Census Profile, 2016 Census
Kitchener [Population centre], Ontario and Canada [Country]

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	Kitchener Ontario [Population centre]			Canada [Country]
	Data quality , Kitchener [Population centre], Ontario Map : Kitchener [Population centre], Ontario Change geography 1			Data quality : Canada [Country] Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	470,015	...	...	35,151,728	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	446,295 ^r	...	...	33,476,688	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	5.3	...	...	5.0	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	191,637	...	...	15,412,443	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	181,511	...	...	14,072,079	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,745.8	...	...	3.9	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	269.23	...	...	8,965,588.85	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	470,010	231,990	238,025	35,151,730	17,264,200	17,887,530
0 to 14 years	81,770	41,770	39,995	5,839,565	2,992,920	2,846,645
0 to 4 years	26,100	13,390	12,710	1,898,790	973,030	925,760
5 to 9 years	28,040	14,330	13,710	2,018,130	1,034,685	983,445
10 to 14 years	27,620	14,050	13,575	1,922,645	985,200	937,445
15 to 64 years	321,695	160,345	161,350	23,376,530	11,576,130	11,800,400
15 to 19 years	29,160	14,930	14,230	2,026,160	1,039,215	986,940
20 to 24 years	35,985	18,785	17,200	2,242,690	1,144,495	1,098,200
25 to 29 years	34,365	17,400	16,960	2,285,990	1,144,470	1,141,515
30 to 34 years	32,910	16,370	16,540	2,329,395	1,148,290	1,181,110
35 to 39 years	31,080	15,340	15,740	2,288,365	1,118,635	1,169,730
40 to 44 years	31,575	15,450	16,120	2,255,135	1,104,440	1,150,695
45 to 49 years	32,925	16,180	16,745	2,359,965	1,157,760	1,202,210
50 to 54 years	35,495	17,525	17,970	2,678,075	1,318,755	1,359,320
55 to 59 years	31,780	15,700	16,080	2,620,240	1,285,190	1,335,055
60 to 64 years	26,420	12,665	13,765	2,290,510	1,114,885	1,175,630
65 years and over	66,550	29,880	36,675	5,935,630	2,695,150	3,240,485
65 to 69 years	21,945	10,475	11,470	1,972,480	953,075	1,019,405
70 to 74 years	15,530	7,170	8,360	1,420,875	677,975	742,900
75 to 79 years	11,565	5,335	6,225	1,021,850	469,550	552,300
80 to 84 years	8,515	3,650	4,865	749,650	325,765	423,880
85 years and over	8,995	3,250	5,750	770,780	268,790	501,990
85 to 89 years	5,665	2,130	3,530	482,525	185,535	296,990
90 to 94 years	2,720	995	1,730	223,510	68,675	154,835
95 to 99 years	530	120	420	56,525	13,240	43,280
100 years and over	75	5	70	8,230	1,340	6,890
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.4	18.0	16.8	16.6	17.3	15.9
15 to 64 years	68.4	69.1	67.8	66.5	67.1	66.0
65 years and over	14.2	12.9	15.4	16.9	15.6	18.1
85 years and over	1.9	1.4	2.4	2.2	1.6	2.8
Average age of the population	39.1	38.1	40.0	41.0	40.1	41.9
Median age of the population	38.3	37.1	39.5	41.2	40.2	42.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	181,510	...	...	14,072,080	...	...
Single-detached house	95,615	...	...	7,541,495	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	21,945	...	...	1,391,040	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	63,785	...	...	4,949,795	...	...
Semi-detached house	11,140	...	...	698,800	...	...
Row house	21,885	...	...	891,305	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	5,580	...	...	784,300	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	24,915	...	...	2,539,390	...	...
Other single-attached house	270	...	...	36,005	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	165	...	...	189,755	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	181,510	...	...	14,072,080	...	...
1 person	45,985	...	...	3,969,790	...	...
2 persons	59,700	...	...	4,834,605	...	...
3 persons	30,315	...	...	2,140,640	...	...
4 persons	29,105	...	...	1,946,275	...	...
5 or more persons	16,405	...	...	1,180,770	...	...
Number of persons in private households	463,210	...	...	34,460,060	...	...
Average household size	2.6	...	...	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	388,250	190,220	198,030	29,312,160	14,271,280	15,040,885
Married or living common law	222,075	110,910	111,170	16,893,720	8,452,135	8,441,585
Married	186,790	93,295	93,500	13,383,455	6,693,465	6,689,990
Living common law	35,280	17,615	17,670	3,510,265	1,758,670	1,751,590
Not married and not living common law	166,170	79,315	86,865	12,418,440	5,819,140	6,599,300
Never married	112,005	61,395	50,610	8,254,340	4,444,425	3,809,915
Separated	12,230	5,155	7,070	718,295	309,905	408,400
Divorced	22,545	8,670	13,870	1,816,005	725,535	1,090,470
Widowed	19,395	4,090	15,310	1,629,800	339,280	1,290,525
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	131,175	...	...	9,840,730	...	...
2 persons	62,065	...	...	5,007,790	...	...
3 persons	29,540	...	...	2,107,830	...	...
4 persons	28,020	...	...	1,909,935	...	...
5 or more persons	11,560	...	...	815,170	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	131,175	...	...	9,840,730	...	...
Total couple families	108,810	...	...	8,227,925	...	...
Married couples	91,170	...	...	6,474,005	...	...
Common-law couples	17,635	...	...	1,753,920	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	22,365	...	...	1,612,805	...	...
Female parent	17,890	...	...	1,262,340	...	...
Male parent	4,475	...	...	350,465	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	108,810	...	...	8,227,925	...	...
Couples without children	48,910	...	...	4,024,305	...	...
Couples with children	59,900	...	...	4,203,615	...	...
1 child	22,835	...	...	1,650,165	...	...
2 children	26,130	...	...	1,783,080	...	...
3 or more children	10,940	...	...	770,375	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	22,370	...	...	1,612,805	...	...
1 child	13,150	...	...	983,485	...	...
2 children	6,700	...	...	457,670	...	...
3 or more children	2,515	...	...	171,655	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	76,580	38,460	38,120	6,107,260	2,941,395	3,165,865
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	181,515	...	...	14,072,075	...	...
One-census-family households	123,100	...	...	9,218,225	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	45,685	...	...	3,782,095	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	77,415	...	...	5,436,135	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	3,960	...	...	301,715	...	...
Non-census-family households	54,455	...	...	4,552,135	...	...
One-person households	45,985	...	...	3,969,790	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	8,465	...	...	582,350	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	465,000	229,970	235,030	34,767,255	17,101,170	17,666,080
English only	424,630	212,640	211,990	23,757,525	11,838,075	11,919,455
French only	205	75	130	4,144,685	1,925,845	2,218,840
English and French	31,710	13,820	17,895	6,216,065	3,071,325	3,144,740
Neither English nor French	8,455	3,435	5,020	648,970	265,920	383,045
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	465,000	229,970	235,030	34,767,250	17,101,165	17,666,085
English	448,830	222,860	225,970	26,007,500	12,852,330	13,155,165
French	5,345	2,525	2,815	7,705,755	3,780,105	3,925,650
English and French	2,520	1,215	1,305	417,485	209,130	208,355
Neither English nor French	8,305	3,365	4,935	636,515	259,600	376,910
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	6,605	3,140	3,470	7,914,495	3,884,670	4,029,825
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	1.4	1.4	1.5	22.8	22.7	22.8
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	465,000	229,970	235,035	34,767,255	17,101,170	17,666,085
Single responses	455,495	225,285	230,205	33,948,620	16,702,840	17,245,775
Official languages	342,995	170,445	172,555	26,627,555	13,201,620	13,425,940
English	337,555	167,845	169,715	19,460,850	9,680,125	9,780,725
French	5,440	2,595	2,840	7,166,705	3,521,495	3,645,215
Non-official languages	112,500	54,845	57,655	7,321,065	3,501,220	3,819,840
Aboriginal languages	25	10	20	195,700	94,795	100,900
Algonquian languages	20	5	10	130,450	62,930	67,520
Blackfoot	0	0	0	2,815	1,325	1,490
Cree-Montagnais languages	5	0	10	88,445	42,920	45,530
Atikamekw	0	0	0	6,150	3,135	3,015
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	10,230	4,885	5,350
Moose Cree	0	0	0	100	50	55
Naskapi	0	0	0	1,205	590	620
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	315	125	190
Plains Cree	0	0	0	3,065	1,360	1,710
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	45	20	25
Swampy Cree	5	0	5	1,440	585	850
Woods Cree	0	0	0	1,840	865	975
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	5	64,050	31,305	32,745
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	6,990	3,310	3,680
Malecite	0	0	0	305	140	160
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	6,690	3,170	3,520
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5	32,150	15,350	16,800
Algonquin	5	0	0	1,260	590	670
Ojibway	10	0	5	17,890	8,440	9,450
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	12,855	6,260	6,595
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	150	65	85
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	45	25	20
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	17,365	8,325	9,045
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	5	17,315	8,310	9,010
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	110	55	60
Beaver	0	0	0	190	85	105
Carrier	0	0	0	1,025	465	565
Chilcotin	0	0	0	660	295	360
Dene	0	0	0	10,700	5,185	5,515
Dogrib (Tlicho)	5	0	0	1,645	840	815
Gwich'in	0	0	0	260	110	145
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	80	25	50
Sekani	0	0	0	90	45	45
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	1,995	950	1,045
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	765	365	400
South Slavey	0	0	0	945	455	495
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	280	130	150
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	270	135	140
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	180	90	90
Tahltan	0	0	0	95	40	50
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	290	120	170
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	215	90	135
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	70	30	40
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	50	20	35
Haida	0	0	0	75	35	40
Inuit languages	0	0	0	36,545	18,100	18,445
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	1,025	445	575
Inuktitut	0	0	0	35,215	17,530	17,680
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	315	125	185
Iroquoian languages	5	0	5	1,115	485	635
Cayuga	0	0	0	45	20	20
Mohawk	5	0	0	980	430	555
Oneida	0	0	0	55	20	40
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	35	15	20
Kutenai	0	0	0	105	55	55
Michif	0	0	0	465	230	235
Salish languages	0	0	0	2,305	1,130	1,180
Comox	0	0	0	80	45	40
Halkomelem	0	0	0	475	225	245
Lillooet	0	0	0	315	155	155
Okanagan	0	0	0	270	135	135
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	445	225	220
Squamish	0	0	0	40	20	20
Straits	0	0	0	80	40	40
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	335	150	185
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	255	135	125
Siouan languages	0	0	0	4,285	2,070	2,220
Dakota	0	0	0	1,215	570	635
Stoney	0	0	0	3,025	1,465	1,555
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	55	30	25
Tlingit	0	0	0	95	40	55
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	1,480	730	755
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	880	435	445
Nisga'a	0	0	0	400	200	200
Tsimshian	0	0	0	200	90	110
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	805	370	435
Haisla	0	0	0	90	40	50
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	95	40	55
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	325	145	185
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	285	135	140
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	5	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	0	5	0	585	295	295
Non-Aboriginal languages	112,470	54,835	57,635	7,125,365	3,406,425	3,718,945
Afro-Asiatic languages	9,805	4,970	4,835	575,365	298,060	277,300
Berber languages	25	10	10	22,135	11,865	10,270
Kabyle	25	15	10	13,150	6,995	6,155
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	8,985	4,865	4,115
Cushitic languages	1,205	580	630	42,885	20,095	22,790
Bilen	100	55	45	805	455	350
Oromo	85	40	45	4,960	2,560	2,400
Somali	985	460	525	36,755	16,895	19,865
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	365	195	170
Semitic languages	8,570	4,375	4,200	509,190	265,465	243,725
Amharic	795	375	415	22,465	10,720	11,745
Arabic	6,465	3,355	3,110	419,890	220,785	199,105
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	285	145	135	16,070	7,910	8,160
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35	15	20	5,545	2,780	2,770
Harari	15	5	5	1,320	635	685
Hebrew	115	60	50	19,530	10,480	9,045
Maltese	60	25	30	5,565	2,765	2,800
Tigrigna	775	370	405	16,650	8,310	8,340
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	2,155	1,085	1,070
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	1,155	635	520
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,870	1,870	2,000	176,725	81,810	94,920
Khmer (Cambodian)	255	120	135	20,130	9,270	10,860
Vietnamese	3,615	1,755	1,860	156,425	72,470	83,955
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	170	65	100
Austronesian languages	2,150	775	1,375	511,480	211,580	299,900
Bikol	10	5	5	1,790	790	1,000
Cebuano	110	30	75	19,890	7,930	11,960
Fijian	0	0	0	745	400	345
Hiligaynon	40	15	30	6,885	2,680	4,205
Ilocano	115	40	70	26,345	10,620	15,720
Malagasy	0	0	0	1,430	665	760
Malay	165	65	100	12,275	5,255	7,020
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5	4,040	1,865	2,175
Pangasinan	5	0	0	1,390	590	800
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,655	595	1,065	431,380	178,575	252,810
Waray-Waray	10	0	5	1,110	430	675
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	4,195	1,770	2,425
Creole languages	155	80	75	72,125	32,310	39,820
Haitian Creole	5	5	0	3,030	1,445	1,590
Creole, n.o.s.	80	35	40	64,105	28,455	35,660
Creole languages, n.i.e.	70	40	25	4,985	2,410	2,575
Dravidian languages	1,745	945	805	189,405	94,765	94,640
Kannada	85	50	35	3,970	2,040	1,935
Malayalam	600	315	285	28,570	14,770	13,800
Tamil	725	395	335	140,720	69,080	71,640
Telugu	315	180	135	15,655	8,640	7,020
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	490	240	250
Hmong-Mien languages	460	220	245	795	395	405
Indo-European languages	74,005	36,130	37,875	3,877,330	1,889,400	1,987,930
Albanian	950	500	455	26,890	13,610	13,285
Armenian	625	315	310	33,455	16,270	17,185
Balto-Slavic languages	17,575	8,445	9,130	701,975	323,640	378,340
Baltic languages	160	75	80	12,530	5,315	7,215
Latvian	70	40	35	5,455	2,350	3,105
Lithuanian	85	35	45	7,075	2,965	4,115
Slavic languages	17,415	8,365	9,050	689,450	318,325	371,115
Belarusan	15	5	10	810	385	430
Bosnian	525	265	260	12,210	6,035	6,180
Bulgarian	150	75	75	20,025	9,675	10,345
Croatian	2,005	1,010	990	48,200	23,540	24,665
Czech	700	325	370	22,290	10,525	11,765
Macedonian	245	120	125	16,775	8,050	8,725
Polish	4,925	2,295	2,625	181,710	82,435	99,275
Russian	1,730	800	935	188,255	85,400	102,855
Serbian	4,925	2,465	2,460	57,350	28,535	28,815
Serbo-Croatian	500	240	265	9,555	4,565	4,985
Slovak	530	240	295	17,580	8,075	9,510
Slovene (Slovenian)	230	115	110	9,790	4,415	5,370
Ukrainian	740	310	425	102,485	45,440	57,040
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	210	100	100	2,415	1,255	1,165
Celtic languages	25	15	10	2,690	1,335	1,360
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0	1,090	540	550
Welsh	15	10	5	1,075	495	575
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	530	295	235
Germanic languages	9,735	4,485	5,245	538,765	258,410	280,350
Afrikaans	90	50	40	10,265	5,115	5,145
Danish	150	70	80	12,630	6,245	6,390
Dutch	1,390	630	760	99,020	48,200	50,820
Frisian	25	15	10	2,100	1,095	1,005
German	7,910	3,640	4,270	384,035	183,215	200,820
Icelandic	5	0	0	1,285	600	685
Norwegian	30	10	15	4,615	2,170	2,445
Swedish	65	35	30	6,840	3,015	3,825
Vlaams (Flemish)	55	30	25	3,895	1,730	2,165
Yiddish	5	0	0	13,555	6,750	6,800
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	525	280	240
Greek	1,285	635	650	106,525	53,350	53,170
Indo-Iranian languages	19,185	9,910	9,280	1,312,750	664,120	648,630
Indo-Aryan languages	13,880	7,165	6,715	1,064,760	538,530	526,235
Bengali	905	485	410	73,125	37,410	35,720
Gujarati	2,750	1,420	1,335	108,780	55,105	53,670
