	8,923,540	8,306,490
Unemployed	14,220	7,630	6,590	1,442,435	808,285	634,150
Not in the labour force	84,945	36,370	48,570	9,970,545	4,258,605	5,711,945
Participation rate	65.9	69.8	62.3	65.2	69.6	61.0
Employment rate	60.2	63.4	57.2	60.2	63.8	56.7
Unemployment rate	8.7	9.1	8.2	7.7	8.3	7.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	249,305	120,360	128,950	28,643,020	13,990,430	14,652,580
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	81,680	34,685	46,995	9,282,005	3,930,570	5,351,440
Worked	167,620	85,670	81,950	19,361,010	10,059,865	9,301,150
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	90,470	50,535	39,935	9,626,010	5,402,110	4,223,895
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	77,155	35,140	42,015	9,735,005	4,657,755	5,077,245
Average weeks worked in reference year	43.3	43.9	42.7	42.4	42.9	42.0
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	164,360	83,985	80,370	18,672,470	9,731,825	8,940,640
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	4,415	2,100	2,315	404,350	197,705	206,640
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	159,945	81,890	78,055	18,268,125	9,534,120	8,734,000
Employee	145,870	73,090	72,785	16,073,685	8,158,745	7,914,940
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	14,075	8,800	5,275	2,194,440	1,375,380	819,060
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	164,360	83,990	80,375	18,672,470	9,731,830	8,940,645
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	4,415	2,100	2,315	404,350	197,710	206,640
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	159,945	81,890	78,055	18,268,120	9,534,120	8,734,005
0 Management occupations	17,780	10,680	7,095	2,013,370	1,251,165	762,205
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	25,630	7,215	18,415	2,874,305	862,870	2,011,440
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	9,710	7,670	2,045	1,273,660	990,560	283,105
3 Health occupations	9,625	1,520	8,105	1,245,885	244,730	1,001,155
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	19,835	6,145	13,685	2,138,445	672,945	1,465,495
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	4,410	1,995	2,410	557,275	255,705	301,570
6 Sales and service occupations	39,420	16,815	22,605	4,265,895	1,843,510	2,422,390
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	24,010	22,480	1,525	2,668,875	2,504,290	164,585
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,790	1,520	270	416,135	331,920	84,215
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	7,740	5,845	1,900	814,285	576,435	237,845
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	164,360	83,985	80,370	18,672,475	9,731,830	8,940,640
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	4,415	2,100	2,315	404,350	197,710	206,640
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	159,945	81,890	78,055	18,268,125	9,534,120	8,734,000
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	490	280	215	444,680	310,000	134,675
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	280	190	90	271,300	219,880	51,420
22 Utilities	3,670	2,695	975	136,350	100,135	36,210
23 Construction	12,205	10,840	1,365	1,365,010	1,196,550	168,455
31-33 Manufacturing	14,345	10,545	3,800	1,596,570	1,149,745	446,820
41 Wholesale trade	6,160	4,215	1,945	665,685	451,230	214,455
44-45 Retail trade	19,495	9,335	10,155	2,110,200	984,090	1,126,115
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	7,820	6,030	1,790	876,050	656,375	219,670
51 Information and cultural industries	4,485	2,485	2,000	420,350	243,650	176,705
52 Finance and insurance	8,650	3,570	5,080	790,580	327,865	462,715
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,965	1,425	1,540	333,305	184,350	148,955
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	10,240	5,340	4,900	1,335,125	740,520	594,605
55 Management of companies and enterprises	320	125	190	28,795	12,795	16,000
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	8,315	4,620	3,700	802,420	462,825	339,590
61 Educational services	13,260	3,790	9,470	1,346,585	420,845	925,735
62 Health care and social assistance	17,420	2,570	14,850	2,138,025	383,755	1,754,270
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	3,480	1,860	1,620	379,740	192,875	186,865
72 Accommodation and food services	10,430	4,055	6,370	1,283,725	535,210	748,515
81 Other services (except public administration)	6,285	2,925	3,360	814,695	371,880	442,815
91 Public administration	9,635	4,990	4,640	1,128,945	589,530	539,405
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	150,145	76,360	73,790	17,230,035	8,923,540	8,306,495
Worked at home	9,050	4,290	4,760	1,272,285	639,500	632,785
Worked outside Canada	325	210	115	78,815	54,235	24,580
No fixed workplace address	17,765	13,055	4,710	1,987,260	1,487,445	499,820
Worked at usual place	122,995	58,795	64,200	13,891,675	6,742,360	7,149,315
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	122,995	58,795	64,200	13,891,680	6,742,365	7,149,315
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	38,165	15,185	22,985	8,102,115	3,723,115	4,379,005
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	41,245	19,585	21,660	2,906,390	1,435,640	1,470,750
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	43,265	23,825	19,440	2,725,205	1,492,170	1,233,030
