Census Profile, 2016 Census
Canada [Country] and Nova Scotia [Province]

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	Canada [Country]			Nova Scotia [Province]
	Data quality , Canada [Country] Map : Canada [Country] Change geography 1			Data quality : Nova Scotia [Province] Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	35,151,728	...	...	923,598	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	33,476,688	...	...	921,727	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	5.0	...	...	0.2	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	15,412,443	...	...	458,568	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	14,072,079	...	...	401,990	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	3.9	...	...	17.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	8,965,588.85	...	...	52,942.27	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	35,151,730	17,264,200	17,887,530	923,600	446,885	476,715
0 to 14 years	5,839,565	2,992,920	2,846,645	133,825	68,370	65,455
0 to 4 years	1,898,790	973,030	925,760	42,005	21,365	20,640
5 to 9 years	2,018,130	1,034,685	983,445	45,980	23,650	22,330
10 to 14 years	1,922,645	985,200	937,445	45,845	23,350	22,490
15 to 64 years	23,376,530	11,576,130	11,800,400	605,950	295,100	310,845
15 to 19 years	2,026,160	1,039,215	986,940	51,255	26,240	25,015
20 to 24 years	2,242,690	1,144,495	1,098,200	56,160	28,150	28,010
25 to 29 years	2,285,990	1,144,470	1,141,515	53,725	26,790	26,940
30 to 34 years	2,329,395	1,148,290	1,181,110	51,730	25,130	26,600
35 to 39 years	2,288,365	1,118,635	1,169,730	52,010	24,560	27,450
40 to 44 years	2,255,135	1,104,440	1,150,695	57,050	27,245	29,805
45 to 49 years	2,359,965	1,157,760	1,202,210	61,890	29,720	32,170
50 to 54 years	2,678,075	1,318,755	1,359,320	75,675	36,615	39,065
55 to 59 years	2,620,240	1,285,190	1,335,055	76,505	36,925	39,580
60 to 64 years	2,290,510	1,114,885	1,175,630	69,960	33,735	36,225
65 years and over	5,935,630	2,695,150	3,240,485	183,820	83,415	100,405
65 to 69 years	1,972,480	953,075	1,019,405	63,710	30,810	32,905
70 to 74 years	1,420,875	677,975	742,900	45,005	21,520	23,485
75 to 79 years	1,021,850	469,550	552,300	31,545	14,520	17,030
80 to 84 years	749,650	325,765	423,880	21,915	9,425	12,495
85 years and over	770,780	268,790	501,990	21,645	7,140	14,505
85 to 89 years	482,525	185,535	296,990	13,205	4,845	8,360
90 to 94 years	223,510	68,675	154,835	6,320	1,830	4,485
95 to 99 years	56,525	13,240	43,280	1,855	415	1,430
100 years and over	8,230	1,340	6,890	270	45	225
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.6	17.3	15.9	14.5	15.3	13.7
15 to 64 years	66.5	67.1	66.0	65.6	66.0	65.2
65 years and over	16.9	15.6	18.1	19.9	18.7	21.1
85 years and over	2.2	1.6	2.8	2.3	1.6	3.0
Average age of the population	41.0	40.1	41.9	43.5	42.5	44.4
Median age of the population	41.2	40.2	42.2	45.5	44.5	46.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	14,072,080	...	...	401,990	...	...
Single-detached house	7,541,495	...	...	263,470	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,391,040	...	...	21,350	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	4,949,795	...	...	102,300	...	...
Semi-detached house	698,800	...	...	20,465	...	...
Row house	891,305	...	...	10,215	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	784,300	...	...	12,435	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	2,539,390	...	...	58,405	...	...
Other single-attached house	36,005	...	...	780	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	189,755	...	...	14,870	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	14,072,080	...	...	401,990	...	...
1 person	3,969,790	...	...	118,670	...	...
2 persons	4,834,605	...	...	156,825	...	...
3 persons	2,140,640	...	...	60,250	...	...
4 persons	1,946,275	...	...	44,970	...	...
5 or more persons	1,180,770	...	...	21,275	...	...
Number of persons in private households	34,460,060	...	...	908,340	...	...
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	29,312,160	14,271,280	15,040,885	789,770	378,515	411,255
Married or living common law	16,893,720	8,452,135	8,441,585	454,970	227,220	227,750
Married	13,383,455	6,693,465	6,689,990	369,695	184,705	184,990
Living common law	3,510,265	1,758,670	1,751,590	85,275	42,515	42,760
Not married and not living common law	12,418,440	5,819,140	6,599,300	334,800	151,295	183,505
Never married	8,254,340	4,444,425	3,809,915	209,455	110,175	99,280
Separated	718,295	309,905	408,400	24,105	10,450	13,655
Divorced	1,816,005	725,535	1,090,470	48,835	19,715	29,115
Widowed	1,629,800	339,280	1,290,525	52,405	10,955	41,455
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	9,840,730	...	...	270,965	...	...
2 persons	5,007,790	...	...	157,600	...	...
3 persons	2,107,830	...	...	56,625	...	...
4 persons	1,909,935	...	...	41,095	...	...
5 or more persons	815,170	...	...	15,645	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	9,840,730	...	...	270,965	...	...
Total couple families	8,227,925	...	...	224,065	...	...
Married couples	6,474,005	...	...	181,435	...	...
Common-law couples	1,753,920	...	...	42,630	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	1,612,805	...	...	46,900	...	...
Female parent	1,262,340	...	...	37,595	...	...
Male parent	350,465	...	...	9,305	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	8,227,925	...	...	224,065	...	...
Couples without children	4,024,305	...	...	128,125	...	...
Couples with children	4,203,615	...	...	95,940	...	...
1 child	1,650,165	...	...	43,810	...	...
2 children	1,783,080	...	...	37,595	...	...
3 or more children	770,375	...	...	14,535	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	1,612,805	...	...	46,900	...	...
1 child	983,485	...	...	29,480	...	...
2 children	457,670	...	...	12,810	...	...
3 or more children	171,655	...	...	4,610	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	6,107,260	2,941,395	3,165,865	175,575	81,140	94,435
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	14,072,075	...	...	401,990	...	...
One-census-family households	9,218,225	...	...	260,280	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	3,782,095	...	...	124,000	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	5,436,135	...	...	136,280	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	301,715	...	...	5,285	...	...
Non-census-family households	4,552,135	...	...	136,425	...	...
