Census Profile, 2016 Census
Toronto [Population centre], Ontario and Quebec [Province]

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	Toronto Ontario [Population centre]			Quebec [Province]
	Data quality , Toronto [Population centre], Ontario Map : Toronto [Population centre], Ontario Change geography 1			Data quality : Quebec [Province] Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	5,429,524	...	...	8,164,361	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	5,144,412 ^r	...	...	7,903,001	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	5.5	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	2,059,207	...	...	3,858,943	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	1,967,380	...	...	3,531,663	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	3,028.2	...	...	6.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	1,792.99	...	...	1,356,625.27	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	5,429,540	2,630,030	2,799,510	8,164,360	4,016,760	4,147,605
0 to 14 years	886,880	455,160	431,725	1,333,260	682,535	650,720
0 to 4 years	279,435	143,100	136,330	444,930	227,965	216,970
5 to 9 years	303,845	155,985	147,855	469,165	240,225	228,940
10 to 14 years	303,605	156,065	147,540	419,160	214,345	204,815
15 to 64 years	3,752,140	1,824,300	1,927,840	5,335,910	2,664,630	2,671,280
15 to 19 years	333,875	171,965	161,915	429,825	219,070	210,755
20 to 24 years	383,245	195,315	187,930	500,100	252,600	247,500
25 to 29 years	398,310	196,715	201,595	495,410	248,030	247,380
30 to 34 years	388,955	187,000	201,955	515,505	256,440	259,070
35 to 39 years	371,100	174,030	197,075	550,540	274,595	275,945
40 to 44 years	377,095	177,105	199,985	506,525	254,100	252,425
45 to 49 years	401,610	191,170	210,440	519,425	260,410	259,015
50 to 54 years	419,655	204,850	214,810	619,435	309,070	310,370
55 to 59 years	372,655	180,855	191,795	636,475	314,190	322,285
60 to 64 years	305,640	145,295	160,345	562,670	276,140	286,535
65 years and over	790,515	350,565	439,945	1,495,195	669,590	825,605
65 to 69 years	257,495	121,000	136,495	488,175	236,395	251,775
70 to 74 years	180,655	83,640	97,015	373,590	176,905	196,690
75 to 79 years	140,090	62,395	77,705	256,905	116,020	140,890
80 to 84 years	104,975	45,295	59,685	187,835	78,390	109,450
85 years and over	107,290	38,240	69,050	188,685	61,885	126,805
85 to 89 years	67,280	26,150	41,130	120,635	43,795	76,840
90 to 94 years	31,290	9,890	21,400	53,165	15,155	38,015
95 to 99 years	7,520	1,985	5,540	13,035	2,685	10,350
100 years and over	1,195	220	980	1,850	255	1,600
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.3	17.3	15.4	16.3	17.0	15.7
15 to 64 years	69.1	69.4	68.9	65.4	66.3	64.4
65 years and over	14.6	13.3	15.7	18.3	16.7	19.9
85 years and over	2.0	1.5	2.5	2.3	1.5	3.1
Average age of the population	39.8	38.7	40.7	41.9	40.9	42.9
Median age of the population	39.4	38.1	40.4	42.5	41.4	43.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	1,967,380	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
Single-detached house	721,585	...	...	1,602,680	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	622,945	...	...	187,800	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	622,360	...	...	1,717,680	...	...
Semi-detached house	148,745	...	...	188,245	...	...
Row house	178,590	...	...	93,350	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	85,880	...	...	265,195	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	205,820	...	...	1,154,955	...	...
Other single-attached house	3,320	...	...	15,940	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	495	...	...	23,505	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	1,967,380	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
1 person	492,315	...	...	1,175,230	...	...
2 persons	547,370	...	...	1,227,765	...	...
3 persons	343,060	...	...	489,460	...	...
4 persons	340,325	...	...	426,250	...	...
5 or more persons	244,310	...	...	212,960	...	...
Number of persons in private households	5,370,520	...	...	7,965,455	...	...
Average household size	2.7	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	4,542,655	2,174,870	2,367,785	6,831,105	3,334,220	3,496,885
Married or living common law	2,503,410	1,251,495	1,251,915	3,844,145	1,924,750	1,919,395
Married	2,243,340	1,119,090	1,124,250	2,342,980	1,172,720	1,170,260
Living common law	260,075	132,405	127,665	1,501,160	752,025	749,135
Not married and not living common law	2,039,245	923,375	1,115,870	2,986,960	1,409,475	1,577,490
Never married	1,439,665	744,990	694,675	2,010,580	1,084,300	926,280
Separated	119,725	46,900	72,830	103,625	46,390	57,240
Divorced	253,000	90,060	162,945	483,195	194,430	288,760
Widowed	226,850	41,430	185,420	389,555	84,345	305,210
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	1,481,755	...	...	2,257,560	...	...
2 persons	623,865	...	...	1,204,955	...	...
3 persons	365,285	...	...	466,310	...	...
4 persons	353,935	...	...	412,160	...	...
5 or more persons	138,675	...	...	174,140	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	1,481,755	...	...	2,257,560	...	...
Total couple families	1,208,530	...	...	1,878,095	...	...
Married couples	1,078,590	...	...	1,128,355	...	...
Common-law couples	129,945	...	...	749,740	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	273,230	...	...	379,460	...	...
Female parent	227,295	...	...	284,900	...	...
Male parent	45,930	...	...	94,565	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	1,208,530	...	...	1,878,095	...	...
Couples without children	461,640	...	...	970,260	...	...
Couples with children	746,890	...	...	907,840	...	...
1 child	286,260	...	...	356,640	...	...
2 children	330,465	...	...	384,875	...	...
3 or more children	130,170	...	...	166,315	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	273,225	...	...	379,465	...	...
1 child	162,225	...	...	234,695	...	...
2 children	79,025	...	...	109,670	...	...
3 or more children	31,980	...	...	35,100	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	875,705	394,065	481,640	1,579,070	775,765	803,305
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	1,967,380	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
One-census-family households	1,299,140	...	...	2,197,340	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	391,905	...	...	947,305	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	907,235	...	...	1,250,040	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	87,660	...	...	29,595	...	...
Non-census-family households	580,575	...	...	1,304,725	...	...
One-person households	492,310	...	...	1,175,230	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	88,265	...	...	129,500	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	5,389,435	2,613,915	2,775,520	8,066,560	3,977,275	4,089,285
English only	4,700,275	2,324,460	2,375,810	372,445	187,595	184,860
French only	4,635	1,940	2,695	4,032,640	1,874,545	2,158,095
English and French	431,595	187,195	244,400	3,586,410	1,884,135	1,702,275
Neither English nor French	252,930	100,320	152,610	75,065	31,000	44,060
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	5,389,435	2,613,915	2,775,520	8,066,555	3,977,270	4,089,285
English	5,023,255	2,461,895	2,561,360	964,120	482,985	481,135
French	66,870	30,880	35,990	6,750,945	3,320,380	3,430,560
English and French	49,885	22,535	27,355	278,710	144,060	134,655
Neither English nor French	249,425	98,610	150,810	72,775	29,845	42,930
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	91,815	42,145	49,670	1,103,480	555,015	548,465
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	1.7	1.6	1.8	13.7	14.0	13.4
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	5,389,435	2,613,915	2,775,520	8,066,555	3,977,270	4,089,285
Single responses	5,163,885	2,504,960	2,658,915	7,881,650	3,884,675	3,996,975
Official languages	2,749,615	1,362,280	1,387,335	6,820,815	3,366,970	3,453,845
English	2,690,050	1,334,640	1,355,410	601,155	301,860	299,300
French	59,565	27,640	31,930	6,219,665	3,065,115	3,154,550
Non-official languages	2,414,265	1,142,680	1,271,580	1,060,830	517,700	543,125
Aboriginal languages	530	235	295	45,570	22,530	23,040
Algonquian languages	365	160	200	33,140	16,365	16,770
Blackfoot	10	5	0	5	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	100	35	65	31,430	15,575	15,855
Atikamekw	5	0	0	6,150	3,135	3,015
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	8,715	4,155	4,555
Moose Cree	10	5	5	0	5	0
Naskapi	5	0	5	590	285	305
Northern East Cree	5	0	0	135	55	80
Plains Cree	5	0	5	5	0	5
Southern East Cree	0	0	5	35	15	15
Swampy Cree	25	5	15	5	5	0
Woods Cree	5	5	0	10	5	5
Cree, n.o.s.	50	15	35	15,790	7,920	7,875
Eastern Algonquian languages	30	10	15	485	225	260
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	25	10	15	485	220	260
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	225	105	120	1,215	565	645
Algonquin	5	0	5	1,185	555	630
Ojibway	195	95	100	20	10	15
Oji-Cree	10	5	5	5	0	5
Ottawa (Odawa)	10	0	10	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	5	0	5
Athabaskan languages	25	10	15	15	10	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	5	10	15	10	5
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	5	5	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	5	5	0	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	5	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	10	5	0	5	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	5	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	10	5	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	5	0	0
Haida	5	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	35	15	25	11,970	5,955	6,015
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	30	15	20	11,895	5,925	5,970
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	75	25	45
Iroquoian languages	20	5	15	375	165	210
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	15	5	10	365	160	210
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	5	5
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	5	0	5	5	5	0
Salish languages	0	5	0	5	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	5	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	5	0
Siouan languages	0	5	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	5	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	5	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	5	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	75	40	40	65	30	35
Non-Aboriginal languages	2,413,740	1,142,445	1,271,290	1,015,260	495,175	520,090
Afro-Asiatic languages	134,720	67,180	67,540	197,535	104,185	93,355
Berber languages	210	120	85	20,845	11,125	9,720
Kabyle	100	50	45	12,470	6,625	5,840
Berber languages, n.i.e.	110	70	40	8,375	4,500	3,875
Cushitic languages	14,355	6,170	8,185	1,125	545	580
Bilen	75	45	35	10	10	5
Oromo	1,000	490	515	15	10	5
Somali	13,210	5,605	7,610	1,075	515	560
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25	30	20	10
Semitic languages	119,800	60,705	59,100	175,215	92,310	82,900
Amharic	7,410	3,350	4,060	745	340	405
Arabic	81,030	41,680	39,345	169,890	89,590	80,300
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	9,715	4,745	4,970	150	80	70
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	1,760	880	875	15	10	5
Harari	925	440	485	0	5	5
Hebrew	10,220	5,460	4,760	3,885	2,040	1,845
Maltese	3,225	1,585	1,640	25	10	15
Tigrigna	4,690	2,145	2,545	385	185	205
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	835	415	415	110	60	50
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	355	185	170	355	200	155
Austro-Asiatic languages	49,620	22,650	26,970	36,305	17,030	19,275
Khmer (Cambodian)	2,850	1,285	1,570	8,855	4,105	4,750
Vietnamese	46,705	21,345	25,365	27,425	12,920	14,505
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	60	25	40	25	10	15
Austronesian languages	156,930	62,290	94,640	21,635	7,800	13,835
Bikol	455	200	255	115	35	80
Cebuano	4,960	1,980	2,980	885	270	610
Fijian	55	25	25	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	2,260	865	1,390	410	125	275
Ilocano	9,290	3,630	5,660	2,060	745	1,315
Malagasy	25	10	15	1,250	590	660
Malay	4,235	1,910	2,325	705	265	440
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,245	560	685	205	90	110
Pangasinan	455	185	270	95	40	50
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	132,655	52,415	80,230	15,545	5,480	10,065
Waray-Waray	310	100	205	50	10	40
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	995	400	595	320	140	180
Creole languages	5,370	2,505	2,870	56,990	25,220	31,770
Haitian Creole	200	95	105	2,220	1,055	1,170
Creole, n.o.s.	3,300	1,555	1,750	53,785	23,675	30,110
Creole languages, n.i.e.	1,870	850	1,015	980	490	490
Dravidian languages	128,815	63,390	65,420	14,865	7,435	7,430
Kannada	1,955	980	975	240	130	110
Malayalam	12,100	6,220	5,880	440	235	205
Tamil	105,815	51,355	54,455	13,600	6,715	6,880
Telugu	8,680	4,710	3,970	570	345	230
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	265	125	135	15	10	5
Hmong-Mien languages	25	10	15	25	10	15
Indo-European languages	1,297,780	627,740	670,040	553,045	269,625	283,420
Albanian	12,905	6,435	6,470	2,795	1,420	1,370
Armenian	12,190	5,880	6,310	16,430	7,970	8,460
Balto-Slavic languages	247,160	113,045	134,115	68,155	30,960	37,195
Baltic languages	5,180	2,060	3,120	850	335	515
Latvian	2,130	855	1,280	290	120	175
Lithuanian	3,045	1,210	1,840	555	215	340
Slavic languages	241,985	110,985	131,000	67,310	30,630	36,675
Belarusan	350	165	185	80	45	35
Bosnian	2,655	1,285	1,365	1,620	805	815
Bulgarian	6,735	3,245	3,490	6,985	3,385	3,600
Croatian	14,560	6,925	7,640	2,330	1,165	1,170
Czech	4,455	2,075	2,380	1,465	690	775
Macedonian	11,265	5,345	5,920	205	105	95
Polish	64,390	29,060	35,330	13,935	6,065	7,865
Russian	80,190	36,365	43,825	28,565	12,715	15,850
Serbian	20,780	10,105	10,675	3,140	1,590	1,545
Serbo-Croatian	2,355	1,100	1,255	1,805	865	940
Slovak	4,910	2,285	2,625	1,040	455	585
Slovene (Slovenian)	3,385	1,465	1,915	755	350	405
Ukrainian	25,480	11,325	14,155	5,210	2,285	2,920
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	465	240	230	175	90	85
Celtic languages	410	190	220	155	95	60
Scottish Gaelic	150	65	80	20	15	10
Welsh	125	50	75	40	20	20
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	135	70	60	90	55	30
Germanic languages	39,530	17,780	21,745	27,540	13,280	14,260
Afrikaans	885	430	455	125	60	65
Danish	1,270	565	705	395	190	200
Dutch	6,765	3,165	3,600	2,825	1,395	1,430
Frisian	100	45	55	10	10	0
German	25,400	11,270	14,130	13,670	6,340	7,330
Icelandic	85	40	40	65	30	35
Norwegian	345	155	190	200	100	100
Swedish	1,045	445	595	555	255	300
Vlaams (Flemish)	250	90	155	540	240	300
Yiddish	3,335	1,545	1,795	8,985	4,560	4,420
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	175	100	75
Greek	39,575	19,195	20,380	38,635	19,435	19,205
Indo-Iranian languages	567,140	285,560	281,580	76,040	39,205	36,835
Indo-Aryan languages	456,675	230,085	226,585	45,845	23,875	21,970
Bengali	37,850	19,030	18,815	10,995	5,620	5,380
Gujarati	62,495	31,320	31,175	6,070	2,980	3,090
Hindi	46,605	23,420	23,190	3,030	1,635	1,390
Kashmiri	260	135	125	20	15	5
Konkani	2,105	995	1,110	110	60	55
Marathi	4,350	2,215	2,140	255	145	110
Nepali	4,605	2,315	2,290	1,505	740	765
Oriya (Odia)	570	310	265	35	20	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	165,565	84,145	81,415	12,380	6,720	5,660
Sindhi	5,585	2,605	2,980	330	160	165
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	7,580	3,660	3,920	645	310	330
Urdu	119,105	59,940	59,165	10,470	5,460	5,010
Iranian languages	108,615	54,495	54,125	29,760	15,105	14,655
Kurdish	2,710	1,515	1,195	985	550	430
Pashto	7,425	3,820	3,605	1,285	680	610
Persian (Farsi)	98,475	49,155	49,325	27,490	13,875	13,615