Hindi	1,520	830	685	110,640	55,880	54,765
Kashmiri	5	5	0	565	300	265
Konkani	40	25	20	3,330	1,625	1,710
Marathi	150	75	80	8,295	4,300	3,995
Nepali	255	135	120	18,275	9,230	9,045
Oriya (Odia)	20	10	15	1,055	560	495
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,575	2,315	2,260	501,680	253,515	248,160
Sindhi	235	110	125	11,860	5,605	6,260
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	240	125	120	16,335	8,050	8,285
Urdu	3,180	1,635	1,550	210,815	106,960	103,860
Iranian languages	5,100	2,645	2,455	242,805	122,835	119,970
Kurdish	630	345	285	11,705	6,345	5,355
Pashto	1,015	535	480	16,910	8,760	8,145
Persian (Farsi)	3,460	1,765	1,690	214,200	107,725	106,470
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	210	105	110	5,180	2,755	2,425
Italic (Romance) languages	24,620	11,825	12,795	1,154,270	558,660	595,615
Catalan	15	5	10	865	440	425
Italian	1,760	920	835	375,635	184,415	191,220
Portuguese	9,350	4,445	4,900	221,540	106,630	114,910
Romanian	5,280	2,545	2,735	96,665	46,195	50,470
Spanish	8,220	3,905	4,315	458,850	220,605	238,245
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	720	380	340
Japanese	405	155	250	43,640	14,790	28,855
Kartvelian languages	5	0	5	1,715	910	805
Georgian	5	5	5	1,715	910	805
Korean	2,055	990	1,065	153,425	70,310	83,115
Mongolic languages	5	5	0	1,575	690	885
Mongolian	10	5	5	1,575	690	880
Niger-Congo languages	650	305	345	91,375	45,075	46,305
Akan (Twi)	60	35	30	13,455	6,490	6,970
Bamanankan	0	0	0	1,535	815	720
Edo	10	5	5	1,670	770	900
Ewe	15	15	5	1,760	950	805
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	2,825	1,495	1,335
Ga	5	10	5	920	445	470
Ganda	10	5	10	1,295	625	665
Igbo	35	20	15	4,235	2,265	1,970
Lingala	5	0	5	3,810	1,785	2,025
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	5	15	5,845	2,785	3,060
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	35	15	20	5,250	2,355	2,895
Shona	90	40	50	3,180	1,520	1,665
Swahili	140	60	80	13,370	6,385	6,990
Wolof	10	0	5	3,990	2,170	1,820
Yoruba	75	40	30	9,085	4,785	4,300
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	135	50	80	19,135	9,435	9,695
Nilo-Saharan languages	280	135	145	5,870	3,025	2,845
Dinka	5	5	0	2,120	1,115	1,000
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	275	130	145	3,755	1,910	1,840
Sign languages	115	55	60	7,500	3,925	3,575
American Sign Language	70	30	40	2,685	1,320	1,360
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	695	340	355
Sign languages, n.i.e	45	25	20	4,120	2,265	1,860
Sino-Tibetan languages	12,875	6,335	6,540	1,269,215	589,570	679,645
Chinese languages	12,510	6,145	6,365	1,253,360	581,650	671,715
Cantonese	2,145	1,050	1,095	565,270	262,865	302,405
Hakka	75	35	45	10,910	4,900	6,015
Mandarin	9,300	4,550	4,745	592,040	274,630	317,410
Min Dong	5	0	0	1,230	580	650
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	240	125	115	31,795	14,450	17,350
Wu (Shanghainese)	105	45	60	12,915	5,780	7,140
Chinese, n.o.s.	625	325	300	38,580	18,165	20,410
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	610	275	335
Tibeto-Burman languages	365	195	175	15,850	7,925	7,935
Burmese	140	70	65	3,585	1,795	1,790
Karenic languages	115	60	55	4,705	2,355	2,350
Tibetan	5	5	5	6,165	3,080	3,080
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	105	55	45	1,400	695	705
Tai-Kadai languages	1,125	510	615	22,010	8,870	13,145
Lao	1,005	475	530	12,670	6,145	6,525
Thai	120	35	85	9,255	2,690	6,565
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	80	35	55
Turkic languages	885	450	435	40,140	21,120	19,025
Azerbaijani	60	35	25	3,260	1,785	1,470
Turkish	760	390	375	32,815	17,375	15,440
Uyghur	15	5	10	1,035	510	525
Uzbek	15	5	5	1,715	855	865
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	20	1,315	590	720
Uralic languages	1,825	880	940	81,985	37,790	44,195
Estonian	90	40	50	5,445	2,325	3,115
Finnish	140	65	75	15,295	6,395	8,900
Hungarian	1,590	780	815	61,235	29,060	32,175
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	5	5
Other languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25	3,690	2,045	1,645
Multiple responses	9,505	4,685	4,825	818,635	398,325	420,305
English and French	1,150	560	590	165,320	80,460	84,860
English and non-official language	7,920	3,920	4,005	533,265	259,160	274,100
French and non-official language	210	100	110	86,150	42,170	43,985
English, French and non-official language	230	105	120	33,900	16,535	17,365
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	465,000	229,970	235,030	34,767,250	17,101,165	17,666,085
Single responses	442,590	218,985	223,605	33,103,860	16,298,475	16,805,395
Official languages	385,030	191,045	193,985	29,106,670	14,383,020	14,723,645
English	383,495	190,330	193,155	22,162,865	10,966,135	11,196,730
French	1,535	710	830	6,943,800	3,416,890	3,526,910
Non-official languages	57,560	27,940	29,625	3,997,195	1,915,450	2,081,750
Aboriginal languages	5	5	5	118,470	59,720	58,750
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	75,080	37,825	37,260
Blackfoot	0	0	0	1,115	555	555
Cree-Montagnais languages	0	0	0	55,825	28,135	27,685
Atikamekw	0	0	0	5,465	2,825	2,640
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	8,590	4,195	4,395
Moose Cree	0	0	0	10	5	5
Naskapi	0	0	0	1,200	595	605
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	110	55	60
Plains Cree	0	0	0	1,350	665	685
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	20	5	15
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	330	140	190
Woods Cree	0	0	0	800	410	390
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	37,945	19,240	18,710
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	3,615	1,795	1,820
Malecite	0	0	0	55	30	30
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	3,560	1,770	1,795
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	14,525	7,335	7,190
Algonquin	0	0	0	370	170	200
Ojibway	0	0	0	6,175	3,165	3,015
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	7,900	3,960	3,940
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	75	40	35
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	5	5
Athabaskan languages	0	0	5	10,265	5,125	5,135
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	10,255	5,120	5,135
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	15	10	10
Beaver	0	0	0	50	30	20
Carrier	0	0	0	245	115	130
Chilcotin	0	0	0	255	125	130
Dene	0	0	0	7,710	3,805	3,905
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	1,020	550	475
Gwich'in	0	0	0	45	25	25
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	10	5	5
Sekani	0	0	0	15	10	5
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	820	425	395
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	340	180	155
South Slavey	0	0	0	370	190	185
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	105	55	55
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	25	15	15
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	25	10	10
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	5	5
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	30	15	15
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	25	15	10
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	10	0	5
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	5	5
Haida	0	0	0	10	5	0
Inuit languages	0	0	0	29,490	14,995	14,495
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	165	75	90
Inuktitut	0	0	0	29,230	14,885	14,345
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	90	40	55
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	285	135	155
Cayuga	0	0	0	10	0	5
Mohawk	0	0	0	255	115	140
Oneida	0	0	0	15	5	10
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	5
Kutenai	0	0	0	15	10	5
Michif	0	0	0	85	40	45
Salish languages	0	0	0	285	130	150
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	45	20	25
Lillooet	0	0	0	25	15	10
Okanagan	0	0	0	85	35	45
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	55	30	20
Squamish	0	0	0	5	0	5
Straits	0	0	0	20	10	15
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	20	10	10
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	25	15	10
Siouan languages	0	0	0	2,225	1,085	1,140
Dakota	0	0	0	255	140	120
Stoney	0	0	0	1,950	940	1,010
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	10	15
Tlingit	0	0	0	5	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	410	210	190
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	315	155	155
Nisga'a	0	0	0	70	40	30
Tsimshian	0	0	0	25	15	15
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	75	45	35
Haisla	0	0	0	20	10	15
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	5	5	5
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	20	10	10
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	30	15	15
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	5	0	0	235	110	125
Non-Aboriginal languages	57,555	27,935	29,620	3,878,725	1,855,730	2,022,995
Afro-Asiatic languages	6,310	3,100	3,215	307,755	153,275	154,480
Berber languages	10	5	5	8,105	4,215	3,895
Kabyle	15	10	5	5,490	2,855	2,640
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	2,620	1,365	1,260
Cushitic languages	795	360	435	27,095	12,455	14,640
Bilen	85	45	45	620	330	285
Oromo	50	20	30	3,410	1,700	1,710
Somali	650	295	350	22,895	10,340	12,555
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	185	85	95
Semitic languages	5,505	2,730	2,775	272,100	136,390	135,720
Amharic	525	245	285	12,780	6,010	6,770
Arabic	4,185	2,115	2,075	223,540	112,690	110,850
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	170	85	85	10,510	5,090	5,425
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	25	15	10	3,445	1,695	1,750
Harari	10	0	5	735	335	400
Hebrew	55	25	25	8,560	4,425	4,135
Maltese	5	5	0	1,130	525	605
Tigrigna	505	235	270	10,205	5,040	5,170
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	5	15	1,200	585	620
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	440	215	230
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,475	1,190	1,290	115,210	53,500	61,710
Khmer (Cambodian)	130	55	75	10,880	4,940	5,945
Vietnamese	2,350	1,130	1,215	104,245	48,525	55,725
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	85	40	45
Austronesian languages	750	325	430	239,785	108,110	131,680
Bikol	0	0	0	290	140	155
Cebuano	20	10	10	7,210	3,325	3,880
Fijian	0	0	0	195	105	90
Hiligaynon	20	5	15	2,205	970	1,240
Ilocano	25	15	15	9,125	4,045	5,080
Malagasy	0	0	0	435	220	210
Malay	60	25	30	3,620	1,710	1,910
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	1,200	565	630
Pangasinan	0	0	0	240	110	135
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	625	260	360	213,790	96,235	117,555
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	310	135	170
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	1,160	545	620
Creole languages	85	40	50	27,860	12,005	15,850
Haitian Creole	5	0	0	1,280	575	705
Creole, n.o.s.	50	20	30	24,575	10,510	14,060
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	2,005	920	1,085
Dravidian languages	910	485	430	122,490	59,780	62,710
Kannada	35	25	15	1,630	825	800
Malayalam	355	185	170	15,440	7,865	7,575
Tamil	355	190	165	96,955	46,570	50,385
Telugu	155	85	75	8,280	4,430	3,850
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	190	85	105
Hmong-Mien languages	175	80	95	340	160	180
Indo-European languages	34,310	16,590	17,720	1,911,215	927,225	983,985
Albanian	535	275	260	13,135	6,575	6,560
Armenian	400	195	205	21,505	10,165	11,345
Balto-Slavic languages	8,545	4,135	4,410	314,965	149,315	165,650
Baltic languages	15	5	10	3,275	1,400	1,870
Latvian	5	0	5	1,255	530	725
Lithuanian	10	5	5	2,020	870	1,150
Slavic languages	8,525	4,130	4,400	311,690	147,910	163,780
Belarusan	5	5	5	230	105	120
Bosnian	255	135	120	6,045	3,010	3,040
Bulgarian	65	35	30	11,985	5,835	6,150
Croatian	840	410	435	16,775	7,980	8,795
Czech	230	110	120	6,235	3,060	3,180
Macedonian	125	60	65	6,830	3,250	3,580
Polish	2,065	990	1,075	74,780	34,910	39,870
Russian	970	465	505	116,595	55,175	61,425
Serbian	3,150	1,550	1,600	31,750	15,665	16,085
Serbo-Croatian	220	105	120	3,885	1,865	2,020
Slovak	190	85	105	5,615	2,685	2,920
Slovene (Slovenian)	45	20	25	2,050	905	1,145
Ukrainian	270	115	150	28,250	13,150	15,100
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	105	55	45	670	310	360
Celtic languages	5	0	0	360	205	155
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0	185	105	80
Welsh	0	0	0	95	50	45
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	80	50	30
Germanic languages	1,240	540	705	146,455	71,835	74,615
Afrikaans	25	15	15	4,790	2,355	2,435
Danish	5	5	5	855	410	445
Dutch	100	45	55	9,565	4,630	4,935
Frisian	5	5	0	185	95	90
German	1,090	465	625	120,335	58,905	61,435
Icelandic	0	5	0	270	120	150
Norwegian	0	0	0	345	145	200
Swedish	15	5	5	1,045	500	545
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	355	170	185
Yiddish	0	0	0	7,080	3,695	3,385
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	1,625	820	810
Greek	465	210	255	44,545	21,110	23,440
Indo-Iranian languages	11,695	5,835	5,860	838,755	416,960	421,795
Indo-Aryan languages	8,185	4,095	4,090	676,185	337,440	338,745
Bengali	530	270	260	47,350	23,585	23,765
Gujarati	1,655	820	840	64,150	31,740	32,405
Hindi	730	380	350	55,510	27,805	27,710
Kashmiri	0	0	0	135	70	70
Konkani	15	10	5	720	355	370
Marathi	70	30	35	3,780	1,940	1,840
Nepali	150	80	75	13,375	6,710	6,670
Oriya (Odia)	10	0	10	470	235	240
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,010	1,505	1,505	349,145	174,905	174,240
Sindhi	110	50	60	4,975	2,280	2,695
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	120	60	60	7,790	3,860	3,925
Urdu	1,785	890	900	128,785	63,965	64,820
Iranian languages	3,400	1,690	1,705	160,195	78,310	81,880
Kurdish	335	170	165	6,580	3,400	3,175
Pashto	615	305	310	10,590	5,305	5,290
Persian (Farsi)	2,445	1,215	1,230	143,020	69,600	73,425
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	110	50	60	2,375	1,215	1,160
Italic (Romance) languages	11,435	5,400	6,030	531,485	251,050	280,440
Catalan	10	5	10	355	165	190
Italian	335	155	180	115,415	49,975	65,440
Portuguese	3,940	1,830	2,110	98,710	46,915	51,795
Romanian	2,605	1,260	1,345	53,320	25,795	27,525
Spanish	4,535	2,150	2,385	263,510	128,110	135,400
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	180	85	95
Japanese	230	105	130	19,785	8,265	11,515
Kartvelian languages	0	0	5	1,040	565	475
Georgian	0	0	0	1,035	565	475
Korean	1,485	695	790	109,705	51,385	58,320
Mongolic languages	5	0	5	910	440	470
Mongolian	0	0	0	910	435	470
Niger-Congo languages	170	70	105	28,665	13,340	15,320
Akan (Twi)	15	5	10	5,990	2,695	3,295
Bamanankan	0	0	0	340	180	160
Edo	0	0	0	415	175	240
Ewe	0	0	5	410	185	225
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	825	400	425
Ga	0	0	0	250	105	140
Ganda	5	0	0	345	160	185
Igbo	15	5	5	1,000	485	510
Lingala	0	0	0	1,045	455	590
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	5	0	2,110	990	1,115
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	5	1,530	670	865
Shona	25	10	20	1,035	475	560
Swahili	60	25	35	5,370	2,500	2,870
Wolof	0	0	0	1,380	745	635
Yoruba	10	5	5	2,615	1,275	1,340
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	4,010	1,850	2,160
Nilo-Saharan languages	120	60	60	2,650	1,305	1,350
Dinka	0	0	0	1,130	580	550
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	115	55	60	1,525	730	800
Sign languages	160	85	75	10,445	5,870	4,570
American Sign Language	80	45	40	3,015	1,560	1,460
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	730	375	355
Sign languages, n.i.e	80	45	35	6,690	3,935	2,755
Sino-Tibetan languages	8,875	4,405	4,470	924,720	433,530	491,190
Chinese languages	8,550	4,240	4,315	913,365	427,860	485,505
Cantonese	1,145	565	580	400,215	184,340	215,885
Hakka	35	20	20	4,080	1,820	2,265
Mandarin	6,815	3,370	3,445	462,890	220,075	242,815
Min Dong	0	0	5	345	150	195
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	70	30	30	13,965	6,345	7,625
Wu (Shanghainese)	65	30	30	7,650	3,580	4,075
Chinese, n.o.s.	410	215	200	23,935	11,440	12,500
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	280	130	150
Tibeto-Burman languages	320	165	155	11,350	5,670	5,680
Burmese	135	75	60	2,245	1,115	1,125
Karenic languages	110	55	55	3,865	1,935	1,930
Tibetan	5	0	0	4,590	2,305	2,280
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	70	35	40	655	305	345
Tai-Kadai languages	555	260	295	9,565	4,455	5,110
Lao	505	245	265	6,175	2,995	3,180
Thai	45	15	35	3,360	1,450	1,915
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	30	15	15
Turkic languages	415	210	205	22,250	11,205	11,045
Azerbaijani	15	10	10	1,245	640	610
