Census Profile, 2016 Census
Toronto [Population centre], Ontario and Alberta [Province]

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	Toronto Ontario [Population centre]			Alberta [Province]
	Data quality , Toronto [Population centre], Ontario Map : Toronto [Population centre], Ontario Change geography 1			Data quality : Alberta [Province] Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	5,429,524	...	...	4,067,175	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	5,144,412 ^r	...	...	3,645,257	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	5.5	...	...	11.6	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	2,059,207	...	...	1,654,129	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	1,967,380	...	...	1,527,678	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	3,028.2	...	...	6.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	1,792.99	...	...	640,330.46	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	5,429,540	2,630,030	2,799,510	4,067,175	2,039,410	2,027,765
0 to 14 years	886,880	455,160	431,725	779,155	399,570	379,580
0 to 4 years	279,435	143,100	136,330	266,515	136,520	129,995
5 to 9 years	303,845	155,985	147,855	270,715	138,990	131,725
10 to 14 years	303,605	156,065	147,540	241,920	124,060	117,860
15 to 64 years	3,752,140	1,824,300	1,927,840	2,787,805	1,408,150	1,379,655
15 to 19 years	333,875	171,965	161,915	240,035	123,625	116,410
20 to 24 years	383,245	195,315	187,930	261,830	133,990	127,840
25 to 29 years	398,310	196,715	201,595	310,940	156,715	154,225
30 to 34 years	388,955	187,000	201,955	333,175	167,555	165,620
35 to 39 years	371,100	174,030	197,075	305,505	153,655	151,850
40 to 44 years	377,095	177,105	199,985	281,205	142,545	138,660
45 to 49 years	401,610	191,170	210,440	269,030	135,855	133,180
50 to 54 years	419,655	204,850	214,810	284,310	142,205	142,100
55 to 59 years	372,655	180,855	191,795	275,540	138,565	136,970
60 to 64 years	305,640	145,295	160,345	226,230	113,440	112,790
65 years and over	790,515	350,565	439,945	500,215	231,690	268,530
65 to 69 years	257,495	121,000	136,495	173,680	85,500	88,180
70 to 74 years	180,655	83,640	97,015	117,035	56,430	60,610
75 to 79 years	140,090	62,395	77,705	83,955	39,105	44,845
80 to 84 years	104,975	45,295	59,685	62,165	27,590	34,575
85 years and over	107,290	38,240	69,050	63,385	23,065	40,320
85 to 89 years	67,280	26,150	41,130	39,965	16,050	23,915
90 to 94 years	31,290	9,890	21,400	18,025	5,755	12,275
95 to 99 years	7,520	1,985	5,540	4,735	1,145	3,595
100 years and over	1,195	220	980	650	115	535
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.3	17.3	15.4	19.2	19.6	18.7
15 to 64 years	69.1	69.4	68.9	68.5	69.0	68.0
65 years and over	14.6	13.3	15.7	12.3	11.4	13.2
85 years and over	2.0	1.5	2.5	1.6	1.1	2.0
Average age of the population	39.8	38.7	40.7	37.8	37.2	38.4
Median age of the population	39.4	38.1	40.4	36.7	36.2	37.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	1,967,380	...	...	1,527,675	...	...
Single-detached house	721,585	...	...	946,225	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	622,945	...	...	62,395	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	622,360	...	...	471,090	...	...
Semi-detached house	148,745	...	...	86,765	...	...
Row house	178,590	...	...	116,625	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	85,880	...	...	43,090	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	205,820	...	...	223,360	...	...
Other single-attached house	3,320	...	...	1,245	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	495	...	...	47,970	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	1,967,380	...	...	1,527,675	...	...
1 person	492,315	...	...	366,080	...	...
2 persons	547,370	...	...	524,415	...	...
3 persons	343,060	...	...	245,075	...	...
4 persons	340,325	...	...	233,770	...	...
5 or more persons	244,310	...	...	158,335	...	...
Number of persons in private households	5,370,520	...	...	3,978,145	...	...
Average household size	2.7	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	4,542,655	2,174,870	2,367,785	3,288,020	1,639,835	1,648,185
Married or living common law	2,503,410	1,251,495	1,251,915	1,969,300	988,410	980,895
Married	2,243,340	1,119,090	1,124,250	1,648,945	828,155	820,790
Living common law	260,075	132,405	127,665	320,350	160,250	160,100
Not married and not living common law	2,039,245	923,375	1,115,870	1,318,720	651,430	667,290
Never married	1,439,665	744,990	694,675	905,700	505,310	400,390
Separated	119,725	46,900	72,830	76,150	34,000	42,150
Divorced	253,000	90,060	162,945	195,850	82,040	113,815
Widowed	226,850	41,430	185,420	141,020	30,080	110,940
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	1,481,755	...	...	1,114,585	...	...
2 persons	623,865	...	...	540,850	...	...
3 persons	365,285	...	...	235,245	...	...
4 persons	353,935	...	...	227,165	...	...
5 or more persons	138,675	...	...	111,330	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	1,481,755	...	...	1,114,585	...	...
Total couple families	1,208,530	...	...	953,325	...	...
Married couples	1,078,590	...	...	793,195	...	...
Common-law couples	129,945	...	...	160,130	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	273,230	...	...	161,260	...	...
Female parent	227,295	...	...	123,490	...	...
Male parent	45,930	...	...	37,770	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	1,208,530	...	...	953,325	...	...
Couples without children	461,640	...	...	443,665	...	...
Couples with children	746,890	...	...	509,655	...	...
1 child	286,260	...	...	190,010	...	...
2 children	330,465	...	...	213,910	...	...
3 or more children	130,170	...	...	105,735	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	273,225	...	...	161,260	...	...
1 child	162,225	...	...	97,180	...	...
2 children	79,025	...	...	45,235	...	...
3 or more children	31,980	...	...	18,845	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	875,705	394,065	481,640	678,535	356,875	321,655
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	1,967,380	...	...	1,527,675	...	...
One-census-family households	1,299,140	...	...	1,039,985	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	391,905	...	...	414,570	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	907,235	...	...	625,415	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	87,660	...	...	36,120	...	...
Non-census-family households	580,575	...	...	451,570	...	...
One-person households	492,310	...	...	366,080	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	88,265	...	...	85,490	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	5,389,435	2,613,915	2,775,520	4,026,650	2,020,510	2,006,140
English only	4,700,275	2,324,460	2,375,810	3,698,765	1,869,670	1,829,095
French only	4,635	1,940	2,695	3,895	1,725	2,165
English and French	431,595	187,195	244,400	264,720	124,400	140,315
Neither English nor French	252,930	100,320	152,610	59,280	24,715	34,565
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	5,389,435	2,613,915	2,775,520	4,026,650	2,020,510	2,006,140
English	5,023,255	2,461,895	2,561,360	3,880,685	1,950,980	1,929,705
French	66,870	30,880	35,990	71,535	37,205	34,330
English and French	49,885	22,535	27,355	16,605	8,350	8,255
Neither English nor French	249,425	98,610	150,810	57,830	23,970	33,860
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	91,815	42,145	49,670	79,840	41,380	38,455
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	1.7	1.6	1.8	2.0	2.0	1.9
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	5,389,435	2,613,915	2,775,520	4,026,650	2,020,510	2,006,140
Single responses	5,163,885	2,504,960	2,658,915	3,934,580	1,975,615	1,958,970
Official languages	2,749,615	1,362,280	1,387,335	3,063,640	1,552,475	1,511,165
English	2,690,050	1,334,640	1,355,410	2,991,485	1,515,025	1,476,460
French	59,565	27,640	31,930	72,150	37,450	34,705
Non-official languages	2,414,265	1,142,680	1,271,580	870,940	423,140	447,805
Aboriginal languages	530	235	295	23,835	11,290	12,550
Algonquian languages	365	160	200	18,295	8,665	9,630
Blackfoot	10	5	0	2,750	1,305	1,445
Cree-Montagnais languages	100	35	65	14,960	7,105	7,850
Atikamekw	5	0	0	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	0	5	0
Moose Cree	10	5	5	10	0	5
Naskapi	5	0	5	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	5	0	0	50	15	35
Plains Cree	5	0	5	720	280	435
Southern East Cree	0	0	5	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	25	5	15	50	20	35
Woods Cree	5	5	0	910	430	480
Cree, n.o.s.	50	15	35	13,220	6,355	6,865
Eastern Algonquian languages	30	10	15	30	15	15
Malecite	0	0	0	0	5	0
Mi'kmaq	25	10	15	35	20	15
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	225	105	120	550	235	315
Algonquin	5	0	5	5	0	5
Ojibway	195	95	100	525	230	300
Oji-Cree	10	5	5	15	5	15
Ottawa (Odawa)	10	0	10	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0	0	5
Athabaskan languages	25	10	15	1,865	865	1,000
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	5	10	1,855	860	990
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	35	15	15
Carrier	5	5	0	15	0	15
Chilcotin	0	0	0	5	0	0
Dene	5	5	0	1,470	710	760
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	5	0	40	10	30
Gwich'in	0	0	0	15	5	10
Sarsi (Sarcee)	10	5	0	70	20	45
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	200	90	115
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	10	5	10
South Slavey	0	0	0	155	70	80
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	35	15	25
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	5	0	5
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	5	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	10	0	10
Haida	5	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	35	15	25	120	35	85
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	25	5	10
Inuktitut	30	15	20	60	20	45
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	35	10	30
Iroquoian languages	20	5	15	10	10	5
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	15	5	10	5	5	5
Oneida	0	0	0	0	5	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	5
Kutenai	0	0	0	5	0	0
Michif	5	0	5	80	45	35
Salish languages	0	5	0	15	5	10
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	5	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	5	5
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	5	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	5	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	5
Siouan languages	0	5	0	3,370	1,630	1,745
Dakota	0	0	0	350	165	185
Stoney	0	0	0	3,020	1,460	1,555
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	5	0	0
Tsimshian languages	5	0	0	15	5	5
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	10	5	5
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	5	5	5
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	5	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	5
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	5	0	0	5	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	75	40	40	55	30	25
Non-Aboriginal languages	2,413,740	1,142,445	1,271,290	847,105	411,850	435,255
Afro-Asiatic languages	134,720	67,180	67,540	68,415	36,215	32,200
Berber languages	210	120	85	340	190	145
Kabyle	100	50	45	165	90	75
Berber languages, n.i.e.	110	70	40	175	100	75
Cushitic languages	14,355	6,170	8,185	12,525	6,495	6,030
Bilen	75	45	35	315	185	130
Oromo	1,000	490	515	2,650	1,375	1,275
Somali	13,210	5,605	7,610	9,520	4,915	4,605
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25	40	20	20
Semitic languages	119,800	60,705	59,100	55,425	29,450	25,980
Amharic	7,410	3,350	4,060	7,320	3,605	3,720
Arabic	81,030	41,680	39,345	40,540	21,840	18,705
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	9,715	4,745	4,970	400	210	190
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	1,760	880	875	145	80	65
Harari	925	440	485	260	135	120
Hebrew	10,220	5,460	4,760	960	505	460
Maltese	3,225	1,585	1,640	75	30	40
Tigrigna	4,690	2,145	2,545	5,415	2,880	2,535
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	835	415	415	305	155	145
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	355	185	170	130	80	50
Austro-Asiatic languages	49,620	22,650	26,970	25,295	11,760	13,535
Khmer (Cambodian)	2,850	1,285	1,570	1,925	910	1,010
Vietnamese	46,705	21,345	25,365	23,350	10,840	12,505
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	60	25	40	25	10	15
Austronesian languages	156,930	62,290	94,640	115,405	50,190	65,210
Bikol	455	200	255	425	205	225
Cebuano	4,960	1,980	2,980	5,135	2,155	2,980
Fijian	55	25	25	125	75	50
Hiligaynon	2,260	865	1,390	1,500	640	855
Ilocano	9,290	3,630	5,660	5,350	2,310	3,040
Malagasy	25	10	15	35	10	25
Malay	4,235	1,910	2,325	1,460	615	845
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,245	560	685	765	370	390
Pangasinan	455	185	270	290	115	175
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	132,655	52,415	80,230	99,035	43,120	55,920
Waray-Waray	310	100	205	305	145	160
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	995	400	595	980	430	550
Creole languages	5,370	2,505	2,870	1,895	990	910
Haitian Creole	200	95	105	95	45	50
Creole, n.o.s.	3,300	1,555	1,750	1,175	640	540
Creole languages, n.i.e.	1,870	850	1,015	625	305	325
Dravidian languages	128,815	63,390	65,420	13,490	7,075	6,415
Kannada	1,955	980	975	535	270	265
Malayalam	12,100	6,220	5,880	6,345	3,285	3,060
Tamil	105,815	51,355	54,455	4,430	2,360	2,070
Telugu	8,680	4,710	3,970	2,130	1,135	995
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	265	125	135	50	25	25
Hmong-Mien languages	25	10	15	105	55	45
Indo-European languages	1,297,780	627,740	670,040	442,685	220,330	222,355
Albanian	12,905	6,435	6,470	2,345	1,270	1,075
Armenian	12,190	5,880	6,310	500	250	245
Balto-Slavic languages	247,160	113,045	134,115	80,330	37,750	42,580
Baltic languages	5,180	2,060	3,120	1,010	475	535
Latvian	2,130	855	1,280	415	195	220
Lithuanian	3,045	1,210	1,840	600	285	315
Slavic languages	241,985	110,985	131,000	79,325	37,275	42,050
Belarusan	350	165	185	65	30	30
Bosnian	2,655	1,285	1,365	1,835	915	920
Bulgarian	6,735	3,245	3,490	1,545	790	755
Croatian	14,560	6,925	7,640	4,655	2,340	2,320
Czech	4,455	2,075	2,380	3,000	1,430	1,575
Macedonian	11,265	5,345	5,920	360	185	175
Polish	64,390	29,060	35,330	20,130	9,425	10,705
Russian	80,190	36,365	43,825	17,810	8,150	9,665
Serbian	20,780	10,105	10,675	4,020	2,035	1,985
Serbo-Croatian	2,355	1,100	1,255	970	480	485
Slovak	4,910	2,285	2,625	2,185	1,070	1,115
Slovene (Slovenian)	3,385	1,465	1,915	695	320	370
Ukrainian	25,480	11,325	14,155	21,835	9,985	11,850
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	465	240	230	215	120	100
Celtic languages	410	190	220	370	200	170
Scottish Gaelic	150	65	80	135	70	65
Welsh	125	50	75	175	85	80
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	135	70	60	65	40	25
Germanic languages	39,530	17,780	21,745	104,260	51,525	52,735
Afrikaans	885	430	455	3,010	1,475	1,535
Danish	1,270	565	705	2,380	1,245	1,135
Dutch	6,765	3,165	3,600	16,135	8,095	8,045
Frisian	100	45	55	360	200	160
German	25,400	11,270	14,130	80,050	39,435	40,615
Icelandic	85	40	40	115	55	60
Norwegian	345	155	190	815	370	445
Swedish	1,045	445	595	875	405	470
Vlaams (Flemish)	250	90	155	320	150	170
Yiddish	3,335	1,545	1,795	140	70	70
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	55	30	25
Greek	39,575	19,195	20,380	3,130	1,655	1,475
Indo-Iranian languages	567,140	285,560	281,580	166,805	85,250	81,560
Indo-Aryan languages	456,675	230,085	226,585	145,900	74,320	71,580
Bengali	37,850	19,030	18,815	7,000	3,630	3,370
Gujarati	62,495	31,320	31,175	13,140	6,785	6,355
Hindi	46,605	23,420	23,190	17,055	8,675	8,385
Kashmiri	260	135	125	105	60	50
Konkani	2,105	995	1,110	370	190	185
Marathi	4,350	2,215	2,140	1,510	775	730
Nepali	4,605	2,315	2,290	5,175	2,690	2,490
Oriya (Odia)	570	310	265	190	100	90