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	1,850	980	865	440	225	210
Italic (Romance) languages	378,865	179,655	199,210	323,290	157,260	166,030
Catalan	160	85	75	320	170	150
Italian	137,515	65,390	72,125	104,600	51,705	52,895
Portuguese	97,295	46,505	50,790	36,770	17,735	19,035
Romanian	23,740	11,070	12,670	35,840	17,170	18,665
Spanish	119,935	56,500	63,440	145,635	70,405	75,235
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	220	100	120	125	75	50
Japanese	9,440	3,285	6,150	2,525	775	1,750
Kartvelian languages	1,100	590	510	170	80	85
Georgian	1,100	590	510	170	80	90
Korean	53,940	24,750	29,190	5,160	2,270	2,890
Mongolic languages	345	160	190	190	75	115
Mongolian	345	155	190	195	80	115
Niger-Congo languages	23,670	11,085	12,580	28,355	14,360	13,995
Akan (Twi)	8,365	3,850	4,515	1,050	520	525
Bamanankan	55	25	30	1,200	655	545
Edo	1,015	410	605	75	45	30
Ewe	360	180	180	730	400	325
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	220	115	105	2,055	1,080	970
Ga	430	195	235	80	40	40
Ganda	500	240	265	35	15	20
Igbo	1,495	765	735	120	70	50
Lingala	375	175	195	2,465	1,185	1,285
Rundi (Kirundi)	350	165	185	3,345	1,600	1,745
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	375	165	205	2,500	1,115	1,380
Shona	655	305	340	85	45	40
Swahili	3,160	1,475	1,690	3,010	1,460	1,545
Wolof	160	85	75	3,230	1,745	1,485
Yoruba	3,265	1,650	1,610	255	155	100
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,885	1,285	1,600	8,135	4,235	3,895
Nilo-Saharan languages	340	185	155	345	180	165
Dinka	45	25	15	5	5	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	295	160	135	335	170	165
Sign languages	1,060	585	485	1,330	700	630
American Sign Language	360	195	165	65	35	30
Quebec Sign Language	5	0	5	670	330	340
Sign languages, n.i.e	700	385	315	595	340	255
Sino-Tibetan languages	507,190	235,560	271,630	76,840	35,775	41,065
Chinese languages	500,745	232,420	268,320	76,490	35,600	40,895
Cantonese	242,915	112,790	130,125	24,375	11,505	12,875
Hakka	6,385	2,865	3,525	470	215	260
Mandarin	223,015	103,800	119,215	43,700	20,175	23,525
Min Dong	760	365	395	20	10	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	11,360	5,250	6,115	3,225	1,480	1,745
Wu (Shanghainese)	5,220	2,345	2,875	1,075	465	605
Chinese, n.o.s.	10,895	4,915	5,980	3,535	1,710	1,825
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	190	95	95	90	40	45
Tibeto-Burman languages	6,445	3,140	3,305	345	175	170
Burmese	995	445	550	80	30	50
Karenic languages	270	130	140	70	40	30
Tibetan	4,855	2,395	2,460	110	65	50
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	330	170	160	85	45	40
Tai-Kadai languages	3,660	1,495	2,175	4,895	2,185	2,710
Lao	2,090	1,010	1,075	4,115	1,995	2,120
Thai	1,555	475	1,080	765	180	585
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	20	5	15	10	5	10
Turkic languages	16,295	8,475	7,810	7,980	4,095	3,880
Azerbaijani	1,590	855	740	290	160	130
Turkish	13,345	6,965	6,375	7,155	3,685	3,470
Uyghur	370	185	190	205	100	105
Uzbek	580	295	290	145	70	75
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	400	180	220	185	80	105
Uralic languages	22,500	10,030	12,465	6,400	2,985	3,410
Estonian	2,505	1,025	1,485	195	75	120
Finnish	2,135	845	1,290	360	125	240
Hungarian	17,855	8,160	9,690	5,835	2,790	3,045
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0	0	5
Other languages, n.i.e.	935	480	455	685	385	300
Multiple responses	225,555	108,955	116,600	184,905	92,600	92,310
English and French	13,775	6,385	7,395	72,395	36,695	35,695
English and non-official language	199,835	97,180	102,650	27,485	13,545	13,945
French and non-official language	5,810	2,620	3,185	67,075	33,110	33,970
English, French and non-official language	6,135	2,770	3,370	17,950	9,245	8,705
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	5,389,430	2,613,915	2,775,520	8,066,560	3,977,270	4,089,285
Single responses	4,852,000	2,355,300	2,496,695	7,743,740	3,819,315	3,924,425
Official languages	3,440,400	1,687,780	1,752,620	7,157,850	3,536,165	3,621,685
English	3,412,630	1,674,945	1,737,680	782,185	391,125	391,060
French	27,770	12,830	14,940	6,375,665	3,145,040	3,230,625
Non-official languages	1,411,600	667,525	744,070	585,890	283,150	302,735
Aboriginal languages	155	75	75	40,190	20,205	19,980
Algonquian languages	75	40	35	28,695	14,385	14,310
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	25	15	10	28,110	14,105	14,005
Atikamekw	0	0	0	5,465	2,825	2,640
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	7,375	3,590	3,790
Moose Cree	0	5	0	5	5	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	590	295	290
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	60	30	30
Plains Cree	0	0	0	5	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	15	5	10
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	5	5	5
Woods Cree	0	0	0	0	5	0
Cree, n.o.s.	15	5	10	14,590	7,355	7,235
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	0	220	115	110
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	5	0	5	220	110	105
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	45	20	20	370	170	200
Algonquin	0	0	0	360	165	195
Ojibway	35	20	15	5	5	0
Oji-Cree	5	0	5	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	5	0	5	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	15	10	10	0	0	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	10	10	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	5	0	5	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	5	5	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	5	5	5	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	10	5	5	11,375	5,770	5,615
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	5	0
Inuktitut	10	10	0	11,350	5,750	5,600
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	15	10
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	70	35	35
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	5	0	0	70	35	30
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	5	5	5	5
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	5	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	50	25	25	35	10	25
Non-Aboriginal languages	1,411,445	667,445	743,995	545,695	262,940	282,755
Afro-Asiatic languages	71,690	34,320	37,370	91,660	46,550	45,110
Berber languages	60	30	25	7,495	3,895	3,605
Kabyle	30	15	15	5,105	2,660	2,450
Berber languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15	2,390	1,235	1,150
Cushitic languages	8,365	3,525	4,840	535	240	295
Bilen	40	20	25	5	0	5
Oromo	545	255	295	5	0	0
Somali	7,750	3,240	4,510	520	230	290
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	5	5	5
Semitic languages	63,080	30,675	32,405	83,520	42,365	41,160
Amharic	3,805	1,675	2,130	340	150	185
Arabic	43,100	21,220	21,885	81,105	41,150	39,955
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	6,540	3,140	3,405	95	50	45
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	1,055	520	535	10	0	5
Harari	515	240	280	5	0	5
Hebrew	4,320	2,220	2,100	1,705	880	825
Maltese	835	380	455	0	0	0
Tigrigna	2,465	1,080	1,385	205	95	105
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	430	205	230	60	25	35
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	185	85	95	105	50	55
Austro-Asiatic languages	32,635	14,890	17,745	24,980	11,675	13,305
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,555	675	880	5,180	2,370	2,805
Vietnamese	31,045	14,200	16,840	19,790	9,295	10,495
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	35	15	20	15	5	10
Austronesian languages	71,195	30,350	40,850	9,715	3,960	5,750
Bikol	80	35	45	15	5	10
Cebuano	1,850	800	1,055	230	100	125
Fijian	10	5	5	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	755	325	435	130	55	75
Ilocano	3,400	1,455	1,940	740	305	435
Malagasy	10	5	10	360	185	170
Malay	1,380	670	715	175	85	95
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	385	175	210	60	30	30
Pangasinan	80	35	40	10	5	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	62,885	26,685	36,200	7,905	3,150	4,760
Waray-Waray	75	30	45	15	10	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	280	130	150	75	35	35
Creole languages	2,790	1,290	1,505	20,705	8,780	11,925
Haitian Creole	120	55	65	855	380	475
Creole, n.o.s.	1,915	885	1,030	19,405	8,200	11,210
Creole languages, n.i.e.	760	350	410	440	200	240
Dravidian languages	85,480	41,250	44,230	11,400	5,595	5,805
Kannada	805	405	400	150	85	65
Malayalam	6,220	3,175	3,045	200	100	100
Tamil	73,640	35,095	38,550	10,720	5,215	5,500
Telugu	4,720	2,535	2,185	330	190	135
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	95	40	55	10	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	5	5	5	15	5	5
Indo-European languages	695,550	333,855	361,695	303,215	146,100	157,115
Albanian	6,225	3,115	3,110	1,615	795	820
Armenian	7,350	3,475	3,875	11,990	5,680	6,310
Balto-Slavic languages	129,425	60,445	68,980	40,405	19,085	21,325
Baltic languages	1,600	660	935	190	80	105
Latvian	575	235	340	75	40	40
Lithuanian	1,025	430	595	115	40	70
Slavic languages	127,825	59,780	68,045	40,220	19,000	21,220
Belarusan	125	60	60	25	15	15
Bosnian	1,300	630	675	965	475	495
Bulgarian	3,775	1,840	1,935	5,125	2,495	2,630
Croatian	5,360	2,565	2,800	1,015	475	545
Czech	1,345	650	695	460	220	240
Macedonian	4,745	2,250	2,495	130	65	65
Polish	31,135	14,470	16,660	5,970	2,695	3,270
Russian	51,855	24,065	27,785	20,680	9,775	10,900
Serbian	11,975	5,800	6,175	2,010	1,020	990
Serbo-Croatian	915	430	490	960	470	490
Slovak	2,185	1,065	1,120	245	120	130
Slovene (Slovenian)	825	355	475	225	95	135
Ukrainian	12,150	5,545	6,605	2,365	1,060	1,300
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	130	55	75	40	15	25
Celtic languages	60	30	25	30	20	10
Scottish Gaelic	25	10	10	5	5	0
Welsh	10	10	5	10	10	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	15	15	5
Germanic languages	4,725	2,150	2,580	9,890	4,980	4,905
Afrikaans	250	110	135	15	10	10
Danish	120	50	65	50	25	25
Dutch	550	255	295	375	170	205
Frisian	5	0	5	0	0	0
German	3,145	1,410	1,735	2,550	1,190	1,365
Icelandic	20	5	15	30	15	20
Norwegian	40	15	20	20	5	10
Swedish	215	100	115	105	50	60
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	15	10	70	35	40
Yiddish	350	175	175	6,665	3,485	3,180
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	10	5	5
Greek	16,600	7,760	8,845	18,545	8,865	9,680
Indo-Iranian languages	355,150	175,850	179,300	53,555	26,845	26,710
Indo-Aryan languages	282,005	140,240	141,765	31,575	15,985	15,585
Bengali	24,325	12,005	12,325	8,180	4,055	4,125
Gujarati	37,390	18,335	19,060	3,840	1,860	1,985
Hindi	23,355	11,620	11,735	1,535	790	745
Kashmiri	45	20	25	5	0	0
Konkani	430	205	225	30	15	15
Marathi	1,955	1,005	950	80	40	40
Nepali	3,040	1,540	1,500	1,355	655	700
Oriya (Odia)	270	135	140	15	10	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	112,680	56,685	55,995	8,840	4,690	4,155
Sindhi	2,405	1,100	1,310	135	65	75
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	3,440	1,685	1,760	365	185	180
Urdu	72,660	35,910	36,745	7,180	3,620	3,565
Iranian languages	72,405	35,235	37,170	21,745	10,740	11,010
Kurdish	1,440	780	660	510	280	235
Pashto	4,695	2,355	2,340	925	460	465
Persian (Farsi)	66,275	32,095	34,175	20,310	10,005	10,305
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	740	375	360	235	120	120
Italic (Romance) languages	176,010	81,040	94,970	167,190	79,835	87,355
Catalan	80	40	40	110	50	60
Italian	48,970	20,920	28,055	32,935	14,595	18,340
Portuguese	48,110	23,050	25,055	17,260	8,250	9,005
Romanian	11,610	5,390	6,225	24,520	12,000	12,525
Spanish	67,175	31,610	35,565	92,330	44,920	47,415
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	65	30	35	35	20	15
Japanese	4,480	1,915	2,565	1,050	425	620
Kartvelian languages	745	405	335	70	35	35
Georgian	740	405	340	70	40	35
Korean	37,770	17,625	20,140	3,540	1,630	1,910
Mongolic languages	200	105	100	145	70	75
Mongolian	205	105	100	145	70	75
Niger-Congo languages	8,870	3,960	4,905	7,250	3,450	3,800
Akan (Twi)	4,015	1,740	2,280	445	215	235
Bamanankan	15	5	10	265	135	125
Edo	295	120	175	10	5	5
Ewe	90	40	50	140	60	80
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	75	35	40	530	255	280
Ga	145	65	80	15	5	10
Ganda	150	70	85	5	5	5
Igbo	410	205	205	15	10	10
Lingala	90	40	55	625	270	355
Rundi (Kirundi)	125	60	65	1,110	510	600
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	115	50	65	530	225	305
Shona	225	105	115	20	10	10
Swahili	1,230	540	685	1,100	535	565
Wolof	75	45	35	1,035	555	480
Yoruba	1,070	515	555	55	25	25
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	730	330	400	1,350	635	710
Nilo-Saharan languages	85	45	45	135	70	65
Dinka	10	5	5	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	75	40	35	130	65	65
Sign languages	1,660	965	700	1,770	1,000	775
American Sign Language	555	295	260	90	35	50
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	700	360	340
Sign languages, n.i.e	1,105	660	440	985	600	385
Sino-Tibetan languages	378,605	177,030	201,575	60,370	28,925	31,450
Chinese languages	374,020	174,765	199,255	60,155	28,805	31,345
Cantonese	179,480	82,480	97,000	17,845	8,470	9,375
Hakka	2,675	1,215	1,465	155	75	80
Mandarin	176,695	84,105	92,590	37,075	17,870	19,200
Min Dong	240	105	135	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,980	2,280	2,700	1,830	830	1,000
Wu (Shanghainese)	3,090	1,450	1,640	780	355	420
Chinese, n.o.s.	6,775	3,100	3,675	2,435	1,190	1,240
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	85	35	45	40	20	20
Tibeto-Burman languages	4,585	2,260	2,325	215	115	100
Burmese	570	260	305	35	15	20
Karenic languages	210	105	110	65	40	30
Tibetan	3,700	1,835	1,860	70	45	30
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	105	55	50	40	20	20
Tai-Kadai languages	1,530	715	810	2,375	1,145	1,230
Lao	970	470	495	2,150	1,055	1,100
Thai	550	240	305	225	90	135
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	10	0	5	0	0	0
Turkic languages	9,285	4,650	4,635	5,120	2,540	2,575
Azerbaijani	640	325	315	100	50	55
Turkish	7,975	3,980	3,995	4,715	2,340	2,370
Uyghur	215	110	100	140	75	70
Uzbek	310	165	145	105	50	55
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	145	70	75	65	30	35
Uralic languages	8,560	3,920	4,640	2,025	895	1,130
Estonian	630	230	395	30	10	20
Finnish	415	180	240	50	20	30
Hungarian	7,515	3,505	4,010	1,945	860	1,085
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	320	165	155	150	90	60
Multiple responses	537,435	258,615	278,825	322,820	157,960	164,860
English and French	12,185	5,585	6,600	86,715	43,820	42,890
English and non-official language	512,690	247,515	265,170	54,400	26,255	28,140
French and non-official language	2,330	1,030	1,300	139,385	66,610	72,775
English, French and non-official language	10,240	4,485	5,750	42,320	21,270	21,045
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	5,389,435	2,613,915	2,775,520	8,066,555	3,977,275	4,089,285
None	4,059,895	1,975,765	2,084,135	6,825,240	3,356,340	3,468,900
English	573,230	280,980	292,255	513,410	263,670	249,735
French	48,015	20,920	27,090	320,370	158,340	162,030
Non-official language	683,225	324,520	358,710	317,790	154,450	163,340
Aboriginal	435	185	250	5,700	2,645	3,060
Non-Aboriginal	682,790	324,330	358,460	312,085	151,810	160,280
English and French	3,820	1,765	2,055	36,235	18,285	17,955
English and non-official language	13,105	6,410	6,695	28,630	14,075	14,555
French and non-official language	7,895	3,445	4,455	23,470	11,365	12,095
English, French and non-official language	250	115	135	1,420	740	680
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	4,485,350	2,151,700	2,333,645	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,145
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	4,254,740	2,041,845	2,212,895	6,417,615	3,160,595	3,257,020
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	31,014	35,486	27,686	32,975	37,842	28,522