One-person households	3,969,790	...	...	118,675	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	582,350	...	...	17,750	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	34,767,255	17,101,170	17,666,080	912,300	442,470	469,830
English only	23,757,525	11,838,075	11,919,455	813,480	398,950	414,530
French only	4,144,685	1,925,845	2,218,840	705	305	400
English and French	6,216,065	3,071,325	3,144,740	95,380	41,925	53,460
Neither English nor French	648,970	265,920	383,045	2,735	1,295	1,440
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	34,767,250	17,101,165	17,666,085	912,295	442,470	469,830
English	26,007,500	12,852,330	13,155,165	879,465	426,535	452,930
French	7,705,755	3,780,105	3,925,650	28,490	13,890	14,600
English and French	417,485	209,130	208,355	1,760	825	930
Neither English nor French	636,515	259,600	376,910	2,585	1,215	1,365
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	7,914,495	3,884,670	4,029,825	29,370	14,300	15,070
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	22.8	22.7	22.8	3.2	3.2	3.2
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	34,767,255	17,101,170	17,666,085	912,295	442,470	469,830
Single responses	33,948,620	16,702,840	17,245,775	904,240	438,550	465,690
Official languages	26,627,555	13,201,620	13,425,940	859,690	416,245	443,445
English	19,460,850	9,680,125	9,780,725	830,220	401,980	428,240
French	7,166,705	3,521,495	3,645,215	29,465	14,265	15,205
Non-official languages	7,321,065	3,501,220	3,819,840	44,550	22,305	22,245
Aboriginal languages	195,700	94,795	100,900	4,290	2,020	2,270
Algonquian languages	130,450	62,930	67,520	4,210	1,985	2,225
Blackfoot	2,815	1,325	1,490	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	88,445	42,920	45,530	15	10	5
Atikamekw	6,150	3,135	3,015	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	10,230	4,885	5,350	0	0	0
Moose Cree	100	50	55	0	0	0
Naskapi	1,205	590	620	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	315	125	190	0	0	0
Plains Cree	3,065	1,360	1,710	5	0	0
Southern East Cree	45	20	25	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	1,440	585	850	5	5	0
Woods Cree	1,840	865	975	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	64,050	31,305	32,745	5	5	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	6,990	3,310	3,680	4,190	1,975	2,215
Malecite	305	140	160	10	5	5
Mi'kmaq	6,690	3,170	3,520	4,185	1,970	2,215
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	32,150	15,350	16,800	10	5	5
Algonquin	1,260	590	670	0	0	0
Ojibway	17,890	8,440	9,450	10	0	10
Oji-Cree	12,855	6,260	6,595	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	150	65	85	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	17,365	8,325	9,045	5	5	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	17,315	8,310	9,010	5	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	110	55	60	0	0	0
Beaver	190	85	105	0	0	0
Carrier	1,025	465	565	0	0	0
Chilcotin	660	295	360	0	0	0
Dene	10,700	5,185	5,515	5	5	5
Dogrib (Tlicho)	1,645	840	815	0	0	0
Gwich'in	260	110	145	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	80	25	50	0	0	0
Sekani	90	45	45	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	1,995	950	1,045	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	765	365	400	0	0	0
South Slavey	945	455	495	5	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	280	130	150	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	270	135	140	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	180	90	90	0	0	0
Tahltan	95	40	50	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	290	120	170	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	215	90	135	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	70	30	40	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	50	20	35	0	0	0
Haida	75	35	40	0	0	0
Inuit languages	36,545	18,100	18,445	60	30	35
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	1,025	445	575	0	0	5
Inuktitut	35,215	17,530	17,680	55	30	30
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	315	125	185	10	0	5
Iroquoian languages	1,115	485	635	0	0	0
Cayuga	45	20	20	0	0	0
Mohawk	980	430	555	0	0	0
Oneida	55	20	40	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0	0	0
Kutenai	105	55	55	0	0	0
Michif	465	230	235	5	0	0
Salish languages	2,305	1,130	1,180	0	0	0
Comox	80	45	40	0	0	0
Halkomelem	475	225	245	0	0	0
Lillooet	315	155	155	0	0	0
Okanagan	270	135	135	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	445	225	220	0	0	0
Squamish	40	20	20	0	0	0
Straits	80	40	40	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	335	150	185	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	255	135	125	0	0	0
Siouan languages	4,285	2,070	2,220	0	0	0
Dakota	1,215	570	635	0	0	0
Stoney	3,025	1,465	1,555	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	0	0	0
Tlingit	95	40	55	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	1,480	730	755	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	880	435	445	0	0	0
Nisga'a	400	200	200	0	0	0
Tsimshian	200	90	110	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	805	370	435	0	0	0
Haisla	90	40	50	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	95	40	55	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	325	145	185	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	285	135	140	0	0	5
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	585	295	295	5	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	7,125,365	3,406,425	3,718,945	40,260	20,285	19,975
Afro-Asiatic languages	575,365	298,060	277,300	7,760	4,275	3,480
Berber languages	22,135	11,865	10,270	10	10	0
Kabyle	13,150	6,995	6,155	5	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	8,985	4,865	4,115	5	5	0
Cushitic languages	42,885	20,095	22,790	130	65	65
Bilen	805	455	350	5	0	0
Oromo	4,960	2,560	2,400	60	30	25
Somali	36,755	16,895	19,865	50	20	30
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	365	195	170	15	5	5
Semitic languages	509,190	265,465	243,725	7,615	4,205	3,415
Amharic	22,465	10,720	11,745	115	50	65
Arabic	419,890	220,785	199,105	7,110	3,950	3,165
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	16,070	7,910	8,160	5	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5,545	2,780	2,770	0	0	5
Harari	1,320	635	685	0	0	0
Hebrew	19,530	10,480	9,045	210	115	95
Maltese	5,565	2,765	2,800	15	10	5
Tigrigna	16,650	8,310	8,340	140	65	80
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	2,155	1,085	1,070	10	5	10
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	1,155	635	520	5	0	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	176,725	81,810	94,920	505	245	260
Khmer (Cambodian)	20,130	9,270	10,860	5	5	5
Vietnamese	156,425	72,470	83,955	490	240	250
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	170	65	100	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	511,480	211,580	299,900	2,235	940	1,300
Bikol	1,790	790	1,000	5	5	5
Cebuano	19,890	7,930	11,960	150	60	90
Fijian	745	400	345	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	6,885	2,680	4,205	25	10	15
Ilocano	26,345	10,620	15,720	55	15	40
Malagasy	1,430	665	760	0	5	0
Malay	12,275	5,255	7,020	55	25	35
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	4,040	1,865	2,175	15	5	5