Punjabi (Panjabi)	165,565	84,145	81,415	68,695	34,935	33,760
Sindhi	5,585	2,605	2,980	2,770	1,300	1,475
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	7,580	3,660	3,920	2,590	1,320	1,265
Urdu	119,105	59,940	59,165	27,295	13,865	13,430
Iranian languages	108,615	54,495	54,125	19,600	10,235	9,365
Kurdish	2,710	1,515	1,195	1,550	845	705
Pashto	7,425	3,820	3,605	2,560	1,320	1,235
Persian (Farsi)	98,475	49,155	49,325	15,490	8,070	7,425
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	1,850	980	865	1,310	695	615
Italic (Romance) languages	378,865	179,655	199,210	84,940	42,425	42,515
Catalan	160	85	75	75	30	45
Italian	137,515	65,390	72,125	11,375	5,760	5,615
Portuguese	97,295	46,505	50,790	9,050	4,380	4,670
Romanian	23,740	11,070	12,670	8,035	4,080	3,955
Spanish	119,935	56,500	63,440	56,370	28,160	28,205
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	220	100	120	35	20	15
Japanese	9,440	3,285	6,150	4,875	1,715	3,160
Kartvelian languages	1,100	590	510	230	130	105
Georgian	1,100	590	510	230	130	100
Korean	53,940	24,750	29,190	17,920	8,485	9,435
Mongolic languages	345	160	190	545	255	290
Mongolian	345	155	190	540	255	290
Niger-Congo languages	23,670	11,085	12,580	15,360	7,870	7,495
Akan (Twi)	8,365	3,850	4,515	1,755	915	835
Bamanankan	55	25	30	35	20	15
Edo	1,015	410	605	275	155	120
Ewe	360	180	180	245	145	100
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	220	115	105	230	120	100
Ga	430	195	235	145	80	65
Ganda	500	240	265	280	145	135
Igbo	1,495	765	735	1,165	625	540
Lingala	375	175	195	270	130	140
Rundi (Kirundi)	350	165	185	605	305	295
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	375	165	205	805	405	400
Shona	655	305	340	1,100	545	555
Swahili	3,160	1,475	1,690	2,380	1,160	1,215
Wolof	160	85	75	280	165	110
Yoruba	3,265	1,650	1,610	2,435	1,305	1,125
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,885	1,285	1,600	3,370	1,640	1,735
Nilo-Saharan languages	340	185	155	2,720	1,395	1,330
Dinka	45	25	15	1,345	705	640
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	295	160	135	1,375	685	690
Sign languages	1,060	585	485	830	440	390
American Sign Language	360	195	165	335	165	165
Quebec Sign Language	5	0	5	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	700	385	315	495	275	225
Sino-Tibetan languages	507,190	235,560	271,630	122,450	57,740	64,705
Chinese languages	500,745	232,420	268,320	120,375	56,675	63,700
Cantonese	242,915	112,790	130,125	59,145	27,755	31,385
Hakka	6,385	2,865	3,525	990	465	530
Mandarin	223,015	103,800	119,215	50,660	23,940	26,720
Min Dong	760	365	395	115	50	65
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	11,360	5,250	6,115	3,060	1,375	1,695
Wu (Shanghainese)	5,220	2,345	2,875	630	305	330
Chinese, n.o.s.	10,895	4,915	5,980	5,725	2,770	2,955
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	190	95	95	40	15	25
Tibeto-Burman languages	6,445	3,140	3,305	2,075	1,065	1,005
Burmese	995	445	550	430	230	200
Karenic languages	270	130	140	795	415	380
Tibetan	4,855	2,395	2,460	575	295	275
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	330	170	160	275	130	140
Tai-Kadai languages	3,660	1,495	2,175	2,670	955	1,710
Lao	2,090	1,010	1,075	1,020	485	535
Thai	1,555	475	1,080	1,630	465	1,165
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	20	5	15	20	10	15
Turkic languages	16,295	8,475	7,810	4,050	2,250	1,800
Azerbaijani	1,590	855	740	365	215	155
Turkish	13,345	6,965	6,375	3,140	1,760	1,375
Uyghur	370	185	190	130	70	60
Uzbek	580	295	290	205	115	90
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	400	180	220	215	95	120
Uralic languages	22,500	10,030	12,465	7,470	3,600	3,870
Estonian	2,505	1,025	1,485	190	90	105
Finnish	2,135	845	1,290	810	330	480
Hungarian	17,855	8,160	9,690	6,470	3,185	3,285
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	935	480	455	690	415	280
Multiple responses	225,555	108,955	116,600	92,070	44,900	47,175
English and French	13,775	6,385	7,395	10,230	4,950	5,280
English and non-official language	199,835	97,180	102,650	77,520	37,815	39,705
French and non-official language	5,810	2,620	3,185	2,685	1,375	1,305
English, French and non-official language	6,135	2,770	3,370	1,640	760	880
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	5,389,430	2,613,915	2,775,520	4,026,655	2,020,510	2,006,145
Single responses	4,852,000	2,355,300	2,496,695	3,837,615	1,928,230	1,909,385
Official languages	3,440,400	1,687,780	1,752,620	3,354,885	1,690,490	1,664,395
English	3,412,630	1,674,945	1,737,680	3,327,255	1,676,360	1,650,895
French	27,770	12,830	14,940	27,630	14,130	13,500
Non-official languages	1,411,600	667,525	744,070	482,725	237,740	244,990
Aboriginal languages	155	75	75	9,970	4,940	5,020
Algonquian languages	75	40	35	7,175	3,575	3,605
Blackfoot	0	0	0	1,110	555	555
Cree-Montagnais languages	25	15	10	5,875	2,925	2,945
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	5	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	20	10	10
Plains Cree	0	0	0	125	60	60
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	5	0	5
Woods Cree	0	0	0	600	300	295
Cree, n.o.s.	15	5	10	5,120	2,540	2,575
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	0	5	5	5
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	5	0	5	5	5	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	45	20	20	190	95	95
Algonquin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway	35	20	15	185	90	95
Oji-Cree	5	0	5	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	5	0	5	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	15	10	10	620	320	300
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	10	10	620	325	300
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	10	5	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	5	0	5	540	280	260
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	5	0	0
Gwich'in	5	5	0	5	0	5
Sarsi (Sarcee)	5	5	5	5	5	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	60	35	30
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	55	30	25
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	5	5	5
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	10	5	5	10	0	10
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	5	0	0
Inuktitut	10	10	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	5
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	5	0	0	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	5
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	10	5	5
Salish languages	0	0	5	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	2,125	1,025	1,095
Dakota	0	0	0	175	85	85
Stoney	0	0	0	1,945	935	1,010
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	50	25	25	25	15	10
Non-Aboriginal languages	1,411,445	667,445	743,995	472,760	232,800	239,965
Afro-Asiatic languages	71,690	34,320	37,370	43,770	22,535	21,235
Berber languages	60	30	25	200	105	95
Kabyle	30	15	15	90	45	40
Berber languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15	105	60	45
Cushitic languages	8,365	3,525	4,840	9,220	4,750	4,470
Bilen	40	20	25	280	160	115
Oromo	545	255	295	2,075	1,060	1,015
Somali	7,750	3,240	4,510	6,850	3,520	3,325
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	15	5	10
Semitic languages	63,080	30,675	32,405	34,310	17,660	16,655
Amharic	3,805	1,675	2,130	4,915	2,390	2,530
Arabic	43,100	21,220	21,885	24,230	12,555	11,675
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	6,540	3,140	3,405	260	130	130
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	1,055	520	535	95	50	40
Harari	515	240	280	165	80	85
Hebrew	4,320	2,220	2,100	460	235	225
Maltese	835	380	455	15	10	10
Tigrigna	2,465	1,080	1,385	3,955	2,095	1,860
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	430	205	230	210	110	100
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	185	85	95	45	20	20
Austro-Asiatic languages	32,635	14,890	17,745	16,355	7,635	8,715
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,555	675	880	960	460	500
Vietnamese	31,045	14,200	16,840	15,380	7,175	8,205
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	35	15	20	15	0	10
Austronesian languages	71,195	30,350	40,850	60,860	28,765	32,100
Bikol	80	35	45	70	40	35
Cebuano	1,850	800	1,055	2,110	1,015	1,090
Fijian	10	5	5	45	25	20
Hiligaynon	755	325	435	470	215	255
Ilocano	3,400	1,455	1,940	1,975	935	1,035
Malagasy	10	5	10	20	10	10
Malay	1,380	670	715	405	205	195
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	385	175	210	220	110	110
Pangasinan	80	35	40	45	20	30
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	62,885	26,685	36,200	55,105	26,005	29,100
Waray-Waray	75	30	45	125	60	60
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	280	130	150	280	120	155
Creole languages	2,790	1,290	1,505	970	495	475
Haitian Creole	120	55	65	50	25	25
Creole, n.o.s.	1,915	885	1,030	655	345	310
Creole languages, n.i.e.	760	350	410	270	125	140
Dravidian languages	85,480	41,250	44,230	8,460	4,335	4,125
Kannada	805	405	400	210	105	105
Malayalam	6,220	3,175	3,045	4,060	2,070	1,990
Tamil	73,640	35,095	38,550	2,915	1,515	1,395
Telugu	4,720	2,535	2,185	1,245	635	615
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	95	40	55	30	10	15
Hmong-Mien languages	5	5	5	70	35	35
Indo-European languages	695,550	333,855	361,695	230,270	115,280	114,995
Albanian	6,225	3,115	3,110	1,060	570	485
Armenian	7,350	3,475	3,875	215	115	105
Balto-Slavic languages	129,425	60,445	68,980	30,220	14,820	15,400
Baltic languages	1,600	660	935	410	210	200
Latvian	575	235	340	165	85	80
Lithuanian	1,025	430	595	250	125	120
Slavic languages	127,825	59,780	68,045	29,815	14,610	15,205
Belarusan	125	60	60	15	10	5
Bosnian	1,300	630	675	785	400	385
Bulgarian	3,775	1,840	1,935	825	415	405
Croatian	5,360	2,565	2,800	1,800	905	895
Czech	1,345	650	695	875	440	430
Macedonian	4,745	2,250	2,495	175	90	85
Polish	31,135	14,470	16,660	7,705	3,675	4,030
Russian	51,855	24,065	27,785	10,145	4,965	5,175
Serbian	11,975	5,800	6,175	2,100	1,045	1,055
Serbo-Croatian	915	430	490	315	160	155
Slovak	2,185	1,065	1,120	710	345	365
Slovene (Slovenian)	825	355	475	150	70	75
Ukrainian	12,150	5,545	6,605	4,180	2,060	2,110
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	130	55	75	55	30	25
Celtic languages	60	30	25	40	25	15
Scottish Gaelic	25	10	10	15	15	5
Welsh	10	10	5	15	5	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	10	5	0
Germanic languages	4,725	2,150	2,580	40,915	20,280	20,625
Afrikaans	250	110	135	1,705	835	875
Danish	120	50	65	150	75	75
Dutch	550	255	295	1,980	985	1,000
Frisian	5	0	5	60	30	30
German	3,145	1,410	1,735	36,295	18,010	18,290
Icelandic	20	5	15	30	15	15
Norwegian	40	15	20	60	20	35
Swedish	215	100	115	145	65	80
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	15	10	60	30	25
Yiddish	350	175	175	15	5	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	425	215	210
Greek	16,600	7,760	8,845	1,015	490	525
Indo-Iranian languages	355,150	175,850	179,300	111,975	56,535	55,445
Indo-Aryan languages	282,005	140,240	141,765	98,610	49,790	48,815
Bengali	24,325	12,005	12,325	4,530	2,300	2,225
Gujarati	37,390	18,335	19,060	8,025	4,085	3,935
Hindi	23,355	11,620	11,735	9,945	5,115	4,825
Kashmiri	45	20	25	50	20	25
Konkani	430	205	225	75	40	40
Marathi	1,955	1,005	950	845	440	405
Nepali	3,040	1,540	1,500	3,710	1,905	1,805
Oriya (Odia)	270	135	140	95	50	45
Punjabi (Panjabi)	112,680	56,685	55,995	51,010	25,720	25,295
Sindhi	2,405	1,100	1,310	1,240	575	665
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	3,440	1,685	1,760	1,480	750	730
Urdu	72,660	35,910	36,745	17,600	8,795	8,810
Iranian languages	72,405	35,235	37,170	12,720	6,415	6,305
Kurdish	1,440	780	660	850	440	410
Pashto	4,695	2,355	2,340	1,640	845	795
Persian (Farsi)	66,275	32,095	34,175	10,230	5,135	5,100
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	740	375	360	650	325	325
Italic (Romance) languages	176,010	81,040	94,970	44,830	22,445	22,385
Catalan	80	40	40	35	10	20
Italian	48,970	20,920	28,055	2,840	1,275	1,560
Portuguese	48,110	23,050	25,055	3,905	1,875	2,030
Romanian	11,610	5,390	6,225	4,135	2,115	2,020
Spanish	67,175	31,610	35,565	33,910	17,160	16,755
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	65	30	35	10	5	5
Japanese	4,480	1,915	2,565	2,245	945	1,300
Kartvelian languages	745	405	335	160	85	70
Georgian	740	405	340	160	85	70
Korean	37,770	17,625	20,140	12,775	6,205	6,570
Mongolic languages	200	105	100	335	160	175
Mongolian	205	105	100	335	155	175
Niger-Congo languages	8,870	3,960	4,905	5,600	2,725	2,875
Akan (Twi)	4,015	1,740	2,280	845	415	430
Bamanankan	15	5	10	10	10	0
Edo	295	120	175	70	35	35
Ewe	90	40	50	80	45	35
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	75	35	40	105	55	45
Ga	145	65	80	40	20	20
Ganda	150	70	85	95	50	50
Igbo	410	205	205	265	125	145
Lingala	90	40	55	85	35	45
Rundi (Kirundi)	125	60	65	280	135	145
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	115	50	65	350	175	170
Shona	225	105	115	410	190	225
Swahili	1,230	540	685	1,090	530	565
Wolof	75	45	35	170	95	75
Yoruba	1,070	515	555	690	340	350
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	730	330	400	1,015	485	535
Nilo-Saharan languages	85	45	45	1,525	765	755
Dinka	10	5	5	800	420	380
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	75	40	35	725	350	375
Sign languages	1,660	965	700	1,095	630	465
American Sign Language	555	295	260	325	170	155
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	1,105	660	440	765	455	310
Sino-Tibetan languages	378,605	177,030	201,575	82,380	39,230	43,155
Chinese languages	374,020	174,765	199,255	80,880	38,455	42,420
Cantonese	179,480	82,480	97,000	38,275	17,810	20,460
Hakka	2,675	1,215	1,465	315	135	185
Mandarin	176,695	84,105	92,590	37,125	18,030	19,095
Min Dong	240	105	135	20	5	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,980	2,280	2,700	1,245	540	705
Wu (Shanghainese)	3,090	1,450	1,640	340	175	165
Chinese, n.o.s.	6,775	3,100	3,675	3,550	1,760	1,785
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	85	35	45	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	4,585	2,260	2,325	1,500	770	730
Burmese	570	260	305	280	145	130
Karenic languages	210	105	110	665	340	320
Tibetan	3,700	1,835	1,860	420	220	200
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	105	55	50	140	65	75
Tai-Kadai languages	1,530	715	810	1,130	505	625
Lao	970	470	495	465	215	245
Thai	550	240	305	655	285	370
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	10	0	5	10	5	10
Turkic languages	9,285	4,650	4,635	2,390	1,270	1,120
Azerbaijani	640	325	315	155	90	75
Turkish	7,975	3,980	3,995	1,945	1,030	915
Uyghur	215	110	100	80	45	40
Uzbek	310	165	145	135	70	65
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	145	70	75	70	35	25
Uralic languages	8,560	3,920	4,640	2,130	1,040	1,085
Estonian	630	230	395	25	10	15
Finnish	415	180	240	105	50	50
Hungarian	7,515	3,505	4,010	1,995	980	1,015
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	320	165	155	240	140	95
Multiple responses	537,435	258,615	278,825	189,040	92,280	96,760
English and French	12,185	5,585	6,600	6,885	3,410	3,475
English and non-official language	512,690	247,515	265,170	178,070	86,895	91,170
French and non-official language	2,330	1,030	1,300	1,125	540	580
English, French and non-official language	10,240	4,485	5,750	2,965	1,430	1,530
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	5,389,435	2,613,915	2,775,520	4,026,650	2,020,510	2,006,140
None	4,059,895	1,975,765	2,084,135	3,492,295	1,760,240	1,732,055
English	573,230	280,980	292,255	221,305	110,655	110,650
French	48,015	20,920	27,090	41,840	19,470	22,375
Non-official language	683,225	324,520	358,710	262,255	125,640	136,615
Aboriginal	435	185	250	17,430	8,325	9,105
Non-Aboriginal	682,790	324,330	358,460	244,825	117,315	127,510
English and French	3,820	1,765	2,055	1,535	775	760
English and non-official language	13,105	6,410	6,695	4,545	2,345	2,195
French and non-official language	7,895	3,445	4,455	2,795	1,340	1,455