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	4,255,435	2,042,025	2,213,410	6,419,175	3,160,780	3,258,400
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	28,692	32,291	25,941	29,535	33,110	26,119
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	3,735,375	1,836,390	1,898,990	5,685,690	2,866,470	2,819,220
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	32,152	37,338	27,784	30,067	35,597	25,012
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	3,068,395	1,352,495	1,715,905	4,973,245	2,300,800	2,672,445
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	2,123	998	3,741	7,307	5,851	8,246
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	3,153,650	1,595,810	1,557,845	4,627,795	2,408,420	2,219,370
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	34,317	38,641	30,510	31,263	35,627	27,219
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	4,485,725	2,151,900	2,333,830	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	4,255,475	2,041,985	2,213,490	6,417,010	3,159,415	3,257,595
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	50,118	59,794	41,191	42,546	49,087	36,203
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	4,256,160	2,042,200	2,213,965	6,418,440	3,159,550	3,258,890
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	40,278	46,588	34,458	34,887	39,292	30,616
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	3,735,945	1,836,465	1,899,480	5,685,905	2,866,415	2,819,485
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	51,862	62,449	41,625	40,505	47,810	33,079
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	3,068,135	1,352,300	1,715,830	4,972,650	2,299,595	2,673,050
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	6,363	5,481	7,058	8,590	7,846	9,229
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	3,153,965	1,596,085	1,557,885	4,627,775	2,408,655	2,219,120
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	51,662	60,906	42,192	40,382	45,974	34,313
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	4,485,730	2,151,895	2,333,830	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	1,488,180	818,260	669,925	2,036,965	1,114,940	922,025
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	55,941	60,166	51,725	47,111	51,622	42,433
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	74,842	84,302	63,286	56,564	62,750	49,085
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	90.8	93.9	86.7	84.4	88.3	79.1
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	76.3	79.6	72.0	68.4	71.4	64.6
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	9.2	6.1	13.3	15.6	11.7	20.9
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	4,485,350	2,151,700	2,333,645	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,140
Without total income	230,610	109,860	120,750	216,685	99,555	117,125
With total income	4,254,740	2,041,845	2,212,895	6,417,615	3,160,595	3,257,020
Percentage with total income	94.9	94.9	94.8	96.7	96.9	96.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	763,555	347,080	416,480	789,595	351,935	437,660
$10,000 to $19,999	770,435	327,705	442,735	1,188,135	476,630	711,500
$20,000 to $29,999	545,305	236,955	308,355	976,210	428,390	547,830
$30,000 to $39,999	426,865	193,445	233,420	852,735	414,105	438,625
$40,000 to $49,999	371,190	172,520	198,670	747,995	378,215	369,780
$50,000 to $59,999	294,250	143,010	151,240	540,265	292,110	248,150
$60,000 to $69,999	231,875	119,655	112,220	375,935	214,805	161,130
$70,000 to $79,999	181,995	98,550	83,450	286,025	164,240	121,790
$80,000 to $89,999	144,615	80,165	64,445	189,350	113,715	75,635
$90,000 to $99,999	122,530	65,300	57,230	122,750	80,090	42,660
$100,000 and over	402,130	257,465	144,665	348,620	246,360	102,255
$100,000 to $149,999	244,815	148,925	95,890	236,515	164,145	72,370
$150,000 and over	157,310	108,540	48,770	112,105	82,215	29,885
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	4,485,345	2,151,705	2,333,645	6,634,295	3,260,150	3,374,140
Without after-tax income	229,915	109,680	120,235	215,120	99,375	115,750
With after-tax income	4,255,435	2,042,025	2,213,415	6,419,175	3,160,780	3,258,395
Percentage with after-tax income	94.9	94.9	94.8	96.8	97.0	96.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	776,015	351,385	424,630	822,725	359,045	463,675
$10,000 to $19,999	800,145	341,855	458,290	1,246,480	505,165	741,315
$20,000 to $29,999	622,175	273,000	349,175	1,192,885	541,080	651,810
$30,000 to $39,999	506,890	233,435	273,455	1,096,510	553,200	543,315
$40,000 to $49,999	428,590	204,910	223,685	793,150	425,040	368,115
$50,000 to $59,999	313,515	160,735	152,780	498,475	283,130	215,345
$60,000 to $69,999	229,640	125,710	103,935	309,415	180,470	128,945
$70,000 to $79,999	176,635	96,460	80,175	167,895	108,500	59,395
$80,000 and over	401,835	254,535	147,295	291,635	205,155	86,485
$80,000 to $89,999	118,825	67,420	51,400	95,010	64,670	30,335
$90,000 to $99,999	71,215	44,080	27,140	55,980	39,080	16,905
$100,000 and over	211,795	143,035	68,760	140,645	101,405	39,240
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	4,485,345	2,151,705	2,333,645	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,145
Without employment income	1,331,700	555,895	775,805	2,006,505	851,730	1,154,775
With employment income	3,153,650	1,595,805	1,557,845	4,627,790	2,408,420	2,219,375
Percentage with employment income	70.3	74.2	66.8	69.8	73.9	65.8
Under $5,000 (including loss)	396,680	186,410	210,270	606,300	311,780	294,520
$5,000 to $9,999	263,610	119,885	143,725	367,030	162,150	204,885
$10,000 to $19,999	435,350	205,860	229,490	681,920	305,995	375,920
$20,000 to $29,999	343,395	158,605	184,785	586,140	269,950	316,195
$30,000 to $39,999	309,985	145,840	164,145	565,425	277,135	288,285
$40,000 to $49,999	283,815	135,050	148,765	476,665	247,105	229,560
$50,000 to $59,999	231,700	117,150	114,550	359,180	203,580	155,600
$60,000 to $69,999	185,380	98,655	86,730	266,650	156,255	110,395
$70,000 to $79,999	148,890	83,255	65,635	224,040	129,890	94,150
$80,000 and over	554,845	345,095	209,755	494,440	344,585	149,855
$80,000 to $89,999	121,685	69,155	52,525	139,830	90,295	49,540
$90,000 to $99,999	108,555	57,950	50,600	93,860	64,160	29,700
$100,000 and over	324,605	217,980	106,625	260,745	190,125	70,620
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	1,967,380	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	76,518	...	...	59,822	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	67,196	...	...	52,207	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	492,315	...	...	1,175,230	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	39,284	...	...	31,574	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	35,101	...	...	28,469	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	1,475,070	...	...	2,356,430	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	92,630	...	...	78,645	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	81,323	...	...	67,665	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	1,967,555	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	108,395	...	...	77,306	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	87,128	...	...	63,404	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	492,475	...	...	1,174,695	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	55,739	...	...	40,042	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	44,666	...	...	33,262	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	1,475,085	...	...	2,356,970	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	125,975	...	...	95,878	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	101,304	...	...	78,426	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	1,967,380	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Under $5,000	45,670	...	...	47,170	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	31,255	...	...	56,315	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	48,970	...	...	119,570	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	72,860	...	...	180,865	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	69,080	...	...	179,690	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	71,255	...	...	154,150	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	72,655	...	...	185,000	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	74,045	...	...	184,435	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	73,960	...	...	179,855	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	72,565	...	...	170,445	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	140,110	...	...	313,600	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	131,050	...	...	273,620	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	121,160	...	...	241,940	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	111,745	...	...	208,620	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	102,675	...	...	176,355	...	...
$100,000 and over	728,325	...	...	860,030	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	205,845	...	...	327,435	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	149,570	...	...	204,105	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	178,280	...	...	192,155	...	...
$200,000 and over	194,630	...	...	136,335	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	1,967,380	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
Under $5,000	48,175	...	...	50,445	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	31,565	...	...	57,335	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	49,785	...	...	120,860	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	75,575	...	...	190,300	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	75,690	...	...	202,905	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	78,360	...	...	187,365	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	82,540	...	...	231,765	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	87,000	...	...	225,695	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	89,295	...	...	211,990	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	87,435	...	...	202,760	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	167,070	...	...	363,775	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	152,470	...	...	309,825	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	139,615	...	...	256,150	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	123,875	...	...	208,765	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	106,420	...	...	166,295	...	...
$100,000 and over	572,520	...	...	545,440	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	204,555	...	...	269,170	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	133,630	...	...	130,225	...	...
$150,000 and over	234,340	...	...	146,045	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	1,418,695	...	...	2,261,890	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	92,279	...	...	79,378	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	80,950	...	...	68,152	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	381,755	...	...	930,195	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	83,997	...	...	70,075	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	73,015	...	...	60,224	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	745,680	...	...	911,980	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	112,062	...	...	105,246	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	97,348	...	...	88,844	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	4.1	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	240,690	...	...	364,085	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	56,356	...	...	52,708	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	52,125	...	...	47,805	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.8	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	1,418,175	...	...	2,262,045	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	126,555	...	...	96,863	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	101,479	...	...	79,060	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	381,845	...	...	929,645	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	120,732	...	...	86,304	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	94,620	...	...	70,167	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	746,125	...	...	912,560	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	148,376	...	...	122,835	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	118,509	...	...	99,279	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	239,190	...	...	363,610	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	73,147	...	...	61,753	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	62,554	...	...	53,052	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	710,010	335,120	374,890	1,433,210	711,180	722,030
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	32,181	32,948	31,573	29,195	31,526	27,210
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	29,543	30,010	29,180	26,706	28,214	25,434
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	708,525	333,920	374,605	1,430,625	708,225	722,405
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	47,700	50,146	45,520	37,684	39,840	35,571
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	38,832	40,028	37,766	31,513	32,729	30,321
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	5,370,515	2,605,995	2,764,520	7,965,455	3,941,475	4,023,970
In the bottom half of the distribution	2,635,600	1,252,915	1,382,690	4,577,885	2,216,770	2,361,115
In the bottom decile	626,795	302,630	324,165	747,785	368,385	379,395
In the second decile	553,235	255,400	297,840	898,605	408,705	489,900
In the third decile	503,590	237,300	266,285	997,185	481,975	515,210
In the fourth decile	478,745	228,975	249,770	996,230	490,275	505,960
In the fifth decile	473,240	228,615	244,630	938,080	467,425	470,655
In the top half of the distribution	2,734,920	1,353,085	1,381,835	3,387,565	1,724,710	1,662,855
In the sixth decile	476,880	231,510	245,375	881,640	444,865	436,775
In the seventh decile	489,145	239,025	250,120	806,685	409,470	397,220
In the eighth decile	516,090	254,485	261,605	700,450	357,000	343,455
In the ninth decile	568,130	282,000	286,135	557,160	286,195	270,960
In the top decile	684,665	346,070	338,600	441,630	227,185	214,445
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	5,370,520	2,605,995	2,764,525	7,921,505	3,919,560	4,001,945
0 to 17 years	1,077,570	553,445	524,125	1,564,410	800,455	763,960
0 to 5 years	337,255	172,765	164,490	532,410	272,790	259,625
18 to 64 years	3,542,115	1,714,060	1,828,055	5,021,875	2,498,900	2,522,980
65 years and over	750,830	338,490	412,345	1,335,220	620,210	715,010
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	873,325	411,775	461,550	1,160,190	542,405	617,785
0 to 17 years	223,495	115,235	108,260	222,955	114,410	108,540
0 to 5 years	72,435	37,260	35,175	75,270	38,595	36,670
18 to 64 years	542,900	254,105	288,795	688,130	334,825	353,305
65 years and over	106,920	42,430	64,490	249,110	93,170	155,930
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	16.3	15.8	16.7	14.6	13.8	15.4
0 to 17 years (%)	20.7	20.8	20.7	14.3	14.3	14.2
0 to 5 years (%)	21.5	21.6	21.4	14.1	14.1	14.1
18 to 64 years (%)	15.3	14.8	15.8	13.7	13.4	14.0
65 years and over (%)	14.2	12.5	15.6	18.7	15.0	21.8
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	732,405	350,620	381,780	731,340	358,085	373,260
0 to 17 years	173,895	89,620	84,270	129,325	66,400	62,925
0 to 5 years	56,775	29,135	27,640	44,375	22,705	21,675
18 to 64 years	487,620	234,110	253,505	514,540	261,485	253,060
65 years and over	70,895	26,885	44,005	87,475	30,205	57,270