Turkish	375	190	185	18,955	9,525	9,430
Uyghur	5	0	5	610	315	290
Uzbek	5	0	5	990	505	490
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	455	230	225
Uralic languages	490	235	255	23,245	10,715	12,535
Estonian	10	5	5	975	365	610
Finnish	10	0	10	2,790	1,220	1,565
Hungarian	470	235	235	19,485	9,125	10,355
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	1,110	605	500
Multiple responses	22,410	10,990	11,420	1,663,390	802,695	860,690
English and French	640	300	345	160,185	77,940	82,235
English and non-official language	21,320	10,490	10,825	1,284,975	620,375	664,600
French and non-official language	55	20	35	148,915	70,915	78,000
English, French and non-official language	395	180	215	69,315	33,465	35,850
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	465,000	229,970	235,030	34,767,255	17,101,165	17,666,080
None	400,400	198,595	201,815	29,615,245	14,612,175	15,003,065
English	25,755	12,820	12,935	2,109,340	1,045,215	1,064,120
French	4,490	1,920	2,575	731,095	342,245	388,855
Non-official language	33,195	16,085	17,110	2,151,690	1,023,940	1,127,750
Aboriginal	50	15	35	90,740	42,890	47,850
Non-Aboriginal	33,145	16,075	17,075	2,060,945	981,055	1,079,895
English and French	190	80	110	47,970	23,785	24,190
English and non-official language	580	295	280	61,075	30,045	31,030
French and non-official language	370	160	205	48,755	22,690	26,065
English, French and non-official language	15	10	10	2,080	1,075	1,010
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	381,585	187,530	194,055	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,355
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	365,750	180,335	185,420	27,488,530	13,444,335	14,044,190
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	35,041	42,382	29,285	34,204	40,782	28,860
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	365,800	180,340	185,460	27,499,185	13,449,010	14,050,175
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	31,805	37,637	27,044	30,866	35,933	26,621
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	329,985	166,325	163,665	24,583,315	12,296,595	12,286,725
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	34,394	42,809	27,365	32,762	39,925	26,613
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	257,190	114,820	142,370	19,743,240	8,755,815	10,987,430
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	3,368	1,258	4,851	5,453	4,199	6,136
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	280,950	146,140	134,805	20,428,685	10,547,760	9,880,925
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	36,212	43,850	29,941	33,684	39,836	28,474
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	381,640	187,545	194,100	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	366,120	180,480	185,640	27,489,395	13,441,555	14,047,845
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	45,911	54,400	37,658	47,487	56,740	38,632
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	366,160	180,490	185,670	27,500,230	13,446,230	14,053,995
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	38,265	44,281	32,417	38,977	45,404	32,828
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	329,875	166,260	163,615	24,584,065	12,295,015	12,289,055
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	45,531	54,766	36,146	46,885	56,803	36,962
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	257,450	115,070	142,375	19,742,130	8,752,070	10,990,060
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	6,951	6,192	7,564	7,738	7,345	8,050
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	281,075	146,200	134,875	20,428,670	10,542,540	9,886,130
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	45,733	53,874	36,907	46,057	54,369	37,193
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	381,645	187,545	194,100	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	143,910	81,680	62,230	9,367,045	5,231,015	4,136,035
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	54,230	60,144	47,159	53,431	59,326	47,420
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	64,469	72,212	54,305	65,997	74,289	55,510
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	89.4	92.8	84.6	88.3	91.6	83.7
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	76.4	80.2	71.1	72.0	75.2	67.7
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	10.6	7.2	15.4	11.7	8.4	16.3
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	381,585	187,535	194,055	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,360
Without total income	15,835	7,200	8,635	1,154,450	546,285	608,165
With total income	365,755	180,335	185,420	27,488,530	13,444,335	14,044,195
Percentage with total income	95.9	96.2	95.6	96.0	96.1	95.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	51,965	22,590	29,370	3,877,620	1,668,960	2,208,655
$10,000 to $19,999	59,325	23,510	35,815	4,680,380	1,867,600	2,812,785
$20,000 to $29,999	49,715	20,440	29,275	3,807,840	1,593,335	2,214,505
$30,000 to $39,999	42,725	19,055	23,670	3,206,175	1,472,670	1,733,510
$40,000 to $49,999	38,550	18,590	19,960	2,827,045	1,376,565	1,450,480
$50,000 to $59,999	30,675	16,555	14,120	2,179,775	1,145,685	1,034,090
$60,000 to $69,999	22,870	13,335	9,535	1,655,070	938,755	716,310
$70,000 to $79,999	17,015	10,390	6,625	1,271,850	745,830	526,015
$80,000 to $89,999	13,115	8,260	4,860	966,885	579,290	387,590
$90,000 to $99,999	11,580	6,930	4,650	749,290	452,240	297,050
$100,000 and over	28,230	20,690	7,540	2,266,600	1,603,400	663,195
$100,000 to $149,999	19,330	13,850	5,480	1,493,570	1,024,210	469,365
$150,000 and over	8,900	6,840	2,060	773,025	579,190	193,830
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	381,585	187,530	194,055	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,360
Without after-tax income	15,785	7,195	8,590	1,143,795	541,620	602,175
With after-tax income	365,800	180,335	185,465	27,499,185	13,449,010	14,050,175
Percentage with after-tax income	95.9	96.2	95.6	96.0	96.1	95.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	53,160	22,935	30,225	4,004,475	1,706,825	2,297,645
$10,000 to $19,999	62,160	24,685	37,470	4,905,055	1,972,920	2,932,130
$20,000 to $29,999	57,965	24,190	33,775	4,489,925	1,926,175	2,563,755
$30,000 to $39,999	52,085	24,225	27,865	3,924,960	1,870,705	2,054,250
$40,000 to $49,999	44,135	23,105	21,025	3,144,200	1,619,670	1,524,525
$50,000 to $59,999	30,570	17,630	12,940	2,209,280	1,245,570	963,705
$60,000 to $69,999	21,105	13,170	7,930	1,540,300	912,230	628,065
$70,000 to $79,999	16,365	10,020	6,345	1,076,180	654,570	421,610
$80,000 and over	28,255	20,370	7,885	2,204,820	1,540,335	664,485
$80,000 to $89,999	9,540	6,435	3,105	688,705	444,550	244,145
$90,000 to $99,999	5,640	4,030	1,610	420,975	291,090	129,885
$100,000 and over	13,075	9,905	3,170	1,095,140	804,690	290,445
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	381,585	187,530	194,055	28,642,980	13,990,625	14,652,360
Without employment income	100,635	41,390	59,250	8,214,295	3,442,860	4,771,430
With employment income	280,950	146,145	134,810	20,428,690	10,547,760	9,880,925
Percentage with employment income	73.6	77.9	69.5	71.3	75.4	67.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	34,575	16,405	18,170	2,778,990	1,357,430	1,421,560
$5,000 to $9,999	21,915	9,505	12,405	1,602,140	697,025	905,120
$10,000 to $19,999	35,915	15,675	20,245	2,736,010	1,212,855	1,523,155
$20,000 to $29,999	29,385	12,680	16,705	2,293,785	1,022,090	1,271,695
$30,000 to $39,999	30,025	13,310	16,715	2,149,860	1,001,065	1,148,795
$40,000 to $49,999	28,860	14,355	14,505	1,928,565	946,625	981,940
$50,000 to $59,999	24,130	13,645	10,490	1,554,100	839,045	715,055
$60,000 to $69,999	17,980	10,860	7,115	1,220,310	708,270	512,040
$70,000 to $79,999	13,780	8,665	5,120	992,170	591,945	400,225
$80,000 and over	44,380	31,035	13,350	3,172,770	2,171,415	1,001,355
$80,000 to $89,999	11,230	7,245	3,985	773,755	475,700	298,055
$90,000 to $99,999	10,055	6,110	3,945	623,980	382,330	241,650
$100,000 and over	23,100	17,680	5,420	1,775,030	1,313,385	461,645
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	181,515	...	...	14,072,080	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	75,255	...	...	70,336	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	66,048	...	...	61,348	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	45,990	...	...	3,969,790	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	37,933	...	...	35,174	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	33,860	...	...	31,446	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	135,525	...	...	10,102,290	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	91,413	...	...	88,249	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	79,660	...	...	76,419	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	181,595	...	...	14,072,075	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	92,564	...	...	92,764	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	77,157	...	...	76,171	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	46,075	...	...	3,967,765	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	47,469	...	...	46,799	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	39,687	...	...	38,685	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	135,515	...	...	10,104,315	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	107,896	...	...	110,813	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	89,897	...	...	90,890	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	181,510	...	...	14,072,075	...	...
Under $5,000	2,955	...	...	228,790	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,975	...	...	200,315	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,295	...	...	374,575	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	5,580	...	...	565,940	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	6,870	...	...	602,800	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	6,240	...	...	538,710	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	6,965	...	...	603,480	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	7,280	...	...	606,600	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	7,350	...	...	596,110	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	7,385	...	...	578,325	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	14,100	...	...	1,097,345	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	13,095	...	...	1,010,415	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	12,510	...	...	924,320	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	11,455	...	...	836,765	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	10,815	...	...	745,655	...	...
$100,000 and over	62,635	...	...	4,561,920	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	21,045	...	...	1,470,255	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	14,415	...	...	1,016,245	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	15,445	...	...	1,116,140	...	...
$200,000 and over	11,735	...	...	959,285	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	181,510	...	...	14,072,075	...	...
Under $5,000	3,130	...	...	243,780	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,025	...	...	203,865	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,375	...	...	380,680	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	5,825	...	...	591,660	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,745	...	...	673,740	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	7,025	...	...	628,225	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	8,260	...	...	719,825	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	8,625	...	...	725,675	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	8,850	...	...	711,180	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	8,830	...	...	691,695	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	16,670	...	...	1,299,680	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	15,485	...	...	1,169,515	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	14,485	...	...	1,041,635	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	12,980	...	...	900,055	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	10,945	...	...	757,295	...	...
$100,000 and over	46,245	...	...	3,333,575	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	19,825	...	...	1,371,945	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	11,530	...	...	809,540	...	...
$150,000 and over	14,890	...	...	1,152,090	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	129,035	...	...	9,688,845	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	92,118	...	...	88,306	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	80,096	...	...	76,372	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	44,605	...	...	3,706,220	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	81,777	...	...	78,976	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	71,442	...	...	68,309	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	60,295	...	...	4,222,140	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	115,964	...	...	113,465	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	99,064	...	...	96,608	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	20,605	...	...	1,481,410	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	54,463	...	...	53,193	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	50,184	...	...	48,856	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	128,995	...	...	9,689,855	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	109,076	...	...	111,235	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	90,642	...	...	91,040	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	44,675	...	...	3,706,400	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	98,847	...	...	101,086	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	81,677	...	...	82,296	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	60,395	...	...	4,225,855	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	132,208	...	...	137,094	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	109,048	...	...	111,307	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	20,485	...	...	1,477,190	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	65,401	...	...	65,549	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	57,230	...	...	56,687	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	66,795	34,350	32,445	5,313,545	2,608,845	2,704,705
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	32,051	34,792	29,700	31,890	34,483	29,801
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	29,341	31,354	27,585	28,959	30,746	27,495
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	66,925	34,220	32,705	5,299,050	2,596,985	2,702,070
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	40,918	43,612	38,098	42,939	46,085	39,915
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	34,646	36,266	32,950	35,801	37,724	33,952
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	463,210	229,210	234,000	34,460,065	16,971,550	17,488,515
In the bottom half of the distribution	218,940	105,215	113,730	17,229,835	8,256,970	8,972,865
In the bottom decile	43,575	21,355	22,220	3,445,950	1,672,900	1,773,050
In the second decile	40,000	18,020	21,980	3,445,660	1,564,965	1,880,700
In the third decile	42,895	20,160	22,735	3,446,165	1,641,930	1,804,235
In the fourth decile	45,255	22,065	23,190	3,445,850	1,677,120	1,768,730
In the fifth decile	47,225	23,620	23,605	3,446,210	1,700,060	1,746,150
In the top half of the distribution	244,270	123,990	120,275	17,230,230	8,714,580	8,515,650
In the sixth decile	49,460	24,815	24,650	3,445,695	1,716,510	1,729,185
In the seventh decile	49,740	25,240	24,500	3,446,470	1,730,975	1,715,500
In the eighth decile	51,070	25,870	25,195	3,445,940	1,741,640	1,704,300
In the ninth decile	50,665	25,870	24,790	3,446,045	1,751,850	1,694,195
In the top decile	43,330	22,195	21,140	3,446,080	1,773,600	1,672,475
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	463,210	229,205	234,005	33,968,295	16,724,265	17,244,035
0 to 17 years	98,240	50,095	48,145	6,836,380	3,504,250	3,332,125
0 to 5 years	31,535	16,205	15,330	2,228,770	1,142,505	1,086,270
18 to 64 years	303,490	151,005	152,485	21,695,090	10,690,090	11,005,005
65 years and over	61,485	28,105	33,375	5,436,830	2,529,930	2,906,905
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	59,495	27,645	31,845	4,809,940	2,243,200	2,566,740
