Census Profile, 2016 Census
London [Economic region], Ontario and Alberta [Province]

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic London
Ontario
[Economic region] 		Alberta

[Province]
Data quality , London [Economic region], Ontario  Map : London [Economic region], Ontario
Change geography 1 		Data quality : Alberta [Province]  Map : geography 2
Change geography 2
Total Male Female Total Male Female
Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Knowledge of official languagesThe letter C inside a yellow triangle - correctionUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% dataCensus data footnote 15 647,955 316,780 331,175 4,026,650 2,020,510 2,006,140
English only 601,315 297,105 304,215 3,698,765 1,869,670 1,829,095
French only 265 125 140 3,895 1,725 2,165
English and French 38,930 16,430 22,500 264,720 124,400 140,315
Neither English nor French 7,445 3,125 4,320 59,280 24,715 34,565
First official language spokenThe letter C inside a yellow triangle - correctionUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% dataCensus data footnote 16 647,955 316,780 331,175 4,026,650 2,020,510 2,006,140
English 631,520 309,515 322,005 3,880,685 1,950,980 1,929,705
French 6,970 3,200 3,765 71,535 37,205 34,330
English and French 2,210 1,035 1,175 16,605 8,350 8,255
Neither English nor French 7,255 3,030 4,230 57,830 23,970 33,860
Official language minority (number)Census data footnote 17 8,070 3,720 4,350 79,840 41,380 38,455
Official language minority (percentage)Census data footnote 17 1.2 1.2 1.3 2.0 2.0 1.9
Mother tongueThe letter C inside a yellow triangle - correctionUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% dataCensus data footnote 18 647,955 316,785 331,175 4,026,650 2,020,510 2,006,140
Single responses 638,355 312,105 326,250 3,934,580 1,975,615 1,958,970
Official languages 533,180 261,450 271,730 3,063,640 1,552,475 1,511,165
English 525,945 258,145 267,800 2,991,485 1,515,025 1,476,460
French 7,230 3,305 3,925 72,150 37,450 34,705
Non-official languages 105,170 50,650 54,520 870,940 423,140 447,805
Aboriginal languages 155 55 100 23,835 11,290 12,550
Algonquian languages 75 20 50 18,295 8,665 9,630
Blackfoot 0 0 0 2,750 1,305 1,445
Cree-Montagnais languages 10 5 10 14,960 7,105 7,850
Atikamekw 0 0 0 0 0 0
Montagnais (Innu) 0 0 0 0 5 0
Moose Cree 5 0 0 10 0 5
Naskapi 0 0 0 0 0 0
Northern East Cree 0 0 0 50 15 35
Plains Cree 5 0 5 720 280 435
Southern East Cree 0 0 0 0 0 0
Swampy Cree 5 0 0 50 20 35
Woods Cree 0 0 0 910 430 480
Cree, n.o.s. 5 0 5 13,220 6,355 6,865
Eastern Algonquian languages 5 0 5 30 15 15
Malecite 0 0 0 0 5 0
Mi'kmaq 5 0 5 35 20 15
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages 60 20 35 550 235 315
Algonquin 0 0 0 5 0 5
Ojibway 50 20 35 525 230 300
Oji-Cree 5 0 5 15 5 15
Ottawa (Odawa) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 0 0 5
Athabaskan languages 0 0 0 1,865 865 1,000
Northern Athabaskan languages 0 5 0 1,855 860 990
Babine (Wetsuwet'en) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Beaver 0 0 0 35 15 15
Carrier 0 0 0 15 0 15
Chilcotin 0 0 0 5 0 0
Dene 0 0 0 1,470 710 760
Dogrib (Tlicho) 0 0 0 40 10 30
Gwich'in 0 0 0 15 5 10
Sarsi (Sarcee) 0 0 0 70 20 45
Sekani 0 0 0 0 0 0
Slavey-Hare languages 0 0 0 200 90 115
North Slavey (Hare) 0 0 0 10 5 10
South Slavey 0 0 0 155 70 80
Slavey, n.o.s. 0 0 0 35 15 25
Tahltan languages 0 0 0 5 0 5
Kaska (Nahani) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tahltan 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tutchone languages 0 0 0 5 0 0
Northern Tutchone 0 0 0 0 0 0
Southern Tutchone 0 0 0 0 0 0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 10 0 10
Haida 0 0 0 0 0 0
Inuit languages 5 5 0 120 35 85
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun) 0 0 0 25 5 10
Inuktitut 5 0 5 60 20 45
Inuit languages, n.i.e. 5 0 0 35 10 30
Iroquoian languages 60 20 40 10 10 5
Cayuga 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mohawk 0 0 5 5 5 5
Oneida 50 15 30 0 5 0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e. 0 0 5 0 0 5
Kutenai 0 0 0 5 0 0
Michif 0 0 0 80 45 35
Salish languages 0 0 0 15 5 10
Comox 0 0 0 0 0 0
Halkomelem 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lillooet 0 0 0 0 0 0
Okanagan 0 0 0 0 5 5
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin) 0 0 0 5 0 0
Squamish 0 0 0 5 0 0
Straits 0 0 0 0 0 0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Salish languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 5 0 5
Siouan languages 0 0 0 3,370 1,630 1,745
Dakota 0 0 0 350 165 185
Stoney 0 0 0 3,020 1,460 1,555
Siouan languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 5 0 0