English, French and non-official language	250	115	135	85	50	40
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	4,485,350	2,151,700	2,333,645	3,206,050	1,602,690	1,603,360
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	4,254,740	2,041,845	2,212,895	3,053,470	1,528,275	1,525,190
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	31,014	35,486	27,686	42,717	54,891	33,213
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	4,255,435	2,042,025	2,213,410	3,054,135	1,528,420	1,525,715
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	28,692	32,291	25,941	38,067	47,131	30,478
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	3,735,375	1,836,390	1,898,990	2,839,590	1,458,560	1,381,030
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	32,152	37,338	27,784	42,330	54,528	32,099
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	3,068,395	1,352,495	1,715,905	1,785,065	711,210	1,073,855
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	2,123	998	3,741	4,093	3,834	4,185
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	3,153,650	1,595,810	1,557,845	2,473,665	1,301,630	1,172,030
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	34,317	38,641	30,510	42,679	54,361	32,982
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	4,485,725	2,151,900	2,333,830	3,206,045	1,602,810	1,603,235
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	4,255,475	2,041,985	2,213,490	3,054,555	1,528,100	1,526,455
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	50,118	59,794	41,191	62,778	80,001	45,535
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	4,256,160	2,042,200	2,213,965	3,055,230	1,528,240	1,526,995
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	40,278	46,588	34,458	50,683	62,938	38,417
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	3,735,945	1,836,465	1,899,480	2,840,675	1,458,210	1,382,465
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	51,862	62,449	41,625	62,997	80,282	44,766
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	3,068,135	1,352,300	1,715,830	1,784,345	710,105	1,074,240
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	6,363	5,481	7,058	7,175	7,298	7,093
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	3,153,965	1,596,085	1,557,885	2,473,665	1,299,805	1,173,855
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	51,662	60,906	42,192	59,343	74,073	43,031
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	4,485,730	2,151,895	2,333,830	3,206,050	1,602,810	1,603,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	1,488,180	818,260	669,925	1,152,385	669,770	482,615
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	55,941	60,166	51,725	64,090	73,781	53,836
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	74,842	84,302	63,286	81,586	94,822	63,218
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	90.8	93.9	86.7	93.3	95.8	89.1
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	76.3	79.6	72.0	76.5	78.9	72.3
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	9.2	6.1	13.3	6.7	4.2	10.9
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	4,485,350	2,151,700	2,333,645	3,206,050	1,602,690	1,603,360
Without total income	230,610	109,860	120,750	152,585	74,410	78,170
With total income	4,254,740	2,041,845	2,212,895	3,053,470	1,528,280	1,525,190
Percentage with total income	94.9	94.9	94.8	95.2	95.4	95.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	763,555	347,080	416,480	389,580	146,450	243,130
$10,000 to $19,999	770,435	327,705	442,735	385,235	147,125	238,110
$20,000 to $29,999	545,305	236,955	308,355	364,915	142,810	222,105
$30,000 to $39,999	426,865	193,445	233,420	305,680	131,185	174,490
$40,000 to $49,999	371,190	172,520	198,670	286,615	133,715	152,900
$50,000 to $59,999	294,250	143,010	151,240	247,830	124,720	123,115
$60,000 to $69,999	231,875	119,655	112,220	205,840	114,405	91,430
$70,000 to $79,999	181,995	98,550	83,450	165,640	99,645	65,995
$80,000 to $89,999	144,615	80,165	64,445	132,720	82,700	50,020
$90,000 to $99,999	122,530	65,300	57,230	114,010	70,655	43,350
$100,000 and over	402,130	257,465	144,665	455,410	334,865	120,550
$100,000 to $149,999	244,815	148,925	95,890	274,185	191,710	82,475
$150,000 and over	157,310	108,540	48,770	181,225	143,150	38,075
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	4,485,345	2,151,705	2,333,645	3,206,050	1,602,690	1,603,365
Without after-tax income	229,915	109,680	120,235	151,915	74,270	77,645
With after-tax income	4,255,435	2,042,025	2,213,415	3,054,135	1,528,420	1,525,715
Percentage with after-tax income	94.9	94.9	94.8	95.3	95.4	95.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	776,015	351,385	424,630	399,005	149,280	249,725
$10,000 to $19,999	800,145	341,855	458,290	402,780	154,330	248,450
$20,000 to $29,999	622,175	273,000	349,175	420,955	166,650	254,300
$30,000 to $39,999	506,890	233,435	273,455	377,590	169,665	207,925
$40,000 to $49,999	428,590	204,910	223,685	347,960	172,595	175,365
$50,000 to $59,999	313,515	160,735	152,780	276,970	153,985	122,985
$60,000 to $69,999	229,640	125,710	103,935	208,265	127,045	81,220
$70,000 to $79,999	176,635	96,460	80,175	160,580	100,970	59,610
$80,000 and over	401,835	254,535	147,295	460,030	333,895	126,140
$80,000 to $89,999	118,825	67,420	51,400	121,015	78,400	42,620
$90,000 to $99,999	71,215	44,080	27,140	82,020	57,375	24,645
$100,000 and over	211,795	143,035	68,760	257,000	198,120	58,875
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	4,485,345	2,151,705	2,333,645	3,206,050	1,602,690	1,603,360
Without employment income	1,331,700	555,895	775,805	732,385	301,060	431,330
With employment income	3,153,650	1,595,805	1,557,845	2,473,665	1,301,630	1,172,035
Percentage with employment income	70.3	74.2	66.8	77.2	81.2	73.1
Under $5,000 (including loss)	396,680	186,410	210,270	273,835	122,830	151,005
$5,000 to $9,999	263,610	119,885	143,725	164,095	68,100	95,990
$10,000 to $19,999	435,350	205,860	229,490	274,105	113,680	160,430
$20,000 to $29,999	343,395	158,605	184,785	235,620	96,855	138,760
$30,000 to $39,999	309,985	145,840	164,145	227,450	100,650	126,805
$40,000 to $49,999	283,815	135,050	148,765	219,155	103,680	115,475
$50,000 to $59,999	231,700	117,150	114,550	195,145	99,285	95,860
$60,000 to $69,999	185,380	98,655	86,730	163,465	92,950	70,515
$70,000 to $79,999	148,890	83,255	65,635	135,150	83,240	51,910
$80,000 and over	554,845	345,095	209,755	585,640	420,365	165,280
$80,000 to $89,999	121,685	69,155	52,525	111,045	71,210	39,835
$90,000 to $99,999	108,555	57,950	50,600	99,785	62,305	37,480
$100,000 and over	324,605	217,980	106,625	374,815	286,855	87,960
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	1,967,380	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	76,518	...	...	93,835	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	67,196	...	...	80,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	492,315	...	...	366,080	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	39,284	...	...	47,948	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	35,101	...	...	41,502	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	1,475,070	...	...	1,161,600	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	92,630	...	...	111,435	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	81,323	...	...	94,830	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	1,967,555	...	...	1,527,675	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	108,395	...	...	125,522	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	87,128	...	...	101,361	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	492,475	...	...	365,000	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	55,739	...	...	64,341	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	44,666	...	...	52,116	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	1,475,085	...	...	1,162,675	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	125,975	...	...	144,729	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	101,304	...	...	116,821	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	1,967,380	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
Under $5,000	45,670	...	...	21,660	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	31,255	...	...	13,555	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	48,970	...	...	18,070	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	72,860	...	...	33,045	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	69,080	...	...	51,505	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	71,255	...	...	38,615	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	72,655	...	...	42,580	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	74,045	...	...	46,630	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	73,960	...	...	46,520	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	72,565	...	...	46,825	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	140,110	...	...	95,425	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	131,050	...	...	95,340	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	121,160	...	...	92,345	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	111,745	...	...	88,775	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	102,675	...	...	84,570	...	...
$100,000 and over	728,325	...	...	712,215	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	205,845	...	...	184,595	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	149,570	...	...	142,910	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	178,280	...	...	181,960	...	...
$200,000 and over	194,630	...	...	202,745	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	1,967,380	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
Under $5,000	48,175	...	...	23,395	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	31,565	...	...	13,860	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	49,785	...	...	18,600	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	75,575	...	...	34,540	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	75,690	...	...	55,010	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	78,360	...	...	44,170	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	82,540	...	...	50,280	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	87,000	...	...	55,645	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	89,295	...	...	57,695	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	87,435	...	...	59,195	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	167,070	...	...	119,200	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	152,470	...	...	116,250	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	139,615	...	...	112,675	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	123,875	...	...	106,235	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	106,420	...	...	95,600	...	...
$100,000 and over	572,520	...	...	565,335	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	204,555	...	...	192,795	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	133,630	...	...	132,240	...	...
$150,000 and over	234,340	...	...	240,305	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	1,418,695	...	...	1,099,900	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	92,279	...	...	109,997	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	80,950	...	...	93,588	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	381,755	...	...	407,300	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	83,997	...	...	101,283	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	73,015	...	...	86,043	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	745,680	...	...	511,375	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	112,062	...	...	133,186	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	97,348	...	...	111,951	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	240,690	...	...	146,045	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	56,356	...	...	62,909	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	52,125	...	...	57,079	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.8	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	1,418,175	...	...	1,101,485	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	126,555	...	...	144,493	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	101,479	...	...	116,343	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	381,845	...	...	408,625	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	120,732	...	...	137,805	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	94,620	...	...	110,236	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	746,125	...	...	512,615	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	148,376	...	...	169,354	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	118,509	...	...	135,623	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	239,190	...	...	145,115	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	73,147	...	...	80,406	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	62,554	...	...	68,470	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	710,010	335,120	374,890	577,475	308,835	268,640
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	32,181	32,948	31,573	42,598	47,903	37,344
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	29,543	30,010	29,180	37,648	41,340	33,785
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	708,525	333,920	374,605	573,385	306,195	267,190
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	47,700	50,146	45,520	56,856	63,468	49,280
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	38,832	40,028	37,766	46,559	50,990	41,481
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	5,370,515	2,605,995	2,764,520	3,978,150	1,998,500	1,979,650
In the bottom half of the distribution	2,635,600	1,252,915	1,382,690	1,527,695	739,210	788,485
In the bottom decile	626,795	302,630	324,165	293,490	143,880	149,605
In the second decile	553,235	255,400	297,840	278,635	128,055	150,575
In the third decile	503,590	237,300	266,285	297,695	142,090	155,605
In the fourth decile	478,745	228,975	249,770	315,570	154,815	160,760
In the fifth decile	473,240	228,615	244,630	342,305	170,375	171,935
In the top half of the distribution	2,734,920	1,353,085	1,381,835	2,450,450	1,259,285	1,191,160
In the sixth decile	476,880	231,510	245,375	366,250	183,860	182,390
In the seventh decile	489,145	239,025	250,120	397,275	201,465	195,810
In the eighth decile	516,090	254,485	261,605	443,585	227,385	216,200
In the ninth decile	568,130	282,000	286,135	522,545	268,995	253,555
In the top decile	684,665	346,070	338,600	720,795	377,585	343,215
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	5,370,520	2,605,995	2,764,525	3,925,220	1,971,735	1,953,485
0 to 17 years	1,077,570	553,445	524,125	893,255	458,330	434,925
0 to 5 years	337,255	172,765	164,490	310,080	158,825	151,260
18 to 64 years	3,542,115	1,714,060	1,828,055	2,580,730	1,298,440	1,282,295
65 years and over	750,830	338,490	412,345	451,235	214,965	236,265
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	873,325	411,775	461,550	363,890	171,945	191,940
0 to 17 years	223,495	115,235	108,260	114,215	58,665	55,555
0 to 5 years	72,435	37,260	35,175	41,755	21,350	20,400
18 to 64 years	542,900	254,105	288,795	210,870	98,415	112,455
65 years and over	106,920	42,430	64,490	38,800	14,875	23,925
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	16.3	15.8	16.7	9.3	8.7	9.8
0 to 17 years (%)	20.7	20.8	20.7	12.8	12.8	12.8
0 to 5 years (%)	21.5	21.6	21.4	13.5	13.4	13.5
18 to 64 years (%)	15.3	14.8	15.8	8.2	7.6	8.8
65 years and over (%)	14.2	12.5	15.6	8.6	6.9	10.1
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	732,405	350,620	381,780	273,515	134,180	139,335
0 to 17 years	173,895	89,620	84,270	76,930	39,385	37,550