0 to 17 years	15,965	8,085	7,885	1,163,830	597,570	566,255
0 to 5 years	5,715	2,905	2,810	396,095	203,055	193,030
18 to 64 years	36,780	17,140	19,640	2,855,290	1,341,590	1,513,700
65 years and over	6,755	2,430	4,325	790,825	304,040	486,780
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	12.8	12.1	13.6	14.2	13.4	14.9
0 to 17 years (%)	16.3	16.1	16.4	17.0	17.1	17.0
0 to 5 years (%)	18.1	17.9	18.3	17.8	17.8	17.8
18 to 64 years (%)	12.1	11.4	12.9	13.2	12.5	13.8
65 years and over (%)	11.0	8.6	13.0	14.5	12.0	16.7
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	36,765	18,410	18,355	3,128,995	1,519,370	1,609,630
0 to 17 years	8,440	4,335	4,105	696,025	357,255	338,770
0 to 5 years	2,955	1,520	1,435	236,435	121,170	115,260
18 to 64 years	26,885	13,460	13,430	2,157,745	1,057,585	1,100,160
65 years and over	1,440	620	825	275,225	104,525	170,695
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	7.9	8.0	7.8	9.2	9.1	9.3
0 to 17 years (%)	8.6	8.7	8.5	10.2	10.2	10.2
0 to 5 years (%)	9.4	9.4	9.4	10.6	10.6	10.6
18 to 64 years (%)	8.9	8.9	8.8	9.9	9.9	10.0
65 years and over (%)	2.3	2.2	2.5	5.1	4.1	5.9
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	463,360	229,245	234,115	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485
Official languages	454,925	225,825	229,105	33,818,210	16,709,290	17,108,920
English	454,740	225,760	228,980	29,748,265	14,806,270	14,941,995
French	31,885	13,945	17,940	10,242,945	4,952,455	5,290,495
Non-official languages	134,110	65,485	68,625	9,369,280	4,488,185	4,881,090
Aboriginal languages	100	35	65	263,845	127,550	136,295
Algonquian languages	85	30	60	177,570	85,505	92,065
Blackfoot	0	0	0	5,645	2,695	2,950
Cree-Montagnais languages	20	0	15	116,585	56,515	60,070
Atikamekw	0	0	0	6,640	3,335	3,305
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	11,440	5,500	5,945
Moose Cree	0	0	0	195	80	115
Naskapi	0	0	0	1,465	710	755
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	545	225	320
Plains Cree	0	0	10	5,905	2,705	3,200
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	40	30	10
Swampy Cree	10	0	10	2,345	995	1,350
Woods Cree	0	0	0	2,665	1,230	1,435
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	10	86,115	42,080	44,035
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	0	10	9,765	4,710	5,050
Malecite	0	0	0	755	370	390
Mi'kmaq	10	0	10	9,025	4,350	4,670
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	70	25	45	46,685	22,100	24,585
Algonquin	10	0	10	2,480	1,165	1,315
Ojibway	60	30	30	28,585	13,365	15,220
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	15,610	7,575	8,030
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	205	105	105
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	120	60	60
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	23,655	11,340	12,320
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	23,570	11,300	12,265
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	210	105	100
Beaver	0	0	0	340	180	165
Carrier	0	0	0	2,105	955	1,145
Chilcotin	0	0	0	1,150	535	610
Dene	0	0	0	13,060	6,270	6,790
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	2,375	1,210	1,165
Gwich'in	0	0	0	360	165	200
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	150	60	90
Sekani	0	0	0	185	85	100
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	2,815	1,340	1,475
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	1,010	475	530
South Slavey	0	0	0	1,365	660	710
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	680	320	360
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	630	340	285
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	365	205	170
Tahltan	0	0	0	270	140	130
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	420	160	260
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	285	115	170
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	145	50	95
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	85	35	50
Haida	0	0	0	465	205	260
Inuit languages	0	0	0	42,980	21,355	21,630
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	1,975	895	1,080
Inuktitut	0	0	0	40,620	20,280	20,340
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	470	225	240
Iroquoian languages	10	10	0	2,800	1,240	1,555
Cayuga	0	0	0	125	40	85
Mohawk	10	0	0	2,415	1,120	1,295
Oneida	0	0	0	180	60	125
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	115	45	75
Kutenai	0	0	0	175	95	80
Michif	0	0	0	1,210	585	625
Salish languages	0	0	0	5,750	2,730	3,015
Comox	0	0	0	185	75	110
Halkomelem	0	0	0	1,060	475	585
Lillooet	0	0	0	790	405	385
Okanagan	0	0	0	820	370	450
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	1,305	640	665
Squamish	0	0	0	285	125	155
Straits	0	0	0	360	160	200
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	450	220	235
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	565	295	270
Siouan languages	0	0	0	5,430	2,665	2,770
Dakota	0	0	0	1,760	870	890
Stoney	0	0	0	3,675	1,805	1,875
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	140	70	70
Tlingit	0	0	0	260	140	120
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	2,730	1,350	1,380
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	1,305	645	660
Nisga'a	0	0	0	1,060	545	515
Tsimshian	0	0	0	410	180	235
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	1,490	680	805
Haisla	0	0	0	175	65	110
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	125	50	75
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	605	285	320
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	565	265	300
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	30	20	10
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	10	0	0	665	310	360
Non-Aboriginal languages	134,010	65,450	68,560	9,107,075	4,361,420	4,745,660
Afro-Asiatic languages	12,235	6,305	5,930	837,355	432,560	404,795
Berber languages	0	0	0	29,460	15,745	13,715
Kabyle	0	0	0	17,120	9,100	8,015
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	12,505	6,735	5,775
Cushitic languages	1,530	785	735	57,125	26,870	30,250
Bilen	160	75	80	1,085	625	470
Oromo	85	40	45	6,245	3,070	3,175
Somali	1,190	610	575	49,665	23,070	26,590
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	120	65	50	480	220	265
Semitic languages	10,960	5,640	5,320	771,130	400,780	370,350
Amharic	1,125	555	575	33,670	16,675	16,995
Arabic	8,605	4,465	4,140	629,055	329,235	299,820
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	275	155	120	19,745	9,720	10,020
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	45	25	20	7,115	3,505	3,610
Harari	0	0	0	1,710	855	860
Hebrew	380	225	155	75,020	38,730	36,290
Maltese	95	60	35	7,625	3,760	3,870
Tigrigna	1,045	460	580	21,340	10,640	10,705
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20	3,220	1,655	1,565
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	45	30	15	2,775	1,440	1,335
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,815	2,295	2,515	224,865	105,845	119,020
Khmer (Cambodian)	310	135	175	27,035	12,640	14,400
Vietnamese	4,525	2,180	2,350	198,895	93,735	105,155
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	190	70	120
Austronesian languages	2,675	910	1,760	656,200	273,075	383,125
Bikol	0	0	0	2,075	885	1,190
Cebuano	95	10	80	27,045	10,960	16,085
Fijian	0	0	0	1,660	955	705
Hiligaynon	60	15	40	7,925	3,200	4,720
Ilocano	90	25	60	34,530	13,805	20,730
Malagasy	0	0	0	2,335	1,120	1,220
Malay	325	140	185	22,470	10,370	12,100
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	10	15	5,425	2,445	2,980
Pangasinan	10	0	10	1,800	790	1,015
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,275	745	1,530	612,735	253,210	359,530
Waray-Waray	10	0	0	1,395	530	860
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	5,585	2,540	3,040
Creole languages	450	230	220	155,615	70,545	85,070
Haitian Creole	10	10	0	6,850	3,140	3,710
Creole, n.o.s.	240	125	115	133,045	59,890	73,160
Creole languages, n.i.e.	220	110	115	16,635	7,955	8,675
Dravidian languages	2,340	1,255	1,085	250,180	126,220	123,960
Kannada	200	115	90	8,245	4,180	4,065
Malayalam	655	310	340	37,810	19,410	18,400
Tamil	1,185	660	530	189,860	94,640	95,220
Telugu	445	250	190	23,160	12,770	10,390
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	790	385	405
Hmong-Mien languages	480	225	255	870	435	435
Indo-European languages	91,000	44,405	46,600	5,158,010	2,506,455	2,651,555
Albanian	985	550	435	31,930	16,140	15,790
Armenian	765	370	400	41,295	19,980	21,315
Balto-Slavic languages	20,030	9,590	10,440	817,315	384,960	432,350
Baltic languages	195	100	90	14,675	6,470	8,205
Latvian	125	70	60	6,500	2,960	3,540
Lithuanian	70	35	35	8,185	3,510	4,675
Slavic languages	19,865	9,505	10,355	805,915	379,965	425,945
Belarusan	70	25	40	2,265	1,070	1,195
Bosnian	795	380	420	18,265	9,055	9,215
Bulgarian	160	70	85	22,425	10,920	11,505
Croatian	3,020	1,445	1,575	69,840	34,515	35,325
Czech	880	450	430	28,720	13,675	15,050
Macedonian	340	150	190	23,075	11,190	11,880
Polish	5,530	2,550	2,975	214,965	99,365	115,600
Russian	2,520	1,135	1,385	269,645	127,055	142,595
Serbian	6,055	3,100	2,955	73,775	37,040	36,740
Serbo-Croatian	605	285	315	11,275	5,525	5,750
Slovak	700	365	340	21,470	10,215	11,255
Slovene (Slovenian)	285	135	155	11,495	5,205	6,290
Ukrainian	915	365	555	132,115	58,820	73,300
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	235	115	120	3,000	1,590	1,405
Celtic languages	80	40	40	9,165	4,705	4,455
Scottish Gaelic	45	20	25	3,980	2,010	1,975
Welsh	20	10	15	1,690	830	860
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0	3,590	1,915	1,680
Germanic languages	13,355	6,040	7,310	695,535	337,215	358,320
Afrikaans	210	115	95	23,410	11,795	11,610
Danish	210	90	115	15,745	7,320	8,425
Dutch	1,790	740	1,050	120,865	57,885	62,990
Frisian	40	20	20	2,910	1,515	1,395
German	11,165	5,095	6,070	502,730	245,745	256,985
Icelandic	10	10	0	1,780	830	945
Norwegian	75	40	35	8,120	3,860	4,260
Swedish	125	85	35	14,140	6,510	7,635
Vlaams (Flemish)	65	30	35	4,400	1,945	2,455
Yiddish	0	0	0	20,985	10,435	10,550
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	8,710	4,425	4,285
Greek	1,770	885	880	150,965	75,510	75,455
Indo-Iranian languages	23,480	12,185	11,295	1,658,220	840,850	817,365
Indo-Aryan languages	18,450	9,635	8,820	1,387,805	704,370	683,435
Bengali	1,155	630	530	91,220	46,935	44,285
Gujarati	3,310	1,715	1,590	149,045	74,765	74,285
Hindi	6,355	3,375	2,985	433,365	221,665	211,700
Kashmiri	10	10	10	905	490	420
Konkani	70	40	25	6,790	3,185	3,605
Marathi	255	135	125	15,570	8,200	7,365
Nepali	380	205	175	21,380	10,915	10,470
Oriya (Odia)	20	0	15	1,535	755	775
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,460	3,370	3,085	668,240	341,450	326,790
Sindhi	355	170	190	20,260	9,310	10,945
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	390	190	200	27,825	13,970	13,855
Urdu	5,480	2,855	2,630	322,220	164,685	157,535
Iranian languages	5,500	2,795	2,705	281,715	142,030	139,680
Kurdish	825	410	415	15,290	8,290	7,000
Pashto	1,005	520	485	23,180	12,465	10,715
Persian (Farsi)	3,970	2,015	1,950	252,320	126,565	125,755
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	325	145	180	8,875	4,715	4,155
Italic (Romance) languages	32,990	15,840	17,150	1,897,630	898,530	999,100
Catalan	15	10	10	2,035	1,145	890
Italian	2,905	1,505	1,400	574,725	278,500	296,225
Portuguese	11,470	5,590	5,875	295,955	144,465	151,485
Romanian	6,470	3,110	3,365	115,050	55,275	59,770
Spanish	13,050	6,090	6,965	995,255	460,250	535,010
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	2,680	1,610	1,075
Japanese	815	415	400	83,090	36,760	46,335
Kartvelian languages	10	0	10	2,150	1,075	1,075
Georgian	10	0	10	2,150	1,080	1,070
Korean	2,175	1,055	1,115	172,755	80,170	92,590
Mongolic languages	10	10	10	2,090	960	1,130
Mongolian	15	10	0	2,090	960	1,130
Niger-Congo languages	1,080	570	515	177,215	88,135	89,080
Akan (Twi)	90	55	35	22,145	10,810	11,340
Bamanankan	0	0	0	3,190	1,660	1,530
Edo	25	15	15	3,220	1,510	1,705
Ewe	10	0	0	3,000	1,685	1,315
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	4,725	2,460	2,260
Ga	10	10	0	2,250	1,140	1,110
Ganda	25	0	25	2,495	1,175	1,320
Igbo	95	70	25	8,850	4,710	4,140
Lingala	100	60	45	17,010	7,865	9,145
Rundi (Kirundi)	30	10	30	8,590	4,075	4,515
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	40	10	35	7,860	3,600	4,260
Shona	35	20	10	5,425	2,530	2,905
Swahili	360	170	195	38,680	19,565	19,115
Wolof	0	0	0	8,240	4,455	3,785
Yoruba	230	145	90	22,420	11,475	10,940
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	160	80	75	40,760	20,375	20,385
Nilo-Saharan languages	380	165	215	7,015	3,520	3,495
Dinka	0	0	10	2,475	1,280	1,190
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	380	165	210	4,555	2,240	2,315
Sign languages	575	215	360	48,115	18,985	29,130
American Sign Language	415	140	275	21,930	7,780	14,155
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	4,665	1,665	3,005
Sign languages, n.i.e.	165	80	80	22,275	9,835	12,440
Sino-Tibetan languages	14,520	7,205	7,315	1,430,440	672,100	758,340
Chinese languages	14,140	7,010	7,130	1,413,110	663,465	749,640
Cantonese	3,060	1,495	1,565	699,125	325,840	373,285
Hakka	155	65	90	12,445	5,555	6,890
Mandarin	10,995	5,390	5,605	814,450	377,635	436,815
Min Dong	0	10	0	1,045	440	600
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	360	175	180	42,840	19,005	23,835
Wu (Shanghainese)	145	80	65	16,530	7,490	9,040
Chinese, n.o.s.	770	405	365	41,690	19,995	21,690
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	590	250	340
Tibeto-Burman languages	410	215	190	18,270	9,100	9,175
Burmese	155	80	75	4,995	2,490	2,500
Karenic languages	95	50	45	4,895	2,425	2,475
Tibetan	0	10	0	7,050	3,555	3,490
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	275	140	135	2,375	1,160	1,220
Tai-Kadai languages	1,170	540	630	30,400	13,210	17,195
Lao	1,045	490	550	17,235	8,240	8,990
Thai	190	65	125	15,390	5,875	9,520
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	115	50	65
Turkic languages	1,475	790	685	60,530	31,585	28,945
Azerbaijani	145	100	45	5,450	2,885	2,565
Turkish	1,275	685	590	50,775	26,605	24,165
Uyghur	0	0	10	1,385	685	700
Uzbek	45	15	25	2,465	1,230	1,235
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	30	1,870	905	965
Uralic languages	2,125	1,055	1,070	94,810	44,270	50,545
Estonian	145	75	65	6,070	2,750	3,315
Finnish	140	65	75	17,595	7,540	10,050
Hungarian	1,845	915	925	71,285	34,005	37,280
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	25	10	10
Other languages, n.i.e.	145	80	60	9,730	5,375	4,355
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	463,360	229,250	234,115	34,460,065	16,971,580	17,488,490
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	430,715	213,045	217,665	32,034,590	15,799,495	16,235,090
Canadian citizens aged under 18	94,155	47,980	46,175	6,652,795	3,412,785	3,240,010
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	336,560	165,065	171,495	25,381,795	12,386,710	12,995,080
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	32,650	16,205	16,450	2,425,480	1,172,085	1,253,400
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	463,360	229,250	234,115	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	341,260	169,505	171,755	26,412,610	13,124,325	13,288,290
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	112,910	54,790	58,120	7,540,830	3,586,495	3,954,330
Before 1981	33,085	15,945	17,145	1,941,510	927,795	1,013,715
1981 to 1990	14,860	7,350	7,510	915,555	439,245	476,310
1991 to 2000	22,845	11,195	11,655	1,486,655	696,720	789,940
2001 to 2010	28,490	13,690	14,800	1,985,035	940,570	1,044,465
2001 to 2005	14,170	6,835	7,345	928,935	439,890	489,050
2006 to 2010	14,320	6,860	7,460	1,056,095	500,680	555,415
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	13,620	6,610	7,015	1,212,075	582,175	629,895
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	9,190	4,950	4,235	506,625	260,755	245,870
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	112,910	54,790	58,120	7,540,830	3,586,500	3,954,335
Under 5 years	12,735	6,520	6,210	731,340	364,165	367,175
5 to 14 years	22,520	11,730	10,785	1,311,810	665,870	645,945
15 to 24 years	24,220	10,785	13,435	1,604,430	724,430	880,005
25 to 44 years	45,435	22,175	23,260	3,198,920	1,513,970	1,684,950
45 years and over	8,005	3,585	4,425	694,320	318,060	376,260
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	112,905	54,790	58,120	7,540,830	3,586,495	3,954,330
Americas	16,505	7,600	8,905	1,128,745	510,650	618,100
Brazil	480	220	260	29,320	13,235	16,080
Colombia	1,615	730	885	70,035	32,065	37,965