Tlingit 0 0 0 5 0 0
Tsimshian languages 0 0 0 15 5 5
Gitxsan (Gitksan) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nisga'a 0 0 0 10 5 5
Tsimshian 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wakashan languages 0 0 0 5 5 5
Haisla 0 0 0 0 0 0
Heiltsuk 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala) 0 0 0 0 0 5
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka) 0 0 0 0 5 0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 0 0 0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s. 15 10 5 55 30 25
Non-Aboriginal languages 105,020 50,595 54,425 847,105 411,850 435,255
Afro-Asiatic languages 13,350 6,820 6,525 68,415 36,215 32,200
Berber languages 15 10 5 340 190 145
Kabyle 10 5 5 165 90 75
Berber languages, n.i.e. 5 5 0 175 100 75
Cushitic languages 265 120 135 12,525 6,495 6,030
Bilen 5 5 0 315 185 130
Oromo 15 5 10 2,650 1,375 1,275
Somali 240 110 125 9,520 4,915 4,605
Cushitic languages, n.i.e. 5 0 0 40 20 20
Semitic languages 13,055 6,680 6,380 55,425 29,450 25,980
Amharic 260 130 130 7,320 3,605 3,720
Arabic 10,815 5,540 5,275 40,540 21,840 18,705
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 1,050 525 520 400 210 190
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic 210 100 105 145 80 65
Harari 0 5 0 260 135 120
Hebrew 145 80 60 960 505 460
Maltese 260 135 125 75 30 40
Tigrigna 260 130 130 5,415 2,880 2,535
Semitic languages, n.i.e. 55 25 30 305 155 145
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e. 15 10 5 130 80 50
Austro-Asiatic languages 2,950 1,355 1,600 25,295 11,760 13,535
Khmer (Cambodian) 950 445 510 1,925 910 1,010
Vietnamese 2,000 915 1,090 23,350 10,840 12,505
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e 0 0 0 25 10 15
Austronesian languages 2,175 815 1,365 115,405 50,190 65,210
Bikol 10 0 5 425 205 225
Cebuano 95 25 70 5,135 2,155 2,980
Fijian 0 0 0 125 75 50
Hiligaynon 25 5 15 1,500 640 855
Ilocano 180 85 100 5,350 2,310 3,040
Malagasy 0 0 0 35 10 25
Malay 150 70 80 1,460 615 845
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango) 10 5 10 765 370 390
Pangasinan 0 0 5 290 115 175
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino) 1,670 610 1,060 99,035 43,120 55,920
Waray-Waray 5 0 0 305 145 160
Austronesian languages, n.i.e. 25 10 15 980 430 550
Creole languages 95 45 50 1,895 990 910
Haitian Creole 5 0 0 95 45 50
Creole, n.o.s. 35 20 15 1,175 640 540
Creole languages, n.i.e. 60 20 35 625 305 325
Dravidian languages 1,430 750 680 13,490 7,075 6,415
Kannada 60 30 25 535 270 265
Malayalam 880 450 435 6,345 3,285 3,060
Tamil 340 175 160 4,430 2,360 2,070
Telugu 150 95 55 2,130 1,135 995
Dravidian languages, n.i.e. 5 5 0 50 25 25
Hmong-Mien languages 0 5 0 105 55 45
Indo-European languages 68,620 33,135 35,490 442,685 220,330 222,355
Albanian 1,110 570 535 2,345 1,270 1,075
Armenian 105 50 55 500 250 245
Balto-Slavic languages 13,825 6,440 7,390 80,330 37,750 42,580
Baltic languages 325 135 190 1,010 475 535
Latvian 100 45 55 415 195 220
Lithuanian 230 95 135 600 285 315
Slavic languages 13,500 6,305 7,200 79,325 37,275 42,050
Belarusan 15 5 10 65 30 30
Bosnian 670 335 335 1,835 915 920
Bulgarian 80 35 45 1,545 790 755
Croatian 1,115 545 565 4,655 2,340 2,320
Czech 440 205 235 3,000 1,430 1,575
Macedonian 100 40 55 360 185 175
Polish 6,495 2,975 3,525 20,130 9,425 10,705
Russian 1,460 665 795 17,810 8,150 9,665
Serbian 910 465 440 4,020 2,035 1,985
Serbo-Croatian 345 165 180 970 480 485
Slovak 410 195 215 2,185 1,070 1,115
Slovene (Slovenian) 270 115 155 695 320 370
Ukrainian 1,135 530 610 21,835 9,985 11,850
Slavic languages, n.i.e. 55 20 30 215 120 100
Celtic languages 50 20 35 370 200 170
Scottish Gaelic 15 5 15 135 70 65
Welsh 25 10 15 175 85 80
Celtic languages, n.i.e. 5 5 5 65 40 25
Germanic languages 21,380 10,215 11,165 104,260 51,525 52,735
Afrikaans 95 45 50 3,010 1,475 1,535
Danish 255 125 125 2,380 1,245 1,135
Dutch 7,375 3,545 3,830 16,135 8,095 8,045
Frisian 160 80 85 360 200 160
German 12,765 6,065 6,695 80,050 39,435 40,615
Icelandic 10 0 5 115 55 60
Norwegian 35 15 20 815 370 445
Swedish 80 45 40 875 405 470
Vlaams (Flemish) 550 250 300 320 150 170
Yiddish 30 15 10 140 70 70
Germanic languages, n.i.e. 40 20 20 55 30 25
Greek 1,960 975 985 3,130 1,655 1,475
Indo-Iranian languages 9,270 4,790 4,475 166,805 85,250 81,560
Indo-Aryan languages 6,100 3,180 2,915 145,900 74,320 71,580
Bengali 465 235 230 7,000 3,630 3,370
Gujarati 840 440 395 13,140 6,785 6,355
Hindi 870 475 400 17,055 8,675 8,385
Kashmiri 0 0 0 105 60 50
Konkani 25 10 15 370 190 185
Marathi 90 45 40 1,510 775 730
Nepali 725 360 365 5,175 2,690 2,490
Oriya (Odia) 10 5 10 190 100 90