0 to 5 years	56,775	29,135	27,640	28,190	14,420	13,770
18 to 64 years	487,620	234,110	253,505	181,805	88,715	93,095
65 years and over	70,895	26,885	44,005	14,780	6,085	8,695
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	13.6	13.5	13.8	7.0	6.8	7.1
0 to 17 years (%)	16.1	16.2	16.1	8.6	8.6	8.6
0 to 5 years (%)	16.8	16.9	16.8	9.1	9.1	9.1
18 to 64 years (%)	13.8	13.7	13.9	7.0	6.8	7.3
65 years and over (%)	9.4	7.9	10.7	3.3	2.8	3.7
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	5,371,025	2,606,395	2,764,630	3,978,145	1,998,500	1,979,645
Official languages	5,119,210	2,506,430	2,612,780	3,920,530	1,974,435	1,946,095
English	5,114,880	2,504,655	2,610,225	3,916,805	1,972,800	1,944,005
French	433,650	187,295	246,355	264,600	123,940	140,660
Non-official languages	2,980,865	1,420,145	1,560,715	1,082,425	527,770	554,655
Aboriginal languages	985	405	585	36,465	17,415	19,045
Algonquian languages	825	350	475	29,675	14,120	15,555
Blackfoot	10	0	0	5,575	2,665	2,905
Cree-Montagnais languages	185	85	100	23,465	11,155	12,310
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	0	0	25	0	15
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	90	20	70
Plains Cree	55	30	20	1,580	620	965
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	10	10	0
Swampy Cree	25	0	15	45	25	25
Woods Cree	15	10	0	1,135	525	610
Cree, n.o.s.	90	35	55	20,665	9,990	10,675
Eastern Algonquian languages	45	25	20	35	15	15
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	45	25	25	35	15	15
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	595	240	355	955	425	530
Algonquin	15	10	10	10	10	0
Ojibway	560	230	330	925	415	505
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	20	10	15
Ottawa (Odawa)	15	10	10	0	0	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	10	10	0
Athabaskan languages	15	10	10	2,640	1,255	1,385
Northern Athabaskan languages	15	10	10	2,630	1,250	1,380
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	10	0
Beaver	0	0	0	85	50	35
Carrier	0	0	0	45	10	35
Chilcotin	0	0	0	20	15	10
Dene	10	0	0	2,010	975	1,035
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	10	75	30	45
Gwich'in	0	0	0	10	0	10
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	150	65	85
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	285	140	145
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	25	15	10
South Slavey	0	0	0	190	90	100
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	75	35	45
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	10
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	10	0	10
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	10
Haida	0	0	0	10	0	10
Inuit languages	25	10	15	135	50	80
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	35	10	25
Inuktitut	10	0	10	60	20	35
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	40	25	20
Iroquoian languages	55	15	40	40	25	10
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	10	0
Mohawk	45	15	35	35	25	0
Oneida	10	10	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	10	10
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	15	10	10	145	75	70
Salish languages	0	0	10	50	25	25
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	10	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	10	10	0	15	10	10
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	10	0	10
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	10	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	10	0	10
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	10	10	0	0
Siouan languages	10	0	10	4,050	2,005	2,045
Dakota	0	0	10	530	285	245
Stoney	0	0	0	3,650	1,790	1,855
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	10
Tlingit	0	0	0	10	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	10	35	15	15
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	20	10	10
Nisga'a	0	0	0	15	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	10	0	0	10	10	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	10	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	10	10	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	25	20	10	30	15	15
Non-Aboriginal languages	2,979,935	1,419,770	1,560,165	1,046,245	510,495	535,750
Afro-Asiatic languages	203,300	101,890	101,410	96,210	50,675	45,535
Berber languages	235	135	100	540	335	205
Kabyle	75	40	30	225	125	90
Berber languages, n.i.e.	165	95	70	315	210	110
Cushitic languages	20,380	8,885	11,490	15,445	8,055	7,385
Bilen	75	45	30	370	235	135
Oromo	1,390	590	800	3,125	1,625	1,500
Somali	18,905	8,230	10,675	12,030	6,240	5,795
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	85	35	50	55	20	40
Semitic languages	183,945	93,490	90,450	82,200	43,405	38,800
Amharic	11,365	5,280	6,080	10,870	5,595	5,275
Arabic	119,665	61,755	57,905	62,730	33,365	29,370
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	11,995	5,860	6,140	430	225	210
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	2,080	1,040	1,035	150	70	75
Harari	1,250	635	615	340	150	185
Hebrew	37,745	19,225	18,520	3,250	1,650	1,600
Maltese	4,165	2,035	2,130	145	85	55
Tigrigna	5,940	2,775	3,170	7,315	3,915	3,400
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	1,060	515	550	450	250	205
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	700	325	375	375	225	145
Austro-Asiatic languages	65,060	29,925	35,130	32,730	15,440	17,290
Khmer (Cambodian)	3,970	1,730	2,240	2,700	1,375	1,330
Vietnamese	61,350	28,340	33,010	30,150	14,130	16,015
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	40	0	40	15	0	10
Austronesian languages	200,765	80,115	120,645	145,745	63,615	82,130
Bikol	570	255	310	330	150	180
Cebuano	7,130	2,860	4,265	6,690	2,940	3,750
Fijian	45	20	25	340	195	145
Hiligaynon	2,460	985	1,475	1,760	745	1,020
Ilocano	12,560	4,930	7,635	7,370	3,160	4,215
Malagasy	90	45	45	80	40	40
Malay	7,015	3,215	3,800	3,040	1,435	1,610
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,565	710	855	1,185	565	625
Pangasinan	435	190	245	445	190	250
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	188,840	74,950	113,890	138,440	60,115	78,325
Waray-Waray	320	100	220	420	170	245
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,255	525	730	1,160	505	650
Creole languages	16,380	7,360	9,020	4,585	2,390	2,195
Haitian Creole	640	285	350	255	140	115
Creole, n.o.s.	8,935	4,015	4,925	2,675	1,425	1,250
Creole languages, n.i.e.	6,960	3,115	3,845	1,680	840	850
Dravidian languages	170,055	84,545	85,505	18,190	9,660	8,525
Kannada	4,300	2,140	2,155	1,035	520	515
Malayalam	16,600	8,450	8,150	8,150	4,255	3,900
Tamil	140,900	69,315	71,585	7,195	3,900	3,295
Telugu	13,070	7,200	5,875	2,910	1,560	1,345
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	430	220	210	150	80	70
Hmong-Mien languages	25	15	10	115	55	55
Indo-European languages	1,670,260	812,610	857,650	550,490	274,510	275,980
Albanian	14,895	7,440	7,450	2,880	1,550	1,325
Armenian	14,750	7,035	7,715	530	255	275
Balto-Slavic languages	284,385	132,330	152,055	93,150	44,750	48,395
Baltic languages	6,090	2,475	3,610	1,360	660	705
Latvian	2,500	1,045	1,450	590	300	290
Lithuanian	3,595	1,430	2,165	775	360	415
Slavic languages	279,935	130,535	149,400	92,300	44,340	47,960
Belarusan	915	480	440	200	95	105
Bosnian	4,205	2,040	2,170	2,880	1,450	1,435
Bulgarian	7,750	3,770	3,980	1,795	945	850
Croatian	21,210	10,340	10,865	6,280	3,260	3,025
Czech	5,935	2,820	3,115	3,590	1,650	1,940
Macedonian	15,485	7,385	8,100	535	270	265
Polish	77,395	35,400	41,995	23,650	11,455	12,195
Russian	107,415	49,880	57,540	27,375	13,195	14,175
Serbian	26,595	13,150	13,440	5,355	2,630	2,730
Serbo-Croatian	2,775	1,330	1,440	1,095	550	540
Slovak	5,750	2,655	3,100	2,780	1,495	1,285
Slovene (Slovenian)	3,940	1,735	2,210	735	360	375
Ukrainian	36,660	16,375	20,285	26,600	11,980	14,620
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	600	350	250	250	120	130
Celtic languages	1,780	915	865	1,180	615	560
Scottish Gaelic	595	300	295	440	215	225
Welsh	215	95	120	315	180	130
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	970	520	450	450	220	225
Germanic languages	72,330	34,390	37,940	112,670	56,325	56,345
Afrikaans	3,975	1,955	2,015	5,165	2,655	2,515
Danish	1,865	840	1,025	2,800	1,360	1,440
Dutch	9,510	4,470	5,045	19,480	9,595	9,890
Frisian	145	60	90	475	275	205
German	49,225	23,465	25,760	83,010	41,905	41,105
Icelandic	120	55	65	160	70	95
Norwegian	870	415	455	1,450	635	810
Swedish	2,375	1,085	1,290	1,635	800	835
Vlaams (Flemish)	250	105	145	380	170	215
Yiddish	6,480	3,185	3,300	250	130	115
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	85	45	45	2,115	1,095	1,015
Greek	57,745	28,385	29,355	4,935	2,535	2,400
Indo-Iranian languages	735,150	371,350	363,800	206,725	106,045	100,675
Indo-Aryan languages	612,745	310,215	302,530	186,005	95,045	90,960
Bengali	47,600	24,185	23,415	8,530	4,385	4,140
Gujarati	85,245	42,705	42,540	18,005	8,945	9,055
Hindi	201,555	102,590	98,970	61,290	31,900	29,385
Kashmiri	460	230	230	125	80	45
Konkani	4,875	2,200	2,670	625	300	320
Marathi	8,470	4,365	4,100	2,575	1,385	1,195
Nepali	6,345	3,140	3,205	5,510	3,000	2,510
Oriya (Odia)	900	430	465	255	135	120
Punjabi (Panjabi)	235,230	120,835	114,395	90,485	46,350	44,135
Sindhi	9,210	4,295	4,915	4,595	2,065	2,530
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	14,575	7,335	7,240	3,800	1,925	1,875
Urdu	180,400	91,380	89,020	41,235	21,245	20,000
Iranian languages	127,535	63,570	63,965	22,140	11,665	10,475
Kurdish	3,760	2,120	1,635	1,930	1,100	825
Pashto	10,905	5,795	5,110	3,330	1,795	1,530
Persian (Farsi)	117,090	58,090	58,995	17,600	9,220	8,375
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	3,395	1,840	1,555	1,760	960	805
Italic (Romance) languages	525,885	248,355	277,525	142,340	69,885	72,450
Catalan	305	155	145	170	95	80
Italian	199,425	94,670	104,750	19,900	9,875	10,020
Portuguese	125,025	59,945	65,080	12,670	6,255	6,415
Romanian	27,960	12,960	15,000	9,915	5,185	4,735
Spanish	195,365	91,080	104,280	104,445	50,960	53,490
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	625	305	315	250	130	125
Japanese	17,015	7,335	9,680	9,215	4,115	5,100
Kartvelian languages	1,455	740	715	225	130	100
Georgian	1,455	740	715	230	130	100
Korean	61,135	28,600	32,535	19,950	9,405	10,545
Mongolic languages	440	190	250	800	375	430
Mongolian	445	190	255	800	370	430
Niger-Congo languages	46,505	22,145	24,365	29,430	14,980	14,450
Akan (Twi)	13,440	6,225	7,215	2,925	1,505	1,420
Bamanankan	200	115	90	60	30	30
Edo	1,875	820	1,055	620	325	290
Ewe	505	260	240	335	170	165
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	455	235	220	300	165	135
Ga	985	475	510	345	190	155
Ganda	830	395	435	610	305	305
Igbo	2,905	1,440	1,460	2,550	1,345	1,210
Lingala	2,015	875	1,140	1,240	640	605
Rundi (Kirundi)	510	250	255	830	420	410
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	655	285	370	1,155	605	550
Shona	1,105	485	620	1,810	850	960
Swahili	10,070	4,960	5,110	6,700	3,470	3,235
Wolof	410	190	225	600	365	235
Yoruba	7,685	3,850	3,830	5,930	3,035	2,890
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	6,145	2,845	3,300	6,585	3,265	3,320
Nilo-Saharan languages	450	255	195	3,070	1,495	1,575
Dinka	65	50	20	1,655	825	825
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	385	210	175	1,425	675	750
Sign languages	5,265	2,275	2,990	5,910	2,350	3,555
American Sign Language	3,045	1,150	1,895	3,085	1,130	1,955
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	10	0	0	10
Sign languages, n.i.e.	2,290	1,165	1,130	2,855	1,230	1,625
Sino-Tibetan languages	570,420	267,755	302,665	141,860	67,945	73,915
Chinese languages	563,390	264,295	299,095	139,385	66,700	72,685
Cantonese	300,575	139,720	160,855	74,770	35,490	39,280
Hakka	7,110	3,120	3,990	1,180	515	660
Mandarin	308,025	143,345	164,680	70,510	33,310	37,195
Min Dong	710	290	420	85	50	40
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	13,725	6,150	7,575	4,140	1,765	2,380
Wu (Shanghainese)	6,805	3,170	3,640	855	380	470
Chinese, n.o.s.	11,310	5,130	6,180	6,335	3,160	3,175
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	135	75	65	55	25	35
Tibeto-Burman languages	7,410	3,665	3,745	2,590	1,290	1,300
Burmese	1,325	605	720	605	305	295
Karenic languages	250	115	135	805	415	390
Tibetan	5,420	2,705	2,720	860	430	430
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	495	285	210	445	215	235
Tai-Kadai languages	4,720	2,005	2,715	3,705	1,510	2,195
Lao	2,635	1,250	1,385	1,520	730	795
Thai	2,340	880	1,465	2,400	850	1,545
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	45	25	25
Turkic languages	24,065	12,495	11,575	5,795	3,180	2,625
Azerbaijani	2,625	1,330	1,300	630	325	300
Turkish	20,195	10,535	9,665	4,255	2,420	1,835
Uyghur	490	225	260	290	135	155
Uzbek	785	425	365	425	200	225
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	540	250	290	355	170	180
Uralic languages	25,660	11,605	14,055	8,895	4,315	4,575
Estonian	2,750	1,190	1,560	185	85	105
Finnish	2,450	1,025	1,425	1,045	455	590
Hungarian	20,515	9,410	11,105	7,660	3,770	3,890
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	2,275	1,175	1,100	1,820	1,025	790
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	5,371,020	2,606,395	2,764,635	3,978,145	1,998,495	1,979,645
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	4,666,240	2,271,285	2,394,950	3,622,740	1,825,135	1,797,600
Canadian citizens aged under 18	988,125	507,650	480,475	854,815	439,065	415,755
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	3,678,115	1,763,635	1,914,475	2,767,920	1,386,070	1,381,850
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	704,790	335,105	369,680	355,410	173,365	182,045
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	5,371,020	2,606,390	2,764,635	3,978,145	1,998,495	1,979,650
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	2,647,660	1,325,780	1,321,875	3,062,775	1,550,445	1,512,335
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	2,588,715	1,213,600	1,375,110	845,220	412,320	432,895
Before 1981	570,800	264,690	306,105	163,460	81,620	81,840
1981 to 1990	354,720	169,415	185,300	86,350	41,690	44,660
1991 to 2000	615,195	286,895	328,300	131,560	62,930	68,630
2001 to 2010	701,370	328,685	372,685	256,055	125,235	130,820
2001 to 2005	364,605	171,720	192,885	109,145	53,425	55,720
2006 to 2010	336,765	156,965	179,800	146,910	71,810	75,100
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	346,635	163,920	182,715	207,790	100,845	106,945
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	134,650	67,010	67,640	70,155	35,735	34,420
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	2,588,710	1,213,605	1,375,110	845,220	412,320	432,895
Under 5 years	210,560	104,680	105,885	82,175	42,200	39,975
5 to 14 years	425,730	214,310	211,420	149,815	77,820	71,995
15 to 24 years	561,010	248,975	312,035	168,965	78,215	90,755
25 to 44 years	1,112,050	520,805	591,245	372,805	180,265	192,535
45 years and over	279,360	124,830	154,525	71,450	33,820	37,630
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	2,588,715	1,213,605	1,375,115	845,215	412,325	432,895
Americas	393,895	174,345	219,550	103,540	49,345	54,190
Brazil	10,010	4,705	5,305	2,545	1,100	1,440
Colombia	16,110	7,390	8,715	9,535	4,570	4,960
El Salvador	10,615	5,280	5,335	7,255	3,725	3,530
Guyana	67,295	29,760	37,535	2,555	1,200	1,355
Haiti	2,555	1,200	1,355	1,270	675	600
Jamaica	97,095	40,495	56,600	6,845	3,170	3,680
Mexico	10,595	4,710	5,885	15,665	7,860	7,805
Peru	7,685	3,415	4,270	1,920	780	1,140
Trinidad and Tobago	41,765	18,320	23,445	3,415	1,670	1,750
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	43,175	20,260	22,915	30,460	13,675	16,785
Other places of birth in Americas	86,995	38,800	48,195	22,075	10,925	11,150
Europe	568,320	267,530	300,790	189,770	95,355	94,415
Bosnia and Herzegovina	9,230	4,565	4,665	4,555	2,325	2,230
Croatia	11,040	5,225	5,810	3,080	1,615	1,465