Pangasinan	1,390	590	800	5	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	431,380	178,575	252,810	1,905	810	1,090
Waray-Waray	1,110	430	675	5	0	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	4,195	1,770	2,425	20	10	15
Creole languages	72,125	32,310	39,820	95	60	35
Haitian Creole	3,030	1,445	1,590	5	5	0
Creole, n.o.s.	64,105	28,455	35,660	35	20	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	4,985	2,410	2,575	55	35	20
Dravidian languages	189,405	94,765	94,640	1,010	595	420
Kannada	3,970	2,040	1,935	40	20	15
Malayalam	28,570	14,770	13,800	365	205	165
Tamil	140,720	69,080	71,640	315	185	130
Telugu	15,655	8,640	7,020	285	180	110
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	490	240	250	10	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	795	395	405	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	3,877,330	1,889,400	1,987,930	18,590	9,320	9,270
Albanian	26,890	13,610	13,285	275	130	140
Armenian	33,455	16,270	17,185	35	30	10
Balto-Slavic languages	701,975	323,640	378,340	3,470	1,645	1,830
Baltic languages	12,530	5,315	7,215	100	35	60
Latvian	5,455	2,350	3,105	50	20	30
Lithuanian	7,075	2,965	4,115	45	15	30
Slavic languages	689,450	318,325	371,115	3,375	1,610	1,765
Belarusan	810	385	430	5	5	5
Bosnian	12,210	6,035	6,180	120	60	65
Bulgarian	20,025	9,675	10,345	55	25	30
Croatian	48,200	23,540	24,665	225	105	115
Czech	22,290	10,525	11,765	205	105	100
Macedonian	16,775	8,050	8,725	20	10	15
Polish	181,710	82,435	99,275	795	365	435
Russian	188,255	85,400	102,855	1,285	615	670
Serbian	57,350	28,535	28,815	115	60	65
Serbo-Croatian	9,555	4,565	4,985	80	40	40
Slovak	17,580	8,075	9,510	100	45	55
Slovene (Slovenian)	9,790	4,415	5,370	35	15	15
Ukrainian	102,485	45,440	57,040	320	155	170
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	2,415	1,255	1,165	5	5	5
Celtic languages	2,690	1,335	1,360	185	80	100
Scottish Gaelic	1,090	540	550	145	65	85
Welsh	1,075	495	575	30	10	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	530	295	235	10	5	5
Germanic languages	538,765	258,410	280,350	5,700	2,800	2,900
Afrikaans	10,265	5,115	5,145	120	55	60
Danish	12,630	6,245	6,390	160	105	60
Dutch	99,020	48,200	50,820	1,620	815	805
Frisian	2,100	1,095	1,005	35	20	15
German	384,035	183,215	200,820	3,435	1,645	1,790
Icelandic	1,285	600	685	45	20	20
Norwegian	4,615	2,170	2,445	110	60	50
Swedish	6,840	3,015	3,825	110	45	65
Vlaams (Flemish)	3,895	1,730	2,165	25	10	10
Yiddish	13,555	6,750	6,800	20	10	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	525	280	240	20	5	15
Greek	106,525	53,350	53,170	760	390	365
Indo-Iranian languages	1,312,750	664,120	648,630	4,835	2,650	2,190
Indo-Aryan languages	1,064,760	538,530	526,235	3,385	1,895	1,490
Bengali	73,125	37,410	35,720	475	290	185
Gujarati	108,780	55,105	53,670	195	125	70
Hindi	110,640	55,880	54,765	745	445	300
Kashmiri	565	300	265	10	5	5
Konkani	3,330	1,625	1,710	5	5	5
Marathi	8,295	4,300	3,995	70	35	35
Nepali	18,275	9,230	9,045	530	255	275
Oriya (Odia)	1,055	560	495	10	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	501,680	253,515	248,160	585	310	270
Sindhi	11,860	5,605	6,260	20	10	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	16,335	8,050	8,285	165	85	85
Urdu	210,815	106,960	103,860	575	330	245
Iranian languages	242,805	122,835	119,970	1,425	740	690
Kurdish	11,705	6,345	5,355	115	65	50
Pashto	16,910	8,760	8,145	80	45	35
Persian (Farsi)	214,200	107,725	106,470	1,230	630	605
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5,180	2,755	2,425	25	10	15
Italic (Romance) languages	1,154,270	558,660	595,615	3,335	1,605	1,730
Catalan	865	440	425	10	5	5
Italian	375,635	184,415	191,220	745	400	340
Portuguese	221,540	106,630	114,910	520	245	270
Romanian	96,665	46,195	50,470	225	110	120
Spanish	458,850	220,605	238,245	1,830	840	985
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	720	380	340	0	5	0
Japanese	43,640	14,790	28,855	360	100	260
Kartvelian languages	1,715	910	805	0	0	0
Georgian	1,715	910	805	5	0	0
Korean	153,425	70,310	83,115	1,095	475	620
Mongolic languages	1,575	690	885	5	5	5
Mongolian	1,575	690	880	0	5	0
Niger-Congo languages	91,375	45,075	46,305	630	325	305
Akan (Twi)	13,455	6,490	6,970	40	25	25
Bamanankan	1,535	815	720	15	5	5
Edo	1,670	770	900	5	0	5
Ewe	1,760	950	805	40	25	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	2,825	1,495	1,335	5	5	0
Ga	920	445	470	10	5	5
Ganda	1,295	625	665	20	5	15
Igbo	4,235	2,265	1,970	45	20	20
Lingala	3,810	1,785	2,025	5	0	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	5,845	2,785	3,060	20	10	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5,250	2,355	2,895	50	15	30
Shona	3,180	1,520	1,665	30	15	15
Swahili	13,370	6,385	6,990	135	65	70
Wolof	3,990	2,170	1,820	10	10	0
Yoruba	9,085	4,785	4,300	65	35	30
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	19,135	9,435	9,695	140	75	70
Nilo-Saharan languages	5,870	3,025	2,845	75	40	40
Dinka	2,120	1,115	1,000	20	10	10
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	3,755	1,910	1,840	55	25	25
Sign languages	7,500	3,925	3,575	190	90	100
American Sign Language	2,685	1,320	1,360	85	40	50
Quebec Sign Language	695	340	355	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	4,120	2,265	1,860	105	50	55
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,269,215	589,570	679,645	6,665	3,335	3,330
Chinese languages	1,253,360	581,650	671,715	6,635	3,320	3,315
Cantonese	565,270	262,865	302,405	1,145	535	610
Hakka	10,910	4,900	6,015	20	5	15
Mandarin	592,040	274,630	317,410	4,640	2,325	2,315
Min Dong	1,230	580	650	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	31,795	14,450	17,350	120	50	70
Wu (Shanghainese)	12,915	5,780	7,140	50	30	20
Chinese, n.o.s.	38,580	18,165	20,410	645	365	280
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	610	275	335	15	5	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	15,850	7,925	7,935	30	15	20
Burmese	3,585	1,795	1,790	15	5	10
Karenic languages	4,705	2,355	2,350	0	0	0
Tibetan	6,165	3,080	3,080	5	0	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	1,400	695	705	5	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages	22,010	8,870	13,145	155	55	100
Lao	12,670	6,145	6,525	10	0	5
Thai	9,255	2,690	6,565	150	50	100
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	80	35	55	0	0	0
Turkic languages	40,140	21,120	19,025	445	240	205
Azerbaijani	3,260	1,785	1,470	10	10	5
Turkish	32,815	17,375	15,440	305	165	140
Uyghur	1,035	510	525	5	5	5
Uzbek	1,715	855	865	110	60	50
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	1,315	590	720	10	10	0
Uralic languages	81,985	37,790	44,195	415	180	235
Estonian	5,445	2,325	3,115	40	20	25
Finnish	15,295	6,395	8,900	95	30	60
Hungarian	61,235	29,060	32,175	275	130	150
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	3,690	2,045	1,645	25	10	15
Multiple responses	818,635	398,325	420,305	8,060	3,920	4,140
English and French	165,320	80,460	84,860	3,445	1,600	1,850
English and non-official language	533,265	259,160	274,100	4,180	2,110	2,070
French and non-official language	86,150	42,170	43,985	225	115	105
English, French and non-official language	33,900	16,535	17,365	210	90	120