Punjabi (Panjabi) 1,260 670 585 68,695 34,935 33,760
Sindhi 70 35 35 2,770 1,300 1,475
Sinhala (Sinhalese) 135 65 70 2,590 1,320 1,265
Urdu 1,605 835 775 27,295 13,865 13,430
Iranian languages 3,140 1,595 1,540 19,600 10,235 9,365
Kurdish 995 525 465 1,550 845 705
Pashto 185 90 95 2,560 1,320 1,235
Persian (Farsi) 1,960 980 975 15,490 8,070 7,425
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e. 30 15 15 1,310 695 615
Italic (Romance) languages 20,925 10,075 10,850 84,940 42,425 42,515
Catalan 15 10 10 75 30 45
Italian 3,700 1,855 1,845 11,375 5,760 5,615
Portuguese 6,765 3,245 3,515 9,050 4,380 4,670
Romanian 970 455 520 8,035 4,080 3,955
Spanish 9,455 4,505 4,950 56,370 28,160 28,205
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e. 15 10 5 35 20 15
Japanese 305 125 185 4,875 1,715 3,160
Kartvelian languages 0 0 0 230 130 105
Georgian 5 0 5 230 130 100
Korean 2,950 1,370 1,585 17,920 8,485 9,435
Mongolic languages 0 0 0 545 255 290
Mongolian 0 0 0 540 255 290
Niger-Congo languages 710 350 365 15,360 7,870 7,495
Akan (Twi) 75 35 40 1,755 915 835
Bamanankan 0 0 0 35 20 15
Edo 0 0 0 275 155 120
Ewe 15 5 10 245 145 100
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde) 0 0 0 230 120 100
Ga 20 5 10 145 80 65
Ganda 20 10 15 280 145 135
Igbo 50 25 25 1,165 625 540
Lingala 20 10 10 270 130 140
Rundi (Kirundi) 45 20 20 605 305 295
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda) 40 20 20 805 405 400
Shona 40 20 25 1,100 545 555
Swahili 140 65 75 2,380 1,160 1,215
Wolof 10 5 0 280 165 110
Yoruba 75 40 30 2,435 1,305 1,125
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e. 165 75 90 3,370 1,640 1,735
Nilo-Saharan languages 195 85 110 2,720 1,395 1,330
Dinka 110 50 60 1,345 705 640
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e. 90 40 50 1,375 685 690
Sign languages 225 130 100 830 440 390
American Sign Language 135 75 55 335 165 165
Quebec Sign Language 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sign languages, n.i.e 95 50 50 495 275 225
Sino-Tibetan languages 9,095 4,245 4,850 122,450 57,740 64,705
Chinese languages 8,830 4,110 4,720 120,375 56,675 63,700
Cantonese 2,105 1,000 1,110 59,145 27,755 31,385
Hakka 30 20 10 990 465 530
Mandarin 5,985 2,755 3,230 50,660 23,940 26,720
Min Dong 5 5 0 115 50 65
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese) 130 55 75 3,060 1,375 1,695
Wu (Shanghainese) 100 40 60 630 305 330
Chinese, n.o.s. 470 245 230 5,725 2,770 2,955
Chinese languages, n.i.e. 10 0 5 40 15 25
Tibeto-Burman languages 265 130 130 2,075 1,065 1,005
Burmese 30 20 15 430 230 200
Karenic languages 210 105 105 795 415 380
Tibetan 5 0 0 575 295 275
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e. 20 10 15 275 130 140
Tai-Kadai languages 260 115 150 2,670 955 1,710
Lao 170 85 85 1,020 485 535
Thai 90 30 65 1,630 465 1,165
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e 0 0 0 20 10 15
Turkic languages 475 260 215 4,050 2,250 1,800
Azerbaijani 45 25 20 365 215 155
Turkish 360 200 165 3,140 1,760 1,375
Uyghur 25 15 10 130 70 60
Uzbek 10 5 5 205 115 90
Turkic languages, n.i.e. 35 15 15 215 95 120
Uralic languages 2,095 975 1,115 7,470 3,600 3,870
Estonian 60 20 35 190 90 105
Finnish 130 55 80 810 330 480
Hungarian 1,900 900 1,000 6,470 3,185 3,285
Uralic languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other languages, n.i.e. 70 30 40 690 415 280
Multiple responses 9,605 4,680 4,925 92,070 44,900 47,175
English and French 1,415 630 790 10,230 4,950 5,280
English and non-official language 7,660 3,800 3,865 77,520 37,815 39,705
French and non-official language 270 135 130 2,685 1,375 1,305
English, French and non-official language 260 115 140 1,640 760 880
Language spoken most often at homeThe letter C inside a yellow triangle - correctionUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% dataCensus data footnote 19 647,955 316,780 331,175 4,026,655 2,020,510 2,006,145
Single responses 627,620 306,940 320,675 3,837,615 1,928,230 1,909,385
Official languages 579,760 284,055 295,705 3,354,885 1,690,490 1,664,395
English 577,740 283,120 294,620 3,327,255 1,676,360 1,650,895
French 2,020 935 1,090 27,630 14,130 13,500
Non-official languages 47,860 22,890 24,975 482,725 237,740 244,990
Aboriginal languages 35 15 25 9,970 4,940 5,020
Algonquian languages 10 0 5 7,175 3,575 3,605
Blackfoot 0 0 0 1,110 555 555
Cree-Montagnais languages 0 0 0 5,875 2,925 2,945
Atikamekw 0 0 0 0 0 0
Montagnais (Innu) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Moose Cree 0 0 0 0 0 0
Naskapi 0 0 0 0 0 0
Northern East Cree 0 0 0 20 10 10
Plains Cree 0 0 0 125 60 60
Southern East Cree 0 0 0 0 0 0
Swampy Cree 0 0 0 5 0 5