France	6,595	3,095	3,500	2,535	1,215	1,320
Germany	19,960	9,295	10,665	19,205	9,485	9,715
Greece	26,890	13,115	13,780	2,005	1,115	890
Hungary	11,185	5,045	6,140	3,665	1,880	1,785
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	7,445	3,635	3,810	3,935	2,100	1,835
Italy	95,175	46,030	49,150	8,110	4,370	3,745
Netherlands	5,940	2,870	3,075	14,035	7,420	6,610
Poland	53,330	23,935	29,390	16,925	8,045	8,880
Portugal	66,340	31,825	34,515	4,050	1,985	2,070
Romania	23,965	10,890	13,075	7,725	3,930	3,795
Russian Federation	33,130	14,300	18,830	7,260	3,135	4,125
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	12,690	6,140	6,550	2,255	1,080	1,170
Ukraine	31,045	14,215	16,830	8,150	3,700	4,455
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	84,810	40,430	44,375	59,215	30,280	28,935
Other places of birth in Europe	69,555	32,920	36,630	23,060	11,670	11,390
Africa	147,790	71,030	76,760	89,740	46,705	43,030
Algeria	1,205	640	565	1,340	715	625
Egypt	23,285	12,065	11,215	5,320	2,940	2,375
Ethiopia	10,785	4,910	5,870	10,570	5,355	5,215
Kenya	10,980	5,025	5,955	5,120	2,555	2,565
Morocco	3,395	1,655	1,740	1,695	1,005	695
Nigeria	15,970	7,910	8,065	12,405	6,520	5,880
Somalia	10,780	4,310	6,470	7,060	3,665	3,395
South Africa, Republic of	12,360	5,990	6,370	7,355	3,670	3,685
Other places of birth in Africa	59,020	28,520	30,505	38,865	20,275	18,590
Asia	1,471,940	697,390	774,555	452,225	215,955	236,265
Afghanistan	24,510	12,230	12,275	5,190	2,765	2,430
Bangladesh	31,885	16,065	15,820	5,085	2,590	2,500
China^{Census data footnote 59}	262,175	119,475	142,700	57,690	26,510	31,185
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	97,705	45,890	51,815	19,110	9,265	9,850
India	297,730	148,545	149,190	91,660	46,625	45,035
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	73,340	36,520	36,815	8,910	4,655	4,250
Iraq	27,770	13,840	13,930	5,935	3,205	2,730
Japan	5,715	1,850	3,865	3,065	905	2,160
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	44,745	20,860	23,890	13,850	6,530	7,320
Lebanon	12,970	6,975	6,000	10,395	5,640	4,750
Pakistan	110,255	55,690	54,565	28,075	14,630	13,445
Philippines	187,510	76,805	110,710	123,830	54,075	69,755
Sri Lanka	98,025	47,845	50,180	4,835	2,475	2,365
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	10,545	5,285	5,250	4,800	2,515	2,280
Taiwan	14,705	6,405	8,300	3,455	1,460	2,000
Viet Nam	57,865	26,180	31,690	27,080	12,645	14,435
Other places of birth in Asia	114,505	56,925	57,575	39,250	19,485	19,765
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	6,770	3,320	3,450	9,940	4,950	4,990
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	346,635	163,920	182,715	207,790	100,845	106,945
Americas	39,310	18,740	20,570	20,060	9,660	10,400
Brazil	2,465	1,165	1,305	860	370	490
Colombia	2,495	1,175	1,320	2,295	1,020	1,275
Cuba	1,150	510	635	465	215	255
Haiti	865	415	450	385	240	150
Jamaica	7,205	3,760	3,440	1,660	765	895
Mexico	2,870	1,360	1,510	4,405	2,250	2,150
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	7,605	3,850	3,755	4,645	2,130	2,515
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	1,790	825	965	1,570	745	820
Other places of birth in Americas	12,860	5,660	7,195	3,785	1,930	1,855
Europe	30,555	14,975	15,580	20,870	10,830	10,045
France	1,360	660	700	425	240	180
Germany	875	475	400	1,370	710	655
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	1,445	905	540	1,355	835	520
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	750	350	400	715	365	350
Romania	1,415	555	860	1,100	545	555
Russian Federation	3,845	1,400	2,440	1,235	430	805
Ukraine	3,580	1,655	1,925	2,340	1,060	1,280
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	3,585	2,160	1,425	6,225	3,570	2,650
Other places of birth in Europe	13,695	6,810	6,885	6,100	3,065	3,040
Africa	23,910	11,705	12,200	27,770	14,165	13,610
Algeria	195	85	105	255	115	135
Cameroon	800	350	445	1,055	515	545
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	550	240	310	805	365	440
Côte d'Ivoire	280	135	145	420	210	210
Egypt	5,540	2,885	2,655	1,940	1,045	895
Eritrea	1,060	525	535	2,390	1,335	1,055
Ethiopia	1,655	745	910	3,445	1,670	1,780
Morocco	350	140	210	515	265	250
Nigeria	4,695	2,280	2,415	6,110	3,200	2,910
Somalia	1,115	530	590	2,120	1,110	1,010
South Africa, Republic of	770	405	360	1,590	800	785
Tunisia	125	85	35	255	135	125
Other places of birth in Africa	6,770	3,295	3,475	6,870	3,400	3,470
Asia	251,635	117,765	133,875	137,110	65,055	72,050
Afghanistan	4,500	2,235	2,260	810	435	375
Bangladesh	6,780	3,360	3,420	1,355	635	715
China^{Census data footnote 59}	48,955	21,765	27,185	10,525	4,700	5,825
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	1,740	700	1,040	750	305	450
India	57,455	28,890	28,570	28,820	14,915	13,900
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	18,565	8,985	9,575	3,265	1,665	1,600
Iraq	7,840	3,890	3,955	2,010	1,045	960
Israel	1,600	840	765	480	250	230
Japan	930	250	685	665	195	475
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	4,815	2,190	2,625	3,840	1,710	2,125
Lebanon	1,365	745	620	1,470	755	710
Nepal	2,415	1,235	1,180	2,615	1,380	1,240
Pakistan	20,360	9,960	10,400	6,910	3,420	3,490
Philippines	42,735	17,680	25,050	59,390	26,960	32,435
Saudi Arabia	2,020	1,030	990	820	435	385
Sri Lanka	7,095	3,095	3,995	1,345	650	695
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	5,365	2,790	2,570	3,340	1,705	1,630
Taiwan	755	305	450	505	165	340
Turkey	2,055	1,145	905	390	215	180
United Arab Emirates	3,175	1,605	1,575	810	430	375
Viet Nam	2,605	1,020	1,585	2,040	795	1,240
Other places of birth in Asia	8,510	4,035	4,470	4,965	2,285	2,680
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	1,230	740	490	1,980	1,135	845
Australia	955	600	355	1,065	600	465
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	270	140	135	915	535	375
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	5,371,020	2,606,395	2,764,630	3,978,145	1,998,500	1,979,650
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	2,753,115	1,295,920	1,457,195	938,500	460,015	478,480
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	1,541,070	777,190	763,880	742,455	374,065	368,390
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	1,076,835	533,280	543,555	2,297,195	1,164,420	1,132,775
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	2,051,830	965,135	1,086,695	694,945	337,380	357,565
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	1,023,350	505,520	517,835	387,275	195,845	191,430
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	409,525	251,475	158,050	154,700	96,855	57,850
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	613,825	254,045	359,780	232,570	98,990	133,575
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	690,870	282,355	408,515	198,575	81,650	116,920
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	308,760	164,150	144,605	103,785	57,130	46,650
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	28,845	13,110	15,735	5,320	2,745	2,570
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	5,371,025	2,606,390	2,764,630	3,978,145	1,998,495	1,979,650
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	39,035	18,255	20,780	258,640	125,445	133,195
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	36,845	17,110	19,735	253,460	123,115	130,340
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	23,465	10,830	12,640	136,585	65,755	70,835
Métis	12,830	6,030	6,800	114,370	56,170	58,200
Inuk (Inuit)	550	255	300	2,500	1,195	1,305
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	975	465	510	2,905	1,350	1,555
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	1,215	680	540	2,280	975	1,300
Non-Aboriginal identity	5,331,990	2,588,140	2,743,850	3,719,505	1,873,055	1,846,450
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	5,371,025	2,606,390	2,764,635	3,978,145	1,998,500	1,979,645
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	12,605	5,825	6,785	123,235	59,065	64,170
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	5,358,415	2,600,565	2,757,850	3,854,915	1,939,430	1,915,475
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	5,371,020	2,606,390	2,764,630	3,978,145	1,998,500	1,979,645
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	6,375	2,865	3,510	103,600	50,680	52,915
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	6,220	2,790	3,425	99,940	48,860	51,070
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	4,945	2,185	2,760	81,685	39,815	41,870
Métis single ancestry	1,155	560	600	17,515	8,690	8,820
Inuit single ancestry	115	45	70	735	355	380
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	160	75	85	3,665	1,820	1,845
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	105	50	55	3,490	1,725	1,765
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	20	10	10	105	55	50
Métis and Inuit ancestries	15	10	15	50	35	15
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	15	10	10	20	0	15
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	55,150	25,815	29,330	200,215	97,055	103,160
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	53,685	25,160	28,530	189,830	92,295	97,530
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	40,680	19,105	21,565	104,875	50,595	54,280
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	12,265	5,720	6,540	82,585	40,530	42,060
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	750	335	415	2,365	1,170	1,195
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	1,460	655	800	10,385	4,760	5,625
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	1,250	550	705	9,760	4,465	5,295
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	130	55	70	310	155	155
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	80	50	30	270	110	160
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	0	0	0	40	25	20
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	5,309,500	2,577,710	2,731,790	3,674,330	1,850,760	1,823,570
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	5,371,025	2,606,395	2,764,635	3,978,145	1,998,495	1,979,645
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	2,910,660	1,400,000	1,510,655	933,165	461,460	471,705
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	932,145	470,380	461,760	230,930	118,535	112,390
Chinese	618,280	294,255	324,025	158,200	77,035	81,165
Black	430,280	198,790	231,490	129,390	66,960	62,440
Filipino	246,415	105,285	141,130	166,195	74,770	91,425
Latin American	126,485	60,725	65,755	55,090	27,560	27,525
Arab	100,155	51,885	48,270	56,700	30,245	26,450
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	80,335	37,780	42,560	43,985	21,025	22,960
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	120,685	60,285	60,400	20,980	11,010	9,965
Korean	68,155	32,470	35,685	21,275	10,130	11,145
Japanese	19,515	8,415	11,095	12,165	5,495	6,670
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	75,005	34,935	40,070	9,900	4,700	5,205
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	93,210	44,785	48,425	28,360	13,985	14,375
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	2,460,360	1,206,390	1,253,975	3,044,980	1,537,040	1,507,940
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	5,371,025	2,606,390	2,764,630	3,978,150	1,998,500	1,979,645
North American Aboriginal origins	61,525	28,680	32,840	303,815	147,735	156,075
First Nations (North American Indian)	47,150	21,970	25,175	200,290	96,845	103,445
Inuit	1,125	515	610	3,900	1,915	1,985
Métis	14,890	6,945	7,950	113,735	55,590	58,150
Other North American origins	659,555	326,935	332,620	955,040	486,735	468,305
Acadian	3,660	1,810	1,850	5,545	2,970	2,570
American	44,030	21,480	22,550	72,355	35,480	36,875
Canadian	623,605	309,300	314,305	902,315	460,335	441,975
New Brunswicker	80	50	30	50	35	15
Newfoundlander	2,605	1,325	1,285	1,985	1,135	850
Nova Scotian	595	270	330	190	115	70
Ontarian	575	340	235	110	65	45
Québécois	1,400	685	720	1,380	750	630
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	220	120	100	415	210	205
European origins	2,413,560	1,173,265	1,240,300	2,580,720	1,292,280	1,288,440
British Isles origins	1,074,255	524,990	549,260	1,581,265	787,205	794,060
Channel Islander	400	210	190	225	115	115
Cornish	175	90	85	210	90	115
English	605,385	296,180	309,205	899,440	444,010	455,440
Irish	456,650	218,130	238,520	596,750	288,710	308,040
Manx	720	425	295	945	450	495
Scottish	452,050	218,755	233,290	704,205	347,740	356,460
Welsh	47,510	22,785	24,730	80,455	38,715	41,740
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	92,185	44,145	48,040	90,865	44,055	46,815
French origins	212,840	100,750	112,095	411,560	201,160	210,395
Alsatian	320	125	200	200	120	80
Breton	55	35	20	60	25	35
Corsican	55	25	25	125	65	70
French	212,520	100,605	111,915	411,315	201,030	210,290
Western European origins (except French origins)	331,540	160,995	170,550	915,185	455,115	460,065
Austrian	26,905	13,040	13,865	39,530	19,225	20,305
Bavarian	135	50	80	110	60	55
Belgian	8,330	3,800	4,530	21,210	10,320	10,890
Dutch	78,240	37,405	40,835	195,720	97,735	97,990
Flemish	790	375	415	2,005	870	1,140
Frisian	350	205	145	685	380	305
German	229,980	112,255	117,725	712,955	353,755	359,195
Luxembourger	260	130	135	680	355	320
Swiss	12,710	6,340	6,365	24,310	11,905	12,410
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	480	225	255	830	390	440
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	59,615	28,865	30,755	329,990	159,695	170,295
Danish	12,805	6,390	6,415	60,380	29,240	31,135
Finnish	13,915	6,490	7,425	17,755	8,780	8,975
Icelandic	3,415	1,700	1,705	20,225	10,050	10,175
Norwegian	14,525	7,170	7,350	156,595	75,160	81,430
Swedish	16,290	7,525	8,770	97,840	46,445	51,385
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	3,115	1,485	1,630	13,515	7,005	6,505
Eastern European origins	547,800	260,365	287,440	685,270	336,430	348,845
Bulgarian	10,575	5,165	5,415	2,935	1,510	1,425
Byelorussian	7,840	3,830	4,015	2,200	1,165	1,035
Czech	15,200	7,335	7,870	20,865	10,405	10,460
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	4,075	1,935	2,135	10,055	4,800	5,255
Estonian	6,865	3,200	3,665	2,715	1,240	1,470
Hungarian	54,240	26,295	27,945	56,270	27,385	28,885
Latvian	8,960	4,185	4,775	3,245	1,585	1,660
Lithuanian	18,260	8,760	9,500	6,090	2,915	3,175
Moldovan	2,915	1,495	1,415	1,585	790	790
Polish	217,410	103,490	113,920	186,510	91,115	95,395
Romanian	47,340	22,500	24,840	34,230	16,520	17,710
Russian	133,800	62,215	71,585	107,800	51,840	55,960
Slovak	13,180	6,350	6,835	11,010	5,495	5,515
Ukrainian	130,370	62,245	68,130	369,090	181,600	187,490
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	7,120	3,335	3,785	1,910	1,015	895
Southern European origins	885,785	435,925	449,855	215,725	107,495	108,230
Albanian	17,125	8,655	8,465	2,935	1,555	1,385
Bosnian	6,150	2,995	3,150	3,870	1,985	1,890
Catalan	165	105	60	85	55	25
Croatian	32,740	16,365	16,375	14,220	7,535	6,690
Cypriot	2,355	1,195	1,160	160	90	70
Greek	92,410	46,340	46,070	15,025	7,790	7,235
Italian	421,900	209,670	212,230	101,265	50,975	50,285
Kosovar	480	255	225	420	210	210
Macedonian	25,245	12,585	12,660	1,015	485	535
Maltese	16,145	7,995	8,155	1,560	845	715
Montenegrin	1,420	680	740	290	185	105
Portuguese	191,040	92,890	98,150	22,385	11,395	10,985
Serbian	31,710	15,945	15,770	7,755	3,875	3,875
Sicilian	1,370	690	675	330	160	170
Slovenian	11,400	5,655	5,745	3,885	2,010	1,875
Spanish	99,960	46,885	53,080	48,055	22,225	25,835
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	5,865	2,810	3,060	5,120	2,495	2,625
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	480	205	275	245	120	125
Other European origins	70,120	35,070	35,045	22,805	11,700	11,105
Basque	755	360	395	425	210	215
Jewish	57,840	29,035	28,800	9,780	4,890	4,885
Roma (Gypsy)	1,150	545	605	465	220	245
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	895	475	420	995	505	490