El Salvador	1,935	910	1,025	48,080	23,865	24,215
Guyana	2,240	1,015	1,225	87,685	38,940	48,745
Haiti	40	20	15	93,480	40,955	52,525
Jamaica	1,870	940	935	138,345	59,960	78,390
Mexico	755	340	420	80,585	37,530	43,055
Peru	180	85	95	29,615	12,950	16,665
Trinidad and Tobago	675	305	370	65,040	29,325	35,710
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	3,505	1,465	2,040	253,715	113,505	140,215
Other places of birth in Americas	3,200	1,570	1,630	232,850	108,325	124,530
Europe	47,740	23,130	24,610	2,088,410	1,015,145	1,073,260
Bosnia and Herzegovina	3,095	1,600	1,505	36,135	18,050	18,085
Croatia	1,965	965	1,000	40,045	20,005	20,035
France	285	145	140	105,565	55,395	50,170
Germany	4,150	1,910	2,240	145,845	69,525	76,320
Greece	570	260	310	62,715	31,580	31,135
Hungary	765	370	390	36,820	17,945	18,875
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	410	205	205	28,325	14,355	13,970
Italy	1,065	605	460	236,640	118,595	118,040
Netherlands	1,375	655	725	88,475	45,185	43,295
Poland	4,030	1,855	2,175	146,465	66,450	80,020
Portugal	6,800	3,270	3,530	139,450	68,150	71,300
Romania	4,910	2,335	2,575	90,305	42,795	47,510
Russian Federation	755	340	420	78,685	34,265	44,420
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	2,420	1,220	1,205	33,320	16,325	17,000
Ukraine	715	320	390	73,030	33,360	39,665
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	10,040	4,945	5,095	499,115	243,225	255,890
Other places of birth in Europe	4,390	2,150	2,240	247,470	119,945	127,530
Africa	7,130	3,580	3,550	637,485	322,510	314,970
Algeria	55	30	30	64,620	33,920	30,705
Egypt	1,175	620	550	64,615	34,125	30,495
Ethiopia	945	480	470	32,790	15,980	16,810
Kenya	405	195	215	27,150	12,810	14,340
Morocco	50	25	20	69,655	36,120	33,535
Nigeria	305	185	125	42,430	21,830	20,600
Somalia	720	335	380	27,230	12,070	15,160
South Africa, Republic of	470	235	240	44,660	22,205	22,460
Other places of birth in Africa	3,000	1,485	1,520	264,320	133,450	130,870
Asia	41,260	20,335	20,925	3,629,160	1,709,985	1,919,175
Afghanistan	1,255	565	690	51,955	26,030	25,930
Bangladesh	690	360	325	58,735	29,875	28,865
China^{Census data footnote 59}	6,280	2,985	3,295	649,260	290,800	358,460
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	765	430	335	208,940	98,020	110,915
India	8,245	4,215	4,035	668,565	334,030	334,540
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	1,560	845	710	154,425	77,970	76,455
Iraq	1,935	1,000	935	68,485	34,785	33,705
Japan	140	40	100	27,240	7,955	19,285
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	1,415	745	675	123,305	57,170	66,140
Lebanon	630	330	300	88,745	47,295	41,450
Pakistan	3,725	1,945	1,780	202,260	103,225	99,035
Philippines	2,380	895	1,485	588,305	247,095	341,210
Sri Lanka	905	445	460	131,995	64,825	67,170
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	1,630	835	795	52,960	26,595	26,365
Taiwan	455	225	230	63,770	28,170	35,605
Viet Nam	3,300	1,540	1,760	169,250	78,000	91,250
Other places of birth in Asia	5,945	2,935	3,010	320,965	158,150	162,815
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	270	140	130	57,030	28,210	28,825
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	13,620	6,610	7,015	1,212,075	582,180	629,895
Americas	1,595	730	865	152,595	72,870	79,720
Brazil	50	25	25	8,500	4,000	4,490
Colombia	265	90	165	15,300	6,885	8,415
Cuba	85	35	50	5,370	2,545	2,820
Haiti	15	10	10	19,985	9,160	10,830
Jamaica	145	90	55	12,495	6,680	5,820
Mexico	90	35	55	18,660	9,090	9,575
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	520	215	310	33,060	16,480	16,580
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	25	10	15	6,425	2,990	3,435
Other places of birth in Americas	400	215	190	32,790	15,040	17,750
Europe	1,630	785	845	140,030	70,995	69,035
France	40	25	20	24,150	13,000	11,150
Germany	95	50	45	6,300	3,255	3,045
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	55	35	25	5,660	3,540	2,120
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	30	10	20	5,900	2,735	3,165
Romania	250	105	155	7,610	3,330	4,280
Russian Federation	80	30	55	11,565	4,485	7,080
Ukraine	60	20	40	13,425	6,015	7,410
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	265	160	105	24,445	14,235	10,215
Other places of birth in Europe	750	350	395	40,970	20,405	20,570
Africa	1,530	755	770	162,800	81,545	81,245
Algeria	15	10	0	17,175	8,440	8,735
Cameroon	10	0	10	10,265	5,005	5,255
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15	0	10	7,400	3,570	3,835
Côte d'Ivoire	10	10	0	6,240	3,030	3,210
Egypt	290	135	150	16,115	8,445	7,665
Eritrea	345	155	185	6,050	3,195	2,855
Ethiopia	215	95	120	7,510	3,625	3,890
Morocco	0	0	0	15,105	7,470	7,635
Nigeria	110	75	40	17,285	8,850	8,435
Somalia	205	100	105	5,335	2,600	2,730
South Africa, Republic of	60	25	35	5,765	2,935	2,830
Tunisia	0	0	10	6,700	3,475	3,230
Other places of birth in Africa	270	150	115	41,855	20,905	20,950
Asia	8,830	4,305	4,525	748,700	352,095	396,610
Afghanistan	225	75	150	9,240	4,530	4,710
Bangladesh	135	45	85	12,900	6,445	6,460
China^{Census data footnote 59}	1,385	660	725	129,020	57,745	71,270
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	25	10	15	4,975	2,090	2,880
India	1,790	980	805	147,190	75,145	72,045
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	495	275	220	42,070	20,580	21,490
Iraq	850	490	360	20,665	10,345	10,320
Israel	40	25	15	4,740	2,615	2,130
Japan	20	10	15	4,905	1,250	3,655
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	160	65	95	21,710	9,630	12,075
Lebanon	65	35	35	9,375	4,980	4,400
Nepal	75	30	45	7,505	3,780	3,715
Pakistan	620	295	330	41,480	20,530	20,945
Philippines	585	175	405	188,810	83,050	105,760
Saudi Arabia	115	80	35	5,465	2,820	2,640
Sri Lanka	90	45	50	11,495	5,190	6,305
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	1,055	545	515	29,945	15,245	14,700
Taiwan	70	40	35	4,310	1,685	2,625
Turkey	95	65	35	4,255	2,365	1,890
United Arab Emirates	60	20	40	6,135	3,220	2,910
Viet Nam	260	100	160	11,210	4,500	6,705
Other places of birth in Asia	600	260	345	31,320	14,345	16,970
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	40	35	10	7,955	4,670	3,280
Australia	25	25	0	4,965	2,950	2,010
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	15	15	0	2,990	1,720	1,270
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	463,360	229,245	234,110	34,460,060	16,971,575	17,488,485
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	124,260	60,920	63,335	8,219,555	3,936,045	4,283,505
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	99,465	50,245	49,215	6,100,725	3,053,075	3,047,650
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	239,640	118,080	121,565	20,139,790	9,982,460	10,157,330
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	81,535	39,660	41,875	5,703,615	2,709,530	2,994,085
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	34,515	18,090	16,430	2,994,130	1,496,240	1,497,885
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	12,580	9,200	3,380	1,220,755	755,370	465,380
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	21,940	8,890	13,050	1,773,380	740,870	1,032,510
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	23,010	9,090	13,915	1,782,490	728,085	1,054,400
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	23,340	12,185	11,160	858,845	453,675	405,175
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	665	300	370	68,145	31,530	36,615
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	463,360	229,250	234,110	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	8,180	3,920	4,260	1,673,785	813,520	860,265
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	7,765	3,710	4,055	1,629,805	792,970	836,835
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	5,025	2,365	2,665	977,235	471,510	505,725
Métis	2,585	1,275	1,310	587,545	289,435	298,115
Inuk (Inuit)	150	70	85	65,030	32,030	32,995
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	165	110	55	21,310	10,165	11,145
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	250	100	150	22,670	10,385	12,290
Non-Aboriginal identity	455,180	225,330	229,850	32,786,280	16,158,060	16,628,225
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	463,360	229,245	234,110	34,460,065	16,971,580	17,488,490
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	2,320	1,105	1,220	820,120	395,670	424,445
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	461,040	228,145	232,895	33,639,945	16,575,905	17,064,040
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	463,360	229,250	234,115	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,490
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	1,300	620	685	727,790	356,970	370,815
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	1,270	595	680	709,235	347,985	361,245
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	1,015	470	545	573,215	280,040	293,180
Métis single ancestry	230	120	110	91,255	45,740	45,515
Inuit single ancestry	20	0	25	44,765	22,210	22,555
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	30	25	10	18,555	8,985	9,565
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	30	20	10	15,140	7,305	7,835
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	0	0	0	2,470	1,205	1,265
Métis and Inuit ancestries	0	0	0	770	390	380
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	0	0	0	170	85	85
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	12,465	5,965	6,495	1,402,735	669,710	733,025
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	12,180	5,835	6,345	1,347,610	644,210	703,400
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	9,170	4,360	4,815	881,455	418,215	463,235
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	2,705	1,320	1,385	441,000	213,940	227,065
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	300	155	140	25,155	12,045	13,105
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	285	130	155	55,125	25,505	29,625
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	245	110	130	49,325	22,740	26,585
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	30	15	15	3,470	1,655	1,815
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	15	10	0	2,005	940	1,065
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	0	0	0	325	170	160
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	449,590	222,665	226,925	32,329,545	15,944,900	16,384,645
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	463,360	229,245	234,110	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	97,400	48,965	48,435	7,674,580	3,725,090	3,949,495
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	25,835	13,550	12,280	1,924,635	977,690	946,945
Chinese	15,575	7,725	7,850	1,577,060	746,400	830,665
Black	14,850	7,660	7,185	1,198,540	580,070	618,475
Filipino	3,425	1,400	2,020	780,125	341,800	438,330
Latin American	8,915	4,315	4,600	447,325	215,460	231,860
Arab	7,040	3,660	3,385	523,235	276,425	246,810
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	8,000	3,835	4,165	313,260	148,880	164,385
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	4,240	2,150	2,095	264,305	133,475	130,825
Korean	2,415	1,210	1,200	188,710	89,110	99,600
Japanese	730	320	405	92,920	40,105	52,815
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	3,180	1,540	1,645	132,090	62,540	69,550
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	3,195	1,595	1,605	232,375	113,140	119,230
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	365,960	180,280	185,675	26,785,480	13,246,485	13,539,000
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	463,360	229,250	234,110	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485
North American Aboriginal origins	13,765	6,580	7,185	2,130,520	1,026,675	1,103,840
First Nations (North American Indian)	10,490	4,970	5,520	1,525,570	731,410	794,155
Inuit	370	180	190	79,130	38,695	40,435
Métis	3,225	1,580	1,650	599,995	291,310	308,690
Other North American origins	119,670	59,005	60,665	11,628,535	5,745,695	5,882,835
Acadian	545	220	320	119,675	57,805	61,865
American	4,955	2,530	2,425	377,405	182,690	194,715
Canadian	115,500	56,895	58,605	11,135,965	5,501,595	5,634,370
New Brunswicker	10	0	0	1,490	800	685
Newfoundlander	1,180	585	595	22,215	11,420	10,800
Nova Scotian	95	40	50	3,700	1,770	1,930
Ontarian	55	25	30	3,925	1,980	1,945
Québécois	145	85	60	194,560	99,320	95,235
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	10	10	10	1,895	950	945
European origins	322,190	158,025	164,170	19,683,320	9,687,715	9,995,605
British Isles origins	191,375	93,320	98,055	11,211,850	5,474,735	5,737,115
Channel Islander	25	20	10	3,595	1,740	1,855
Cornish	10	0	0	1,975	995	975
English	107,055	51,905	55,150	6,320,085	3,069,515	3,250,570
Irish	79,945	37,705	42,245	4,627,000	2,195,620	2,431,385
Manx	80	40	45	6,125	3,090	3,040
Scottish	81,875	39,465	42,410	4,799,005	2,323,390	2,475,620
Welsh	7,970	3,810	4,160	474,805	226,600	248,210
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	13,625	6,485	7,145	644,695	307,090	337,610
French origins	41,770	20,040	21,735	4,680,820	2,283,480	2,397,340
Alsatian	205	85	125	2,800	1,300	1,495
Breton	10	10	0	11,845	5,765	6,080
Corsican	10	10	10	1,750	950	805
French	41,565	19,960	21,605	4,670,595	2,278,430	2,392,165
Western European origins (except French origins)	114,515	55,635	58,890	4,600,855	2,258,095	2,342,760
Austrian	3,905	1,900	2,005	207,050	100,775	106,275
Bavarian	0	0	0	940	485	455
Belgian	1,720	870	845	186,665	91,395	95,270
Dutch	21,240	10,315	10,915	1,111,655	546,565	565,090
Flemish	195	105	90	11,685	5,730	5,960
Frisian	90	45	45	4,590	2,395	2,195
German	93,570	45,465	48,105	3,322,405	1,626,785	1,695,615
Luxembourger	80	50	25	3,915	2,025	1,890
Swiss	4,265	2,100	2,165	155,120	76,935	78,185
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	0	10	0	3,365	1,645	1,720
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	8,235	4,090	4,140	1,201,320	579,005	622,315
Danish	1,755	870	880	207,470	100,660	106,810
Finnish	1,665	835	830	143,645	69,045	74,600
Icelandic	455	225	235	101,795	49,875	51,915
Norwegian	2,110	1,055	1,055	463,275	223,075	240,200
Swedish	2,120	1,005	1,115	349,645	163,545	186,095
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	585	340	245	52,780	26,965	25,820
Eastern European origins	57,575	27,870	29,705	3,431,245	1,666,740	1,764,505
Bulgarian	370	175	200	34,565	16,935	17,625
Byelorussian	375	170	205	20,710	10,190	10,515
Czech	2,215	1,095	1,115	104,580	51,555	53,030
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	500	195	305	40,715	19,235	21,480
Estonian	475	235	245	24,530	11,715	12,815
Hungarian	7,710	3,795	3,915	348,085	170,040	178,045
Latvian	565	270	290	30,725	14,920	15,805
Lithuanian	1,020	535	485	59,285	28,745	30,535
Moldovan	130	50	80	14,915	7,265	7,650
Polish	22,865	11,145	11,720	1,106,585	533,830	572,750
Romanian	9,055	4,250	4,800	238,050	114,705	123,345
Russian	6,245	2,930	3,310	622,445	297,600	324,850
Slovak	1,770	910	860	72,285	35,360	36,925
Ukrainian	11,850	5,695	6,155	1,359,655	663,560	696,095
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	190	95	90	20,415	9,895	10,520
Southern European origins	60,405	30,420	29,980	3,012,375	1,494,605	1,517,775
Albanian	1,130	620	505	36,185	18,385	17,800
Bosnian	1,325	655	670	26,740	13,320	13,420
Catalan	10	0	0	1,280	740	535
Croatian	4,580	2,255	2,330	133,970	67,825	66,140
Cypriot	615	315	305	5,650	2,850	2,795
Greek	3,675	1,865	1,810	271,410	137,405	134,005
Italian	17,220	8,850	8,375	1,587,965	794,525	793,445
Kosovar	120	60	55	2,865	1,470	1,395
Macedonian	780	335	455	43,110	21,650	21,460
Maltese	680	345	335	41,920	20,955	20,965
Montenegrin	175	75	100	4,160	2,180	1,985
Portuguese	19,890	10,030	9,865	482,605	239,360	243,250
Serbian	6,810	3,460	3,350	96,530	49,095	47,440
Sicilian	115	75	35	6,940	3,500	3,435
Slovenian	1,100	530	565	40,470	20,105	20,365
Spanish	5,200	2,440	2,765	396,460	184,520	211,945
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	1,480	745	735	38,480	18,620	19,860
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	20	15	0	2,170	1,030	1,135
Other European origins	2,185	1,095	1,095	226,695	115,110	111,580
Basque	75	25	45	6,965	3,690	3,275
Jewish	1,150	590	565	143,660	72,625	71,035
Roma (Gypsy)	45	20	25	4,630	2,195	2,440
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	95	45	50	4,870	2,560	2,310
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	840	430	410	67,890	34,730	33,160
Caribbean origins	9,530	4,820	4,710	749,155	349,810	399,345
Antiguan	50	25	20	4,500	2,115	2,385
Bahamian	45	15	35	3,675	1,915	1,760