Woods Cree 0 0 0 600 300 295
Cree, n.o.s. 0 0 0 5,120 2,540 2,575
Eastern Algonquian languages 0 0 0 5 5 5
Malecite 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mi'kmaq 0 0 0 5 5 0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages 10 5 5 190 95 95
Algonquin 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ojibway 10 5 5 185 90 95
Oji-Cree 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ottawa (Odawa) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 0 0 0
Athabaskan languages 5 0 0 620 320 300
Northern Athabaskan languages 5 0 0 620 325 300
Babine (Wetsuwet'en) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Beaver 0 0 0 10 5 0
Carrier 0 0 0 0 0 0
Chilcotin 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dene 0 0 0 540 280 260
Dogrib (Tlicho) 0 0 0 5 0 0
Gwich'in 0 0 0 5 0 5
Sarsi (Sarcee) 0 0 0 5 5 0
Sekani 0 0 0 0 0 0
Slavey-Hare languages 0 0 0 60 35 30
North Slavey (Hare) 0 0 0 0 0 0
South Slavey 0 0 0 55 30 25
Slavey, n.o.s. 0 0 0 5 5 5
Tahltan languages 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kaska (Nahani) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tahltan 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tutchone languages 0 0 0 0 0 0
Northern Tutchone 0 0 0 0 0 0
Southern Tutchone 0 0 0 0 0 0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 0 0 0
Haida 0 0 0 0 0 0
Inuit languages 0 0 0 10 0 10
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun) 0 0 0 5 0 0
Inuktitut 0 0 0 0 0 0
Inuit languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 5 0 5
Iroquoian languages 15 5 15 0 0 0
Cayuga 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mohawk 5 0 0 0 0 0
Oneida 15 5 15 0 0 0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 5 0 5
Kutenai 0 0 0 0 0 0
Michif 0 0 0 10 5 5
Salish languages 0 0 0 0 0 0
Comox 0 0 0 0 0 0
Halkomelem 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lillooet 0 0 0 0 0 0
Okanagan 0 0 0 0 0 0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Squamish 0 0 0 0 0 0
Straits 0 0 0 0 0 0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Salish languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 0 0 0
Siouan languages 0 0 0 2,125 1,025 1,095
Dakota 0 0 0 175 85 85
Stoney 0 0 0 1,945 935 1,010
Siouan languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tlingit 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tsimshian languages 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gitxsan (Gitksan) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nisga'a 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tsimshian 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wakashan languages 0 0 0 0 0 0
Haisla 0 0 0 0 0 0
Heiltsuk 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 0 0 0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s. 5 5 0 25 15 10
Non-Aboriginal languages 47,820 22,875 24,950 472,760 232,800 239,965
Afro-Asiatic languages 7,465 3,675 3,790 43,770 22,535 21,235
Berber languages 5 5 0 200 105 95
Kabyle 5 5 0 90 45 40
Berber languages, n.i.e. 5 0 0 105 60 45
Cushitic languages 120 50 70 9,220 4,750 4,470
Bilen 0 0 0 280 160 115
Oromo 0 0 0 2,075 1,060 1,015
Somali 120 50 70 6,850 3,520 3,325
Cushitic languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 15 5 10
Semitic languages 7,325 3,620 3,710 34,310 17,660 16,655
Amharic 115 60 60 4,915 2,390 2,530
Arabic 6,225 3,070 3,155 24,230 12,555 11,675
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 660 325 335 260 130 130
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic 120 60 60 95 50 40
Harari 0 0 0 165 80 85
Hebrew 55 35 25 460 235 225
Maltese 20 10 15 15 10 10
Tigrigna 105 55 50 3,955 2,095 1,860
Semitic languages, n.i.e. 25 15 10 210 110 100
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e. 5 0 5 45 20 20
Austro-Asiatic languages 1,795 825 970 16,355 7,635 8,715
Khmer (Cambodian) 530 240 290 960 460 500
Vietnamese 1,265 585 680 15,380 7,175 8,205
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e 0 0 0 15 0 10
Austronesian languages 815 360 455 60,860 28,765 32,100
Bikol 0 0 0 70 40 35
Cebuano 20 5 15 2,110 1,015 1,090
Fijian 0 0 0 45 25 20
Hiligaynon 0 0 5 470 215 255
Ilocano 60 35 35 1,975 935 1,035
Malagasy 0 0 0 20 10 10
Malay 45 20 25 405 205 195
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango) 5 5 0 220 110 110
Pangasinan 0 0 0 45 20 30
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino) 680 295 385 55,105 26,005 29,100
Waray-Waray 0 0 0 125 60 60
Austronesian languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 280 120 155
Creole languages 20 10 10 970 495 475
Haitian Creole 0 0 5 50 25 25
Creole, n.o.s. 5 5 0 655 345 310