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	9,935	4,875	5,060	11,255	5,940	5,310
Caribbean origins	333,840	151,150	182,690	36,120	18,050	18,070
Antiguan	2,390	1,050	1,340	455	265	190
Bahamian	1,200	610	590	310	180	130
Barbadian	17,490	7,935	9,550	2,065	980	1,080
Bermudan	930	430	500	210	120	90
Carib	1,745	625	1,120	135	45	85
Cuban	8,800	4,000	4,795	2,175	1,110	1,060
Dominican	6,160	2,945	3,220	930	530	395
Grenadian	12,185	5,235	6,945	595	300	295
Guadeloupean	40	10	30	0	0	0
Haitian	5,020	2,375	2,645	2,235	1,210	1,025
Jamaican	193,360	87,610	105,750	17,325	8,540	8,785
Kittitian/Nevisian	1,785	850	935	95	65	30
Martinican	150	50	100	10	0	0
Montserratan	425	195	225	30	10	25
Puerto Rican	675	355	325	460	225	240
St. Lucian	5,310	2,305	3,005	595	295	300
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	42,230	19,320	22,905	5,180	2,685	2,490
Vincentian/Grenadinian	9,995	4,200	5,795	535	215	325
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	44,630	19,830	24,800	2,670	1,275	1,395
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	12,890	5,740	7,145	2,305	1,110	1,200
Latin, Central and South American origins	202,120	95,220	106,905	78,405	39,030	39,375
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	6,755	3,135	3,620	1,980	965	1,015
Arawak	680	305	375	105	30	70
Argentinian	7,850	3,800	4,045	1,385	705	680
Belizean	335	150	180	445	250	190
Bolivian	1,240	600	645	590	305	285
Brazilian	12,250	5,925	6,320	3,030	1,330	1,700
Chilean	9,985	4,805	5,180	8,105	4,115	3,990
Colombian	23,130	11,070	12,065	12,585	6,060	6,525
Costa Rican	1,720	890	835	575	270	305
Ecuadorian	17,005	8,040	8,965	890	405	485
Guatemalan	5,575	2,680	2,895	2,395	1,270	1,120
Guyanese	55,335	25,270	30,060	3,095	1,545	1,555
Hispanic	3,455	1,690	1,765	1,785	905	885
Honduran	1,670	755	915	760	405	355
Maya	1,105	545	555	580	310	275
Mexican	18,380	8,520	9,860	22,475	11,430	11,045
Nicaraguan	3,520	1,700	1,815	1,675	825	855
Panamanian	1,715	745	970	320	150	170
Paraguayan	275	120	150	340	155	190
Peruvian	10,025	4,655	5,370	2,740	1,245	1,495
Salvadorean	14,435	7,115	7,315	8,810	4,545	4,270
Uruguayan	3,040	1,570	1,475	315	180	135
Venezuelan	7,825	3,550	4,285	4,690	2,295	2,390
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	8,800	4,320	4,480	3,430	1,735	1,695
African origins	257,720	125,440	132,280	136,510	70,620	65,885
Central and West African origins	57,350	28,290	29,060	33,170	17,430	15,735
Akan	705	400	305	130	80	50
Angolan	1,010	480	530	295	155	140
Ashanti	1,055	535	515	130	70	55
Beninese	370	190	180	200	90	105
Burkinabe	100	40	55	100	50	50
Cameroonian	2,445	1,205	1,240	2,040	1,010	1,035
Chadian	185	95	90	75	55	20
Congolese	3,920	1,865	2,050	4,095	2,100	1,990
Edo	925	485	440	555	320	235
Ewe	160	90	70	125	70	55
Gabonese	50	10	35	25	10	20
Gambian	550	250	295	110	60	50
Ghanaian	19,995	9,485	10,510	4,470	2,365	2,100
Guinean	620	325	300	455	235	215
Ibo	1,460	760	705	1,760	935	825
Ivorian	615	285	330	655	355	295
Liberian	295	125	170	1,040	495	540
Malian	265	140	125	70	45	25
Malinké	225	105	120	95	55	45
Nigerian	18,855	9,540	9,310	13,010	6,815	6,200
Peulh	65	35	25	105	70	35
Senegalese	530	280	250	575	370	205
Sierra Leonean	815	400	410	740	395	345
Togolese	315	205	105	150	70	80
Wolof	45	20	20	70	45	25
Yoruba	2,735	1,460	1,275	2,990	1,600	1,385
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	2,785	1,365	1,420	1,865	985	875
North African origins	50,800	26,105	24,695	23,235	12,305	10,935
Algerian	1,650	810	840	1,620	805	815
Berber	665	360	305	685	415	270
Coptic	1,640	855	785	225	115	110
Dinka	15	10	0	565	320	250
Egyptian	33,855	17,375	16,475	8,525	4,515	4,010
Libyan	1,260	675	595	1,300	665	635
Maure	235	135	110	95	70	25
Moroccan	8,380	4,340	4,050	2,510	1,380	1,130
Sudanese	3,610	1,755	1,855	7,070	3,695	3,375
Tunisian	1,060	570	495	940	480	455
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	825	445	380	575	315	260
Southern and East African origins	78,235	37,260	40,970	56,560	29,285	27,275
Afrikaner	315	160	155	315	155	160
Amhara	490	235	255	450	240	215
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	285	160	125	700	395	310
Burundian	650	360	290	975	555	420
Djiboutian	210	100	110	170	90	75
Eritrean	7,555	3,650	3,910	7,960	4,250	3,715
Ethiopian	15,900	7,615	8,280	13,225	6,710	6,510
Harari	460	250	210	165	85	80
Kenyan	3,880	1,805	2,080	2,175	1,035	1,140
Malagasy	170	75	95	125	55	70
Mauritian	2,710	1,405	1,305	550	310	235
Oromo	830	370	460	1,355	765	595
Rwandan	1,065	475	590	1,420	745	675
Seychellois	150	60	95	35	25	10
Somali	25,400	11,755	13,650	14,100	7,315	6,790
South African	11,025	5,505	5,520	6,635	3,310	3,320
Tanzanian	1,820	910	910	1,030	525	505
Tigrian	415	210	200	700	380	320
Ugandan	1,935	930	1,005	1,155	645	510
Zambian	355	175	185	265	155	110
Zimbabwean	1,670	775	900	2,590	1,300	1,285
Zulu	185	100	90	295	135	160
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	5,190	2,250	2,940	3,875	2,010	1,870
Other African origins	75,020	35,540	39,485	26,150	12,995	13,155
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	10,710	4,630	6,080	2,525	1,220	1,305
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	65,110	31,290	33,825	23,960	11,950	12,010
Asian origins	2,352,765	1,139,965	1,212,805	756,335	370,390	385,945
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	317,140	160,115	157,025	97,355	51,035	46,315
Afghan	40,230	20,175	20,055	8,540	4,545	3,995
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	22,105	11,430	10,675	10,470	5,690	4,780
Armenian	20,645	10,010	10,635	1,780	865	910
Assyrian	7,240	3,690	3,550	560	300	255
Azerbaijani	3,280	1,595	1,685	615	280	335
Georgian	2,340	1,195	1,140	400	230	165
Hazara	510	270	240	365	190	170
Iranian	94,955	47,625	47,335	13,925	7,220	6,705
Iraqi	27,230	13,595	13,640	6,165	3,250	2,915
Israeli	14,170	7,315	6,855	1,565	830	740
Jordanian	5,115	2,755	2,365	1,325	670	655
Kazakh	940	410	525	565	260	310
Kurd	4,290	2,295	2,000	2,040	1,160	880
Kuwaiti	330	205	130	185	110	80
Kyrgyz	235	80	150	200	110	90
Lebanese	27,635	14,100	13,540	32,365	16,835	15,525
Palestinian	14,465	7,765	6,695	4,880	2,675	2,210
Pashtun	1,925	1,070	855	645	305	345
Saudi Arabian	1,600	840	760	390	205	180
Syrian	15,545	7,565	7,990	7,215	3,605	3,610
Tajik	1,390	640	750	265	160	105
Tatar	1,750	750	1,000	530	215	315
Turk	22,165	11,210	10,955	5,745	3,155	2,595
Turkmen	400	200	200	105	55	50
Uighur	540	255	285	270	125	140
Uzbek	1,670	820	850	485	225	260
Yemeni	2,450	1,145	1,305	930	440	485
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	9,695	5,005	4,690	2,445	1,305	1,140
South Asian origins	953,545	478,660	474,885	231,550	118,855	112,695
Bangladeshi	23,010	11,790	11,220	4,155	2,085	2,070
Bengali	12,255	6,260	5,995	1,660	870	790
Bhutanese	150	80	70	815	410	400
East Indian	618,685	310,525	308,160	174,510	89,140	85,370
Goan	3,840	1,770	2,075	495	265	225
Gujarati	4,775	2,475	2,295	855	445	410
Kashmiri	1,305	670	635	720	355	365
Nepali	5,350	2,630	2,720	4,600	2,490	2,110
Pakistani	113,270	57,500	55,770	29,265	15,075	14,190
Punjabi	45,820	23,605	22,215	15,645	8,230	7,420
Sinhalese	3,770	1,840	1,930	750	400	355
Sri Lankan	110,210	53,705	56,505	5,585	2,885	2,695
Tamil	38,690	19,580	19,110	1,050	565	485
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	47,545	24,110	23,435	4,845	2,500	2,335
East and Southeast Asian origins	1,103,325	511,400	591,925	431,135	202,400	228,735
Burmese	2,075	915	1,165	1,270	650	615
Cambodian (Khmer)	5,945	2,740	3,205	4,260	2,245	2,015
Chinese	684,395	324,960	359,435	188,280	90,735	97,545
Filipino	265,560	114,395	151,165	175,130	79,150	95,975
Hmong	50	25	25	0	0	0
Indonesian	5,845	2,710	3,130	3,005	1,425	1,575
Japanese	26,485	11,605	14,880	16,595	7,510	9,085
Karen	265	120	145	740	390	345
Korean	71,740	34,180	37,560	22,410	10,655	11,755
Laotian	3,805	1,880	1,930	2,050	1,020	1,030
Malaysian	5,335	2,510	2,825	2,970	1,340	1,630
Mongolian	1,890	855	1,035	1,565	725	835
Singaporean	1,005	455	550	370	180	190
Taiwanese	7,820	3,580	4,240	1,995	855	1,140
Thai	3,240	1,225	2,010	2,735	980	1,750
Tibetan	5,935	2,975	2,960	965	500	465
Vietnamese	71,425	33,860	37,565	36,780	17,720	19,060
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	3,220	1,585	1,640	735	385	345
Other Asian origins	9,945	4,905	5,040	3,115	1,580	1,530
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	9,945	4,905	5,040	3,115	1,585	1,530
Oceania origins	8,815	4,450	4,365	15,500	7,825	7,680
Australian	5,315	2,775	2,540	7,785	3,975	3,810
New Zealander	1,755	925	830	2,905	1,535	1,370
Pacific Islands origins	1,950	885	1,070	5,150	2,510	2,635
Fijian	1,170	490	685	3,325	1,580	1,745
Hawaiian	175	85	90	425	190	235
Maori	165	95	75	640	325	320
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	100	40	65	205	105	95
Samoan	95	45	45	280	180	100
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	330	155	175	375	195	180
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	1,967,560	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
Owner	1,276,425	...	...	1,105,795	...	...
Renter	691,140	...	...	412,150	...	...
Band housing	0	...	...	9,730	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	1,967,560	...	...	1,527,675	...	...
Condominium	434,620	...	...	256,015	...	...
Not condominium	1,532,935	...	...	1,271,660	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	1,967,555	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
No bedrooms	24,005	...	...	5,440	...	...
1 bedroom	376,525	...	...	139,820	...	...
2 bedrooms	432,060	...	...	322,370	...	...
3 bedrooms	556,210	...	...	540,505	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	578,765	...	...	519,545	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	1,967,555	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	732,945	...	...	358,650	...	...
5 rooms	269,420	...	...	238,870	...	...
6 rooms	250,890	...	...	224,335	...	...
7 rooms	220,325	...	...	201,560	...	...
8 or more rooms	493,975	...	...	504,270	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.8	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	1,967,560	...	...	1,527,675	...	...
One person or fewer per room	1,876,310	...	...	1,494,875	...	...
More than 1 person per room	91,250	...	...	32,805	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	1,967,560	...	...	1,527,675	...	...
Suitable	1,767,780	...	...	1,458,550	...	...
Not suitable	199,770	...	...	69,125	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	1,967,560	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
1960 or before	413,230	...	...	177,780	...	...
1961 to 1980	529,935	...	...	439,505	...	...
1981 to 1990	279,160	...	...	193,360	...	...
1991 to 2000	246,640	...	...	216,410	...	...
2001 to 2005	179,090	...	...	157,420	...	...
2006 to 2010	163,020	...	...	180,645	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	156,485	...	...	162,560	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	1,967,560	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	1,858,255	...	...	1,440,440	...	...
Major repairs needed	109,300	...	...	87,240	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	1,967,560	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
1 household maintainer	1,124,090	...	...	873,125	...	...
2 household maintainers	759,115	...	...	605,830	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	84,350	...	...	48,725	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	1,967,560	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
15 to 24 years	47,450	...	...	53,955	...	...
25 to 34 years	277,355	...	...	281,820	...	...
35 to 44 years	371,615	...	...	307,930	...	...
45 to 54 years	454,610	...	...	310,435	...	...
55 to 64 years	381,365	...	...	288,480	...	...
65 to 74 years	242,735	...	...	169,505	...	...
75 to 84 years	137,935	...	...	86,970	...	...
85 years and over	54,490	...	...	28,585	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	1,964,415	...	...	1,479,270	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	1,292,415	...	...	1,170,780	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	671,995	...	...	308,485	...	...
30% to less than 100%	553,740	...	...	268,795	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,276,365	...	...	1,075,465	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	62.6	...	...	65.2	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	27.3	...	...	15.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,649	...	...	1,481	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,755	...	...	1,531	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	648,719	...	...	400,104	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	743,131	...	...	449,790	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	691,125	...	...	410,225	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	14.7	...	...	10.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	46.9	...	...	36.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,207	...	...	1,243	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,263	...	...	1,279	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	4,485,730	2,151,895	2,333,830	3,206,050	1,602,810	1,603,235
No certificate, diploma or degree	730,915	345,155	385,765	540,665	284,020	256,640
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	1,147,670	564,185	583,480	895,885	440,665	455,220
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,607,140	1,242,555	1,364,580	1,769,500	878,130	891,375
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	190,445	124,915	65,530	309,465	242,160	67,305
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	105,015	61,850	43,165	94,735	56,255	38,480
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	85,425	63,060	22,360	214,730	185,905	28,825
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	756,515	330,560	425,950	615,480	250,590	364,895
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	126,335	56,415	69,925	94,620	36,875	57,750
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	1,533,855	730,670	803,185	749,930	348,510	401,425
Bachelor's degree	1,009,045	465,915	543,125	530,085	235,610	294,470
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	100,985	46,510	54,480	39,955	18,075	21,880
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	42,640	21,280	21,355	21,850	11,810	10,045
Master's degree	335,240	168,965	166,270	133,265	67,215	66,055
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	45,945	28,000	17,945	24,770	15,805	8,965
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	3,020,615	1,447,205	1,573,410	2,257,820	1,131,030	1,126,795
No certificate, diploma or degree	292,270	146,320	145,950	244,755	136,085	108,675
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	647,655	324,200	323,455	569,435	283,290	286,145
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,080,685	976,680	1,104,005	1,443,635	711,655	731,975
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	129,450	84,010	45,440	238,220	189,180	49,035
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	71,910	41,985	29,930	69,415	42,445	26,970
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	57,540	42,030	15,510	168,805	146,740	22,065
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	589,090	256,645	332,445	496,375	203,350	293,020
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	94,740	42,000	52,740	73,315	29,315	44,005
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	1,267,410	594,025	673,385	635,730	289,810	345,920
Bachelor's degree	821,300	376,095	445,205	448,235	197,045	251,195
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	81,920	36,340	45,580	32,095	14,155	17,940
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	34,910	16,305	18,605	18,855	9,505	9,350
Master's degree	293,070	144,435	148,630	116,975	57,230	59,740