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	13.6	13.5	13.8	9.2	9.1	9.3
0 to 17 years (%)	16.1	16.2	16.1	8.3	8.3	8.2
0 to 5 years (%)	16.8	16.9	16.8	8.3	8.3	8.3
18 to 64 years (%)	13.8	13.7	13.9	10.2	10.5	10.0
65 years and over (%)	9.4	7.9	10.7	6.6	4.9	8.0
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	5,371,025	2,606,395	2,764,630	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
Official languages	5,119,210	2,506,430	2,612,780	7,891,110	3,911,220	3,979,890
English	5,114,880	2,504,655	2,610,225	3,930,690	2,058,470	1,872,225
French	433,650	187,295	246,355	7,522,350	3,725,145	3,797,200
Non-official languages	2,980,865	1,420,145	1,560,715	1,610,980	776,265	834,720
Aboriginal languages	985	405	585	50,890	25,190	25,700
Algonquian languages	825	350	475	37,515	18,545	18,965
Blackfoot	10	0	0	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	185	85	100	34,415	17,050	17,370
Atikamekw	0	0	0	6,640	3,335	3,305
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	9,850	4,735	5,115
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	10	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	775	385	385
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	260	130	130
Plains Cree	55	30	20	10	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	35	25	10
Swampy Cree	25	0	15	15	0	10
Woods Cree	15	10	0	10	10	0
Cree, n.o.s.	90	35	55	17,175	8,600	8,575
Eastern Algonquian languages	45	25	20	885	460	420
Malecite	0	0	0	10	0	0
Mi'kmaq	45	25	25	880	460	425
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	595	240	355	2,340	1,105	1,235
Algonquin	15	10	10	2,240	1,055	1,185
Ojibway	560	230	330	105	50	50
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	10	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	15	10	10	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	35	20	10
Athabaskan languages	15	10	10	20	10	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	15	10	10	20	15	10
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	10	0	0	10	0	10
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	10	0	0	10
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	10	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	10	10	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	10	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	25	10	15	12,595	6,270	6,330
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	10	0	10	12,485	6,210	6,270
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	115	60	60
Iroquoian languages	55	15	40	740	360	375
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	45	15	35	690	350	335
Oneida	10	10	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	50	15	35
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	15	10	10	30	15	10
Salish languages	0	0	10	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	10	10	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	10	0	0	0
Siouan languages	10	0	10	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	10	10	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	10	0	0	10
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	10	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	10	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	25	20	10	90	40	55
Non-Aboriginal languages	2,979,935	1,419,770	1,560,165	1,560,375	751,215	809,160
Afro-Asiatic languages	203,300	101,890	101,410	301,035	157,545	143,490
Berber languages	235	135	100	27,595	14,650	12,945
Kabyle	75	40	30	16,170	8,580	7,590
Berber languages, n.i.e.	165	95	70	11,580	6,150	5,425
Cushitic languages	20,380	8,885	11,490	1,550	745	805
Bilen	75	45	30	35	20	10
Oromo	1,390	590	800	45	30	10
Somali	18,905	8,230	10,675	1,460	680	780
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	85	35	50	10	10	0
Semitic languages	183,945	93,490	90,450	286,625	149,970	136,660
Amharic	11,365	5,280	6,080	1,145	540	600
Arabic	119,665	61,755	57,905	267,965	140,280	127,685
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	11,995	5,860	6,140	195	95	95
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	2,080	1,040	1,035	10	0	0
Harari	1,250	635	615	0	0	0
Hebrew	37,745	19,225	18,520	18,035	9,490	8,540
Maltese	4,165	2,035	2,130	40	10	25
Tigrigna	5,940	2,775	3,170	420	195	225
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	1,060	515	550	180	85	95
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	700	325	375	810	430	380
Austro-Asiatic languages	65,060	29,925	35,130	46,050	21,955	24,095
Khmer (Cambodian)	3,970	1,730	2,240	11,840	5,620	6,220
Vietnamese	61,350	28,340	33,010	34,580	16,520	18,060
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	40	0	40	40	25	15
Austronesian languages	200,765	80,115	120,645	31,230	11,820	19,410
Bikol	570	255	310	105	45	60
Cebuano	7,130	2,860	4,265	1,105	360	750
Fijian	45	20	25	15	0	10
Hiligaynon	2,460	985	1,475	540	195	350
Ilocano	12,560	4,930	7,635	2,500	890	1,610
Malagasy	90	45	45	1,980	940	1,040
Malay	7,015	3,215	3,800	1,210	525	690
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,565	710	855	195	95	100
Pangasinan	435	190	245	60	20	40
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	188,840	74,950	113,890	26,705	9,785	16,915
Waray-Waray	320	100	220	55	10	45
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,255	525	730	540	270	275
Creole languages	16,380	7,360	9,020	115,445	51,970	63,475
Haitian Creole	640	285	350	4,910	2,285	2,620
Creole, n.o.s.	8,935	4,015	4,925	108,315	48,615	59,705
Creole languages, n.i.e.	6,960	3,115	3,845	2,835	1,390	1,445
Dravidian languages	170,055	84,545	85,505	18,710	9,495	9,210
Kannada	4,300	2,140	2,155	415	210	205
Malayalam	16,600	8,450	8,150	510	285	220
Tamil	140,900	69,315	71,585	17,245	8,680	8,565
Telugu	13,070	7,200	5,875	930	540	390
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	430	220	210	15	10	0
Hmong-Mien languages	25	15	10	35	15	25
Indo-European languages	1,670,260	812,610	857,650	912,945	435,785	477,155
Albanian	14,895	7,440	7,450	3,375	1,730	1,645
Armenian	14,750	7,035	7,715	20,290	9,790	10,500
Balto-Slavic languages	284,385	132,330	152,055	88,425	41,725	46,700
Baltic languages	6,090	2,475	3,610	1,080	500	585
Latvian	2,500	1,045	1,450	335	150	185
Lithuanian	3,595	1,430	2,165	755	350	410
Slavic languages	279,935	130,535	149,400	87,520	41,315	46,205
Belarusan	915	480	440	365	150	215
Bosnian	4,205	2,040	2,170	1,975	990	985
Bulgarian	7,750	3,770	3,980	7,345	3,595	3,750
Croatian	21,210	10,340	10,865	3,580	1,760	1,820
Czech	5,935	2,820	3,115	2,070	975	1,095
Macedonian	15,485	7,385	8,100	285	140	145
Polish	77,395	35,400	41,995	17,760	8,090	9,665
Russian	107,415	49,880	57,540	46,665	22,265	24,400
Serbian	26,595	13,150	13,440	4,050	1,980	2,070
Serbo-Croatian	2,775	1,330	1,440	2,385	1,140	1,245
Slovak	5,750	2,655	3,100	1,520	705	820
Slovene (Slovenian)	3,940	1,735	2,210	970	490	480
Ukrainian	36,660	16,375	20,285	9,015	3,885	5,135
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	600	350	250	150	75	75
Celtic languages	1,780	915	865	495	305	195
Scottish Gaelic	595	300	295	155	95	65
Welsh	215	95	120	85	45	40
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	970	520	450	265	175	95
Germanic languages	72,330	34,390	37,940	63,370	31,835	31,530
Afrikaans	3,975	1,955	2,015	415	260	150
Danish	1,865	840	1,025	835	410	420
Dutch	9,510	4,470	5,045	5,060	2,665	2,395
Frisian	145	60	90	15	10	0
German	49,225	23,465	25,760	43,475	21,950	21,530
Icelandic	120	55	65	140	80	60
Norwegian	870	415	455	510	255	255
Swedish	2,375	1,085	1,290	1,580	785	795
Vlaams (Flemish)	250	105	145	760	265	495
Yiddish	6,480	3,185	3,300	12,375	6,225	6,155
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	85	45	45	270	125	140
Greek	57,745	28,385	29,355	51,060	25,520	25,540
Indo-Iranian languages	735,150	371,350	363,800	93,655	48,040	45,615
Indo-Aryan languages	612,745	310,215	302,530	59,570	30,870	28,700
Bengali	47,600	24,185	23,415	12,870	6,610	6,260
Gujarati	85,245	42,705	42,540	7,950	3,860	4,090
Hindi	201,555	102,590	98,970	15,570	8,285	7,280
Kashmiri	460	230	230	45	35	15
Konkani	4,875	2,200	2,670	150	70	75
Marathi	8,470	4,365	4,100	475	240	230
Nepali	6,345	3,140	3,205	1,445	725	720
Oriya (Odia)	900	430	465	55	35	20
Punjabi (Panjabi)	235,230	120,835	114,395	17,860	9,690	8,165
Sindhi	9,210	4,295	4,915	500	240	255
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	14,575	7,335	7,240	1,335	625	710
Urdu	180,400	91,380	89,020	16,545	8,655	7,890
Iranian languages	127,535	63,570	63,965	35,420	17,830	17,585
Kurdish	3,760	2,120	1,635	1,255	665	590
Pashto	10,905	5,795	5,110	1,825	1,005	825
Persian (Farsi)	117,090	58,090	58,995	32,965	16,560	16,405
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	3,395	1,840	1,555	845	425	420
Italic (Romance) languages	525,885	248,355	277,525	627,545	293,620	333,920
Catalan	305	155	145	890	525	365
Italian	199,425	94,670	104,750	173,710	84,430	89,275
Portuguese	125,025	59,945	65,080	55,100	27,620	27,475
Romanian	27,960	12,960	15,000	42,655	20,550	22,110
Spanish	195,365	91,080	104,280	390,355	177,610	212,745
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	625	305	315	490	345	145
Japanese	17,015	7,335	9,680	7,040	3,340	3,695
Kartvelian languages	1,455	740	715	220	110	110
Georgian	1,455	740	715	215	105	110
Korean	61,135	28,600	32,535	6,260	2,825	3,430
Mongolic languages	440	190	250	270	135	130
Mongolian	445	190	255	265	135	130
Niger-Congo languages	46,505	22,145	24,365	52,840	26,665	26,175
Akan (Twi)	13,440	6,225	7,215	1,800	945	855
Bamanankan	200	115	90	2,385	1,240	1,145
Edo	1,875	820	1,055	190	95	95
Ewe	505	260	240	1,410	865	545
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	455	235	220	3,400	1,785	1,620
Ga	985	475	510	315	155	160
Ganda	830	395	435	90	40	55
Igbo	2,905	1,440	1,460	275	190	90
Lingala	2,015	875	1,140	9,630	4,430	5,200
Rundi (Kirundi)	510	250	255	4,490	2,210	2,285
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	655	285	370	3,535	1,640	1,895
Shona	1,105	485	620	150	75	80
Swahili	10,070	4,960	5,110	8,015	4,080	3,935
Wolof	410	190	225	6,555	3,545	3,015
Yoruba	7,685	3,850	3,830	885	485	395
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	6,145	2,845	3,300	17,720	9,125	8,595
Nilo-Saharan languages	450	255	195	695	345	350
Dinka	65	50	20	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	385	210	175	695	345	350
Sign languages	5,265	2,275	2,990	7,775	3,095	4,675
American Sign Language	3,045	1,150	1,895	675	245	435
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	10	4,405	1,590	2,815
Sign languages, n.i.e.	2,290	1,165	1,130	2,960	1,350	1,605
Sino-Tibetan languages	570,420	267,755	302,665	90,460	42,695	47,770
Chinese languages	563,390	264,295	299,095	90,060	42,480	47,580
Cantonese	300,575	139,720	160,855	31,885	14,900	16,980
Hakka	7,110	3,120	3,990	545	240	310
Mandarin	308,025	143,345	164,680	59,240	27,560	31,685
Min Dong	710	290	420	15	10	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	13,725	6,150	7,575	4,215	1,860	2,350
Wu (Shanghainese)	6,805	3,170	3,640	1,230	535	690
Chinese, n.o.s.	11,310	5,130	6,180	4,800	2,380	2,425
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	135	75	65	90	40	55
Tibeto-Burman languages	7,410	3,665	3,745	430	235	195
Burmese	1,325	605	720	140	75	60
Karenic languages	250	115	135	105	55	45
Tibetan	5,420	2,705	2,720	65	50	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	495	285	210	140	65	80
Tai-Kadai languages	4,720	2,005	2,715	7,280	3,400	3,880
Lao	2,635	1,250	1,385	5,785	2,850	2,935
Thai	2,340	880	1,465	2,255	875	1,375
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	15	10	10
Turkic languages	24,065	12,495	11,575	12,475	6,265	6,210
Azerbaijani	2,625	1,330	1,300	510	275	235
Turkish	20,195	10,535	9,665	11,415	5,755	5,665
Uyghur	490	225	260	230	110	120
Uzbek	785	425	365	230	105	125
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	540	250	290	235	115	120
Uralic languages	25,660	11,605	14,055	7,870	3,710	4,160
Estonian	2,750	1,190	1,560	150	55	95
Finnish	2,450	1,025	1,425	500	195	305
Hungarian	20,515	9,410	11,105	7,215	3,450	3,765
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	2,275	1,175	1,100	2,140	1,170	970
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	5,371,020	2,606,395	2,764,635	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	4,666,240	2,271,285	2,394,950	7,585,545	3,753,190	3,832,350
Canadian citizens aged under 18	988,125	507,650	480,475	1,521,230	779,620	741,610
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	3,678,115	1,763,635	1,914,475	6,064,310	2,973,575	3,090,740
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	704,790	335,105	369,680	379,910	188,245	191,665
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	5,371,020	2,606,390	2,764,635	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	2,647,660	1,325,780	1,321,875	6,788,085	3,365,345	3,422,735
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	2,588,715	1,213,600	1,375,110	1,091,310	530,325	560,980
Before 1981	570,800	264,690	306,105	238,655	117,080	121,575
1981 to 1990	354,720	169,415	185,300	127,340	63,150	64,190
1991 to 2000	615,195	286,895	328,300	187,860	89,210	98,650
2001 to 2010	701,370	328,685	372,685	322,280	155,785	166,495
2001 to 2005	364,605	171,720	192,885	140,170	67,835	72,335
2006 to 2010	336,765	156,965	179,800	182,115	87,945	94,165
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	346,635	163,920	182,715	215,170	105,105	110,065
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	134,650	67,010	67,640	86,065	45,765	40,295
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	2,588,710	1,213,605	1,375,110	1,091,305	530,325	560,980
Under 5 years	210,560	104,680	105,885	112,930	54,600	58,330
5 to 14 years	425,730	214,310	211,420	174,020	87,165	86,855
15 to 24 years	561,010	248,975	312,035	215,350	98,880	116,475
25 to 44 years	1,112,050	520,805	591,245	515,770	256,095	259,675
45 years and over	279,360	124,830	154,525	73,230	33,590	39,640
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	2,588,715	1,213,605	1,375,115	1,091,305	530,330	560,980
Americas	393,895	174,345	219,550	247,505	113,190	134,315
Brazil	10,010	4,705	5,305	7,345	3,515	3,830
Colombia	16,110	7,390	8,715	25,580	11,645	13,935
El Salvador	10,615	5,280	5,335	11,120	5,500	5,615
Guyana	67,295	29,760	37,535	2,490	1,085	1,410
Haiti	2,555	1,200	1,355	80,965	35,375	45,585
Jamaica	97,095	40,495	56,600	4,665	2,040	2,625
Mexico	10,595	4,710	5,885	15,820	7,090	8,730
Peru	7,685	3,415	4,270	13,265	5,945	7,325
Trinidad and Tobago	41,765	18,320	23,445	4,075	1,840	2,240
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	43,175	20,260	22,915	25,955	12,800	13,155
Other places of birth in Americas	86,995	38,800	48,195	56,235	26,370	29,870
Europe	568,320	267,530	300,790	311,090	154,910	156,185
Bosnia and Herzegovina	9,230	4,565	4,665	3,785	1,890	1,895
Croatia	11,040	5,225	5,810	2,140	1,085	1,050
France	6,595	3,095	3,500	81,225	43,490	37,735
Germany	19,960	9,295	10,665	9,750	4,365	5,390
Greece	26,890	13,115	13,780	18,420	9,135	9,285
Hungary	11,185	5,045	6,140	3,325	1,620	1,700
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	7,445	3,635	3,810	820	485	330
Italy	95,175	46,030	49,150	51,025	25,370	25,655
Netherlands	5,940	2,870	3,075	1,990	1,035	955
Poland	53,330	23,935	29,390	10,735	4,675	6,060
Portugal	66,340	31,825	34,515	18,985	9,185	9,800
Romania	23,965	10,890	13,075	28,695	13,695	15,005
Russian Federation	33,130	14,300	18,830	11,355	4,975	6,375
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	12,690	6,140	6,550	1,790	830	960
Ukraine	31,045	14,215	16,830	8,670	3,800	4,870
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	84,810	40,430	44,375	12,905	6,645	6,260
Other places of birth in Europe	69,555	32,920	36,630	45,500	22,630	22,870