Creole languages, n.i.e. 10 0 5 270 125 140
Dravidian languages 745 395 350 8,460 4,335 4,125
Kannada 20 15 5 210 105 105
Malayalam 515 270 245 4,060 2,070 1,990
Tamil 150 80 70 2,915 1,515 1,395
Telugu 65 35 25 1,245 635 615
Dravidian languages, n.i.e. 5 0 0 30 10 15
Hmong-Mien languages 0 0 0 70 35 35
Indo-European languages 27,130 12,980 14,150 230,270 115,280 114,995
Albanian 500 245 255 1,060 570 485
Armenian 40 15 20 215 115 105
Balto-Slavic languages 5,605 2,685 2,915 30,220 14,820 15,400
Baltic languages 60 25 35 410 210 200
Latvian 10 5 5 165 85 80
Lithuanian 50 15 30 250 125 120
Slavic languages 5,545 2,665 2,885 29,815 14,610 15,205
Belarusan 10 0 0 15 10 5
Bosnian 325 160 165 785 400 385
Bulgarian 40 20 20 825 415 405
Croatian 385 190 200 1,800 905 895
Czech 115 60 60 875 440 430
Macedonian 30 15 20 175 90 85
Polish 2,850 1,350 1,505 7,705 3,675 4,030
Russian 750 370 380 10,145 4,965 5,175
Serbian 420 220 200 2,100 1,045 1,055
Serbo-Croatian 135 65 75 315 160 155
Slovak 100 45 55 710 345 365
Slovene (Slovenian) 45 20 30 150 70 75
Ukrainian 310 140 165 4,180 2,060 2,110
Slavic languages, n.i.e. 10 0 5 55 30 25
Celtic languages 10 5 5 40 25 15
Scottish Gaelic 5 0 5 15 15 5
Welsh 0 0 0 15 5 5
Celtic languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 10 5 0
Germanic languages 5,460 2,655 2,805 40,915 20,280 20,625
Afrikaans 30 15 15 1,705 835 875
Danish 15 10 10 150 75 75
Dutch 745 370 375 1,980 985 1,000
Frisian 15 10 10 60 30 30
German 4,400 2,135 2,260 36,295 18,010 18,290
Icelandic 5 0 0 30 15 15
Norwegian 0 0 0 60 20 35
Swedish 10 5 5 145 65 80
Vlaams (Flemish) 45 20 25 60 30 25
Yiddish 0 0 0 15 5 5
Germanic languages, n.i.e. 195 95 100 425 215 210
Greek 755 355 405 1,015 490 525
Indo-Iranian languages 5,395 2,690 2,705 111,975 56,535 55,445
Indo-Aryan languages 3,455 1,730 1,720 98,610 49,790 48,815
Bengali 260 135 130 4,530 2,300 2,225
Gujarati 430 210 215 8,025 4,085 3,935
Hindi 435 230 205 9,945 5,115 4,825
Kashmiri 0 0 0 50 20 25
Konkani 10 5 5 75 40 40
Marathi 45 25 20 845 440 405
Nepali 660 325 340 3,710 1,905 1,805
Oriya (Odia) 5 0 0 95 50 45
Punjabi (Panjabi) 640 335 310 51,010 25,720 25,295
Sindhi 15 5 10 1,240 575 665
Sinhala (Sinhalese) 70 35 35 1,480 750 730
Urdu 880 435 445 17,600 8,795 8,810
Iranian languages 1,930 950 980 12,720 6,415 6,305
Kurdish 605 305 300 850 440 410
Pashto 110 55 60 1,640 845 795
Persian (Farsi) 1,210 595 615 10,230 5,135 5,100
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e. 15 10 5 650 325 325
Italic (Romance) languages 9,375 4,325 5,045 44,830 22,445 22,385
Catalan 5 0 0 35 10 20
Italian 880 385 495 2,840 1,275 1,560
Portuguese 2,550 1,150 1,400 3,905 1,875 2,030
Romanian 375 185 195 4,135 2,115 2,020
Spanish 5,560 2,605 2,955 33,910 17,160 16,755
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 10 5 5
Japanese 145 70 70 2,245 945 1,300
Kartvelian languages 0 0 0 160 85 70
Georgian 0 0 0 160 85 70
Korean 2,205 1,010 1,190 12,775 6,205 6,570
Mongolic languages 0 0 0 335 160 175
Mongolian 0 0 0 335 155 175
Niger-Congo languages 185 70 110 5,600 2,725 2,875
Akan (Twi) 15 5 10 845 415 430
Bamanankan 0 0 0 10 10 0
Edo 0 0 0 70 35 35
Ewe 5 0 0 80 45 35
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde) 0 0 0 105 55 45
Ga 0 0 0 40 20 20
Ganda 0 5 0 95 50 50
Igbo 15 5 10 265 125 145
Lingala 10 5 0 85 35 45
Rundi (Kirundi) 15 10 10 280 135 145
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda) 5 5 5 350 175 170
Shona 10 5 0 410 190 225
Swahili 55 20 35 1,090 530 565
Wolof 0 0 0 170 95 75
Yoruba 15 10 5 690 340 350
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e. 45 20 30 1,015 485 535
Nilo-Saharan languages 70 35 35 1,525 765 755
Dinka 35 15 15 800 420 380
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e. 35 15 20 725 350 375
Sign languages 290 170 120 1,095 630 465
American Sign Language 135 80 55 325 170 155
Quebec Sign Language 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sign languages, n.i.e 155 95 60 765 455 310
Sino-Tibetan languages 6,115 2,855 3,260 82,380 39,230 43,155
Chinese languages 5,940 2,770 3,170 80,880 38,455 42,420
Cantonese 1,200 555 650 38,275 17,810 20,460
Hakka 10 5 5 315 135 185
Mandarin 4,330 2,005 2,325 37,125 18,030 19,095
Min Dong 0 0 0 20 5 10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese) 50 20 35 1,245 540 705
Wu (Shanghainese) 50 25 25 340 175 165
Chinese, n.o.s. 305 160 140 3,550 1,760 1,785
Chinese languages, n.i.e. 5 0 5 10 5 5
Tibeto-Burman languages 175 90 85 1,500 770 730
Burmese 15 10 5 280 145 130
Karenic languages 150 75 70 665 340 320
Tibetan 0 0 5 420 220 200
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e. 5 0 5 140 65 75