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	34,767,250	17,101,165	17,666,085	912,300	442,470	469,830
Single responses	33,103,860	16,298,475	16,805,395	900,755	436,755	464,000
Official languages	29,106,670	14,383,020	14,723,645	878,015	425,220	452,795
English	22,162,865	10,966,135	11,196,730	863,550	418,315	445,240
French	6,943,800	3,416,890	3,526,910	14,460	6,910	7,560
Non-official languages	3,997,195	1,915,450	2,081,750	22,740	11,540	11,205
Aboriginal languages	118,470	59,720	58,750	2,570	1,285	1,295
Algonquian languages	75,080	37,825	37,260	2,565	1,280	1,285
Blackfoot	1,115	555	555	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	55,825	28,135	27,685	0	0	0
Atikamekw	5,465	2,825	2,640	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	8,590	4,195	4,395	0	0	0
Moose Cree	10	5	5	0	0	0
Naskapi	1,200	595	605	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	110	55	60	0	0	0
Plains Cree	1,350	665	685	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	20	5	15	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	330	140	190	0	0	0
Woods Cree	800	410	390	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	37,945	19,240	18,710	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	3,615	1,795	1,820	2,560	1,280	1,280
Malecite	55	30	30	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	3,560	1,770	1,795	2,560	1,275	1,280
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	14,525	7,335	7,190	0	0	0
Algonquin	370	170	200	0	0	0
Ojibway	6,175	3,165	3,015	5	0	0
Oji-Cree	7,900	3,960	3,940	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	75	40	35	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	10,265	5,125	5,135	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10,255	5,120	5,135	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	15	10	10	0	0	0
Beaver	50	30	20	0	0	0
Carrier	245	115	130	0	0	0
Chilcotin	255	125	130	0	0	0
Dene	7,710	3,805	3,905	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	1,020	550	475	0	0	0
Gwich'in	45	25	25	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	10	5	5	0	0	0
Sekani	15	10	5	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	820	425	395	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	340	180	155	0	0	0
South Slavey	370	190	185	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	105	55	55	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	25	15	15	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	25	10	10	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	5	5	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	30	15	15	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	25	15	10	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	10	0	5	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0	0	0
Haida	10	5	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	29,490	14,995	14,495	5	0	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	165	75	90	0	0	0
Inuktitut	29,230	14,885	14,345	5	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	90	40	55	5	0	0
Iroquoian languages	285	135	155	0	0	0
Cayuga	10	0	5	0	0	0
Mohawk	255	115	140	0	0	0
Oneida	15	5	10	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0	0	0
Kutenai	15	10	5	0	0	0
Michif	85	40	45	5	0	5
Salish languages	285	130	150	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	45	20	25	0	0	0
Lillooet	25	15	10	0	0	0
Okanagan	85	35	45	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	55	30	20	0	0	0
Squamish	5	0	5	0	0	0
Straits	20	10	15	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	20	10	10	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0	0	0
Siouan languages	2,225	1,085	1,140	0	0	0
Dakota	255	140	120	0	0	0
Stoney	1,950	940	1,010	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0	0	0
Tlingit	5	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	410	210	190	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	315	155	155	0	0	0
Nisga'a	70	40	30	0	0	0
Tsimshian	25	15	15	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	75	45	35	0	0	0
Haisla	20	10	15	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	5	5	5	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	20	10	10	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	30	15	15	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	235	110	125	5	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	3,878,725	1,855,730	2,022,995	20,170	10,255	9,915
Afro-Asiatic languages	307,755	153,275	154,480	4,630	2,450	2,180
Berber languages	8,105	4,215	3,895	0	0	0
Kabyle	5,490	2,855	2,640	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	2,620	1,365	1,260	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	27,095	12,455	14,640	85	40	45
Bilen	620	330	285	5	0	5
Oromo	3,410	1,700	1,710	45	20	25
Somali	22,895	10,340	12,555	25	10	15
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	185	85	95	10	10	5
Semitic languages	272,100	136,390	135,720	4,540	2,405	2,130
Amharic	12,780	6,010	6,770	55	25	30
Arabic	223,540	112,690	110,850	4,260	2,270	1,990
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10,510	5,090	5,425	0	5	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	3,445	1,695	1,750	0	0	0
Harari	735	335	400	5	0	0
Hebrew	8,560	4,425	4,135	125	70	55
Maltese	1,130	525	605	0	0	0
Tigrigna	10,205	5,040	5,170	95	40	55
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	1,200	585	620	0	0	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	440	215	230	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	115,210	53,500	61,710	330	160	165
Khmer (Cambodian)	10,880	4,940	5,945	0	0	0
Vietnamese	104,245	48,525	55,725	330	165	170
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	85	40	45	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	239,785	108,110	131,680	1,140	550	585
Bikol	290	140	155	0	0	0
Cebuano	7,210	3,325	3,880	55	20	35
Fijian	195	105	90	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	2,205	970	1,240	5	5	5
Ilocano	9,125	4,045	5,080	15	5	5
Malagasy	435	220	210	0	0	0
Malay	3,620	1,710	1,910	0	0	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,200	565	630	0	0	0
Pangasinan	240	110	135	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	213,790	96,235	117,555	1,065	520	545
Waray-Waray	310	135	170	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,160	545	620	0	0	0
Creole languages	27,860	12,005	15,850	35	20	20
Haitian Creole	1,280	575	705	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	24,575	10,510	14,060	15	5	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	2,005	920	1,085	25	10	15
Dravidian languages	122,490	59,780	62,710	425	240	185
Kannada	1,630	825	800	15	5	10
Malayalam	15,440	7,865	7,575	140	75	60
Tamil	96,955	46,570	50,385	140	80	60
Telugu	8,280	4,430	3,850	125	80	50
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	190	85	105	5	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	340	160	180	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,911,215	927,225	983,985	7,410	3,715	3,690
Albanian	13,135	6,575	6,560	110	60	55
Armenian	21,505	10,165	11,345	15	10	10
Balto-Slavic languages	314,965	149,315	165,650	1,405	680	720
Baltic languages	3,275	1,400	1,870	30	10	15
Latvian	1,255	530	725	10	5	10