Commute to a different province or territory	320	195	120	157,970	91,445	66,525
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	140,765	71,850	68,915	15,878,940	8,229,810	7,649,135
Car, truck, van - as a driver	110,640	58,575	52,070	11,748,095	6,380,120	5,367,975
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	8,785	4,155	4,630	868,920	349,855	519,065
Public transit	15,140	6,375	8,765	1,968,215	846,735	1,121,485
Walked	4,445	1,795	2,655	877,985	392,950	485,030
Bicycle	430	335	90	222,130	146,615	75,515
Other method	1,320	610	705	193,595	113,525	80,060
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	140,765	71,850	68,915	15,878,945	8,229,810	7,649,130
Less than 15 minutes	33,320	13,665	19,655	4,449,920	2,071,365	2,378,555
15 to 29 minutes	40,485	19,125	21,360	5,314,295	2,725,165	2,589,130
30 to 44 minutes	20,695	11,690	9,010	3,228,845	1,782,680	1,446,165
45 to 59 minutes	14,885	8,945	5,945	1,391,060	768,115	622,940
60 minutes and over	31,380	18,430	12,950	1,494,830	882,485	612,345
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	140,765	71,850	68,915	15,878,940	8,229,810	7,649,135
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	14,420	10,620	3,800	1,073,680	781,230	292,455
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	27,825	15,990	11,830	2,814,750	1,754,045	1,060,710
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	33,450	15,640	17,810	4,458,835	2,217,210	2,241,620
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	24,870	9,415	15,460	3,349,975	1,408,710	1,941,265
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	14,310	6,080	8,230	1,756,265	752,940	1,003,325
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	25,890	14,110	11,780	2,425,435	1,315,670	1,109,765
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	172,950	88,290	84,660	19,956,255	10,342,970	9,613,285
Single responses	171,645	87,745	83,900	19,365,980	10,042,855	9,323,130
Official languages	171,090	87,470	83,625	19,090,545	9,897,470	9,193,075
English	170,200	87,260	82,940	15,265,335	7,952,010	7,313,320
French	890	205	685	3,825,215	1,945,465	1,879,750
Non-official languages	555	285	275	275,430	145,380	130,055
Aboriginal languages	0	0	0	24,950	12,385	12,565
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	14,440	7,370	7,070
Blackfoot	0	0	0	80	45	35
Cree-Montagnais languages	0	0	0	11,540	5,820	5,720
Atikamekw	0	0	0	1,095	580	515
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	2,055	970	1,085
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	370	180	190
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	40	25	10
Plains Cree	0	0	0	95	60	35
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	15	10	0
Woods Cree	0	0	0	75	35	40
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	7,795	3,965	3,835
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	925	510	420
Malecite	0	0	0	10	0	10
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	915	505	410
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	1,895	995	900
Algonquin	0	0	0	45	20	25
Ojibway	0	0	0	765	380	385
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	1,080	595	485
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	10	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	1,140	530	610
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	1,135	525	610
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	20	0	15
Chilcotin	0	0	0	20	0	10
Dene	0	0	0	770	360	405
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	165	80	80
Gwich'in	0	0	0	10	10	10
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	10	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	135	65	70
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	95	45	45
South Slavey	0	0	0	35	20	20
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	10	10	10
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	10	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	10
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	10
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	10	0	10
Inuit languages	0	0	0	8,845	4,255	4,595
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	35	10	25
Inuktitut	0	0	0	8,800	4,240	4,555
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	10	10
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	35	10	30
Cayuga	0	0	0	10	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0	35	10	25
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	10	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	110	25	85
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	15	10	10
Lillooet	0	0	0	15	10	10
Okanagan	0	0	0	20	10	20
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	35	0	30
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	15	0	15
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	10
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	260	155	105
Dakota	0	0	0	20	10	10
Stoney	0	0	0	240	145	95
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	10	10	10
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	25	0	20
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	10	10	10
Nisga'a	0	0	0	10	10	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	10
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	35	15	20
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	15	10	10