Tai-Kadai languages 90 45 45 1,130 505 625
Lao 55 30 30 465 215 245
Thai 35 15 20 655 285 370
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e 0 0 0 10 5 10
Turkic languages 235 120 115 2,390 1,270 1,120
Azerbaijani 15 5 5 155 90 75
Turkish 170 85 90 1,945 1,030 915
Uyghur 20 10 10 80 45 40
Uzbek 5 5 0 135 70 65
Turkic languages, n.i.e. 30 15 10 70 35 25
Uralic languages 520 235 280 2,130 1,040 1,085
Estonian 5 0 5 25 10 15
Finnish 10 5 5 105 50 50
Hungarian 500 230 275 1,995 980 1,015
Uralic languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other languages, n.i.e. 10 10 0 240 140 95
Multiple responses 20,335 9,835 10,500 189,040 92,280 96,760
English and French 895 390 500 6,885 3,410 3,475
English and non-official language 18,915 9,210 9,705 178,070 86,895 91,170
French and non-official language 95 40 60 1,125 540 580
English, French and non-official language 430 200 235 2,965 1,430 1,530
Other language spoken regularly at homeThe letter C inside a yellow triangle - correctionUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% dataCensus data footnote 20 647,955 316,780 331,175 4,026,650 2,020,510 2,006,140
None 585,420 286,945 298,475 3,492,295 1,760,240 1,732,055
English 21,285 10,355 10,925 221,305 110,655 110,650
French 6,315 2,605 3,715 41,840 19,470 22,375
Non-official language 33,880 16,370 17,510 262,255 125,640 136,615
Aboriginal 230 90 145 17,430 8,325 9,105
Non-Aboriginal 33,650 16,290 17,365 244,825 117,315 127,510
English and French 210 95 115 1,535 775 760
English and non-official language 320 170 145 4,545 2,345 2,195
French and non-official language 510 230 280 2,795 1,340 1,455
English, French and non-official language 10 5 10 85 50 40
Knowledge of languagesThe letter C inside a yellow triangle - correctionUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample dataCensus data footnote 44 645,295 315,725 329,575 3,978,145 1,998,500 1,979,645
Official languages 637,875 312,730 325,145 3,920,530 1,974,435 1,946,095
English 637,540 312,570 324,970 3,916,805 1,972,800 1,944,005
French 39,075 16,355 22,710 264,600 123,940 140,660
Non-official languages 129,520 62,535 66,985 1,082,425 527,770 554,655
Aboriginal languages 380 120 255 36,465 17,415 19,045
Algonquian languages 195 70 125 29,675 14,120 15,555
Blackfoot 0 0 0 5,575 2,665 2,905
Cree-Montagnais languages 30 10 20 23,465 11,155 12,310
Atikamekw 0 0 0 0 0 0
Montagnais (Innu) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Moose Cree 0 0 0 25 0 15
Naskapi 0 0 0 0 0 0
Northern East Cree 0 0 0 90 20 70
Plains Cree 0 0 10 1,580 620 965
Southern East Cree 0 0 0 10 10 0
Swampy Cree 0 0 10 45 25 25
Woods Cree 0 0 0 1,135 525 610
Cree, n.o.s. 20 10 0 20,665 9,990 10,675
Eastern Algonquian languages 0 0 0 35 15 15
Malecite 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mi'kmaq 0 0 0 35 15 15
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages 155 50 105 955 425 530
Algonquin 0 0 0 10 10 0
Ojibway 150 50 105 925 415 505
Oji-Cree 0 0 0 20 10 15
Ottawa (Odawa) 0 0 0 0 0 10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e. 15 10 0 10 10 0
Athabaskan languages 10 0 10 2,640 1,255 1,385
Northern Athabaskan languages 0 0 10 2,630 1,250 1,380
Babine (Wetsuwet'en) 0 0 0 0 10 0
Beaver 0 0 0 85 50 35
Carrier 0 0 0 45 10 35
Chilcotin 0 0 0 20 15 10
Dene 0 0 0 2,010 975 1,035
Dogrib (Tlicho) 0 0 0 75 30 45
Gwich'in 0 0 0 10 0 10
Sarsi (Sarcee) 0 0 0 150 65 85
Sekani 0 0 0 0 0 0
Slavey-Hare languages 10 0 0 285 140 145
North Slavey (Hare) 0 0 0 25 15 10
South Slavey 0 0 10 190 90 100
Slavey, n.o.s. 0 0 0 75 35 45
Tahltan languages 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kaska (Nahani) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tahltan 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tutchone languages 0 0 0 0 0 10
Northern Tutchone 0 0 0 10 0 10
Southern Tutchone 0 0 0 0 0 0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 10 0 10
Haida 0 0 0 10 0 10
Inuit languages 0 0 0 135 50 80
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun) 0 0 0 35 10 25
Inuktitut 10 0 10 60 20 35
Inuit languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 40 25 20
Iroquoian languages 160 50 105 40 25 10
Cayuga 10 0 0 0 10 0
Mohawk 15 0 10 35 25 0
Oneida 130 40 90 0 0 0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e. 10 0 15 0 10 10
Kutenai 0 0 0 0 0 0
Michif 15 0 15 145 75 70
Salish languages 0 0 0 50 25 25
Comox 0 0 0 0 0 0
Halkomelem 0 0 0 10 0 0
Lillooet 0 0 0 0 0 0
Okanagan 0 0 0 15 10 10
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin) 0 0 0 10 0 10
Squamish 0 0 0 0 0 0
Straits 0 0 0 10 0 0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux) 0 0 0 10 0 10