Africa	147,790	71,030	76,760	241,410	125,250	116,165
Algeria	1,205	640	565	59,465	31,180	28,280
Egypt	23,285	12,065	11,215	19,490	10,290	9,200
Ethiopia	10,785	4,910	5,870	995	495	495
Kenya	10,980	5,025	5,955	785	355	430
Morocco	3,395	1,655	1,740	60,700	31,435	29,270
Nigeria	15,970	7,910	8,065	1,340	740	600
Somalia	10,780	4,310	6,470	580	270	310
South Africa, Republic of	12,360	5,990	6,370	865	475	385
Other places of birth in Africa	59,020	28,520	30,505	97,200	50,005	47,190
Asia	1,471,940	697,390	774,555	289,825	136,175	153,655
Afghanistan	24,510	12,230	12,275	7,280	3,640	3,640
Bangladesh	31,885	16,065	15,820	7,940	3,990	3,950
China^{Census data footnote 59}	262,175	119,475	142,700	49,555	19,905	29,655
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	97,705	45,890	51,815	4,730	2,290	2,435
India	297,730	148,545	149,190	17,865	9,195	8,670
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	73,340	36,520	36,815	17,760	8,880	8,885
Iraq	27,770	13,840	13,930	3,735	1,960	1,775
Japan	5,715	1,850	3,865	1,725	395	1,330
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	44,745	20,860	23,890	4,230	1,995	2,230
Lebanon	12,970	6,975	6,000	39,135	20,800	18,340
Pakistan	110,255	55,690	54,565	10,010	5,260	4,750
Philippines	187,510	76,805	110,710	24,410	9,040	15,370
Sri Lanka	98,025	47,845	50,180	10,715	5,335	5,380
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	10,545	5,285	5,250	17,775	8,800	8,980
Taiwan	14,705	6,405	8,300	2,735	1,100	1,635
Viet Nam	57,865	26,180	31,690	25,440	11,765	13,675
Other places of birth in Asia	114,505	56,925	57,575	44,795	21,840	22,950
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	6,770	3,320	3,450	1,480	805	670
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	346,635	163,920	182,715	215,170	105,105	110,065
Americas	39,310	18,740	20,570	47,710	22,625	25,085
Brazil	2,465	1,165	1,305	3,010	1,495	1,520
Colombia	2,495	1,175	1,320	7,540	3,465	4,075
Cuba	1,150	510	635	2,565	1,260	1,315
Haiti	865	415	450	16,880	7,690	9,190
Jamaica	7,205	3,760	3,440	190	140	55
Mexico	2,870	1,360	1,510	4,210	1,955	2,255
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	7,605	3,850	3,755	3,990	2,265	1,720
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	1,790	825	965	1,955	935	1,020
Other places of birth in Americas	12,860	5,660	7,195	7,365	3,425	3,935
Europe	30,555	14,975	15,580	39,320	20,085	19,235
France	1,360	660	700	20,030	10,855	9,175
Germany	875	475	400	580	250	330
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	1,445	905	540	135	105	35
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	750	350	400	3,750	1,695	2,055
Romania	1,415	555	860	2,945	1,260	1,685
Russian Federation	3,845	1,400	2,440	1,970	865	1,105
Ukraine	3,580	1,655	1,925	2,460	1,110	1,350
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	3,585	2,160	1,425	860	565	290
Other places of birth in Europe	13,695	6,810	6,885	6,590	3,385	3,205
Africa	23,910	11,705	12,200	74,200	37,110	37,090
Algeria	195	85	105	16,380	8,060	8,320
Cameroon	800	350	445	7,550	3,705	3,845
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	550	240	310	3,370	1,655	1,715
Côte d'Ivoire	280	135	145	5,070	2,505	2,565
Egypt	5,540	2,885	2,655	4,360	2,260	2,095
Eritrea	1,060	525	535	50	30	20
Ethiopia	1,655	745	910	125	65	60
Morocco	350	140	210	13,475	6,675	6,805
Nigeria	4,695	2,280	2,415	540	280	260
Somalia	1,115	530	590	95	40	50
South Africa, Republic of	770	405	360	175	115	60
Tunisia	125	85	35	5,855	3,025	2,825
Other places of birth in Africa	6,770	3,295	3,475	17,155	8,690	8,470
Asia	251,635	117,765	133,875	53,595	25,070	28,525
Afghanistan	4,500	2,235	2,260	1,555	715	840
Bangladesh	6,780	3,360	3,420	860	455	405
China^{Census data footnote 59}	48,955	21,765	27,185	10,705	4,805	5,895
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	1,740	700	1,040	120	35	80
India	57,455	28,890	28,570	2,960	1,555	1,405
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	18,565	8,985	9,575	7,505	3,545	3,960
Iraq	7,840	3,890	3,955	985	465	515
Israel	1,600	840	765	645	390	255
Japan	930	250	685	330	30	295
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	4,815	2,190	2,625	825	370	455
Lebanon	1,365	745	620	3,955	2,100	1,860
Nepal	2,415	1,235	1,180	360	165	195
Pakistan	20,360	9,960	10,400	1,815	920	895
Philippines	42,735	17,680	25,050	5,635	2,345	3,290
Saudi Arabia	2,020	1,030	990	435	210	225
Sri Lanka	7,095	3,095	3,995	860	380	480
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	5,365	2,790	2,570	7,455	3,740	3,715
Taiwan	755	305	450	170	60	105
Turkey	2,055	1,145	905	585	300	285
United Arab Emirates	3,175	1,605	1,575	300	160	145
Viet Nam	2,605	1,020	1,585	1,505	560	945
Other places of birth in Asia	8,510	4,035	4,470	4,025	1,765	2,265
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	1,230	740	490	345	215	135
Australia	955	600	355	190	120	70
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	270	140	135	155	95	65
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	5,371,020	2,606,395	2,764,630	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	2,753,115	1,295,920	1,457,195	1,204,895	590,175	614,720
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	1,541,070	777,190	763,880	792,085	399,535	392,550
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	1,076,835	533,280	543,555	5,968,475	2,951,730	3,016,745
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	2,051,830	965,135	1,086,695	867,685	420,465	447,220
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	1,023,350	505,520	517,835	469,015	243,915	225,100
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	409,525	251,475	158,050	224,720	137,975	86,745
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	613,825	254,045	359,780	244,300	105,945	138,360
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	690,870	282,355	408,515	241,225	96,130	145,095
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	308,760	164,150	144,605	146,295	75,100	71,195
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	28,845	13,110	15,735	11,150	5,320	5,825
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	5,371,025	2,606,390	2,764,630	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,010
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	39,035	18,255	20,780	182,885	91,890	90,995
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	36,845	17,110	19,735	175,960	88,635	87,325
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	23,465	10,830	12,640	92,655	45,510	47,145
Métis	12,830	6,030	6,800	69,365	36,260	33,100
Inuk (Inuit)	550	255	300	13,940	6,865	7,075
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	975	465	510	2,760	1,330	1,430
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	1,215	680	540	4,170	1,930	2,245
Non-Aboriginal identity	5,331,990	2,588,140	2,743,850	7,782,560	3,849,550	3,933,015
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	5,371,025	2,606,390	2,764,635	7,965,455	3,941,440	4,024,015
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	12,605	5,825	6,785	77,490	38,580	38,915
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	5,358,415	2,600,565	2,757,850	7,887,960	3,902,860	3,985,100
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	5,371,020	2,606,390	2,764,630	7,965,455	3,941,440	4,024,015
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	6,375	2,865	3,510	118,780	58,535	60,245
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	6,220	2,790	3,425	115,480	56,930	58,550
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	4,945	2,185	2,760	87,700	42,730	44,965
Métis single ancestry	1,155	560	600	17,585	9,225	8,360
Inuit single ancestry	115	45	70	10,200	4,980	5,220
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	160	75	85	3,300	1,605	1,700
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	105	50	55	2,220	1,115	1,105
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	20	10	10	995	455	540
Métis and Inuit ancestries	15	10	15	65	25	40
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	15	10	10	20	10	15
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	55,150	25,815	29,330	240,650	113,905	126,740
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	53,685	25,160	28,530	235,365	111,205	124,165
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	40,680	19,105	21,565	193,625	90,650	102,975
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	12,265	5,720	6,540	37,080	18,320	18,760
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	750	335	415	4,660	2,230	2,425
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	1,460	655	800	5,280	2,700	2,575
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	1,250	550	705	4,040	2,105	1,940
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	130	55	70	990	475	515
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	80	50	30	225	110	115
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	0	0	0	25	15	10
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	5,309,500	2,577,710	2,731,790	7,606,025	3,769,000	3,837,030
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	5,371,025	2,606,395	2,764,635	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	2,910,660	1,400,000	1,510,655	1,032,365	505,180	527,185
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	932,145	470,380	461,760	90,335	46,750	43,585
Chinese	618,280	294,255	324,025	99,505	44,370	55,135
Black	430,280	198,790	231,490	319,230	154,110	165,120
Filipino	246,415	105,285	141,130	34,910	14,275	20,635
Latin American	126,485	60,725	65,755	133,920	64,655	69,260
Arab	100,155	51,885	48,270	213,740	113,420	100,320
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	80,335	37,780	42,560	62,820	29,960	32,865
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	120,685	60,285	60,400	32,405	16,200	16,210
Korean	68,155	32,470	35,685	8,055	3,865	4,190
Japanese	19,515	8,415	11,095	4,570	1,755	2,820
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	75,005	34,935	40,070	9,840	4,670	5,175
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	93,210	44,785	48,425	23,045	11,160	11,885
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	2,460,360	1,206,390	1,253,975	6,933,085	3,436,260	3,496,830
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	5,371,025	2,606,390	2,764,630	7,965,455	3,941,435	4,024,010
North American Aboriginal origins	61,525	28,680	32,840	359,430	172,440	186,985
First Nations (North American Indian)	47,150	21,970	25,175	289,610	137,550	152,065
Inuit	1,125	515	610	17,175	8,300	8,880
Métis	14,890	6,945	7,950	61,260	30,915	30,345
Other North American origins	659,555	326,935	332,620	4,850,145	2,390,545	2,459,605
Acadian	3,660	1,810	1,850	34,785	16,440	18,345
American	44,030	21,480	22,550	45,050	21,470	23,580
Canadian	623,605	309,300	314,305	4,647,840	2,288,280	2,359,555
New Brunswicker	80	50	30	750	370	380
Newfoundlander	2,605	1,325	1,285	570	280	295
Nova Scotian	595	270	330	365	155	215
Ontarian	575	340	235	1,345	660	685
Québécois	1,400	685	720	184,005	93,895	90,110
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	220	120	100	205	110	100
European origins	2,413,560	1,173,265	1,240,300	3,037,890	1,511,060	1,526,825
British Isles origins	1,074,255	524,990	549,260	745,715	360,135	385,575
Channel Islander	400	210	190	1,440	725	720
Cornish	175	90	85	70	35	40
English	605,385	296,180	309,205	228,520	111,855	116,670
Irish	456,650	218,130	238,520	446,215	211,545	234,665
Manx	720	425	295	200	105	95
Scottish	452,050	218,755	233,290	215,030	103,395	111,635
Welsh	47,510	22,785	24,730	10,765	5,075	5,690
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	92,185	44,145	48,040	32,525	15,440	17,080
French origins	212,840	100,750	112,095	1,878,795	941,770	937,025
Alsatian	320	125	200	1,050	520	525
Breton	55	35	20	11,140	5,410	5,725
Corsican	55	25	25	1,270	690	580
French	212,520	100,605	111,915	1,870,545	937,665	932,875
Western European origins (except French origins)	331,540	160,995	170,550	244,380	119,115	125,260
Austrian	26,905	13,040	13,865	12,710	6,285	6,430
Bavarian	135	50	80	40	30	20
Belgian	8,330	3,800	4,530	51,340	25,295	26,050
Dutch	78,240	37,405	40,835	26,000	12,805	13,190
Flemish	790	375	415	1,345	660	685
Frisian	350	205	145	15	20	0
German	229,980	112,255	117,725	142,225	68,250	73,975
Luxembourger	260	130	135	910	445	460
Swiss	12,710	6,340	6,365	24,500	12,615	11,885
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	480	225	255	125	80	50
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	59,615	28,865	30,755	25,460	12,490	12,975
Danish	12,805	6,390	6,415	5,700	2,815	2,885
Finnish	13,915	6,490	7,425	3,130	1,430	1,700
Icelandic	3,415	1,700	1,705	955	480	470
Norwegian	14,525	7,170	7,350	7,820	3,835	3,985
Swedish	16,290	7,525	8,770	6,840	3,275	3,565
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	3,115	1,485	1,630	2,500	1,265	1,230
Eastern European origins	547,800	260,365	287,440	249,940	121,660	128,285
Bulgarian	10,575	5,165	5,415	9,570	4,675	4,895
Byelorussian	7,840	3,830	4,015	2,530	1,235	1,295
Czech	15,200	7,335	7,870	6,295	2,965	3,330
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	4,075	1,935	2,135	2,150	1,100	1,050
Estonian	6,865	3,200	3,665	890	460	435
Hungarian	54,240	26,295	27,945	28,280	13,970	14,310
Latvian	8,960	4,185	4,775	1,740	835	905
Lithuanian	18,260	8,760	9,500	6,630	3,320	3,305
Moldovan	2,915	1,495	1,415	7,620	3,710	3,900
Polish	217,410	103,490	113,920	79,040	38,705	40,335
Romanian	47,340	22,500	24,840	53,060	25,935	27,125
Russian	133,800	62,215	71,585	55,230	26,405	28,830
Slovak	13,180	6,350	6,835	4,770	2,375	2,395
Ukrainian	130,370	62,245	68,130	42,550	20,575	21,975
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	7,120	3,335	3,785	2,900	1,505	1,400
Southern European origins	885,785	435,925	449,855	549,750	273,670	276,080
Albanian	17,125	8,655	8,465	3,760	1,950	1,805
Bosnian	6,150	2,995	3,150	2,970	1,485	1,490
Catalan	165	105	60	735	395	340
Croatian	32,740	16,365	16,375	6,745	3,375	3,370
Cypriot	2,355	1,195	1,160	480	240	245
Greek	92,410	46,340	46,070	71,330	36,235	35,090
Italian	421,900	209,670	212,230	326,700	162,650	164,045
Kosovar	480	255	225	505	295	210
Macedonian	25,245	12,585	12,660	775	400	370
Maltese	16,145	7,995	8,155	1,220	615	610
Montenegrin	1,420	680	740	450	250	200
Portuguese	191,040	92,890	98,150	69,805	34,825	34,980
Serbian	31,710	15,945	15,770	5,950	2,915	3,040
Sicilian	1,370	690	675	1,435	710	725
Slovenian	11,400	5,655	5,745	2,510	1,225	1,280
Spanish	99,960	46,885	53,080	85,360	41,745	43,615
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	5,865	2,810	3,060	3,270	1,595	1,670
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	480	205	275	300	155	145
Other European origins	70,120	35,070	35,045	38,670	19,875	18,800
Basque	755	360	395	3,620	1,930	1,690
Jewish	57,840	29,035	28,800	25,235	12,955	12,280
Roma (Gypsy)	1,150	545	605	475	270	205
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	895	475	420	360	180	185
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	9,935	4,875	5,060	9,215	4,690	4,530
Caribbean origins	333,840	151,150	182,690	201,625	93,935	107,690
Antiguan	2,390	1,050	1,340	380	170	205
Bahamian	1,200	610	590	430	205	225
Barbadian	17,490	7,935	9,550	5,570	2,585	2,985
Bermudan	930	430	500	115	50	65
Carib	1,745	625	1,120	405	150	255
Cuban	8,800	4,000	4,795	9,830	4,800	5,035
Dominican	6,160	2,945	3,220	11,560	5,320	6,235
Grenadian	12,185	5,235	6,945	1,965	790	1,175
Guadeloupean	40	10	30	1,010	475	535
Haitian	5,020	2,375	2,645	143,165	66,245	76,925
Jamaican	193,360	87,610	105,750	14,100	6,785	7,315
Kittitian/Nevisian	1,785	850	935	360	200	160
Martinican	150	50	100	1,775	820	950
Montserratan	425	195	225	240	140	105
Puerto Rican	675	355	325	530	270	255
St. Lucian	5,310	2,305	3,005	860	450	405