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	36,215	20,850	15,365	19,570	11,875	7,695
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	4,485,725	2,151,900	2,333,825	3,206,045	1,602,810	1,603,235
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	1,878,585	909,335	969,245	1,436,545	724,680	711,865
Education	130,685	26,640	104,045	121,930	29,000	92,930
13. Education	130,690	26,640	104,050	121,930	29,000	92,930
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	130,390	58,720	71,675	49,660	20,960	28,705
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	16,640	12,320	4,315	9,130	6,305	2,820
50. Visual and performing arts	113,755	46,395	67,360	40,535	14,650	25,885
Humanities	179,405	63,540	115,865	69,305	27,480	41,830
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	21,645	4,760	16,885	6,790	1,620	5,170
23. English language and literature/letters	50,845	14,640	36,205	15,110	4,270	10,840
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	53,905	18,055	35,845	20,660	7,275	13,390
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	870	385	475	225	105	125
38. Philosophy and religious studies	11,750	6,510	5,240	4,890	2,750	2,140
39. Theology and religious vocations	9,435	5,960	3,470	11,435	6,560	4,865
54. History	24,730	12,250	12,475	8,600	4,560	4,045
55. French language and literature/letters	6,240	970	5,265	1,595	345	1,250
Social and behavioural sciences and law	375,990	132,895	243,090	159,735	51,705	108,030
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	5,275	1,010	4,265	2,345	470	1,875
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	41,765	16,265	25,495	17,180	6,320	10,865
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	51,475	4,985	46,485	28,750	2,185	26,570
22. Legal professions and studies	64,720	25,805	38,915	29,000	9,355	19,645
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	6,200	1,435	4,760	2,190	605	1,580
42. Psychology	52,075	12,435	39,640	27,275	6,765	20,515
45. Social sciences	154,480	70,955	83,525	52,985	26,000	26,985
Business, management and public administration	635,290	286,145	349,150	361,530	133,045	228,485
30.16 Accounting and computer science	1,300	505	800	670	155	520
44. Public administration and social service professions	38,360	8,100	30,265	21,565	4,015	17,555
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	595,630	277,540	318,090	339,295	128,885	210,410
Physical and life sciences and technologies	126,840	59,465	67,380	72,850	38,330	34,525
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	53,350	21,080	32,270	25,850	10,955	14,895
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	31,225	13,705	17,520	15,410	7,270	8,145
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	2,340	735	1,605	555	170	385
40. Physical sciences	35,555	22,435	13,125	26,130	17,875	8,255
41. Science technologies/technicians	4,370	1,505	2,865	4,900	2,055	2,845
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	158,045	102,350	55,695	60,830	37,710	23,120
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	122,045	83,770	38,275	48,975	32,855	16,125
25. Library science	5,560	935	4,630	4,295	515	3,780
27. Mathematics and statistics	27,925	15,910	12,015	7,050	4,020	3,035
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	2,520	1,745	775	515	330	185
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	439,230	375,990	63,235	463,185	415,665	47,520
04. Architecture and related services	28,885	18,400	10,485	11,325	7,140	4,190
14. Engineering	199,695	158,560	41,140	110,345	89,275	21,070
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	73,645	65,980	7,665	84,800	72,145	12,655
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	100	25	75	60	10	50
46. Construction trades	53,550	52,345	1,200	100,370	96,810	3,560
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	55,235	53,715	1,525	103,880	100,100	3,785
48. Precision production	28,120	26,975	1,145	52,400	50,195	2,205
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	27,465	14,400	13,070	44,270	27,245	17,025
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	16,015	8,845	7,170	28,440	17,860	10,580
03. Natural resources and conservation	11,455	5,550	5,900	15,830	9,390	6,445
Health and related fields	303,620	74,055	229,570	270,920	51,220	219,700
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	24,245	12,480	11,765	19,300	9,110	10,195
51. Health professions and related programs	267,470	55,340	212,130	245,265	38,460	206,810
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	11,905	6,230	5,675	6,350	3,650	2,695
Personal, protective and transportation services	99,875	48,260	51,615	95,140	45,720	49,415
12. Personal and culinary services	62,940	19,925	43,010	57,285	14,985	42,305
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	365	330	35	250	230	20
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	480	455	25	740	655	85
43. Security and protective services	22,935	15,975	6,960	16,985	11,590	5,400
49. Transportation and materials moving	13,160	11,585	1,580	19,880	18,270	1,610
Other	295	100	195	150	60	95
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	290	95	195	145	60	95
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	3,020,615	1,447,205	1,573,415	2,257,820	1,131,025	1,126,795
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	939,930	470,525	469,405	814,190	419,370	394,820
Education	95,095	18,915	76,180	91,020	19,920	71,105
13. Education	95,100	18,915	76,185	91,025	19,920	71,100
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	104,620	47,155	57,465	40,255	16,670	23,585
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	12,780	9,495	3,285	7,095	4,810	2,285
50. Visual and performing arts	91,845	37,665	54,185	33,155	11,860	21,300
Humanities	139,350	48,065	91,290	55,985	21,840	34,145
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	17,015	3,465	13,545	5,690	1,310	4,380
23. English language and literature/letters	39,550	11,125	28,425	12,345	3,425	8,920
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	42,735	13,895	28,845	17,320	6,020	11,300
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	690	320	370	200	95	100
38. Philosophy and religious studies	9,135	5,110	4,030	3,930	2,205	1,725
39. Theology and religious vocations	6,935	4,370	2,560	8,500	4,960	3,545
54. History	18,705	9,180	9,525	6,855	3,565	3,285
55. French language and literature/letters	4,585	600	3,980	1,140	245	895
Social and behavioural sciences and law	304,820	105,350	199,465	135,545	42,855	92,685
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	4,315	850	3,470	2,025	425	1,600
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	34,495	13,470	21,020	14,880	5,360	9,520
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	39,405	3,515	35,890	23,730	1,770	21,960
22. Legal professions and studies	54,925	20,115	34,810	25,095	7,395	17,705
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	4,850	1,185	3,660	1,790	530	1,255
42. Psychology	40,890	9,305	31,585	22,460	5,290	17,170
45. Social sciences	125,945	56,905	69,040	45,565	22,095	23,465
Business, management and public administration	524,355	231,890	292,465	301,995	110,825	191,170
30.16 Accounting and computer science	1,095	405	685	560	135	420
44. Public administration and social service professions	30,890	6,455	24,440	18,035	3,130	14,910
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	492,370	225,035	267,335	283,400	107,560	175,840
Physical and life sciences and technologies	96,435	43,745	52,695	58,120	29,655	28,465
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	40,650	15,625	25,025	20,925	8,620	12,310
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	24,030	10,235	13,800	12,175	5,740	6,435
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	1,920	625	1,295	460	155	305
40. Physical sciences	26,590	16,240	10,350	20,785	13,645	7,140
41. Science technologies/technicians	3,245	1,020	2,225	3,775	1,500	2,270
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	140,470	91,425	49,045	53,975	33,590	20,385
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	111,605	76,680	34,920	44,735	29,980	14,750
25. Library science	3,950	715	3,235	3,400	440	2,965
27. Mathematics and statistics	22,690	12,525	10,165	5,420	2,915	2,500
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	2,235	1,505	725	420	255	165
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	338,415	284,970	53,445	376,875	335,210	41,670
04. Architecture and related services	23,725	14,720	9,010	9,335	5,630	3,710
14. Engineering	163,350	127,605	35,750	95,005	75,840	19,170
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	54,630	48,775	5,860	69,300	58,610	10,690
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	95	20	75	55	10	50
46. Construction trades	38,265	37,375	895	80,455	77,430	3,020
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	39,680	38,605	1,070	81,470	78,290	3,180
48. Precision production	18,670	17,870	795	41,255	39,405	1,850
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	21,845	11,015	10,830	35,820	21,060	14,760
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	12,520	6,515	6,005	21,990	12,970	9,025
03. Natural resources and conservation	9,325	4,500	4,820	13,825	8,090	5,740
Health and related fields	239,960	58,120	181,845	217,640	42,225	175,410
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	18,145	9,295	8,850	15,955	7,530	8,425
51. Health professions and related programs	212,380	44,170	168,205	196,250	31,775	164,475
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	9,440	4,655	4,785	5,435	2,925	2,505
Personal, protective and transportation services	75,070	35,955	39,115	76,300	37,755	38,540
12. Personal and culinary services	47,120	14,595	32,530	44,755	12,085	32,670
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	260	225	40	190	170	20
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	220	210	15	460	410	50
43. Security and protective services	17,030	11,690	5,345	14,100	9,595	4,505
49. Transportation and materials moving	10,430	9,235	1,190	16,795	15,490	1,305
Other	250	75	170	115	55	60
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	250	75	170	110	55	60
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	4,485,725	2,151,895	2,333,830	3,206,045	1,602,810	1,603,235
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,878,585	909,340	969,245	1,436,545	724,685	711,865
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	2,607,145	1,242,560	1,364,585	1,769,505	878,130	891,370
Location of study inside Canada	1,736,445	819,555	916,895	1,424,855	709,950	714,905
Same as province or territory of residence	1,599,135	752,170	846,965	1,064,560	530,135	534,430
Different than province or territory of residence	137,320	67,390	69,930	360,290	179,815	180,475
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	870,690	423,000	447,690	344,645	168,180	176,465
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	78,865	43,540	35,330	45,690	25,545	20,145
Philippines	93,650	32,815	60,840	68,760	26,480	42,280
India	137,910	69,690	68,220	41,560	21,025	20,535
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	54,970	30,515	24,455	28,630	16,255	12,370
China^{Census data footnote 162}	77,375	36,630	40,745	18,850	8,805	10,050
France	6,540	3,550	2,985	2,150	1,275	875
Other	421,380	206,260	215,120	139,010	68,800	70,210
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	3,020,615	1,447,200	1,573,410	2,257,820	1,131,030	1,126,795
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	939,930	470,525	469,405	814,190	419,375	394,820
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	2,080,685	976,680	1,104,005	1,443,630	711,655	731,980
Location of study inside Canada	1,382,850	646,575	736,280	1,150,780	572,180	578,595
Same as province or territory of residence	1,273,355	592,550	680,800	857,370	426,365	431,010
Different than province or territory of residence	109,500	54,015	55,480	293,410	145,820	147,590
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	697,835	330,110	367,725	292,850	139,470	153,380
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	62,760	33,745	29,020	34,655	18,640	16,015
Philippines	79,090	27,270	51,820	64,000	24,435	39,565
India	118,455	58,170	60,290	37,240	18,505	18,740
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	34,420	18,765	15,660	20,065	11,390	8,675
China^{Census data footnote 162}	65,240	30,415	34,825	16,600	7,630	8,965
France	5,490	2,965	2,530	1,870	1,105	765
Other	332,375	158,785	173,590	118,425	57,770	60,655
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	4,485,725	2,151,895	2,333,830	3,206,050	1,602,810	1,603,235
In the labour force	2,954,195	1,522,940	1,431,255	2,302,945	1,238,280	1,064,655
Employed	2,720,530	1,407,640	1,312,890	2,096,105	1,114,360	981,745
Unemployed	233,665	115,300	118,365	206,835	123,925	82,910
Not in the labour force	1,531,530	628,960	902,575	903,105	364,525	538,580
Participation rate	65.9	70.8	61.3	71.8	77.3	66.4
Employment rate	60.6	65.4	56.3	65.4	69.5	61.2
Unemployment rate	7.9	7.6	8.3	9.0	10.0	7.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	4,485,725	2,151,895	2,333,830	3,206,050	1,602,810	1,603,235
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	1,487,830	612,205	875,630	806,150	318,845	487,310
Worked	2,997,895	1,539,690	1,458,200	2,399,895	1,283,965	1,115,930
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	1,532,845	848,305	684,545	1,193,860	698,530	495,330
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	1,465,045	691,385	773,660	1,206,035	585,430	620,595
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.5	43.1	41.8	42.5	43.1	41.7
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	2,954,195	1,522,940	1,431,255	2,302,940	1,238,285	1,064,660
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	85,760	39,655	46,105	40,005	18,650	21,360
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	2,868,435	1,483,280	1,385,155	2,262,935	1,219,635	1,043,300
Employee	2,505,850	1,246,505	1,259,345	1,984,225	1,042,630	941,595
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	362,585	236,780	125,805	278,710	177,010	101,705
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	2,954,195	1,522,940	1,431,255	2,302,940	1,238,280	1,064,660
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	85,760	39,655	46,105	40,010	18,645	21,360
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	2,868,435	1,483,285	1,385,155	2,262,935	1,219,635	1,043,300
0 Management occupations	337,265	203,770	133,495	261,505	167,260	94,245
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	530,385	190,720	339,665	353,965	95,685	258,280
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	251,395	191,580	59,810	175,025	136,240	38,795
3 Health occupations	160,610	39,320	121,285	150,415	28,130	122,290
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	327,425	100,020	227,405	228,325	74,105	154,220
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	119,645	59,275	60,370	50,170	19,960	30,210
6 Sales and service occupations	676,065	313,535	362,530	491,495	204,245	287,255
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	309,545	287,595	21,945	406,495	376,375	30,120
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	17,960	14,720	3,235	72,465	59,465	13,000
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	138,155	82,740	55,415	73,070	58,170	14,895
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	2,954,195	1,522,940	1,431,255	2,302,940	1,238,280	1,064,660
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	85,760	39,655	46,100	40,005	18,650	21,360
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	2,868,435	1,483,285	1,385,150	2,262,935	1,219,630	1,043,305
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	5,115	2,965	2,150	64,035	43,045	20,990