Barbadian	795	410	385	37,780	17,745	20,035
Bermudan	120	45	70	3,075	1,435	1,640
Carib	35	25	0	3,030	1,175	1,860
Cuban	605	260	345	29,065	13,800	15,270
Dominican	250	135	120	23,130	11,000	12,125
Grenadian	195	100	95	17,915	7,835	10,080
Guadeloupean	10	0	0	1,125	515	605
Haitian	105	50	50	165,095	76,460	88,635
Jamaican	5,040	2,585	2,460	309,485	145,080	164,410
Kittitian/Nevisian	75	40	35	2,915	1,460	1,460
Martinican	10	0	10	2,010	900	1,110
Montserratan	30	20	0	930	460	470
Puerto Rican	65	25	35	3,405	1,645	1,765
St. Lucian	130	70	60	8,985	4,095	4,890
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,320	665	655	78,965	37,325	41,635
Vincentian/Grenadinian	170	75	90	17,420	7,475	9,945
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	1,045	495	545	70,270	31,625	38,645
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	240	115	125	26,830	12,520	14,310
Latin, Central and South American origins	12,925	6,155	6,775	674,640	325,210	349,430
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	365	180	185	22,725	10,875	11,850
Arawak	10	10	0	1,440	610	830
Argentinian	210	90	115	20,680	10,130	10,545
Belizean	0	0	0	1,755	915	845
Bolivian	45	10	30	5,055	2,480	2,580
Brazilian	640	300	340	36,830	17,380	19,455
Chilean	380	160	215	45,190	22,280	22,910
Colombian	2,350	1,090	1,265	96,325	45,590	50,735
Costa Rican	55	30	25	5,535	2,680	2,855
Ecuadorian	260	135	125	25,405	11,995	13,415
Guatemalan	635	305	325	26,275	13,360	12,915
Guyanese	2,525	1,215	1,310	84,275	39,530	44,745
Hispanic	315	160	155	11,055	5,380	5,670
Honduran	140	85	55	10,650	5,235	5,415
Maya	140	90	55	6,285	3,350	2,940
Mexican	1,285	585	705	128,485	62,890	65,595
Nicaraguan	605	320	285	13,705	6,650	7,055
Panamanian	50	25	20	4,700	2,210	2,495
Paraguayan	40	10	30	4,325	2,165	2,160
Peruvian	345	195	150	42,145	19,645	22,505
Salvadorean	2,290	1,090	1,200	66,220	32,960	33,255
Uruguayan	40	20	25	6,795	3,390	3,410
Venezuelan	310	140	175	26,345	12,220	14,125
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	695	315	380	28,455	13,930	14,525
African origins	12,590	6,425	6,165	1,067,930	539,805	528,120
Central and West African origins	1,425	805	620	230,110	118,040	112,070
Akan	15	10	0	1,955	1,090	870
Angolan	20	20	10	2,960	1,475	1,480
Ashanti	15	10	10	1,585	855	735
Beninese	25	10	15	4,995	2,670	2,320
Burkinabe	0	0	0	3,150	1,665	1,485
Cameroonian	50	10	35	24,615	12,390	12,230
Chadian	0	0	0	1,845	955	885
Congolese	190	100	85	38,365	18,925	19,440
Edo	10	0	0	1,945	1,095	855
Ewe	0	0	0	845	470	375
Gabonese	0	0	0	1,405	660	750
Gambian	10	10	10	975	495	475
Ghanaian	225	105	120	35,495	17,720	17,770
Guinean	0	10	0	7,240	3,785	3,455
Ibo	65	20	40	5,315	2,850	2,470
Ivorian	10	0	0	10,935	5,485	5,450
Liberian	70	45	30	2,485	1,130	1,360
Malian	0	10	0	4,490	2,280	2,210
Malinké	0	0	0	1,125	585	535
Nigerian	595	355	240	51,835	27,025	24,805
Peulh	10	0	0	2,435	1,270	1,170
Senegalese	10	0	0	10,175	5,500	4,670
Sierra Leonean	40	20	20	2,620	1,330	1,295
Togolese	0	0	0	5,300	2,870	2,430
Wolof	0	0	0	840	495	345
Yoruba	120	75	45	9,585	5,075	4,515
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	135	60	80	15,380	7,940	7,445
North African origins	3,350	1,760	1,585	355,045	185,775	169,270
Algerian	110	65	45	67,335	34,755	32,580
Berber	15	10	0	37,060	19,685	17,375
Coptic	25	20	0	3,535	1,860	1,680
Dinka	0	0	0	900	500	400
Egyptian	1,925	1,005	920	99,140	51,730	47,410
Libyan	165	100	65	7,740	4,135	3,605
Maure	0	0	0	1,190	655	535
Moroccan	175	90	85	103,940	54,005	49,945
Sudanese	965	490	470	19,960	10,315	9,645
Tunisian	35	20	15	25,645	13,985	11,665
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	25	20	0	6,115	3,320	2,795
Southern and East African origins	5,325	2,625	2,700	260,145	128,325	131,815
Afrikaner	20	20	0	1,870	955	915
Amhara	35	25	15	1,530	815	715
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	25	20	10	3,965	2,175	1,785
Burundian	35	10	30	10,990	5,405	5,580
Djiboutian	10	0	10	1,710	790	920
Eritrean	1,400	670	730	25,255	12,830	12,430
Ethiopian	1,350	650	700	44,065	21,680	22,385
Harari	0	0	0	665	355	305
Kenyan	85	50	30	10,915	5,230	5,685
Malagasy	0	0	0	4,500	2,175	2,325
Mauritian	70	45	30	9,325	4,655	4,665
Oromo	35	20	15	3,350	1,745	1,605
Rwandan	80	30	45	10,775	5,065	5,705
Seychellois	15	10	10	1,285	575	710
Somali	1,495	785	715	62,550	30,215	32,330
South African	500	210	290	41,375	20,575	20,800
Tanzanian	25	10	10	4,710	2,400	2,310
Tigrian	70	40	30	2,155	1,160	995
Ugandan	70	25	45	5,705	2,875	2,830
Zambian	0	10	0	1,860	935	920
Zimbabwean	75	30	40	8,090	3,975	4,110
Zulu	0	0	0	945	475	475
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	250	125	125	17,305	8,445	8,860
Other African origins	2,885	1,430	1,455	239,560	116,400	123,165
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	350	135	205	30,385	14,015	16,370
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	2,560	1,295	1,260	212,005	103,790	108,215
Asian origins	74,950	37,570	37,380	6,095,235	2,958,120	3,137,115
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	15,950	8,190	7,760	1,011,145	518,170	492,980
Afghan	2,165	1,035	1,125	83,995	42,320	41,675
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	1,410	785	625	111,400	58,930	52,475
Armenian	1,180	640	540	63,810	31,505	32,305
Assyrian	155	90	65	13,835	7,115	6,720
Azerbaijani	145	75	70	6,425	3,230	3,200
Georgian	70	20	50	4,775	2,430	2,345
Hazara	55	35	15	1,515	810	705
Iranian	2,320	1,250	1,065	210,405	106,565	103,840
Iraqi	1,575	825	750	70,925	35,965	34,955
Israeli	175	90	80	28,735	15,065	13,675
Jordanian	380	185	195	14,250	7,520	6,735
Kazakh	10	10	0	3,330	1,615	1,710
Kurd	760	385	370	16,315	8,810	7,515
Kuwaiti	40	25	15	2,235	1,185	1,055
Kyrgyz	15	0	15	1,060	510	550
Lebanese	1,590	745	845	219,555	112,970	106,590
Palestinian	985	490	490	44,820	23,900	20,920
Pashtun	275	135	140	4,810	2,565	2,245
Saudi Arabian	185	110	70	6,810	3,935	2,880
Syrian	1,665	850	820	77,045	38,445	38,600
Tajik	160	80	75	2,905	1,410	1,495
Tatar	15	0	10	4,825	2,155	2,670
Turk	1,565	805	760	63,955	32,855	31,100
Turkmen	50	20	35	1,040	540	500
Uighur	10	0	10	1,555	775	785
Uzbek	50	15	40	3,920	1,920	2,000
Yemeni	30	20	10	6,645	3,335	3,305
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	580	295	280	25,280	13,180	12,100
South Asian origins	26,575	13,820	12,760	1,963,330	993,595	969,735
Bangladeshi	660	355	305	45,940	23,645	22,300
Bengali	260	140	125	22,900	11,730	11,180
Bhutanese	140	75	60	3,600	1,765	1,835
East Indian	18,595	9,660	8,935	1,374,710	694,990	679,720
Goan	50	20	25	6,070	2,915	3,155
Gujarati	285	140	145	8,350	4,305	4,050
Kashmiri	45	20	25	3,115	1,605	1,510
Nepali	330	185	150	17,140	8,715	8,420
Pakistani	4,210	2,230	1,975	215,555	110,420	105,140
Punjabi	1,500	765	735	118,400	61,155	57,240
Sinhalese	240	115	125	7,285	3,605	3,685
Sri Lankan	860	455	405	152,595	75,010	77,585
Tamil	300	150	150	48,670	24,845	23,825
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	1,270	650	625	76,400	38,815	37,585
East and Southeast Asian origins	33,005	15,870	17,135	3,163,360	1,467,205	1,696,155
Burmese	565	270	295	9,335	4,535	4,795
Cambodian (Khmer)	480	225	260	38,490	18,515	19,980
Chinese	18,170	9,030	9,140	1,769,195	836,150	933,045
Filipino	3,910	1,625	2,285	837,130	369,105	468,025
Hmong	545	275	270	805	420	390
Indonesian	395	190	205	21,390	9,950	11,440
Japanese	1,000	455	550	121,485	53,415	68,070
Karen	85	45	35	4,510	2,275	2,240
Korean	2,525	1,275	1,250	198,210	93,680	104,525
Laotian	1,615	780	835	24,580	12,190	12,390
Malaysian	125	80	45	16,920	7,735	9,185
Mongolian	85	45	40	7,480	3,560	3,915
Singaporean	30	25	10	2,850	1,325	1,520
Taiwanese	310	145	165	36,510	16,570	19,945
Thai	390	160	230	19,010	7,330	11,680
Tibetan	0	0	0	8,040	4,055	3,985
Vietnamese	5,445	2,670	2,770	240,615	115,935	124,680
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	185	95	95	6,500	3,150	3,355
Other Asian origins	440	215	225	22,745	11,280	11,460
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	440	215	225	22,740	11,280	11,460
Oceania origins	625	330	300	85,470	43,030	42,440
Australian	435	220	215	42,315	21,710	20,605
New Zealander	125	80	40	15,395	8,065	7,330
Pacific Islands origins	75	25	45	29,485	14,240	15,250
Fijian	10	0	10	19,375	9,280	10,090
Hawaiian	10	10	10	3,295	1,500	1,795
Maori	10	0	0	2,500	1,310	1,195
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	10	0	10	1,530	725	805
Samoan	25	15	10	1,100	625	475
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	0	0	0	2,335	1,145	1,185
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	181,595	...	...	14,072,075	...	...
Owner	119,875	...	...	9,541,320	...	...
Renter	61,715	...	...	4,474,530	...	...
Band housing	0	...	...	56,230	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	181,595	...	...	14,072,075	...	...
Condominium	20,535	...	...	1,874,840	...	...
Not condominium	161,065	...	...	12,197,240	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	181,590	...	...	14,072,080	...	...
No bedrooms	530	...	...	93,345	...	...
1 bedroom	20,930	...	...	1,925,015	...	...
2 bedrooms	39,585	...	...	3,547,090	...	...
3 bedrooms	78,610	...	...	4,836,485	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	41,940	...	...	3,670,145	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	181,590	...	...	14,072,075	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	43,475	...	...	4,068,915	...	...
5 rooms	26,825	...	...	2,177,045	...	...
6 rooms	29,930	...	...	1,981,585	...	...
7 rooms	25,975	...	...	1,790,180	...	...
8 or more rooms	55,390	...	...	4,054,355	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.4	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	181,590	...	...	14,072,080	...	...
One person or fewer per room	178,665	...	...	13,802,060	...	...
More than 1 person per room	2,930	...	...	270,020	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	181,590	...	...	14,072,075	...	...
Suitable	173,075	...	...	13,376,345	...	...
Not suitable	8,520	...	...	695,730	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	181,595	...	...	14,072,080	...	...
1960 or before	35,960	...	...	3,126,380	...	...
1961 to 1980	52,675	...	...	4,185,510	...	...
1981 to 1990	27,110	...	...	1,977,640	...	...
1991 to 2000	24,850	...	...	1,746,390	...	...
2001 to 2005	16,585	...	...	976,390	...	...
2006 to 2010	13,375	...	...	1,089,750	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	11,040	...	...	970,015	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	181,595	...	...	14,072,080	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	172,175	...	...	13,151,600	...	...
Major repairs needed	9,420	...	...	920,480	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	181,595	...	...	14,072,080	...	...
1 household maintainer	99,980	...	...	8,324,865	...	...
2 household maintainers	76,185	...	...	5,404,800	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	5,430	...	...	342,415	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	181,590	...	...	14,072,080	...	...
15 to 24 years	7,305	...	...	437,230	...	...
25 to 34 years	29,220	...	...	1,991,685	...	...
35 to 44 years	33,235	...	...	2,414,920	...	...
45 to 54 years	39,205	...	...	2,862,870	...	...
55 to 64 years	33,975	...	...	2,859,315	...	...
65 to 74 years	22,095	...	...	2,034,220	...	...
75 to 84 years	12,030	...	...	1,084,700	...	...
85 years and over	4,525	...	...	387,135	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	181,360	...	...	13,798,305	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	136,880	...	...	10,472,355	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	44,480	...	...	3,325,950	...	...
30% to less than 100%	38,645	...	...	2,861,615	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	119,870	...	...	9,368,330	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	64.6	...	...	60.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	15.2	...	...	16.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,349	...	...	1,130	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,378	...	...	1,313	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	349,141	...	...	341,556	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	382,700	...	...	443,058	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	61,715	...	...	4,452,850	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	12.2	...	...	13.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	42.7	...	...	40.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	994	...	...	910	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,051	...	...	1,002	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	381,645	187,540	194,100	28,643,015	13,990,435	14,652,580
No certificate, diploma or degree	68,140	33,835	34,295	5,239,575	2,667,995	2,571,585
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	111,780	55,775	56,000	7,576,400	3,686,630	3,889,770
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	201,730	97,930	103,795	15,827,040	7,635,805	8,191,230
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	23,305	16,460	6,845	2,800,260	1,906,610	893,650
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	11,020	6,580	4,440	1,549,880	880,365	669,515
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	12,285	9,885	2,405	1,250,385	1,026,250	224,140
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	80,310	34,745	45,565	5,553,825	2,326,940	3,226,890
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,405	3,045	3,360	813,335	331,940	481,395
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	91,710	43,680	48,030	6,659,615	3,070,315	3,589,300
Bachelor's degree	60,545	27,675	32,870	4,443,835	1,967,905	2,475,935
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,415	2,460	2,960	462,295	203,725	258,570
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,055	1,115	940	190,925	102,530	88,395
Master's degree	18,985	9,230	9,755	1,331,045	651,510	679,535
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	4,710	3,200	1,510	231,510	144,640	86,870
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	255,205	125,790	129,415	18,931,380	9,268,555	9,662,830
No certificate, diploma or degree	27,835	14,900	12,940	2,169,790	1,200,110	969,685
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	66,775	33,930	32,840	4,494,585	2,247,020	2,247,565
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	160,590	76,960	83,635	12,267,005	5,821,425	6,445,580
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	16,595	11,765	4,835	2,042,430	1,377,775	664,650
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	7,865	4,695	3,165	1,145,035	639,785	505,250
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	8,735	7,070	1,670	897,390	737,990	159,405
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	64,260	27,955	36,310	4,241,985	1,786,065	2,455,920
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,585	2,185	2,400	580,885	240,040	340,850
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	75,150	35,060	40,095	5,401,705	2,417,555	2,984,155
Bachelor's degree	48,525	21,955	26,575	3,590,080	1,562,160	2,027,925
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,495	1,945	2,550	362,455	151,205	211,250
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,655	790	860	153,290	74,440	78,855
Master's degree	16,570	7,830	8,745	1,120,190	527,335	592,850
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	3,905	2,540	1,365	175,685	102,415	73,275
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	381,645	187,545	194,100	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	179,915	89,615	90,300	12,815,980	6,354,625	6,461,350
Education	10,085	2,305	7,775	1,060,095	251,290	808,800
13. Education	10,080	2,305	7,775	1,060,095	251,290	808,805
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,110	3,060	4,050	596,230	268,050	328,180
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,230	865	365	99,020	72,865	26,150
50. Visual and performing arts	5,880	2,195	3,685	497,210	195,185	302,025
Humanities	13,385	4,995	8,390	850,840	330,490	520,345
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	1,145	260	885	98,000	22,100	75,900
23. English language and literature/letters	3,565	955	2,610	178,590	52,785	125,810
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,845	895	1,955	275,525	104,135	171,390
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	120	45	75	4,160	1,640	2,520
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,130	570	565	51,930	30,185	21,750
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,695	985	710	77,490	46,285	31,200