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	42,230	19,320	22,905	6,585	2,925	3,660
Vincentian/Grenadinian	9,995	4,200	5,795	4,020	1,695	2,325
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	44,630	19,830	24,800	5,635	2,610	3,025
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	12,890	5,740	7,145	4,195	1,995	2,205
Latin, Central and South American origins	202,120	95,220	106,905	167,275	81,215	86,065
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	6,755	3,135	3,620	6,100	2,885	3,210
Arawak	680	305	375	180	60	120
Argentinian	7,850	3,800	4,045	4,950	2,490	2,460
Belizean	335	150	180	80	40	40
Bolivian	1,240	600	645	1,730	815	915
Brazilian	12,250	5,925	6,320	8,345	4,075	4,275
Chilean	9,985	4,805	5,180	14,060	7,055	7,005
Colombian	23,130	11,070	12,065	33,965	15,915	18,050
Costa Rican	1,720	890	835	1,180	570	610
Ecuadorian	17,005	8,040	8,965	2,720	1,255	1,470
Guatemalan	5,575	2,680	2,895	10,175	5,380	4,795
Guyanese	55,335	25,270	30,060	3,670	1,810	1,860
Hispanic	3,455	1,690	1,765	1,155	570	585
Honduran	1,670	755	915	4,335	2,135	2,200
Maya	1,105	545	555	1,670	935	735
Mexican	18,380	8,520	9,860	26,930	13,185	13,745
Nicaraguan	3,520	1,700	1,815	2,805	1,360	1,445
Panamanian	1,715	745	970	1,460	755	710
Paraguayan	275	120	150	365	155	205
Peruvian	10,025	4,655	5,370	19,735	9,240	10,495
Salvadorean	14,435	7,115	7,315	19,200	9,535	9,665
Uruguayan	3,040	1,570	1,475	1,755	815	940
Venezuelan	7,825	3,550	4,285	7,475	3,430	4,045
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	8,800	4,320	4,480	5,845	2,965	2,880
African origins	257,720	125,440	132,280	382,665	196,910	185,755
Central and West African origins	57,350	28,290	29,060	86,695	44,720	41,975
Akan	705	400	305	630	325	310
Angolan	1,010	480	530	875	425	450
Ashanti	1,055	535	515	120	90	35
Beninese	370	190	180	4,125	2,220	1,915
Burkinabe	100	40	55	2,465	1,325	1,145
Cameroonian	2,445	1,205	1,240	17,095	8,635	8,465
Chadian	185	95	90	1,045	525	520
Congolese	3,920	1,865	2,050	20,210	9,960	10,250
Edo	925	485	440	110	60	45
Ewe	160	90	70	460	265	200
Gabonese	50	10	35	1,165	545	620
Gambian	550	250	295	150	95	55
Ghanaian	19,995	9,485	10,510	3,235	1,660	1,575
Guinean	620	325	300	5,255	2,765	2,485
Ibo	1,460	760	705	185	95	95
Ivorian	615	285	330	8,545	4,350	4,200
Liberian	295	125	170	150	60	90
Malian	265	140	125	3,535	1,755	1,775
Malinké	225	105	120	635	340	295
Nigerian	18,855	9,540	9,310	2,820	1,510	1,310
Peulh	65	35	25	2,110	1,080	1,030
Senegalese	530	280	250	8,250	4,420	3,835
Sierra Leonean	815	400	410	110	55	55
Togolese	315	205	105	4,080	2,210	1,870
Wolof	45	20	20	660	390	270
Yoruba	2,735	1,460	1,275	460	225	235
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	2,785	1,365	1,420	6,955	3,690	3,275
North African origins	50,800	26,105	24,695	225,125	117,725	107,410
Algerian	1,650	810	840	60,375	31,185	29,190
Berber	665	360	305	33,825	17,840	15,985
Coptic	1,640	855	785	685	385	305
Dinka	15	10	0	15	10	10
Egyptian	33,855	17,375	16,475	29,400	15,295	14,100
Libyan	1,260	675	595	1,075	590	485
Maure	235	135	110	530	290	240
Moroccan	8,380	4,340	4,050	85,940	44,520	41,420
Sudanese	3,610	1,755	1,855	370	220	150
Tunisian	1,060	570	495	21,475	11,775	9,695
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	825	445	380	3,340	1,845	1,490
Southern and East African origins	78,235	37,260	40,970	28,925	14,225	14,705
Afrikaner	315	160	155	115	75	40
Amhara	490	235	255	65	30	35
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	285	160	125	1,905	1,040	870
Burundian	650	360	290	6,015	2,945	3,070
Djiboutian	210	100	110	450	205	245
Eritrean	7,555	3,650	3,910	580	290	290
Ethiopian	15,900	7,615	8,280	1,575	785	785
Harari	460	250	210	20	10	10
Kenyan	3,880	1,805	2,080	530	270	260
Malagasy	170	75	95	3,735	1,815	1,920
Mauritian	2,710	1,405	1,305	3,695	1,735	1,960
Oromo	830	370	460	20	15	10
Rwandan	1,065	475	590	5,130	2,445	2,685
Seychellois	150	60	95	775	345	425
Somali	25,400	11,755	13,650	1,785	865	915
South African	11,025	5,505	5,520	900	490	420
Tanzanian	1,820	910	910	325	190	140
Tigrian	415	210	200	95	35	55
Ugandan	1,935	930	1,005	290	135	160
Zambian	355	175	185	45	20	25
Zimbabwean	1,670	775	900	300	150	145
Zulu	185	100	90	70	35	35
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	5,190	2,250	2,940	1,790	915	875
Other African origins	75,020	35,540	39,485	46,805	22,845	23,965
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	10,710	4,630	6,080	3,800	1,845	1,950
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	65,110	31,290	33,825	43,785	21,415	22,370
Asian origins	2,352,765	1,139,965	1,212,805	563,150	275,170	287,980
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	317,140	160,115	157,025	240,795	123,985	116,810
Afghan	40,230	20,175	20,055	10,945	5,550	5,395
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	22,105	11,430	10,675	44,875	23,680	21,195
Armenian	20,645	10,010	10,635	27,380	13,515	13,865
Assyrian	7,240	3,690	3,550	370	205	165
Azerbaijani	3,280	1,595	1,685	555	295	255
Georgian	2,340	1,195	1,140	635	295	345
Hazara	510	270	240	385	190	200
Iranian	94,955	47,625	47,335	25,530	12,845	12,685
Iraqi	27,230	13,595	13,640	5,520	2,780	2,740
Israeli	14,170	7,315	6,855	6,060	3,235	2,830
Jordanian	5,115	2,755	2,365	1,610	840	770
Kazakh	940	410	525	620	295	325
Kurd	4,290	2,295	2,000	2,135	1,180	960
Kuwaiti	330	205	130	95	50	50
Kyrgyz	235	80	150	260	140	120
Lebanese	27,635	14,100	13,540	78,140	40,695	37,450
Palestinian	14,465	7,765	6,695	6,865	3,520	3,345
Pashtun	1,925	1,070	855	515	280	235
Saudi Arabian	1,600	840	760	645	390	255
Syrian	15,545	7,565	7,990	27,465	13,845	13,620
Tajik	1,390	640	750	390	180	210
Tatar	1,750	750	1,000	910	430	485
Turk	22,165	11,210	10,955	15,060	7,520	7,545
Turkmen	400	200	200	65	45	25
Uighur	540	255	285	375	185	190
Uzbek	1,670	820	850	465	210	255
Yemeni	2,450	1,145	1,305	805	450	355
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	9,695	5,005	4,690	2,465	1,385	1,075
South Asian origins	953,545	478,660	474,885	95,670	48,925	46,745
Bangladeshi	23,010	11,790	11,220	7,075	3,625	3,450
Bengali	12,255	6,260	5,995	4,125	2,035	2,090
Bhutanese	150	80	70	420	205	215
East Indian	618,685	310,525	308,160	51,650	26,505	25,140
Goan	3,840	1,770	2,075	210	105	110
Gujarati	4,775	2,475	2,295	420	205	215
Kashmiri	1,305	670	635	260	155	105
Nepali	5,350	2,630	2,720	930	460	470
Pakistani	113,270	57,500	55,770	13,535	7,000	6,535
Punjabi	45,820	23,605	22,215	2,970	1,675	1,295
Sinhalese	3,770	1,840	1,930	310	135	175
Sri Lankan	110,210	53,705	56,505	14,750	7,300	7,450
Tamil	38,690	19,580	19,110	3,100	1,610	1,495
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	47,545	24,110	23,435	2,135	1,190	945
East and Southeast Asian origins	1,103,325	511,400	591,925	229,985	103,805	126,180
Burmese	2,075	915	1,165	530	270	255
Cambodian (Khmer)	5,945	2,740	3,205	15,345	7,360	7,985
Chinese	684,395	324,960	359,435	121,445	54,595	66,850
Filipino	265,560	114,395	151,165	37,910	15,590	22,320
Hmong	50	25	25	35	10	20
Indonesian	5,845	2,710	3,130	1,320	570	755
Japanese	26,485	11,605	14,880	6,495	2,615	3,875
Karen	265	120	145	95	55	40
Korean	71,740	34,180	37,560	8,740	4,155	4,580
Laotian	3,805	1,880	1,930	7,625	3,860	3,770
Malaysian	5,335	2,510	2,825	645	300	340
Mongolian	1,890	855	1,035	960	470	485
Singaporean	1,005	455	550	105	65	40
Taiwanese	7,820	3,580	4,240	2,205	940	1,265
Thai	3,240	1,225	2,010	2,695	1,065	1,635
Tibetan	5,935	2,975	2,960	80	45	30
Vietnamese	71,425	33,860	37,565	43,080	20,790	22,290
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	3,220	1,585	1,640	275	125	155
Other Asian origins	9,945	4,905	5,040	1,765	905	865
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	9,945	4,905	5,040	1,770	905	860
Oceania origins	8,815	4,450	4,365	3,250	1,730	1,515
Australian	5,315	2,775	2,540	2,055	1,125	935
New Zealander	1,755	925	830	490	245	245
Pacific Islands origins	1,950	885	1,070	785	410	380
Fijian	1,170	490	685	70	25	40
Hawaiian	175	85	90	60	40	20
Maori	165	95	75	90	55	35
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	100	40	65	290	145	145
Samoan	95	45	45	15	15	0
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	330	155	175	295	155	145
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	1,967,560	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Owner	1,276,425	...	...	2,163,735	...	...
Renter	691,140	...	...	1,362,010	...	...
Band housing	0	...	...	5,915	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	1,967,560	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
Condominium	434,620	...	...	413,325	...	...
Not condominium	1,532,935	...	...	3,118,340	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	1,967,555	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
No bedrooms	24,005	...	...	23,725	...	...
1 bedroom	376,525	...	...	573,370	...	...
2 bedrooms	432,060	...	...	1,100,310	...	...
3 bedrooms	556,210	...	...	1,157,300	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	578,765	...	...	676,955	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	1,967,555	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	732,945	...	...	1,258,215	...	...
5 rooms	269,420	...	...	620,935	...	...
6 rooms	250,890	...	...	432,090	...	...
7 rooms	220,325	...	...	403,255	...	...
8 or more rooms	493,975	...	...	817,165	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.8	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	1,967,560	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
One person or fewer per room	1,876,310	...	...	3,492,135	...	...
More than 1 person per room	91,250	...	...	39,530	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	1,967,560	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
Suitable	1,767,780	...	...	3,398,910	...	...
Not suitable	199,770	...	...	132,755	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	1,967,560	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
1960 or before	413,230	...	...	894,495	...	...
1961 to 1980	529,935	...	...	1,116,760	...	...
1981 to 1990	279,160	...	...	503,495	...	...
1991 to 2000	246,640	...	...	369,020	...	...
2001 to 2005	179,090	...	...	196,830	...	...
2006 to 2010	163,020	...	...	241,545	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	156,485	...	...	209,515	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	1,967,560	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	1,858,255	...	...	3,304,625	...	...
Major repairs needed	109,300	...	...	227,040	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	1,967,560	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
1 household maintainer	1,124,090	...	...	2,221,970	...	...
2 household maintainers	759,115	...	...	1,264,195	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	84,350	...	...	45,500	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	1,967,560	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
15 to 24 years	47,450	...	...	119,495	...	...
25 to 34 years	277,355	...	...	498,070	...	...
35 to 44 years	371,615	...	...	603,840	...	...
45 to 54 years	454,610	...	...	682,290	...	...
55 to 64 years	381,365	...	...	731,390	...	...
65 to 74 years	242,735	...	...	541,630	...	...
75 to 84 years	137,935	...	...	270,280	...	...
85 years and over	54,490	...	...	84,680	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	1,964,415	...	...	3,496,460	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	1,292,415	...	...	2,763,105	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	671,995	...	...	733,355	...	...
30% to less than 100%	553,740	...	...	647,975	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,276,365	...	...	2,141,690	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	62.6	...	...	61.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	27.3	...	...	12.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,649	...	...	983	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,755	...	...	1,085	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	648,719	...	...	250,302	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	743,131	...	...	290,484	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	691,125	...	...	1,358,265	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	14.7	...	...	9.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	46.9	...	...	33.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,207	...	...	720	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,263	...	...	775	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	4,485,730	2,151,895	2,333,830	6,634,280	3,260,035	3,374,240
No certificate, diploma or degree	730,915	345,155	385,765	1,323,070	674,955	648,115
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	1,147,670	564,185	583,480	1,426,980	674,820	752,155
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,607,140	1,242,555	1,364,580	3,884,235	1,910,260	1,973,970
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	190,445	124,915	65,530	1,120,730	681,515	439,215
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	105,015	61,850	43,165	806,585	435,090	371,495
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	85,425	63,060	22,360	314,145	246,425	67,720
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	756,515	330,560	425,950	1,165,515	506,775	658,740
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	126,335	56,415	69,925	236,255	93,680	142,575
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	1,533,855	730,670	803,185	1,361,730	628,290	733,440
Bachelor's degree	1,009,045	465,915	543,125	872,060	384,275	487,790
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	100,985	46,510	54,480	118,955	54,255	64,695
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	42,640	21,280	21,355	39,045	19,865	19,185
Master's degree	335,240	168,965	166,270	281,215	139,280	141,935
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	45,945	28,000	17,945	50,455	30,615	19,840
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	3,020,615	1,447,205	1,573,410	4,371,935	2,167,810	2,204,125
No certificate, diploma or degree	292,270	146,320	145,950	580,635	323,880	256,750
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	647,655	324,200	323,455	808,955	396,620	412,330
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,080,685	976,680	1,104,005	2,982,345	1,447,305	1,535,040
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	129,450	84,010	45,440	866,595	513,575	353,015
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	71,910	41,985	29,930	631,795	330,140	301,655
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	57,540	42,030	15,510	234,800	183,440	51,360
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	589,090	256,645	332,445	832,430	367,185	465,245
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	94,740	42,000	52,740	167,025	67,530	99,495
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	1,267,410	594,025	673,385	1,116,300	499,010	617,290
Bachelor's degree	821,300	376,095	445,205	712,935	308,760	404,175
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	81,920	36,340	45,580	94,240	40,085	54,160
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	34,910	16,305	18,605	30,775	13,505	17,270
Master's degree	293,070	144,435	148,630	238,300	113,895	124,410
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	36,215	20,850	15,365	40,050	22,780	17,270
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	4,485,725	2,151,900	2,333,825	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	1,878,585	909,335	969,245	2,750,050	1,349,775	1,400,270
Education	130,685	26,640	104,045	273,320	62,470	210,845
13. Education	130,690	26,640	104,050	273,320	62,470	210,845
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	130,390	58,720	71,675	156,720	71,485	85,240