Lithuanian	2,020	870	1,150	15	5	10
Slavic languages	311,690	147,910	163,780	1,375	675	700
Belarusan	230	105	120	0	0	0
Bosnian	6,045	3,010	3,040	65	30	30
Bulgarian	11,985	5,835	6,150	25	15	10
Croatian	16,775	7,980	8,795	65	25	40
Czech	6,235	3,060	3,180	45	25	20
Macedonian	6,830	3,250	3,580	0	0	0
Polish	74,780	34,910	39,870	235	105	125
Russian	116,595	55,175	61,425	785	385	390
Serbian	31,750	15,665	16,085	60	25	35
Serbo-Croatian	3,885	1,865	2,020	30	15	10
Slovak	5,615	2,685	2,920	20	10	15
Slovene (Slovenian)	2,050	905	1,145	0	0	0
Ukrainian	28,250	13,150	15,100	55	30	20
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	670	310	360	5	5	0
Celtic languages	360	205	155	60	35	30
Scottish Gaelic	185	105	80	60	35	30
Welsh	95	50	45	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	80	50	30	5	0	0
Germanic languages	146,455	71,835	74,615	1,490	725	760
Afrikaans	4,790	2,355	2,435	30	15	15
Danish	855	410	445	15	0	15
Dutch	9,565	4,630	4,935	135	70	70
Frisian	185	95	90	5	0	0
German	120,335	58,905	61,435	1,225	600	625
Icelandic	270	120	150	30	10	15
Norwegian	345	145	200	20	5	10
Swedish	1,045	500	545	15	5	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	355	170	185	5	5	5
Yiddish	7,080	3,695	3,385	5	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	1,625	820	810	15	5	10
Greek	44,545	21,110	23,440	270	135	130
Indo-Iranian languages	838,755	416,960	421,795	2,815	1,475	1,335
Indo-Aryan languages	676,185	337,440	338,745	1,850	995	860
Bengali	47,350	23,585	23,765	250	135	115
Gujarati	64,150	31,740	32,405	100	60	35
Hindi	55,510	27,805	27,710	310	190	120
Kashmiri	135	70	70	5	5	0
Konkani	720	355	370	0	0	0
Marathi	3,780	1,940	1,840	30	15	15
Nepali	13,375	6,710	6,670	475	235	240
Oriya (Odia)	470	235	240	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	349,145	174,905	174,240	250	125	125
Sindhi	4,975	2,280	2,695	5	5	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	7,790	3,860	3,925	95	45	50
Urdu	128,785	63,965	64,820	340	175	165
Iranian languages	160,195	78,310	81,880	960	475	480
Kurdish	6,580	3,400	3,175	85	50	40
Pashto	10,590	5,305	5,290	45	20	20
Persian (Farsi)	143,020	69,600	73,425	825	405	420
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	2,375	1,215	1,160	0	5	0
Italic (Romance) languages	531,485	251,050	280,440	1,240	595	645
Catalan	355	165	190	5	0	0
Italian	115,415	49,975	65,440	165	70	85
Portuguese	98,710	46,915	51,795	195	90	105
Romanian	53,320	25,795	27,525	70	35	35
Spanish	263,510	128,110	135,400	810	390	420
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	180	85	95	5	0	0
Japanese	19,785	8,265	11,515	110	35	70
Kartvelian languages	1,040	565	475	0	0	0
Georgian	1,035	565	475	0	0	0
Korean	109,705	51,385	58,320	710	330	385
Mongolic languages	910	440	470	0	0	0
Mongolian	910	435	470	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	28,665	13,340	15,320	165	80	85
Akan (Twi)	5,990	2,695	3,295	10	0	10
Bamanankan	340	180	160	0	0	0
Edo	415	175	240	0	0	0
Ewe	410	185	225	15	5	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	825	400	425	0	0	0
Ga	250	105	140	5	0	0
Ganda	345	160	185	5	0	5
Igbo	1,000	485	510	15	5	5
Lingala	1,045	455	590	0	5	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	2,110	990	1,115	10	5	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,530	670	865	15	10	10
Shona	1,035	475	560	0	0	0
Swahili	5,370	2,500	2,870	60	30	35
Wolof	1,380	745	635	0	0	0
Yoruba	2,615	1,275	1,340	20	10	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	4,010	1,850	2,160	10	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	2,650	1,305	1,350	35	20	20
Dinka	1,130	580	550	10	5	10
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	1,525	730	800	25	10	15
Sign languages	10,445	5,870	4,570	285	145	140
American Sign Language	3,015	1,560	1,460	110	55	60
Quebec Sign Language	730	375	355	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	6,690	3,935	2,755	175	90	80
Sino-Tibetan languages	924,720	433,530	491,190	4,550	2,345	2,200
Chinese languages	913,365	427,860	485,505	4,545	2,345	2,200
Cantonese	400,215	184,340	215,885	640	335	310
Hakka	4,080	1,820	2,265	5	0	0
Mandarin	462,890	220,075	242,815	3,410	1,740	1,675
Min Dong	345	150	195	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	13,965	6,345	7,625	45	25	25
Wu (Shanghainese)	7,650	3,580	4,075	25	10	10
Chinese, n.o.s.	23,935	11,440	12,500	415	235	180
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	280	130	150	5	5	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	11,350	5,670	5,680	5	0	5
Burmese	2,245	1,115	1,125	0	0	0
Karenic languages	3,865	1,935	1,930	0	0	0
Tibetan	4,590	2,305	2,280	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	655	305	345	5	0	5
Tai-Kadai languages	9,565	4,455	5,110	55	20	35
Lao	6,175	2,995	3,180	0	0	0
Thai	3,360	1,450	1,915	55	15	35
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	30	15	15	0	0	0
Turkic languages	22,250	11,205	11,045	215	110	105
Azerbaijani	1,245	640	610	5	5	0
Turkish	18,955	9,525	9,430	140	70	75
Uyghur	610	315	290	0	0	0
Uzbek	990	505	490	70	40	30
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	455	230	225	0	5	0
Uralic languages	23,245	10,715	12,535	75	35	40
Estonian	975	365	610	5	5	5
Finnish	2,790	1,220	1,565	15	10	5
Hungarian	19,485	9,125	10,355	55	25	30
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	1,110	605	500	5	0	0
Multiple responses	1,663,390	802,695	860,690	11,540	5,715	5,825
English and French	160,185	77,940	82,235	2,180	995	1,185
English and non-official language	1,284,975	620,375	664,600	8,970	4,515	4,450
French and non-official language	148,915	70,915	78,000	75	40	30
English, French and non-official language	69,315	33,465	35,850	315	155	160
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	34,767,255	17,101,165	17,666,080	912,295	442,470	469,825
None	29,615,245	14,612,175	15,003,065	861,780	418,525	443,260
English	2,109,340	1,045,215	1,064,120	17,005	8,480	8,525
French	731,095	342,245	388,855	16,390	7,210	9,175
Non-official language	2,151,690	1,023,940	1,127,750	16,275	7,850	8,420
Aboriginal	90,740	42,890	47,850	2,135	930	1,205
Non-Aboriginal	2,060,945	981,055	1,079,895	14,135	6,920	7,220
English and French	47,970	23,785	24,190	150	70	80
English and non-official language	61,075	30,045	31,030	220	105	115
French and non-official language	48,755	22,690	26,065	470	230	245
English, French and non-official language	2,080	1,075	1,010	5	5	0
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,355	774,750	372,455	402,290
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	27,488,530	13,444,335	14,044,190	744,260	358,055	386,205
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	34,204	40,782	28,860	31,813	38,379	26,750
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	27,499,185	13,449,010	14,050,175	744,545	358,085	386,455
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	30,866	35,933	26,621	28,627	33,642	24,590
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	24,583,315	12,296,595	12,286,725	648,960	320,380	328,580
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	32,762	39,925	26,613	29,938	36,363	24,497
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	19,743,240	8,755,815	10,987,430	554,985	243,860	311,130