54. History	2,205	1,175	1,030	111,465	59,965	51,500
55. French language and literature/letters	675	105	570	53,680	13,400	40,290
Social and behavioural sciences and law	24,820	7,895	16,925	1,761,900	586,455	1,175,445
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	295	65	230	24,685	5,660	19,025
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,740	1,030	1,710	182,275	68,030	114,245
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,550	345	4,200	324,660	26,065	298,595
22. Legal professions and studies	3,030	910	2,120	289,600	102,660	186,945
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	560	140	420	35,445	8,150	27,295
42. Psychology	4,420	1,125	3,295	281,470	71,230	210,230
45. Social sciences	9,230	4,280	4,950	623,775	304,660	319,110
Business, management and public administration	38,650	15,270	23,380	3,360,045	1,272,475	2,087,565
30.16 Accounting and computer science	80	20	60	6,190	1,850	4,340
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,645	655	2,990	237,835	48,815	189,015
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	34,925	14,595	20,330	3,116,025	1,221,805	1,894,215
Physical and life sciences and technologies	8,640	4,325	4,315	614,280	315,665	298,615
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	3,425	1,370	2,055	249,955	105,560	144,400
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,885	895	990	125,600	61,685	63,915
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	85	15	65	28,155	12,625	15,530
40. Physical sciences	2,920	1,915	1,010	179,305	122,815	56,485
41. Science technologies/technicians	325	125	200	31,270	12,980	18,290
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	12,080	8,000	4,080	651,480	420,370	231,110
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	8,240	5,755	2,490	514,685	356,435	158,250
25. Library science	490	80	405	40,820	6,495	34,320
27. Mathematics and statistics	3,000	1,905	1,095	86,655	50,930	35,725
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	345	255	90	9,325	6,510	2,815
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	44,410	39,670	4,735	3,327,405	3,022,700	304,700
04. Architecture and related services	1,495	920	580	114,315	72,880	41,435
14. Engineering	12,495	10,070	2,430	752,465	615,880	136,585
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	9,665	8,620	1,045	620,065	551,855	68,205
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	0	410	85	325
46. Construction trades	6,705	6,510	190	702,155	682,710	19,445
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	7,410	7,205	205	731,135	709,430	21,705
48. Precision production	6,630	6,350	280	406,855	389,850	17,005
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,355	1,850	1,505	339,050	219,040	120,010
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	1,785	925	860	205,930	127,925	78,005
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,565	925	645	133,120	91,115	42,005
Health and related fields	26,980	4,755	22,220	2,266,720	441,180	1,825,545
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	3,105	1,360	1,750	164,295	81,260	83,040
51. Health professions and related programs	23,315	3,080	20,235	2,047,680	329,010	1,718,670
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	550	315	235	54,740	30,910	23,830
Personal, protective and transportation services	11,880	5,755	6,120	995,825	507,200	488,630
12. Personal and culinary services	6,550	1,800	4,750	565,555	151,530	414,025
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	25	25	0	3,505	3,080	420
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	80	60	20	7,900	7,230	670
43. Security and protective services	3,575	2,405	1,170	206,745	150,540	56,205
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,645	1,470	180	212,125	194,810	17,315
Other	335	45	295	3,170	885	2,280
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	335	40	295	3,170	890	2,280
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	255,205	125,790	129,415	18,931,385	9,268,555	9,662,825
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	94,610	48,830	45,785	6,664,380	3,447,130	3,217,250
Education	7,580	1,660	5,920	727,515	160,315	567,205
13. Education	7,585	1,665	5,925	727,515	160,315	567,200
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,615	2,350	3,265	467,905	208,365	259,545
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	875	640	235	74,530	53,995	20,535
50. Visual and performing arts	4,745	1,710	3,030	393,375	154,370	239,005
Humanities	10,105	3,630	6,475	614,815	232,425	382,390
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	860	135	725	76,540	16,200	60,340
23. English language and literature/letters	2,785	725	2,055	133,800	38,310	95,485
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,100	665	1,435	191,005	71,770	119,235
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	75	20	50	3,140	1,250	1,895
38. Philosophy and religious studies	815	405	410	37,870	21,930	15,940
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,245	720	525	52,295	31,200	21,090
54. History	1,740	910	830	82,565	43,475	39,085
55. French language and literature/letters	495	50	440	37,600	8,285	29,315
Social and behavioural sciences and law	19,815	6,115	13,700	1,417,625	453,100	964,525
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	230	40	185	20,300	4,595	15,705
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,310	875	1,430	152,080	56,125	95,955
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,540	245	3,300	259,845	19,160	240,685
22. Legal professions and studies	2,555	710	1,845	241,170	76,720	164,445
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	425	110	315	27,310	6,390	20,920
42. Psychology	3,420	800	2,620	218,470	51,570	166,900
45. Social sciences	7,330	3,330	4,005	498,450	238,540	259,915
Business, management and public administration	31,825	12,335	19,485	2,696,770	1,000,895	1,695,875
30.16 Accounting and computer science	80	20	60	4,955	1,480	3,475
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,090	535	2,555	192,190	36,890	155,305
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	28,655	11,785	16,870	2,499,625	962,530	1,537,095
Physical and life sciences and technologies	6,695	3,300	3,400	449,870	222,120	227,755
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,720	1,065	1,655	195,830	79,945	115,880
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,400	670	730	89,205	42,265	46,945
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	75	10	60	9,280	3,850	5,430
40. Physical sciences	2,250	1,460	790	132,935	87,025	45,905
41. Science technologies/technicians	255	90	160	22,625	9,035	13,590
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	10,555	7,030	3,520	567,415	368,840	198,575
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	7,490	5,230	2,260	464,000	321,805	142,190
25. Library science	400	65	330	29,955	4,870	25,080
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,360	1,505	850	65,620	36,895	28,725
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	310	230	80	7,840	5,270	2,575
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	34,995	30,930	4,065	2,532,555	2,271,735	260,820
04. Architecture and related services	1,270	750	520	93,135	57,280	35,850
14. Engineering	10,460	8,355	2,105	612,265	490,980	121,285
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	7,745	6,850	890	475,045	418,595	56,450
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	350	70	275
46. Construction trades	4,995	4,835	165	515,630	499,670	15,960
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,545	5,370	170	540,800	523,425	17,375
48. Precision production	4,980	4,770	215	295,335	281,715	13,620
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,665	1,415	1,250	269,445	167,680	101,770
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	1,400	685	715	159,975	94,680	65,295
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,265	735	535	109,470	73,000	36,470
Health and related fields	21,040	3,595	17,440	1,749,545	342,395	1,407,145
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	2,365	1,000	1,365	129,560	63,315	66,245
51. Health professions and related programs	18,240	2,385	15,860	1,576,945	256,895	1,320,050
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	425	215	215	43,040	22,185	20,860
Personal, protective and transportation services	9,445	4,545	4,900	770,950	392,820	378,135
12. Personal and culinary services	5,030	1,275	3,755	431,415	114,395	317,025
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	15	0	2,725	2,355	375
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	30	25	10	4,425	3,975	445
43. Security and protective services	2,960	1,960	1,000	162,995	116,750	46,240
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,410	1,270	140	169,400	155,340	14,050
Other	250	40	210	2,590	745	1,845
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	250	45	210	2,585	740	1,845
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	381,645	187,545	194,100	28,643,015	13,990,435	14,652,585
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	179,915	89,615	90,300	12,815,975	6,354,625	6,461,350
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	201,730	97,930	103,795	15,827,040	7,635,805	8,191,235
Location of study inside Canada	165,690	79,310	86,380	13,117,190	6,299,305	6,817,890
Same as province or territory of residence	155,755	74,440	81,315	11,519,215	5,503,640	6,015,575
Different than province or territory of residence	9,930	4,875	5,065	1,597,975	795,655	802,315
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	36,040	18,615	17,420	2,709,850	1,336,505	1,373,345
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	4,870	2,675	2,200	349,540	189,995	159,545
Philippines	1,255	365	885	298,830	109,820	189,020
India	4,375	2,355	2,020	281,415	142,410	138,995
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	3,550	2,170	1,380	232,035	131,050	100,980
China^{Census data footnote 162}	2,850	1,360	1,495	205,375	94,690	110,685
France	195	110	90	88,860	50,400	38,455
Other	18,945	9,585	9,355	1,253,790	618,135	635,655
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	255,200	125,790	129,415	18,931,380	9,268,555	9,662,830
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	94,610	48,830	45,780	6,664,380	3,447,125	3,217,250
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	160,590	76,960	83,635	12,267,005	5,821,430	6,445,575
Location of study inside Canada	133,050	63,415	69,630	10,134,590	4,807,045	5,327,545
Same as province or territory of residence	125,110	59,485	65,630	8,918,160	4,207,495	4,710,665
Different than province or territory of residence	7,940	3,930	4,005	1,216,425	599,545	616,875
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	27,545	13,545	14,000	2,132,415	1,014,385	1,118,030
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	3,820	2,010	1,810	254,245	131,955	122,290
Philippines	1,120	320	795	263,095	96,025	167,065
India	3,475	1,765	1,710	239,535	117,445	122,090
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	1,965	1,130	835	133,655	73,575	60,085
China^{Census data footnote 162}	2,320	1,090	1,230	175,825	79,635	96,190
France	150	80	65	72,920	40,610	32,310
Other	14,700	7,145	7,555	993,135	475,145	517,990
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	381,640	187,545	194,100	28,643,020	13,990,430	14,652,585
In the labour force	260,465	136,185	124,280	18,672,475	9,731,830	8,940,645
Employed	243,010	127,280	115,735	17,230,040	8,923,540	8,306,490
Unemployed	17,460	8,910	8,550	1,442,435	808,285	634,150
Not in the labour force	121,175	51,355	69,820	9,970,545	4,258,605	5,711,945
Participation rate	68.2	72.6	64.0	65.2	69.6	61.0
Employment rate	63.7	67.9	59.6	60.2	63.8	56.7
Unemployment rate	6.7	6.5	6.9	7.7	8.3	7.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	381,645	187,545	194,100	28,643,020	13,990,430	14,652,580
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	113,430	47,605	65,825	9,282,005	3,930,570	5,351,440
Worked	268,215	139,940	128,275	19,361,010	10,059,865	9,301,150
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	146,700	83,605	63,095	9,626,010	5,402,110	4,223,895
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	121,515	56,330	65,185	9,735,005	4,657,755	5,077,245
Average weeks worked in reference year	43.4	44.0	42.8	42.4	42.9	42.0
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	260,465	136,185	124,280	18,672,470	9,731,825	8,940,640
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	5,190	2,530	2,660	404,350	197,705	206,640
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	255,280	133,655	121,625	18,268,125	9,534,120	8,734,000
Employee	232,215	119,605	112,610	16,073,685	8,158,745	7,914,940
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	23,065	14,050	9,015	2,194,440	1,375,380	819,060
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	260,465	136,185	124,280	18,672,470	9,731,830	8,940,645
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	5,190	2,535	2,655	404,350	197,710	206,640
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	255,280	133,660	121,625	18,268,120	9,534,120	8,734,005
0 Management occupations	26,010	15,765	10,250	2,013,370	1,251,165	762,205
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	37,855	11,240	26,615	2,874,305	862,870	2,011,440
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	22,840	17,790	5,045	1,273,660	990,560	283,105
3 Health occupations	14,055	2,195	11,860	1,245,885	244,730	1,001,155
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	27,985	9,285	18,695	2,138,445	672,945	1,465,495
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	6,785	2,925	3,855	557,275	255,705	301,570
6 Sales and service occupations	58,640	24,190	34,450	4,265,895	1,843,510	2,422,390
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	35,360	33,030	2,325	2,668,875	2,504,290	164,585
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	2,940	2,275	660	416,135	331,920	84,215
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	22,815	14,955	7,860	814,285	576,435	237,845
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	260,470	136,190	124,280	18,672,475	9,731,830	8,940,640
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	5,190	2,535	2,660	404,350	197,710	206,640
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	255,280	133,655	121,625	18,268,125	9,534,120	8,734,000
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,305	740	560	444,680	310,000	134,675
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	325	285	40	271,300	219,880	51,420
22 Utilities	940	740	200	136,350	100,135	36,210
23 Construction	16,185	14,250	1,940	1,365,010	1,196,550	168,455
31-33 Manufacturing	41,990	29,600	12,390	1,596,570	1,149,745	446,820
41 Wholesale trade	10,490	7,300	3,195	665,685	451,230	214,455
44-45 Retail trade	28,300	13,210	15,090	2,110,200	984,090	1,126,115
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	10,525	7,870	2,660	876,050	656,375	219,670
51 Information and cultural industries	7,535	4,315	3,215	420,350	243,650	176,705
52 Finance and insurance	15,865	5,805	10,065	790,580	327,865	462,715
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	4,255	2,215	2,040	333,305	184,350	148,955
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	19,705	11,630	8,075	1,335,125	740,520	594,605
55 Management of companies and enterprises	400	205	195	28,795	12,795	16,000
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	10,865	6,170	4,700	802,420	462,825	339,590
61 Educational services	22,195	7,870	14,325	1,346,585	420,845	925,735
62 Health care and social assistance	24,850	3,815	21,030	2,138,025	383,755	1,754,270
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	4,180	2,145	2,030	379,740	192,875	186,865
72 Accommodation and food services	17,265	6,620	10,645	1,283,725	535,210	748,515
81 Other services (except public administration)	9,385	4,480	4,905	814,695	371,880	442,815
91 Public administration	8,720	4,400	4,320	1,128,945	589,530	539,405
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	243,010	127,280	115,730	17,230,035	8,923,540	8,306,495
Worked at home	13,875	6,475	7,395	1,272,285	639,500	632,785
Worked outside Canada	990	695	295	78,815	54,235	24,580
No fixed workplace address	22,860	16,870	5,990	1,987,260	1,487,445	499,820
Worked at usual place	205,285	103,235	102,050	13,891,675	6,742,360	7,149,315
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	205,290	103,235	102,050	13,891,680	6,742,365	7,149,315