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	10	10	10
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	30	15	15
Non-Aboriginal languages	555	285	270	250,485	132,990	117,490
Afro-Asiatic languages	15	10	10	7,380	4,530	2,850
Berber languages	0	0	0	35	10	30
Kabyle	0	0	0	20	0	20
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	10	15
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	275	105	170
Bilen	0	0	0	10	10	10
Oromo	0	0	0	45	25	20
Somali	0	0	0	220	80	145
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	10	10	0	7,065	4,420	2,650
Amharic	0	0	0	200	95	100
Arabic	10	10	0	5,585	3,695	1,890
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	205	155	55
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	30	20	15
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0	825	335	490
Maltese	0	0	0	25	15	10
Tigrigna	0	0	0	135	70	60
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	65	35	30
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	15	0	15	8,550	3,790	4,760
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	475	230	245
Vietnamese	20	0	15	8,070	3,560	4,510
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	10	0	0	3,850	1,750	2,095
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0	75	20	55
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	25	0	15
Ilocano	0	0	0	110	50	60
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0	140	75	65
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	10	0	10
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0	10	3,450	1,580	1,875
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	40	25	15
Creole languages	0	0	0	350	125	225
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	25	10	15
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	315	110	200
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	0	10
Dravidian languages	30	20	10	2,225	1,060	1,165
Kannada	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	10	0	90	50	45
Tamil	25	20	10	2,090	1,005	1,080
Telugu	0	0	0	45	10	35
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	10	10	0
Indo-European languages	210	110	100	85,550	47,305	38,245
Albanian	0	0	0	350	220	125
Armenian	0	0	0	450	220	230
Balto-Slavic languages	50	20	35	10,075	4,745	5,330
Baltic languages	0	0	0	95	35	60
Latvian	0	0	0	40	10	25
Lithuanian	0	0	0	60	25	30
Slavic languages	50	15	35	9,980	4,710	5,270
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0	155	90	65
Bulgarian	0	0	0	205	110	90
Croatian	0	0	0	220	130	95
Czech	0	0	0	70	40	30
Macedonian	0	0	0	95	45	55
Polish	25	10	25	2,500	1,265	1,235
Russian	10	10	0	4,850	2,135	2,720
Serbian	0	0	0	530	320	210
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	30	25	0
Slovak	0	0	0	100	60	40
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	15	0	10
Ukrainian	10	0	0	1,210	485	725
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	10	10	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	25	20	10
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	15	15	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	10
Germanic languages	10	10	0	13,285	7,455	5,835
Afrikaans	0	0	0	85	40	40
Danish	0	0	0	90	50	35
Dutch	0	0	0	1,165	630	540
Frisian	0	0	0	40	25	15
German	0	0	0	10,065	5,715	4,345
Icelandic	0	0	0	0	10	0
Norwegian	0	0	0	65	30	40
Swedish	0	0	0	125	55	70
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	35	20	15
Yiddish	0	0	0	895	390	505
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	720	495	225
Greek	0	0	0	1,020	545	475
Indo-Iranian languages	55	25	30	37,330	21,140	16,190
Indo-Aryan languages	50	20	30	32,485	18,125	14,360
Bengali	0	0	0	530	275	245
Gujarati	10	0	10	880	300	585
Hindi	0	0	0	1,405	755	650
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0	10	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0	30	15	15
Nepali	0	0	0	195	95	100
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10	0	0	27,870	15,945	11,920
Sindhi	0	0	0	35	10	30
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	0	10	40	25	20
Urdu	30	20	15	1,495	705	790
Iranian languages	10	10	0	4,820	3,000	1,815
Kurdish	0	0	0	185	150	40
Pashto	0	0	0	50	20	25
Persian (Farsi)	10	0	0	4,580	2,830	1,750
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	10	15
Italic (Romance) languages	100	65	35	23,025	12,965	10,060
Catalan	0	0	0	30	10	20
Italian	10	0	10	1,705	895	805
Portuguese	25	20	10	7,490	4,795	2,695
Romanian	0	0	0	745	365	380
Spanish	55	40	20	13,030	6,885	6,145
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	25	10	10
Japanese	0	0	0	3,255	1,195	2,065
Kartvelian languages	0	0	0	30	10	20
Georgian	0	0	0	30	10	20
Korean	15	0	10	12,150	6,260	5,885
Mongolic languages	0	0	0	10	10	0
Mongolian	0	0	0	10	0	10
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	235	120	115
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	25	10	20
Bamanankan	0	0	0	10	0	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0	10	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0	20	10	10
Igbo	0	0	0	10	10	0
Lingala	0	0	0	10	0	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	25	0	15
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	10	0	0	80	50	30
Wolof	0	0	0	10	0	10
Yoruba	0	0	0	15	0	15
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	30	20	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	10	0	10	1,920	740	1,180