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	5,453	4,199	6,136	7,438	8,175	6,961
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	20,428,685	10,547,760	9,880,925	523,020	264,375	258,645
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	33,684	39,836	28,474	29,979	35,676	25,405
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585	774,750	372,455	402,295
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	27,489,395	13,441,555	14,047,845	744,275	357,820	386,455
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	47,487	56,740	38,632	41,479	49,413	34,132
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	27,500,230	13,446,230	14,053,995	744,560	357,855	386,710
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	38,977	45,404	32,828	34,175	39,776	28,993
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	24,584,065	12,295,015	12,289,055	648,910	320,370	328,540
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	46,885	56,803	36,962	40,299	48,457	32,345
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	19,742,130	8,752,070	10,990,060	555,740	243,445	312,295
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,738	7,345	8,050	8,495	8,859	8,211
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	20,428,670	10,542,540	9,886,130	523,020	264,475	258,545
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	46,057	54,369	37,193	39,522	46,606	32,275
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585	774,750	372,455	402,295
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	9,367,045	5,231,015	4,136,035	245,425	131,095	114,325
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	53,431	59,326	47,420	47,665	53,785	42,236
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	65,997	74,289	55,510	56,820	63,886	48,717
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	88.3	91.6	83.7	84.6	87.7	80.7
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	72.0	75.2	67.7	66.9	69.7	63.3
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	11.7	8.4	16.3	15.4	12.3	19.3
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,360	774,750	372,455	402,295
Without total income	1,154,450	546,285	608,165	30,485	14,395	16,090
With total income	27,488,530	13,444,335	14,044,195	744,265	358,060	386,205
Percentage with total income	96.0	96.1	95.8	96.1	96.1	96.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	3,877,620	1,668,960	2,208,655	104,125	43,575	60,545
$10,000 to $19,999	4,680,380	1,867,600	2,812,785	134,355	50,310	84,050
$20,000 to $29,999	3,807,840	1,593,335	2,214,505	114,855	47,195	67,660
$30,000 to $39,999	3,206,175	1,472,670	1,733,510	98,325	45,040	53,280
$40,000 to $49,999	2,827,045	1,376,565	1,450,480	79,435	39,605	39,830
$50,000 to $59,999	2,179,775	1,145,685	1,034,090	57,255	32,255	25,000
$60,000 to $69,999	1,655,070	938,755	716,310	41,715	25,830	15,885
$70,000 to $79,999	1,271,850	745,830	526,015	33,195	19,945	13,250
$80,000 to $89,999	966,885	579,290	387,590	25,500	14,900	10,605
$90,000 to $99,999	749,290	452,240	297,050	15,530	10,095	5,435
$100,000 and over	2,266,600	1,603,400	663,195	39,965	29,300	10,665
$100,000 to $149,999	1,493,570	1,024,210	469,365	28,130	20,205	7,925
$150,000 and over	773,025	579,190	193,830	11,835	9,095	2,745
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,360	774,750	372,455	402,295
Without after-tax income	1,143,795	541,620	602,175	30,205	14,370	15,840
With after-tax income	27,499,185	13,449,010	14,050,175	744,540	358,085	386,455
Percentage with after-tax income	96.0	96.1	95.9	96.1	96.1	96.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	4,004,475	1,706,825	2,297,645	108,630	44,435	64,195
$10,000 to $19,999	4,905,055	1,972,920	2,932,130	142,975	54,160	88,815
$20,000 to $29,999	4,489,925	1,926,175	2,563,755	138,435	58,900	79,535
$30,000 to $39,999	3,924,960	1,870,705	2,054,250	119,130	56,990	62,145
$40,000 to $49,999	3,144,200	1,619,670	1,524,525	84,245	46,675	37,565
$50,000 to $59,999	2,209,280	1,245,570	963,705	56,235	34,590	21,645
$60,000 to $69,999	1,540,300	912,230	628,065	39,320	23,195	16,125
$70,000 to $79,999	1,076,180	654,570	421,610	21,210	13,950	7,260
$80,000 and over	2,204,820	1,540,335	664,485	34,360	25,185	9,170
$80,000 to $89,999	688,705	444,550	244,145	11,615	8,185	3,430
$90,000 to $99,999	420,975	291,090	129,885	6,825	4,950	1,875
$100,000 and over	1,095,140	804,690	290,445	15,915	12,050	3,860
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	28,642,980	13,990,625	14,652,360	774,745	372,455	402,295
Without employment income	8,214,295	3,442,860	4,771,430	251,730	108,080	143,650
With employment income	20,428,690	10,547,760	9,880,925	523,020	264,370	258,640
Percentage with employment income	71.3	75.4	67.4	67.5	71.0	64.3
Under $5,000 (including loss)	2,778,990	1,357,430	1,421,560	72,940	34,125	38,820
$5,000 to $9,999	1,602,140	697,025	905,120	45,820	19,475	26,350
$10,000 to $19,999	2,736,010	1,212,855	1,523,155	76,685	33,555	43,130
$20,000 to $29,999	2,293,785	1,022,090	1,271,695	66,155	29,385	36,770
$30,000 to $39,999	2,149,860	1,001,065	1,148,795	60,485	27,455	33,035
$40,000 to $49,999	1,928,565	946,625	981,940	49,395	24,470	24,925
$50,000 to $59,999	1,554,100	839,045	715,055	37,685	21,735	15,955
$60,000 to $69,999	1,220,310	708,270	512,040	28,695	17,955	10,740
$70,000 to $79,999	992,170	591,945	400,225	24,970	14,750	10,220
$80,000 and over	3,172,770	2,171,415	1,001,355	60,175	41,470	18,705
$80,000 to $89,999	773,755	475,700	298,055	20,175	11,645	8,535
$90,000 to $99,999	623,980	382,330	241,650	11,685	7,975	3,715
$100,000 and over	1,775,030	1,313,385	461,645	28,310	21,850	6,460
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	14,072,080	...	...	401,990	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	70,336	...	...	60,764	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	61,348	...	...	53,129	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	3,969,790	...	...	118,670	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	35,174	...	...	30,377	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	31,446	...	...	27,511	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	10,102,290	...	...	283,320	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	88,249	...	...	77,136	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	76,419	...	...	66,538	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	14,072,075	...	...	401,990	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	92,764	...	...	76,797	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	76,171	...	...	63,299	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	3,967,765	...	...	118,705	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	46,799	...	...	39,601	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	38,685	...	...	32,962	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	10,104,315	...	...	283,285	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	110,813	...	...	92,383	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	90,890	...	...	76,011	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	14,072,075	...	...	401,990	...	...