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	101,745	46,180	55,560	8,102,115	3,723,115	4,379,005
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	69,275	35,590	33,685	2,906,390	1,435,640	1,470,750
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	33,745	21,155	12,595	2,725,205	1,492,170	1,233,030
Commute to a different province or territory	520	310	210	157,970	91,445	66,525
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	228,150	120,105	108,040	15,878,940	8,229,810	7,649,135
Car, truck, van - as a driver	183,035	99,080	83,955	11,748,095	6,380,120	5,367,975
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	15,805	6,855	8,950	868,920	349,855	519,065
Public transit	15,125	6,790	8,335	1,968,215	846,735	1,121,485
Walked	9,835	4,510	5,325	877,985	392,950	485,030
Bicycle	2,600	1,990	610	222,130	146,615	75,515
Other method	1,745	880	865	193,595	113,525	80,060
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	228,145	120,105	108,040	15,878,945	8,229,810	7,649,130
Less than 15 minutes	68,295	32,305	35,990	4,449,920	2,071,365	2,378,555
15 to 29 minutes	97,220	50,060	47,160	5,314,295	2,725,165	2,589,130
30 to 44 minutes	34,795	20,050	14,745	3,228,845	1,782,680	1,446,165
45 to 59 minutes	12,060	7,210	4,850	1,391,060	768,115	622,940
60 minutes and over	15,770	10,480	5,290	1,494,830	882,485	612,345
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	228,145	120,110	108,040	15,878,940	8,229,810	7,649,135
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	16,925	11,835	5,095	1,073,680	781,230	292,455
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	39,595	25,815	13,775	2,814,750	1,754,045	1,060,710
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	53,480	26,755	26,720	4,458,835	2,217,210	2,241,620
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	50,875	21,925	28,945	3,349,975	1,408,710	1,941,265
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	25,655	11,340	14,315	1,756,265	752,940	1,003,325
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	41,620	22,440	19,180	2,425,435	1,315,670	1,109,765
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	276,785	144,120	132,670	19,956,255	10,342,970	9,613,285
Single responses	274,765	143,220	131,540	19,365,980	10,042,855	9,323,130
Official languages	272,850	142,185	130,665	19,090,545	9,897,470	9,193,075
English	272,035	141,995	130,040	15,265,335	7,952,010	7,313,320
French	815	190	625	3,825,215	1,945,465	1,879,750
Non-official languages	1,910	1,035	875	275,430	145,380	130,055
Aboriginal languages	0	0	0	24,950	12,385	12,565
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	14,440	7,370	7,070
Blackfoot	0	0	0	80	45	35
Cree-Montagnais languages	0	0	0	11,540	5,820	5,720
Atikamekw	0	0	0	1,095	580	515
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	2,055	970	1,085
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	370	180	190
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	40	25	10
Plains Cree	0	0	0	95	60	35
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	15	10	0
Woods Cree	0	0	0	75	35	40
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	7,795	3,965	3,835
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	925	510	420
Malecite	0	0	0	10	0	10
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	915	505	410
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	1,895	995	900
Algonquin	0	0	0	45	20	25
Ojibway	0	0	0	765	380	385
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	1,080	595	485
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	10	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	1,140	530	610
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	1,135	525	610
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	20	0	15
Chilcotin	0	0	0	20	0	10
Dene	0	0	0	770	360	405
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	165	80	80
Gwich'in	0	0	0	10	10	10
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	10	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	135	65	70
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	95	45	45
South Slavey	0	0	0	35	20	20
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	10	10	10
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	10	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	10
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	10
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	10	0	10
Inuit languages	0	0	0	8,845	4,255	4,595
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	35	10	25
Inuktitut	0	0	0	8,800	4,240	4,555
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	10	10
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	35	10	30
Cayuga	0	0	0	10	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0	35	10	25
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	10	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	110	25	85
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	15	10	10
Lillooet	0	0	0	15	10	10
Okanagan	0	0	0	20	10	20
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	35	0	30
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	15	0	15
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	10
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	260	155	105
Dakota	0	0	0	20	10	10
Stoney	0	0	0	240	145	95
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	10	10	10
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	25	0	20
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	10	10	10
Nisga'a	0	0	0	10	10	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	10
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	35	15	20
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	15	10	10
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	10	10	10
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	30	15	15
Non-Aboriginal languages	1,915	1,035	875	250,485	132,990	117,490
Afro-Asiatic languages	145	110	40	7,380	4,530	2,850
Berber languages	0	0	0	35	10	30
Kabyle	0	0	0	20	0	20
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	10	15
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	275	105	170
Bilen	0	0	0	10	10	10
Oromo	0	0	0	45	25	20
Somali	0	0	0	220	80	145
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	145	105	35	7,065	4,420	2,650
Amharic	0	0	0	200	95	100
Arabic	130	100	30	5,585	3,695	1,890
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	205	155	55
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	30	20	15
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	10	10	0	825	335	490
Maltese	0	0	0	25	15	10
Tigrigna	10	0	0	135	70	60
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	65	35	30
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	150	55	90	8,550	3,790	4,760
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	10	475	230	245
Vietnamese	145	60	90	8,070	3,560	4,510
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	10	10	10	3,850	1,750	2,095
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0	75	20	55
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	25	0	15
Ilocano	0	0	10	110	50	60
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0	140	75	65
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	10	0	10
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	3,450	1,580	1,875
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	40	25	15
Creole languages	0	0	0	350	125	225
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	25	10	15
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	315	110	200
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	0	10
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	2,225	1,060	1,165
Kannada	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0	90	50	45
Tamil	0	0	0	2,090	1,005	1,080
Telugu	0	0	0	45	10	35
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	10	10	0
Indo-European languages	815	450	360	85,550	47,305	38,245
Albanian	25	20	10	350	220	125
Armenian	0	0	0	450	220	230
Balto-Slavic languages	155	60	100	10,075	4,745	5,330
Baltic languages	0	0	0	95	35	60
Latvian	0	0	0	40	10	25
Lithuanian	0	0	0	60	25	30
Slavic languages	160	60	95	9,980	4,710	5,270
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	10	10	0	155	90	65
Bulgarian	0	0	0	205	110	90
Croatian	0	0	0	220	130	95
Czech	0	0	0	70	40	30
Macedonian	0	0	0	95	45	55
Polish	45	10	30	2,500	1,265	1,235
Russian	25	0	15	4,850	2,135	2,720
Serbian	50	25	25	530	320	210
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	30	25	0
Slovak	0	0	0	100	60	40
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	15	0	10
Ukrainian	30	10	20	1,210	485	725
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	25	20	10
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	15	15	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	10
Germanic languages	45	20	20	13,285	7,455	5,835
Afrikaans	0	0	0	85	40	40
Danish	0	0	0	90	50	35
Dutch	10	0	10	1,165	630	540
Frisian	0	0	0	40	25	15
German	35	20	20	10,065	5,715	4,345
Icelandic	0	0	0	0	10	0
Norwegian	0	0	0	65	30	40
Swedish	0	0	0	125	55	70
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	35	20	15
Yiddish	0	0	0	895	390	505
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	720	495	225
Greek	10	10	0	1,020	545	475
Indo-Iranian languages	220	110	115	37,330	21,140	16,190
Indo-Aryan languages	185	85	95	32,485	18,125	14,360
Bengali	15	0	10	530	275	245
Gujarati	25	10	15	880	300	585
Hindi	15	10	10	1,405	755	650
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0	10	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0	30	15	15
Nepali	15	10	0	195	95	100
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	80	55	30	27,870	15,945	11,920
Sindhi	0	0	0	35	10	30
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	40	25	20
Urdu	35	15	25	1,495	705	790
Iranian languages	45	20	20	4,820	3,000	1,815
Kurdish	15	10	0	185	150	40
Pashto	0	0	0	50	20	25
Persian (Farsi)	30	10	15	4,580	2,830	1,750
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	10	15
Italic (Romance) languages	360	235	120	23,025	12,965	10,060
Catalan	0	0	0	30	10	20
Italian	0	0	0	1,705	895	805
Portuguese	165	110	55	7,490	4,795	2,695
Romanian	35	25	15	745	365	380
Spanish	160	105	50	13,030	6,885	6,145
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	25	10	10
Japanese	15	0	10	3,255	1,195	2,065
Kartvelian languages	0	0	0	30	10	20
Georgian	0	0	0	30	10	20
Korean	150	85	70	12,150	6,260	5,885
Mongolic languages	0	0	0	10	10	0
Mongolian	0	0	0	10	0	10
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	235	120	115
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	25	10	20
Bamanankan	0	0	0	10	0	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0	10	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0	20	10	10
Igbo	0	0	0	10	10	0
Lingala	0	0	0	10	0	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	25	0	15
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0	80	50	30
Wolof	0	0	0	10	0	10
Yoruba	0	0	0	15	0	15
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	30	20	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	40	15	25	1,920	740	1,180
American Sign Language	40	20	25	1,145	340	810
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	135	15	115
Sign languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	640	390	255
Sino-Tibetan languages	535	285	255	122,880	65,030	57,850
Chinese languages	535	280	255	122,610	64,880	57,730
Cantonese	105	55	50	58,815	30,485	28,340
Hakka	0	0	0	70	25	45
Mandarin	385	195	190	60,090	32,430	27,665
Min Dong	0	0	0	25	15	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	565	335	225
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	105	65	45
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	20	15	2,930	1,530	1,405
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	270	155	115
Burmese	0	0	0	75	35	35
Karenic languages	0	0	0	135	75	55
Tibetan	0	0	0	50	30	20
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	15	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages	30	20	10	675	270	405
Lao	20	15	0	150	70	80
Thai	0	0	0	525	205	325
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	10	10	0	750	475	275
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	30	20	0
Turkish	10	10	0	685	435	255
Uyghur	0	0	0	15	15	0
Uzbek	0	0	0	15	10	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	15	0	10	595	270	325
Estonian	0	0	0	50	15	40
Finnish	0	0	0	105	40	65
Hungarian	15	10	10	435	225	215
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	80	45	35
Multiple responses	2,025	895	1,125	590,270	300,115	290,155
English and French	555	155	400	412,680	211,095	201,585
English and non-official language	1,435	730	705	154,285	77,870	76,420
French and non-official language	0	0	0	7,830	3,595	4,235
English, French and non-official language	35	10	20	15,475	7,565	7,915
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	276,785	144,120	132,670	19,956,250	10,342,970	9,613,290
None	267,110	139,685	127,425	17,456,725	9,056,235	8,400,490
English	1,315	535	780	1,259,225	661,460	597,765
French	2,895	1,100	1,795	705,780	349,035	356,745
Non-official language	5,285	2,745	2,535	496,565	257,455	239,105
Aboriginal	10	10	0	37,615	17,215	20,400
Non-Aboriginal	5,275	2,740	2,530	458,945	240,245	218,710
English and French	0	0	0	2,535	1,200	1,335
English and non-official language	25	15	10	18,040	8,765	9,280
French and non-official language	160	40	120	17,265	8,730	8,540
English, French and non-official language	0	0	0	115	90	30
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	458,255	226,675	231,580	34,091,785	16,783,745	17,308,035
Non-movers	391,085	193,085	198,005	29,644,795	14,593,190	15,051,605
Movers	67,170	33,590	33,585	4,446,990	2,190,555	2,256,435
Non-migrants	38,385	19,255	19,130	2,623,515	1,292,750	1,330,760
Migrants	28,785	14,330	14,455	1,823,475	897,805	925,670
Internal migrants	22,590	11,230	11,355	1,451,005	713,060	737,945
Intraprovincial migrants	20,095	9,975	10,120	1,189,525	580,895	608,630
Interprovincial migrants	2,490	1,255	1,235	261,475	132,160	129,315
External migrants	6,195	3,100	3,095	372,475	184,745	187,730
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	437,395	216,075	221,320	32,568,560	16,004,315	16,564,245
Non-movers	261,600	128,465	133,140	20,134,760	9,902,645	10,232,115
Movers	175,790	87,610	88,180	12,433,805	6,101,675	6,332,130
Non-migrants	97,500	48,355	49,145	6,755,630	3,314,730	3,440,905
Migrants	78,290	39,250	39,040	5,678,175	2,786,945	2,891,230
Internal migrants	59,255	29,555	29,705	4,296,720	2,104,325	2,192,395
Intraprovincial migrants	53,835	26,830	27,015	3,467,670	1,689,950	1,777,720
Interprovincial migrants	5,420	2,725	2,695	829,045	414,375	414,670
External migrants	19,040	9,700	9,335	1,381,460	682,625	698,835

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

^r

revised. The 2011 count for this area has been revised.

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

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Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 29 referrer

Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 32 referrer

Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 34 referrer

Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 35 referrer

Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 36 referrer

Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 37 referrer

Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 38 referrer

Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 39 referrer

Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 40 referrer

Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

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Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 42 referrer

Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

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Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

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Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

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Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. Kitchener [Population centre], Ontario and Canada [Country] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Kitchener [Population centre], Ontario and Canada [Country]

Census Profile, 2016 Census Kitchener [Population centre], Ontario and Canada [Country]

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Kitchener [Population centre], Ontario and Canada [Country]