American Sign Language	10	0	10	1,145	340	810
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	135	15	115
Sign languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	640	390	255
Sino-Tibetan languages	255	135	120	122,880	65,030	57,850
Chinese languages	255	135	120	122,610	64,880	57,730
Cantonese	70	25	40	58,815	30,485	28,340
Hakka	0	0	0	70	25	45
Mandarin	180	105	80	60,090	32,430	27,665
Min Dong	0	0	0	25	15	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	565	335	225
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	105	65	45
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	10	0	2,930	1,530	1,405
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	270	155	115
Burmese	0	0	0	75	35	35
Karenic languages	0	0	0	135	75	55
Tibetan	0	0	0	50	30	20
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	675	270	405
Lao	0	0	0	150	70	80
Thai	0	0	0	525	205	325
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	750	475	275
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	30	20	0
Turkish	0	0	0	685	435	255
Uyghur	0	0	0	15	15	0
Uzbek	0	0	0	15	10	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	595	270	325
Estonian	0	0	0	50	15	40
Finnish	0	0	0	105	40	65
Hungarian	0	0	0	435	225	215
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	80	45	35
Multiple responses	1,310	540	765	590,270	300,115	290,155
English and French	775	290	485	412,680	211,095	201,585
English and non-official language	510	240	265	154,285	77,870	76,420
French and non-official language	0	0	0	7,830	3,595	4,235
English, French and non-official language	20	10	10	15,475	7,565	7,915
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	172,955	88,290	84,665	19,956,250	10,342,970	9,613,290
None	168,220	86,080	82,140	17,456,725	9,056,235	8,400,490
English	840	235	605	1,259,225	661,460	597,765
French	2,170	980	1,185	705,780	349,035	356,745
Non-official language	1,665	970	695	496,565	257,455	239,105
Aboriginal	0	0	10	37,615	17,215	20,400
Non-Aboriginal	1,660	965	695	458,945	240,245	218,710
English and French	0	0	0	2,535	1,200	1,335
English and non-official language	25	0	20	18,040	8,765	9,280
French and non-official language	35	15	10	17,265	8,730	8,540
English, French and non-official language	0	0	0	115	90	30
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	302,400	147,645	154,755	34,091,785	16,783,745	17,308,035
Non-movers	268,565	131,105	137,455	29,644,795	14,593,190	15,051,605
Movers	33,835	16,535	17,295	4,446,990	2,190,555	2,256,435
Non-migrants	15,710	7,510	8,200	2,623,515	1,292,750	1,330,760
Migrants	18,125	9,025	9,095	1,823,475	897,805	925,670
Internal migrants	17,005	8,445	8,555	1,451,005	713,060	737,945
Intraprovincial migrants	16,155	8,025	8,135	1,189,525	580,895	608,630
Interprovincial migrants	845	420	425	261,475	132,160	129,315
External migrants	1,120	580	540	372,475	184,745	187,730
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	288,240	140,440	147,805	32,568,560	16,004,315	16,564,245
Non-movers	183,435	89,630	93,810	20,134,760	9,902,645	10,232,115
Movers	104,805	50,810	54,000	12,433,805	6,101,675	6,332,130
Non-migrants	47,950	23,050	24,905	6,755,630	3,314,730	3,440,905
Migrants	56,850	27,760	29,090	5,678,175	2,786,945	2,891,230
Internal migrants	51,825	25,180	26,650	4,296,720	2,104,325	2,192,395
Intraprovincial migrants	49,600	24,130	25,470	3,467,670	1,689,950	1,777,720
Interprovincial migrants	2,225	1,045	1,180	829,045	414,375	414,670
External migrants	5,025	2,580	2,445	1,381,460	682,625	698,835

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

^r

revised. The 2011 count for this area has been revised.

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 20 referrer

Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 32 referrer

Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 34 referrer

Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 35 referrer

Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 36 referrer

Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 37 referrer

Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 38 referrer

Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

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Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

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Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

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Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 42 referrer

Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Return to footnote 43 referrer

Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

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Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

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Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. Oshawa [Population centre], Ontario and Canada [Country] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 1, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Oshawa [Population centre], Ontario and Canada [Country]

Census Profile, 2016 Census Oshawa [Population centre], Ontario and Canada [Country]

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Oshawa [Population centre], Ontario and Canada [Country]