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	16,640	12,320	4,315	25,380	18,280	7,100
50. Visual and performing arts	113,755	46,395	67,360	131,340	53,200	78,140
Humanities	179,405	63,540	115,865	215,735	86,065	129,675
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	21,645	4,760	16,885	32,180	7,165	25,020
23. English language and literature/letters	50,845	14,640	36,205	12,900	4,060	8,835
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	53,905	18,055	35,845	103,120	42,685	60,435
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	870	385	475	880	395	485
38. Philosophy and religious studies	11,750	6,510	5,240	10,400	6,650	3,755
39. Theology and religious vocations	9,435	5,960	3,470	10,125	6,200	3,930
54. History	24,730	12,250	12,475	17,055	9,990	7,065
55. French language and literature/letters	6,240	970	5,265	29,070	8,920	20,155
Social and behavioural sciences and law	375,990	132,895	243,090	380,995	125,025	255,975
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	5,275	1,010	4,265	4,315	1,165	3,150
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	41,765	16,265	25,495	48,530	16,690	31,845
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	51,475	4,985	46,485	77,470	6,070	71,400
22. Legal professions and studies	64,720	25,805	38,915	67,185	25,785	41,395
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	6,200	1,435	4,760	9,905	2,035	7,870
42. Psychology	52,075	12,435	39,640	57,335	14,030	43,305
45. Social sciences	154,480	70,955	83,525	116,255	59,245	57,015
Business, management and public administration	635,290	286,145	349,150	879,190	321,450	557,740
30.16 Accounting and computer science	1,300	505	800	815	300	520
44. Public administration and social service professions	38,360	8,100	30,265	47,715	10,490	37,225
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	595,630	277,540	318,090	830,660	310,665	519,990
Physical and life sciences and technologies	126,840	59,465	67,380	140,990	76,780	64,215
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	53,350	21,080	32,270	49,705	20,900	28,805
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	31,225	13,705	17,520	23,210	13,865	9,350
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	2,340	735	1,605	21,890	10,810	11,080
40. Physical sciences	35,555	22,435	13,125	39,060	27,545	11,515
41. Science technologies/technicians	4,370	1,505	2,865	7,120	3,660	3,465
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	158,045	102,350	55,695	152,105	104,850	47,255
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	122,045	83,770	38,275	125,480	92,730	32,750
25. Library science	5,560	935	4,630	11,110	2,145	8,965
27. Mathematics and statistics	27,925	15,910	12,015	13,415	8,365	5,045
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	2,520	1,745	775	2,100	1,605	495
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	439,230	375,990	63,235	828,400	758,350	70,055
04. Architecture and related services	28,885	18,400	10,485	29,015	17,055	11,960
14. Engineering	199,695	158,560	41,140	150,450	124,585	25,865
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	73,645	65,980	7,665	150,640	135,445	15,195
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	100	25	75	60	20	40
46. Construction trades	53,550	52,345	1,200	185,385	179,995	5,390
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	55,235	53,715	1,525	184,280	178,510	5,770
48. Precision production	28,120	26,975	1,145	128,580	122,750	5,830
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	27,465	14,400	13,070	85,485	56,900	28,585
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	16,015	8,845	7,170	51,770	30,870	20,900
03. Natural resources and conservation	11,455	5,550	5,900	33,715	26,025	7,690
Health and related fields	303,620	74,055	229,570	480,230	95,450	384,780
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	24,245	12,480	11,765	27,955	14,675	13,280
51. Health professions and related programs	267,470	55,340	212,130	441,105	74,630	366,470
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	11,905	6,230	5,675	11,160	6,140	5,020
Personal, protective and transportation services	99,875	48,260	51,615	290,005	151,070	138,935
12. Personal and culinary services	62,940	19,925	43,010	164,595	43,720	120,875
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	365	330	35	290	270	20
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	480	455	25	1,345	1,245	100
43. Security and protective services	22,935	15,975	6,960	54,625	42,415	12,210
49. Transportation and materials moving	13,160	11,585	1,580	69,160	63,425	5,740
Other	295	100	195	1,055	375	680
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	290	95	195	1,055	375	675
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	3,020,615	1,447,205	1,573,415	4,371,935	2,167,805	2,204,130
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	939,930	470,525	469,405	1,389,585	720,500	669,085
Education	95,095	18,915	76,180	180,615	37,990	142,625
13. Education	95,100	18,915	76,185	180,615	37,990	142,625
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	104,620	47,155	57,465	122,045	55,575	66,475
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	12,780	9,495	3,285	19,510	13,740	5,770
50. Visual and performing arts	91,845	37,665	54,185	102,535	41,830	60,705
Humanities	139,350	48,065	91,290	138,330	54,580	83,750
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	17,015	3,465	13,545	25,220	5,455	19,765
23. English language and literature/letters	39,550	11,125	28,425	9,585	2,990	6,595
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	42,735	13,895	28,845	57,730	25,305	32,430
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	690	320	370	600	255	350
38. Philosophy and religious studies	9,135	5,110	4,030	6,980	4,415	2,570
39. Theology and religious vocations	6,935	4,370	2,560	5,415	3,380	2,035
54. History	18,705	9,180	9,525	12,235	7,140	5,095
55. French language and literature/letters	4,585	600	3,980	20,555	5,640	14,915
Social and behavioural sciences and law	304,820	105,350	199,465	301,550	95,120	206,430
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	4,315	850	3,470	3,550	925	2,620
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	34,495	13,470	21,020	40,275	13,900	26,370
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	39,405	3,515	35,890	63,120	4,295	58,825
22. Legal professions and studies	54,925	20,115	34,810	53,620	18,830	34,790
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	4,850	1,185	3,660	6,840	1,420	5,420
42. Psychology	40,890	9,305	31,585	44,540	10,255	34,285
45. Social sciences	125,945	56,905	69,040	89,610	45,495	44,110
Business, management and public administration	524,355	231,890	292,465	706,400	248,920	457,480
30.16 Accounting and computer science	1,095	405	685	615	215	400
44. Public administration and social service professions	30,890	6,455	24,440	38,320	7,835	30,485
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	492,370	225,035	267,335	667,470	240,870	426,600
Physical and life sciences and technologies	96,435	43,745	52,695	92,480	49,390	43,090
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	40,650	15,625	25,025	40,895	16,635	24,260
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	24,030	10,235	13,800	12,450	7,435	5,015
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	1,920	625	1,295	4,175	2,385	1,785
40. Physical sciences	26,590	16,240	10,350	29,705	20,255	9,445
41. Science technologies/technicians	3,245	1,020	2,225	5,255	2,675	2,580
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	140,470	91,425	49,045	132,750	91,865	40,885
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	111,605	76,680	34,920	112,715	83,240	29,470
25. Library science	3,950	715	3,235	8,720	1,665	7,055
27. Mathematics and statistics	22,690	12,525	10,165	9,725	5,815	3,915
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	2,235	1,505	725	1,585	1,150	440
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	338,415	284,970	53,445	639,185	577,845	61,335
04. Architecture and related services	23,725	14,720	9,010	24,260	13,870	10,385
14. Engineering	163,350	127,605	35,750	126,835	103,165	23,665
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	54,630	48,775	5,860	116,595	103,710	12,885
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	95	20	75	50	15	30
46. Construction trades	38,265	37,375	895	134,865	130,350	4,510
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	39,680	38,605	1,070	139,935	135,155	4,780
48. Precision production	18,670	17,870	795	96,655	91,580	5,075
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	21,845	11,015	10,830	69,865	45,215	24,655
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	12,520	6,515	6,005	41,755	23,965	17,795
03. Natural resources and conservation	9,325	4,500	4,820	28,110	21,250	6,860
Health and related fields	239,960	58,120	181,845	368,600	72,245	296,355
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	18,145	9,295	8,850	22,660	11,635	11,030
51. Health professions and related programs	212,380	44,170	168,205	337,320	56,510	280,810
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	9,440	4,655	4,785	8,620	4,110	4,510
Personal, protective and transportation services	75,070	35,955	39,115	229,640	118,260	111,375
12. Personal and culinary services	47,120	14,595	32,530	129,245	32,830	96,410
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	260	225	40	225	200	25
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	220	210	15	875	795	80
43. Security and protective services	17,030	11,690	5,345	42,550	32,575	9,975
49. Transportation and materials moving	10,430	9,235	1,190	56,750	51,860	4,890
Other	250	75	170	890	300	595
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	250	75	170	890	300	595
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	4,485,725	2,151,895	2,333,830	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,240
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,878,585	909,340	969,245	2,750,045	1,349,775	1,400,270
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	2,607,145	1,242,560	1,364,585	3,884,235	1,910,265	1,973,970
Location of study inside Canada	1,736,445	819,555	916,895	3,509,610	1,716,730	1,792,880
Same as province or territory of residence	1,599,135	752,170	846,965	3,367,195	1,642,930	1,724,270
Different than province or territory of residence	137,320	67,390	69,930	142,415	73,800	68,610
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	870,690	423,000	447,690	374,620	193,530	181,090
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	78,865	43,540	35,330	28,320	16,915	11,410
Philippines	93,650	32,815	60,840	12,515	3,600	8,920
India	137,910	69,690	68,220	6,805	3,660	3,150
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	54,970	30,515	24,455	11,250	6,535	4,715
China^{Census data footnote 162}	77,375	36,630	40,745	17,155	7,755	9,395
France	6,540	3,550	2,985	69,665	39,885	29,780
Other	421,380	206,260	215,120	228,905	115,185	113,725
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	3,020,615	1,447,200	1,573,410	4,371,935	2,167,810	2,204,130
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	939,930	470,525	469,405	1,389,590	720,505	669,085
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	2,080,685	976,680	1,104,005	2,982,350	1,447,305	1,535,045
Location of study inside Canada	1,382,850	646,575	736,280	2,676,230	1,293,455	1,382,780
Same as province or territory of residence	1,273,355	592,550	680,800	2,567,605	1,238,320	1,329,280
Different than province or territory of residence	109,500	54,015	55,480	108,630	55,125	53,500
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	697,835	330,110	367,725	306,115	153,850	152,265
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	62,760	33,745	29,020	19,655	11,145	8,505
Philippines	79,090	27,270	51,820	10,545	2,935	7,610
India	118,455	58,170	60,290	4,865	2,465	2,400
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	34,420	18,765	15,660	7,390	4,245	3,145
China^{Census data footnote 162}	65,240	30,415	34,825	15,420	6,865	8,550
France	5,490	2,965	2,530	57,315	32,115	25,205
Other	332,375	158,785	173,590	190,930	94,085	96,850
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	4,485,725	2,151,895	2,333,830	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245
In the labour force	2,954,195	1,522,940	1,431,255	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765
Employed	2,720,530	1,407,640	1,312,890	3,949,325	2,037,105	1,912,220
Unemployed	233,665	115,300	118,365	306,170	177,630	128,540
Not in the labour force	1,531,530	628,960	902,575	2,378,780	1,045,300	1,333,480
Participation rate	65.9	70.8	61.3	64.1	67.9	60.5
Employment rate	60.6	65.4	56.3	59.5	62.5	56.7
Unemployment rate	7.9	7.6	8.3	7.2	8.0	6.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	4,485,725	2,151,895	2,333,830	6,634,280	3,260,035	3,374,240
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	1,487,830	612,205	875,630	2,228,315	967,660	1,260,655
Worked	2,997,895	1,539,690	1,458,200	4,405,965	2,292,375	2,113,585
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	1,532,845	848,305	684,545	2,084,020	1,145,805	938,215
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	1,465,045	691,385	773,660	2,321,945	1,146,575	1,175,375
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.5	43.1	41.8	42.5	42.7	42.3
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	2,954,195	1,522,940	1,431,255	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	85,760	39,655	46,105	101,485	51,640	49,850
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	2,868,435	1,483,280	1,385,155	4,154,015	2,163,095	1,990,915
Employee	2,505,850	1,246,505	1,259,345	3,664,920	1,863,740	1,801,185
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	362,585	236,780	125,805	489,090	299,355	189,730
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	2,954,195	1,522,940	1,431,255	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	85,760	39,655	46,105	101,490	51,640	49,850
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	2,868,435	1,483,285	1,385,155	4,154,010	2,163,095	1,990,915
0 Management occupations	337,265	203,770	133,495	418,450	263,585	154,875
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	530,385	190,720	339,665	677,390	210,525	466,865
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	251,395	191,580	59,810	286,270	222,375	63,895
3 Health occupations	160,610	39,320	121,285	295,765	57,160	238,610
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	327,425	100,020	227,405	502,945	147,145	355,795
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	119,645	59,275	60,370	135,730	64,370	71,365
6 Sales and service occupations	676,065	313,535	362,530	988,610	449,820	538,790
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	309,545	287,595	21,945	574,675	544,100	30,570
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	17,960	14,720	3,235	67,290	55,610	11,685
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	138,155	82,740	55,415	206,875	148,405	58,475
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	2,954,195	1,522,940	1,431,255	4,255,495	2,214,735	2,040,765
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	85,760	39,655	46,100	101,490	51,635	49,850
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	2,868,435	1,483,285	1,385,150	4,154,010	2,163,095	1,990,915
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	5,115	2,965	2,150	84,060	60,460	23,595
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	3,950	2,680	1,270	20,920	18,175	2,745
22 Utilities	13,965	9,465	4,500	28,410	20,650	7,755
23 Construction	163,810	142,960	20,845	254,055	223,770	30,285