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	3,950	2,680	1,270	142,490	109,105	33,390
22 Utilities	13,965	9,465	4,500	21,940	15,345	6,595
23 Construction	163,810	142,960	20,845	236,370	201,640	34,730
31-33 Manufacturing	256,170	167,975	88,200	127,535	96,045	31,490
41 Wholesale trade	128,255	79,360	48,890	80,610	56,840	23,775
44-45 Retail trade	307,460	146,985	160,480	249,880	115,065	134,810
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	153,930	113,255	40,675	115,295	83,675	31,620
51 Information and cultural industries	100,825	58,430	42,395	33,045	18,625	14,420
52 Finance and insurance	233,060	112,580	120,480	69,225	25,230	43,995
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	76,725	41,670	35,055	41,520	23,075	18,450
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	317,960	179,905	138,055	167,800	94,565	73,240
55 Management of companies and enterprises	7,965	3,375	4,595	5,560	2,760	2,795
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	148,930	81,450	67,475	87,350	49,595	37,760
61 Educational services	208,170	65,400	142,770	147,270	44,160	103,110
62 Health care and social assistance	265,290	54,875	210,415	245,875	41,235	204,645
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	57,575	30,415	27,165	44,880	21,550	23,335
72 Accommodation and food services	189,685	87,920	101,765	153,790	62,220	91,570
81 Other services (except public administration)	123,585	50,940	72,645	105,865	50,455	55,405
91 Public administration	106,010	50,680	55,330	122,595	65,420	57,175
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	2,720,530	1,407,640	1,312,890	2,096,110	1,114,360	981,745
Worked at home	196,035	100,435	95,595	162,465	77,935	84,530
Worked outside Canada	18,685	12,660	6,020	6,270	4,715	1,555
No fixed workplace address	311,760	220,515	91,245	307,065	236,995	70,070
Worked at usual place	2,194,055	1,074,025	1,120,030	1,620,310	794,720	825,595
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	2,194,050	1,074,025	1,120,025	1,620,310	794,720	825,595
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	1,297,375	591,205	706,165	1,186,170	554,850	631,330
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	196,715	97,810	98,905	358,010	190,730	167,280
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	694,925	381,990	312,935	64,360	41,925	22,435
Commute to a different province or territory	5,045	3,020	2,020	11,770	7,210	4,560
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	2,505,815	1,294,540	1,211,270	1,927,375	1,031,710	895,665
Car, truck, van - as a driver	1,509,390	870,970	638,420	1,497,440	832,890	664,545
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	139,630	49,845	89,785	99,635	40,215	59,420
Public transit	656,330	276,110	380,220	194,560	88,325	106,235
Walked	136,810	61,315	75,500	85,805	38,030	47,775
Bicycle	38,460	24,280	14,175	21,925	14,685	7,240
Other method	25,195	12,020	13,170	28,015	17,560	10,455
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	2,505,810	1,294,545	1,211,270	1,927,375	1,031,710	895,665
Less than 15 minutes	341,440	156,775	184,665	519,085	237,105	281,980
15 to 29 minutes	732,785	374,395	358,390	706,940	377,165	329,780
30 to 44 minutes	668,925	362,510	306,415	422,070	243,905	178,165
45 to 59 minutes	335,205	176,620	158,595	148,620	86,485	62,135
60 minutes and over	427,450	224,240	203,210	130,665	87,060	43,605
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	2,505,810	1,294,545	1,211,270	1,927,375	1,031,710	895,665
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	134,680	94,940	39,735	145,660	107,460	38,200
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	369,285	220,720	148,565	395,425	254,225	141,200
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	635,210	308,240	326,975	567,530	297,825	269,705
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	604,620	281,310	323,310	347,270	147,425	199,845
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	379,095	181,970	197,125	188,660	77,175	111,490
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	382,920	207,360	175,555	282,820	147,600	135,225
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	3,108,065	1,593,200	1,514,860	2,467,410	1,314,320	1,153,090
Single responses	3,030,280	1,555,755	1,474,515	2,446,600	1,304,240	1,142,360
Official languages	2,939,720	1,507,770	1,431,945	2,425,545	1,292,940	1,132,610
English	2,928,795	1,504,810	1,423,990	2,418,990	1,290,870	1,128,120
French	10,920	2,965	7,955	6,560	2,070	4,490
Non-official languages	90,555	47,985	42,570	21,055	11,305	9,750
Aboriginal languages	10	10	0	1,000	550	450
Algonquian languages	10	0	0	670	355	315
Blackfoot	0	0	0	75	50	30
Cree-Montagnais languages	10	0	0	565	295	270
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	10	10	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Woods Cree	10	0	0	30	10	20
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	535	280	255
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	20	15	10
Algonquin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway	0	0	0	25	15	10
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	75	45	30
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	75	40	35
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	0	0	0	60	35	25
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	10	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	15	10	10
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	10	10	10
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	255	155	105
Dakota	0	0	0	15	10	10
Stoney	0	0	0	240	140	95
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	90,550	47,985	42,570	20,050	10,755	9,300
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,790	1,015	770	940	575	360
Berber languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	100	45	55	100	45	55
Bilen	0	0	0	10	0	10
Oromo	20	10	0	25	15	15
Somali	85	35	50	60	25	35
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,680	970	710	840	530	305
Amharic	55	20	35	85	50	35
Arabic	1,115	725	385	610	415	195
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	100	75	30	10	10	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	335	100	240	50	15	35
Maltese	20	15	10	0	0	0
Tigrigna	45	25	15	40	15	25
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	50	25	25
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,770	735	1,030	1,305	515	790
Khmer (Cambodian)	45	25	20	15	10	0
Vietnamese	1,720	715	1,010	1,290	505	780
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,055	395	660	850	420	430
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	25	0	15	15	0	10
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	0	10	10	0	10
Ilocano	35	20	15	30	10	20
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	35	20	20	10	10	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	10	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	935	345	590	785	405	380
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	10	0	10
Creole languages	25	25	0	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	15	10	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	1,805	870	935	55	25	35
Kannada	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malayalam	45	25	25	15	10	0
Tamil	1,735	840	890	35	15	15
Telugu	25	0	20	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	26,205	14,420	11,790	8,280	4,855	3,425
Albanian	210	125	90	30	20	10
Armenian	130	70	65	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	5,180	2,515	2,665	690	335	355
Baltic languages	55	20	35	0	0	0
Latvian	0	10	10	0	0	0
Lithuanian	45	20	30	0	0	0
Slavic languages	5,130	2,500	2,635	695	335	360
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	40	30	10	15	15	0
Bulgarian	110	75	40	10	0	10
Croatian	80	60	25	15	10	15
Czech	15	10	0	0	0	0
Macedonian	80	30	40	10	10	0
Polish	1,440	770	670	220	135	85
Russian	2,445	1,070	1,375	275	120	160
Serbian	165	105	55	25	0	20
Serbo-Croatian	15	15	0	0	0	0
Slovak	50	30	15	25	0	20
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	0	0	0	0	0
Ukrainian	680	290	390	100	40	55
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	0	0	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Germanic languages	355	140	220	2,535	1,700	840
Afrikaans	0	0	0	30	10	20
Danish	20	10	10	10	0	10
Dutch	60	40	20	145	80	65
Frisian	0	0	0	0	0	0
German	220	65	150	2,160	1,455	700
Icelandic	10	0	0	0	0	0
Norwegian	10	10	10	10	0	10
Swedish	20	10	15	15	10	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	10	0	0	0	10
Yiddish	15	10	15	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	165	135	30
Greek	340	185	150	20	15	0
Indo-Iranian languages	10,565	5,875	4,690	3,215	1,870	1,350
Indo-Aryan languages	8,150	4,360	3,790	3,010	1,735	1,275
Bengali	295	145	155	25	10	15
Gujarati	585	200	385	75	15	60
Hindi	710	340	370	210	110	100
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	10	10	0	0	0	0
Marathi	30	15	15	0	0	0
Nepali	55	20	35	40	20	15
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,490	3,150	2,340	2,480	1,510	970
Sindhi	20	10	10	10	0	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	25	15	10	10	10	0
Urdu	935	465	470	155	50	100
Iranian languages	2,415	1,515	895	200	130	70
Kurdish	85	70	10	15	10	0
Pashto	15	10	0	15	15	0
Persian (Farsi)	2,320	1,440	880	175	105	70
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	9,410	5,505	3,910	1,780	920	860
Catalan	10	10	0	0	0	0
Italian	720	390	335	30	10	15
Portuguese	4,910	3,240	1,670	140	70	70
Romanian	220	95	125	50	30	20
Spanish	3,545	1,775	1,775	1,560	800	760
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0	0	0
Japanese	765	250	520	195	75	125
Kartvelian languages	10	10	10	0	0	0
Georgian	10	10	0	0	0	0
Korean	4,205	2,125	2,080	785	350	435
Mongolic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	70	35	35	35	10	30
Akan (Twi)	20	0	15	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	10	0	0	0	0	0
Ganda	20	15	10	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	10	0	0	30	10	25
Wolof	10	10	0	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	0	10	0	0	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	295	120	180	230	120	115
American Sign Language	195	50	140	125	40	85
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	105	65	40	105	80	30
Sino-Tibetan languages	51,785	27,560	24,220	7,080	3,665	3,420
Chinese languages	51,735	27,535	24,205	7,035	3,635	3,400
Cantonese	24,825	12,930	11,890	4,545	2,340	2,205
Hakka	35	10	30	15	0	10
Mandarin	25,715	14,005	11,710	2,170	1,125	1,045
Min Dong	30	20	10	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	220	145	75	30	10	15
Wu (Shanghainese)	25	20	0	0	0	0
Chinese, n.o.s.	890	405	480	275	155	125
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	50	30	25	45	30	20
Burmese	0	0	10	10	10	10
Karenic languages	0	0	0	25	15	10
Tibetan	45	30	15	0	0	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	70	30	40	125	60	65
Lao	10	0	0	0	0	0
Thai	60	30	35	130	60	65
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	405	275	130	80	35	45
Azerbaijani	15	10	10	0	0	0
Turkish	385	260	125	65	30	30
Uyghur	0	10	0	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0	10	0	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	10
Uralic languages	290	130	160	70	45	25
Estonian	50	10	35	0	0	0
Finnish	35	10	30	10	10	0
Hungarian	205	115	95	65	40	25
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	10	10	0
Multiple responses	77,785	37,445	40,340	20,810	10,080	10,735
English and French	15,535	6,000	9,535	4,525	2,050	2,475
English and non-official language	61,045	30,905	30,145	15,935	7,860	8,075
French and non-official language	75	45	35	55	25	30
English, French and non-official language	1,130	495	635	295	140	155
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	3,108,060	1,593,200	1,514,865	2,467,410	1,314,320	1,153,095
None	2,853,615	1,465,535	1,388,080	2,370,575	1,264,955	1,105,620
English	42,865	20,790	22,075	13,805	6,540	7,270
French	44,295	19,000	25,295	23,920	11,380	12,545
Non-official language	162,965	85,830	77,140	57,640	30,700	26,935
Aboriginal	125	30	90	5,045	2,370	2,680
Non-Aboriginal	162,840	85,790	77,050	52,590	28,335	24,260
English and French	85	40	45	30	15	15
English and non-official language	1,165	560	600	215	105	110
French and non-official language	3,050	1,430	1,620	1,220	625	595
English, French and non-official language	20	20	0	0	10	0
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	5,316,405	2,578,540	2,737,865	3,925,440	1,971,515	1,953,920
Non-movers	4,638,795	2,245,210	2,393,580	3,318,340	1,667,060	1,651,280
Movers	677,605	333,320	344,285	607,095	304,450	302,640
Non-migrants	411,950	201,845	210,100	394,230	199,640	194,590
Migrants	265,660	131,475	134,185	212,865	104,815	108,050
Internal migrants	163,550	80,665	82,885	166,390	82,335	84,055
Intraprovincial migrants	138,890	68,355	70,540	120,105	59,845	60,260
Interprovincial migrants	24,655	12,315	12,340	46,280	22,490	23,795
External migrants	102,110	50,810	51,300	46,475	22,480	23,995
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	5,092,400	2,463,705	2,628,690	3,714,635	1,863,450	1,851,190
Non-movers	3,128,180	1,505,965	1,622,210	2,052,580	1,028,510	1,024,070
Movers	1,964,220	957,740	1,006,480	1,662,055	834,935	827,120
Non-migrants	1,108,880	539,010	569,865	899,165	454,700	444,465
Migrants	855,345	418,730	436,615	762,890	380,235	382,655
Internal migrants	475,275	232,345	242,925	559,860	280,255	279,610
Intraprovincial migrants	411,920	201,625	210,295	333,775	165,900	167,875
Interprovincial migrants	63,350	30,720	32,630	226,090	114,355	111,730
External migrants	380,070	186,385	193,685	203,025	99,980	103,045

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

^r

revised. The 2011 count for this area has been revised.

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

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Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 22 referrer

Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 23 referrer

Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 24 referrer

Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 25 referrer

Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 26 referrer

Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 27 referrer

Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 28 referrer

Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 29 referrer

Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 32 referrer

Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 34 referrer

Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 35 referrer

Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 36 referrer

Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 37 referrer

Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 38 referrer

Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 39 referrer

Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 40 referrer

Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 41 referrer

Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 42 referrer

Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Return to footnote 43 referrer

Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

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Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

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Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. Toronto [Population centre], Ontario and Alberta [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed July 6, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Toronto [Population centre], Ontario and Alberta [Province]

Census Profile, 2016 Census Toronto [Population centre], Ontario and Alberta [Province]

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Toronto [Population centre], Ontario and Alberta [Province]