Under $5,000	228,790	...	...	6,830	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	200,315	...	...	7,755	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	374,575	...	...	12,330	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	565,940	...	...	20,155	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	602,800	...	...	20,210	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	538,710	...	...	18,700	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	603,480	...	...	21,645	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	606,600	...	...	19,995	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	596,110	...	...	19,285	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	578,325	...	...	18,235	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,097,345	...	...	33,450	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,010,415	...	...	30,470	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	924,320	...	...	27,755	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	836,765	...	...	24,340	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	745,655	...	...	20,240	...	...
$100,000 and over	4,561,920	...	...	100,600	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	1,470,255	...	...	38,090	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	1,016,245	...	...	24,330	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	1,116,140	...	...	23,445	...	...
$200,000 and over	959,285	...	...	14,730	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	14,072,075	...	...	401,990	...	...
Under $5,000	243,780	...	...	7,145	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	203,865	...	...	7,885	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	380,680	...	...	12,545	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	591,660	...	...	21,370	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	673,740	...	...	23,030	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	628,225	...	...	22,365	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	719,825	...	...	25,495	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	725,675	...	...	23,945	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	711,180	...	...	22,630	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	691,695	...	...	21,635	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,299,680	...	...	40,585	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,169,515	...	...	35,920	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	1,041,635	...	...	29,795	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	900,055	...	...	24,160	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	757,295	...	...	19,275	...	...
$100,000 and over	3,333,575	...	...	64,210	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	1,371,945	...	...	31,985	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	809,540	...	...	15,940	...	...
$150,000 and over	1,152,090	...	...	16,280	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	9,688,845	...	...	269,560	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	88,306	...	...	77,529	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	76,372	...	...	66,728	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	3,706,220	...	...	121,200	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	78,976	...	...	71,495	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	68,309	...	...	61,883	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	4,222,140	...	...	97,460	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	113,465	...	...	104,981	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	96,608	...	...	88,099	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	4.0	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	1,481,410	...	...	43,560	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	53,193	...	...	45,597	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	48,856	...	...	42,309	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	9,689,855	...	...	269,510	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	111,235	...	...	93,027	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	91,040	...	...	76,371	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	3,706,400	...	...	121,285	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	101,086	...	...	85,511	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	82,296	...	...	70,143	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	4,225,855	...	...	97,490	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	137,094	...	...	119,890	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	111,307	...	...	97,021	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	1,477,190	...	...	43,470	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	65,549	...	...	54,587	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	56,687	...	...	47,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	5,313,545	2,608,845	2,704,705	157,715	73,825	83,890
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	31,890	34,483	29,801	28,180	30,235	26,673
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	28,959	30,746	27,495	25,848	27,176	24,859
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	5,299,050	2,596,985	2,702,070	157,410	73,440	83,970
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	42,939	46,085	39,915	36,847	38,945	35,012
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	35,801	37,724	33,952	30,893	31,946	29,973
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	34,460,065	16,971,550	17,488,515	908,340	440,700	467,640
In the bottom half of the distribution	17,229,835	8,256,970	8,972,865	519,830	244,725	275,105
In the bottom decile	3,445,950	1,672,900	1,773,050	105,810	49,730	56,080
In the second decile	3,445,660	1,564,965	1,880,700	112,825	49,900	62,920
In the third decile	3,446,165	1,641,930	1,804,235	102,515	48,345	54,175
In the fourth decile	3,445,850	1,677,120	1,768,730	100,645	48,515	52,130
In the fifth decile	3,446,210	1,700,060	1,746,150	98,030	48,235	49,800
In the top half of the distribution	17,230,230	8,714,580	8,515,650	388,510	195,975	192,540
In the sixth decile	3,445,695	1,716,510	1,729,185	94,350	47,240	47,110
In the seventh decile	3,446,470	1,730,975	1,715,500	89,765	45,260	44,505
In the eighth decile	3,445,940	1,741,640	1,704,300	83,140	41,815	41,330
In the ninth decile	3,446,045	1,751,850	1,694,195	69,850	35,450	34,400
In the top decile	3,446,080	1,773,600	1,672,475	51,410	26,210	25,195
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	33,968,295	16,724,265	17,244,035	898,345	435,895	462,450
0 to 17 years	6,836,380	3,504,250	3,332,125	159,820	81,670	78,150
0 to 5 years	2,228,770	1,142,505	1,086,270	49,595	25,280	24,310
18 to 64 years	21,695,090	10,690,090	11,005,005	565,395	274,120	291,275
65 years and over	5,436,830	2,529,930	2,906,905	173,125	80,100	93,025