31-33 Manufacturing	256,170	167,975	88,200	458,315	332,080	126,240
41 Wholesale trade	128,255	79,360	48,890	157,365	104,885	52,475
44-45 Retail trade	307,460	146,985	160,480	508,170	239,625	268,545
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	153,930	113,255	40,675	187,550	142,550	45,000
51 Information and cultural industries	100,825	58,430	42,395	100,775	59,705	41,070
52 Finance and insurance	233,060	112,580	120,480	165,140	66,175	98,965
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	76,725	41,670	35,055	61,380	36,505	24,875
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	317,960	179,905	138,055	288,715	161,030	127,685
55 Management of companies and enterprises	7,965	3,375	4,595	3,305	1,270	2,035
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	148,930	81,450	67,475	176,185	108,280	67,905
61 Educational services	208,170	65,400	142,770	306,575	96,170	210,405
62 Health care and social assistance	265,290	54,875	210,415	532,680	99,380	433,295
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	57,575	30,415	27,165	84,130	44,235	39,895
72 Accommodation and food services	189,685	87,920	101,765	278,500	123,235	155,265
81 Other services (except public administration)	123,585	50,940	72,645	193,700	89,455	104,245
91 Public administration	106,010	50,680	55,330	264,085	135,455	128,630
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	2,720,530	1,407,640	1,312,890	3,949,325	2,037,105	1,912,220
Worked at home	196,035	100,435	95,595	266,285	134,325	131,960
Worked outside Canada	18,685	12,660	6,020	10,600	7,580	3,020
No fixed workplace address	311,760	220,515	91,245	351,595	265,405	86,185
Worked at usual place	2,194,055	1,074,025	1,120,030	3,320,850	1,629,795	1,691,050
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	2,194,050	1,074,025	1,120,025	3,320,845	1,629,795	1,691,050
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	1,297,375	591,205	706,165	1,732,155	810,895	921,260
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	196,715	97,810	98,905	485,450	234,700	250,750
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	694,925	381,990	312,935	1,037,125	549,095	488,030
Commute to a different province or territory	5,045	3,020	2,020	66,125	35,110	31,015
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	2,505,815	1,294,540	1,211,270	3,672,445	1,895,200	1,777,240
Car, truck, van - as a driver	1,509,390	870,970	638,420	2,739,405	1,475,775	1,263,625
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	139,630	49,845	89,785	133,760	51,045	82,715
Public transit	656,330	276,110	380,220	503,285	217,465	285,820
Walked	136,810	61,315	75,500	205,350	93,595	111,760
Bicycle	38,460	24,280	14,175	54,625	36,470	18,155
Other method	25,195	12,020	13,170	36,010	20,845	15,170
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	2,505,810	1,294,545	1,211,270	3,672,440	1,895,200	1,777,240
Less than 15 minutes	341,440	156,775	184,665	1,035,455	493,225	542,235
15 to 29 minutes	732,785	374,395	358,390	1,200,455	617,010	583,445
30 to 44 minutes	668,925	362,510	306,415	777,955	425,640	352,310
45 to 59 minutes	335,205	176,620	158,595	343,540	184,440	159,100
60 minutes and over	427,450	224,240	203,210	315,035	174,875	140,160
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	2,505,810	1,294,545	1,211,270	3,672,440	1,895,205	1,777,240
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	134,680	94,940	39,735	256,150	192,835	63,315
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	369,285	220,720	148,565	675,585	420,120	255,465
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	635,210	308,240	326,975	1,133,510	527,925	605,580
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	604,620	281,310	323,310	714,935	296,300	418,630
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	379,095	181,970	197,125	349,845	148,715	201,125
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	382,920	207,360	175,555	542,425	309,295	233,125
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	3,108,065	1,593,200	1,514,860	4,529,770	2,352,115	2,177,655
Single responses	3,030,280	1,555,755	1,474,515	4,187,865	2,169,480	2,018,385
Official languages	2,939,720	1,507,770	1,431,945	4,153,710	2,152,290	2,001,420
English	2,928,795	1,504,810	1,423,990	541,720	294,935	246,780
French	10,920	2,965	7,955	3,611,990	1,857,350	1,754,640
Non-official languages	90,555	47,985	42,570	34,160	17,190	16,970
Aboriginal languages	10	10	0	12,670	6,180	6,490
Algonquian languages	10	0	0	8,350	4,095	4,260
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	10	0	0	8,285	4,060	4,220
Atikamekw	0	0	0	1,100	580	515
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	1,800	840	960
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	210	105	100
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	35	20	15
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Woods Cree	10	0	0	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	5,145	2,515	2,630
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	30	20	10
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	25	20	10
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	45	15	25
Algonquin	0	0	0	45	20	30
Ojibway	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	0	0	0	4,305	2,080	2,220
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	4,290	2,075	2,215
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	15	0	15
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0	10	0	15
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	10
Non-Aboriginal languages	90,550	47,985	42,570	21,490	11,005	10,480
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,790	1,015	770	1,895	1,125	775
Berber languages	0	0	0	35	10	30
Kabyle	0	0	0	15	0	20
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	0	10
Cushitic languages	100	45	55	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oromo	20	10	0	0	0	0
Somali	85	35	50	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,680	970	710	1,860	1,110	745
Amharic	55	20	35	0	0	0
Arabic	1,115	725	385	1,715	1,045	665
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	100	75	30	10	0	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	335	100	240	140	70	70
Maltese	20	15	10	0	0	0
Tigrigna	45	25	15	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	10	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,770	735	1,030	1,725	850	870
Khmer (Cambodian)	45	25	20	315	140	175
Vietnamese	1,720	715	1,010	1,410	710	695
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,055	395	660	135	65	70
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	25	0	15	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	0	10	0	0	0
Ilocano	35	20	15	10	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	35	20	20	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	10	0	0	10
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	935	345	590	115	50	60
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0	0	0
Creole languages	25	25	0	275	90	190
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	10	0	10
Creole, n.o.s.	20	15	10	265	90	175
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	0
Dravidian languages	1,805	870	935	150	75	75
Kannada	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malayalam	45	25	25	0	0	0
Tamil	1,735	840	890	145	75	70
Telugu	25	0	20	0	0	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	10	0	10
Indo-European languages	26,205	14,420	11,790	10,165	5,255	4,910
Albanian	210	125	90	30	20	10
Armenian	130	70	65	275	130	145
Balto-Slavic languages	5,180	2,515	2,665	1,130	500	635
Baltic languages	55	20	35	15	0	10
Latvian	0	10	10	15	10	10
Lithuanian	45	20	30	0	10	0
Slavic languages	5,130	2,500	2,635	1,115	495	625
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	40	30	10	10	0	0
Bulgarian	110	75	40	55	20	30
Croatian	80	60	25	10	0	10
Czech	15	10	0	10	0	10
Macedonian	80	30	40	0	0	0
Polish	1,440	770	670	170	65	105
Russian	2,445	1,070	1,375	735	340	395
Serbian	165	105	55	10	15	0
Serbo-Croatian	15	15	0	10	10	0
Slovak	50	30	15	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	0	0	0	0	0
Ukrainian	680	290	390	110	35	75
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	0	0	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Germanic languages	355	140	220	1,285	575	715
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0	0	0
Danish	20	10	10	15	10	0
Dutch	60	40	20	25	10	15
Frisian	0	0	0	0	0	0
German	220	65	150	370	170	195
Icelandic	10	0	0	0	0	0
Norwegian	10	10	10	0	0	0
Swedish	20	10	15	15	10	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	10	0	0	0	0
Yiddish	15	10	15	860	375	485
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Greek	340	185	150	525	260	270
Indo-Iranian languages	10,565	5,875	4,690	1,385	780	600
Indo-Aryan languages	8,150	4,360	3,790	680	390	295
Bengali	295	145	155	110	70	35
Gujarati	585	200	385	20	0	10
Hindi	710	340	370	35	20	15
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	10	10	0	0	0	0
Marathi	30	15	15	0	0	0
Nepali	55	20	35	20	0	10
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,490	3,150	2,340	415	225	190
Sindhi	20	10	10	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	25	15	10	0	0	0
Urdu	935	465	470	85	50	35
Iranian languages	2,415	1,515	895	700	395	305
Kurdish	85	70	10	15	0	15
Pashto	15	10	0	10	0	15
Persian (Farsi)	2,320	1,440	880	675	385	285
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	9,410	5,505	3,910	5,525	2,990	2,540
Catalan	10	10	0	15	0	15
Italian	720	390	335	590	315	275
Portuguese	4,910	3,240	1,670	635	365	270
Romanian	220	95	125	320	140	175
Spanish	3,545	1,775	1,775	3,975	2,165	1,810
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	10	0	0
Japanese	765	250	520	235	80	150
Kartvelian languages	10	10	10	10	0	10
Georgian	10	10	0	10	0	0
Korean	4,205	2,125	2,080	300	150	150
Mongolic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	70	35	35	45	25	20
Akan (Twi)	20	0	15	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0	10	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	10	0	0	0	0	0
Ganda	20	15	10	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0	10	0
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	10	0	0	25	20	0
Wolof	10	10	0	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	0	10	10	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0	0	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	295	120	180	205	60	140
American Sign Language	195	50	140	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	125	20	110
Sign languages, n.i.e	105	65	40	70	45	30
Sino-Tibetan languages	51,785	27,560	24,220	6,070	3,125	2,945
Chinese languages	51,735	27,535	24,205	6,075	3,130	2,950
Cantonese	24,825	12,930	11,890	2,655	1,325	1,330
Hakka	35	10	30	0	0	0
Mandarin	25,715	14,005	11,710	3,100	1,630	1,465
Min Dong	30	20	10	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	220	145	75	70	40	30
Wu (Shanghainese)	25	20	0	15	10	10
Chinese, n.o.s.	890	405	480	235	130	110
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	50	30	25	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	10	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibetan	45	30	15	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	70	30	40	110	40	75
Lao	10	0	0	55	25	30
Thai	60	30	35	55	10	40
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	405	275	130	110	60	50
Azerbaijani	15	10	10	0	0	0
Turkish	385	260	125	110	55	55
Uyghur	0	10	0	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	290	130	160	40	10	40
Estonian	50	10	35	10	0	0
Finnish	35	10	30	0	0	0
Hungarian	205	115	95	35	0	35
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	10	0	10
Multiple responses	77,785	37,445	40,340	341,900	182,635	159,265
English and French	15,535	6,000	9,535	315,620	169,365	146,255
English and non-official language	61,045	30,905	30,145	6,545	3,655	2,890
French and non-official language	75	45	35	7,525	3,460	4,065
English, French and non-official language	1,130	495	635	12,205	6,160	6,055
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	3,108,060	1,593,200	1,514,865	4,529,770	2,352,110	2,177,655
None	2,853,615	1,465,535	1,388,080	3,107,035	1,588,345	1,518,690
English	42,865	20,790	22,075	1,031,380	555,940	475,440
French	44,295	19,000	25,295	317,490	169,785	147,705
Non-official language	162,965	85,830	77,140	49,850	25,900	23,950
Aboriginal	125	30	90	4,985	2,285	2,705
Non-Aboriginal	162,840	85,790	77,050	44,865	23,620	21,245
English and French	85	40	45	2,185	1,040	1,140
English and non-official language	1,165	560	600	14,910	7,255	7,655
French and non-official language	3,050	1,430	1,620	6,855	3,795	3,055
English, French and non-official language	20	20	0	65	50	20
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	5,316,405	2,578,540	2,737,865	7,880,315	3,897,740	3,982,575
Non-movers	4,638,795	2,245,210	2,393,580	6,965,520	3,447,320	3,518,195
Movers	677,605	333,320	344,285	914,800	450,420	464,380
Non-migrants	411,950	201,845	210,100	547,410	269,850	277,560
Migrants	265,660	131,475	134,185	367,385	180,565	186,820
Internal migrants	163,550	80,665	82,885	305,465	149,335	156,135
Intraprovincial migrants	138,890	68,355	70,540	284,280	137,945	146,330
Interprovincial migrants	24,655	12,315	12,340	21,190	11,385	9,805
External migrants	102,110	50,810	51,300	61,920	31,235	30,685
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	5,092,400	2,463,705	2,628,690	7,520,960	3,714,155	3,806,805
Non-movers	3,128,180	1,505,965	1,622,210	4,825,870	2,388,805	2,437,065
Movers	1,964,220	957,740	1,006,480	2,695,090	1,325,345	1,369,740
Non-migrants	1,108,880	539,010	569,865	1,507,665	741,220	766,440
Migrants	855,345	418,730	436,615	1,187,425	584,125	603,295
Internal migrants	475,275	232,345	242,925	949,170	464,830	484,340
Intraprovincial migrants	411,920	201,625	210,295	893,800	436,525	457,270
Interprovincial migrants	63,350	30,720	32,630	55,370	28,300	27,070
External migrants	380,070	186,385	193,685	238,250	119,295	118,960

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

^r

revised. The 2011 count for this area has been revised.

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

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Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 29 referrer

Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 32 referrer

Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 34 referrer

Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 35 referrer

Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 36 referrer

Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 37 referrer

Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 38 referrer

Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 39 referrer

Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 40 referrer

Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

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Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 42 referrer

Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

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Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

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Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

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Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. Toronto [Population centre], Ontario and Quebec [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 26, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Toronto [Population centre], Ontario and Quebec [Province]

Census Profile, 2016 Census Toronto [Population centre], Ontario and Quebec [Province]

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Toronto [Population centre], Ontario and Quebec [Province]