Salish languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 10 0 0
Siouan languages 0 0 0 4,050 2,005 2,045
Dakota 0 0 0 530 285 245
Stoney 0 0 0 3,650 1,790 1,855
Siouan languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 10 0 10
Tlingit 0 0 0 10 0 0
Tsimshian languages 0 0 0 35 15 15
Gitxsan (Gitksan) 0 0 0 20 10 10
Nisga'a 0 0 0 15 0 0
Tsimshian 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wakashan languages 0 0 0 10 10 0
Haisla 0 0 0 0 0 0
Heiltsuk 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala) 0 0 0 10 10 0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 0 0 0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s. 10 0 0 30 15 15
Non-Aboriginal languages 129,150 62,410 66,740 1,046,245 510,495 535,750
Afro-Asiatic languages 17,230 8,875 8,360 96,210 50,675 45,535
Berber languages 15 10 10 540 335 205
Kabyle 0 0 0 225 125 90
Berber languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 315 210 110
Cushitic languages 420 185 240 15,445 8,055 7,385
Bilen 0 0 0 370 235 135
Oromo 20 10 10 3,125 1,625 1,500
Somali 400 175 225 12,030 6,240 5,795
Cushitic languages, n.i.e. 10 0 0 55 20 40
Semitic languages 16,785 8,675 8,105 82,200 43,405 38,800
Amharic 410 210 200 10,870 5,595 5,275
Arabic 14,640 7,595 7,045 62,730 33,365 29,370
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 1,385 690 695 430 225 210
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic 255 135 115 150 70 75
Harari 0 0 0 340 150 185
Hebrew 335 185 145 3,250 1,650 1,600
Maltese 315 150 160 145 85 55
Tigrigna 420 200 215 7,315 3,915 3,400
Semitic languages, n.i.e. 95 60 40 450 250 205
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e. 50 30 25 375 225 145
Austro-Asiatic languages 3,985 1,880 2,110 32,730 15,440 17,290
Khmer (Cambodian) 1,305 640 665 2,700 1,375 1,330
Vietnamese 2,695 1,250 1,440 30,150 14,130 16,015
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 15 0 10
Austronesian languages 2,970 1,140 1,825 145,745 63,615 82,130
Bikol 25 0 15 330 150 180
Cebuano 140 35 105 6,690 2,940 3,750
Fijian 0 0 0 340 195 145
Hiligaynon 35 10 20 1,760 745 1,020
Ilocano 245 95 155 7,370 3,160 4,215
Malagasy 0 0 0 80 40 40
Malay 205 105 105 3,040 1,435 1,610
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango) 10 10 10 1,185 565 625
Pangasinan 0 0 0 445 190 250
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino) 2,615 970 1,650 138,440 60,115 78,325
Waray-Waray 0 0 0 420 170 245
Austronesian languages, n.i.e. 50 25 25 1,160 505 650
Creole languages 235 125 115 4,585 2,390 2,195
Haitian Creole 30 15 15 255 140 115
Creole, n.o.s. 90 40 45 2,675 1,425 1,250
Creole languages, n.i.e. 130 65 60 1,680 840 850
Dravidian languages 1,860 915 940 18,190 9,660 8,525
Kannada 160 80 80 1,035 520 515
Malayalam 1,060 505 555 8,150 4,255 3,900
Tamil 575 305 275 7,195 3,900 3,295
Telugu 210 110 95 2,910 1,560 1,345
Dravidian languages, n.i.e. 0 0 10 150 80 70
Hmong-Mien languages 10 10 0 115 55 55
Indo-European languages 85,910 41,410 44,500 550,490 274,510 275,980
Albanian 1,210 610 600 2,880 1,550 1,325
Armenian 165 65 105 530 255 275
Balto-Slavic languages 16,200 7,930 8,270 93,150 44,750 48,395
Baltic languages 350 170 180 1,360 660 705
Latvian 145 75 70 590 300 290
Lithuanian 205 95 110 775 360 415
Slavic languages 15,875 7,765 8,110 92,300 44,340 47,960
Belarusan 75 35 40 200 95 105
Bosnian 990 540 445 2,880 1,450 1,435
Bulgarian 95 40 60 1,795 945 850
Croatian 1,610 825 790 6,280 3,260 3,025
Czech 550 280 270 3,590 1,650 1,940
Macedonian 180 85 100 535 270 265
Polish 7,605 3,665 3,940 23,650 11,455 12,195
Russian 2,480 1,180 1,300 27,375 13,195 14,175
Serbian 1,475 755 720 5,355 2,630 2,730
Serbo-Croatian 470 215 255 1,095 550 540
Slovak 520 265 260 2,780 1,495 1,285
Slovene (Slovenian) 315 145 170 735 360 375
Ukrainian 1,290 580 705 26,600 11,980 14,620
Slavic languages, n.i.e. 55 30 25 250 120 130
Celtic languages 165 70 90 1,180 615 560
Scottish Gaelic 70 20 40 440 215 225
Welsh 45 20 30 315 180 130
Celtic languages, n.i.e. 50 35 15 450 220 225
Germanic languages 25,310 12,035 13,285 112,670 56,325 56,345
Afrikaans 225 110 110 5,165 2,655 2,515
Danish 340 155 180 2,800 1,360 1,440
Dutch 8,690 4,015 4,670 19,480 9,595 9,890
Frisian 195 100 95 475 275 205
German 15,060 7,230 7,825 83,010 41,905 41,105
Icelandic 10 10 0 160 70 95
Norwegian 85 50 40 1,450 635 810
Swedish 225 110 115 1,635 800 835
Vlaams (Flemish) 610 330 285 380 170 215
Yiddish 25 25 10 250 130 115
Germanic languages, n.i.e. 1,020 535 490 2,115 1,095 1,015
Greek 2,980 1,550 1,425 4,935 2,535 2,400
Indo-Iranian languages 11,780 5,900 5,880 206,725 106,045 100,675
Indo-Aryan languages 8,475 4,290 4,180 186,005 95,045 90,960
Bengali 545 260 280 8,530 4,385 4,140
Gujarati 1,065 570 490 18,005 8,945 9,055
Hindi 3,250 1,725 1,530 61,290 31,900 29,385
Kashmiri 0 0 0 125 80 45
Konkani 15 10 0 625 300 320
Marathi 115 55 55 2,575 1,385 1,195
Nepali 855 425 430 5,510 3,000 2,510
Oriya (Odia) 10 10 0 255 135 120
Punjabi (Panjabi) 2,195 1,170 1,020 90,485 46,350 44,135
Sindhi 125 55 70 4,595 2,065 2,530
Sinhala (Sinhalese) 165 65 100 3,800 1,925 1,875
Urdu 2,655 1,315 1,340 41,235 21,245 20,000
Iranian languages 3,415 1,670 1,750 22,140 11,665 10,475
Kurdish 1,035 535 500 1,930 1,100 825
Pashto 280 145 135 3,330 1,795 1,530
Persian (Farsi) 2,270 1,070 1,200 17,600 9,220 8,375
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e. 60 40 30 1,760 960 805
Italic (Romance) languages 30,460 14,570 15,890 142,340 69,885 72,450
Catalan 20 0 10 170 95 80
Italian 5,700 2,820 2,875 19,900 9,875 10,020
Portuguese 8,750 4,285 4,465 12,670 6,255 6,415
Romanian 1,255 605 655 9,915 5,185 4,735
Spanish 15,660 7,270 8,395 104,445 50,960 53,490
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e. 55 35 25 250 130 125
Japanese 890 435 460 9,215 4,115 5,100
Kartvelian languages 0 0 10 225 130 100
Georgian 0 0 0 230 130 100
Korean 3,265 1,575 1,690 19,950 9,405 10,545
Mongolic languages 0 0 0 800 375 430
Mongolian 0 0 0 800 370 430
Niger-Congo languages 1,365 735 625 29,430 14,980 14,450
Akan (Twi) 170 80 95 2,925 1,505 1,420
Bamanankan 0 0 0 60 30 30
Edo 10 0 10 620 325 290
Ewe 10 0 0 335 170 165
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde) 10 0 10 300 165 135
Ga 20 0 20 345 190 155
Ganda 35 20 15 610 305 305
Igbo 100 55 45 2,550 1,345 1,210
Lingala 90 55 40 1,240 640 605
Rundi (Kirundi) 50 30 15 830 420 410
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda) 65 25 35 1,155 605 550
Shona 65 35 30 1,810 850 960
Swahili 360 180 180 6,700 3,470 3,235
Wolof 10 0 0 600 365 235
Yoruba 260 155 105 5,930 3,035 2,890
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e. 350 185 165 6,585 3,265 3,320
Nilo-Saharan languages 220 115 105 3,070 1,495 1,575
Dinka 35 20 15 1,655 825 825
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e. 185 95 90 1,425 675 750
Sign languages 1,285 525 760 5,910 2,350 3,555
American Sign Language 660 240 425 3,085 1,130 1,955
Quebec Sign Language 0 0 0 0 0 10
Sign languages, n.i.e. 645 300 350 2,855 1,230 1,625
Sino-Tibetan languages 9,550 4,565 4,980 141,860 67,945 73,915
Chinese languages 9,290 4,430 4,860 139,385 66,700 72,685
Cantonese 2,555 1,195 1,355 74,770 35,490 39,280
Hakka 45 20 25 1,180 515 660
Mandarin 6,940 3,265 3,675 70,510 33,310 37,195
Min Dong 15 10 10 85 50 40
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese) 160 60 105 4,140 1,765 2,380
Wu (Shanghainese) 180 70 110 855 380 470
Chinese, n.o.s. 460 245 215 6,335 3,160 3,175
Chinese languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 55 25 35
Tibeto-Burman languages 260 135 120 2,590 1,290 1,300
Burmese 60 40 25 605 305 295
Karenic languages 155 80 70 805 415 390
Tibetan 10 0 0 860 430 430
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e. 45 20 25 445 215 235
Tai-Kadai languages 300 130 175 3,705 1,510 2,195
Lao 220 100 115 1,520 730 795
Thai 125 45 85 2,400 850 1,545
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 45 25 25
Turkic languages 730 405 325 5,795 3,180 2,625
Azerbaijani 110 60 50 630 325 300
Turkish 560 310 250 4,255 2,420 1,835
Uyghur 55 35 20 290 135 155
Uzbek 15 0 10 425 200 225
Turkic languages, n.i.e. 25 15 10 355 170 180
Uralic languages 2,485 1,195 1,295 8,895 4,315 4,575
Estonian 60 35 25 185 85 105
Finnish 145 75 65 1,045 455 590
Hungarian 2,285 1,075 1,210 7,660 3,770 3,890
Uralic languages, n.i.e. 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other languages, n.i.e. 90 45 45 1,820 1,025 790

Data quality: London [Economic region], Ontario

  • Excludes census data for one or more incompletely enumerated Indian reserves or Indian settlements.
  • Global non-response rate (GNR), short-form census questionnaire: 3.6%
  • Global non-response rate (GNR), long-form census questionnaire: 4.4%

Data quality: Alberta [Province]

  • Excludes census data for one or more incompletely enumerated Indian reserves or Indian settlements.
  • Global non-response rate (GNR), short-form census questionnaire: 4.7%
  • Global non-response rate (GNR), long-form census questionnaire: 6.1%

Source

Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. London [Economic region], Ontario and Alberta [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed July 4, 2024).

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