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	4,809,940	2,243,200	2,566,740	154,955	70,415	84,540
0 to 17 years	1,163,830	597,570	566,255	35,525	18,145	17,380
0 to 5 years	396,095	203,055	193,030	12,740	6,470	6,275
18 to 64 years	2,855,290	1,341,590	1,513,700	88,355	40,375	47,985
65 years and over	790,825	304,040	486,780	31,075	11,890	19,185
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.2	13.4	14.9	17.2	16.2	18.3
0 to 17 years (%)	17.0	17.1	17.0	22.2	22.2	22.2
0 to 5 years (%)	17.8	17.8	17.8	25.7	25.6	25.8
18 to 64 years (%)	13.2	12.5	13.8	15.6	14.7	16.5
65 years and over (%)	14.5	12.0	16.7	17.9	14.8	20.6
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	3,128,995	1,519,370	1,609,630	70,745	34,290	36,460
0 to 17 years	696,025	357,255	338,770	15,285	7,805	7,485
0 to 5 years	236,435	121,170	115,260	5,645	2,870	2,775
18 to 64 years	2,157,745	1,057,585	1,100,160	52,220	25,185	27,030
65 years and over	275,225	104,525	170,695	3,240	1,295	1,945
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.2	9.1	9.3	7.9	7.9	7.9
0 to 17 years (%)	10.2	10.2	10.2	9.6	9.6	9.6
0 to 5 years (%)	10.6	10.6	10.6	11.4	11.4	11.4
18 to 64 years (%)	9.9	9.9	10.0	9.2	9.2	9.3
65 years and over (%)	5.1	4.1	5.9	1.9	1.6	2.1
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	908,340	440,730	467,605
Official languages	33,818,210	16,709,290	17,108,920	905,700	439,525	466,180
English	29,748,265	14,806,270	14,941,995	905,020	439,215	465,805
French	10,242,945	4,952,455	5,290,495	95,740	42,150	53,585
Non-official languages	9,369,280	4,488,185	4,881,090	64,100	31,380	32,725
Aboriginal languages	263,845	127,550	136,295	5,645	2,685	2,960
Algonquian languages	177,570	85,505	92,065	5,575	2,635	2,935
Blackfoot	5,645	2,695	2,950	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	116,585	56,515	60,070	20	15	10
Atikamekw	6,640	3,335	3,305	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	11,440	5,500	5,945	0	0	0
Moose Cree	195	80	115	0	0	0
Naskapi	1,465	710	755	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	545	225	320	0	0	0
Plains Cree	5,905	2,705	3,200	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	40	30	10	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	2,345	995	1,350	10	0	0
Woods Cree	2,665	1,230	1,435	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	86,115	42,080	44,035	10	10	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	9,765	4,710	5,050	5,550	2,625	2,920
Malecite	755	370	390	10	0	10
Mi'kmaq	9,025	4,350	4,670	5,540	2,625	2,920
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	46,685	22,100	24,585	10	0	10
Algonquin	2,480	1,165	1,315	0	0	0
Ojibway	28,585	13,365	15,220	10	0	10
Oji-Cree	15,610	7,575	8,030	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	205	105	105	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	120	60	60	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	23,655	11,340	12,320	15	15	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	23,570	11,300	12,265	10	10	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	210	105	100	0	0	0
Beaver	340	180	165	0	0	0
Carrier	2,105	955	1,145	0	0	0
Chilcotin	1,150	535	610	0	0	0
Dene	13,060	6,270	6,790	0	10	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	2,375	1,210	1,165	0	0	0
Gwich'in	360	165	200	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	150	60	90	0	0	0
Sekani	185	85	100	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	2,815	1,340	1,475	0	0	10
North Slavey (Hare)	1,010	475	530	0	0	0
South Slavey	1,365	660	710	0	0	10
Slavey, n.o.s.	680	320	360	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	630	340	285	0	10	0
Kaska (Nahani)	365	205	170	0	0	0
Tahltan	270	140	130	10	10	0
Tutchone languages	420	160	260	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	285	115	170	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	145	50	95	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	85	35	50	0	0	0
Haida	465	205	260	0	0	0
Inuit languages	42,980	21,355	21,630	35	25	15
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	1,975	895	1,080	0	0	0
Inuktitut	40,620	20,280	20,340	30	15	10
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	470	225	240	0	10	0
Iroquoian languages	2,800	1,240	1,555	10	10	0
Cayuga	125	40	85	0	0	0
Mohawk	2,415	1,120	1,295	10	10	0
Oneida	180	60	125	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	115	45	75	0	0	0
Kutenai	175	95	80	0	0	0
Michif	1,210	585	625	10	0	10
Salish languages	5,750	2,730	3,015	10	0	0
Comox	185	75	110	0	0	0
Halkomelem	1,060	475	585	0	0	0
Lillooet	790	405	385	0	0	0
Okanagan	820	370	450	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	1,305	640	665	0	0	0
Squamish	285	125	155	0	0	0
Straits	360	160	200	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	450	220	235	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	565	295	270	10	10	0
Siouan languages	5,430	2,665	2,770	0	0	0
Dakota	1,760	870	890	0	0	0
Stoney	3,675	1,805	1,875	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	140	70	70	0	0	0
Tlingit	260	140	120	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	2,730	1,350	1,380	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	1,305	645	660	0	0	0
Nisga'a	1,060	545	515	0	0	0
Tsimshian	410	180	235	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	1,490	680	805	0	0	0
Haisla	175	65	110	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	125	50	75	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	605	285	320	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	565	265	300	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	665	310	360	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	9,107,075	4,361,420	4,745,660	58,490	28,715	29,770
Afro-Asiatic languages	837,355	432,560	404,795	10,730	5,745	4,985
Berber languages	29,460	15,745	13,715	25	15	15
Kabyle	17,120	9,100	8,015	25	15	15
Berber languages, n.i.e.	12,505	6,735	5,775	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	57,125	26,870	30,250	155	65	95
Bilen	1,085	625	470	20	15	10
Oromo	6,245	3,070	3,175	40	15	20
Somali	49,665	23,070	26,590	75	25	55
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	480	220	265	20	10	10
Semitic languages	771,130	400,780	370,350	10,635	5,715	4,925
Amharic	33,670	16,675	16,995	260	135	120
Arabic	629,055	329,235	299,820	9,685	5,185	4,500
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	19,745	9,720	10,020	10	10	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	7,115	3,505	3,610	0	0	0
Harari	1,710	855	860	0	0	0
Hebrew	75,020	38,730	36,290	630	370	260
Maltese	7,625	3,760	3,870	25	0	25
Tigrigna	21,340	10,640	10,705	140	65	70
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	3,220	1,655	1,565	40	20	20
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	2,775	1,440	1,335	15	10	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	224,865	105,845	119,020	575	260	310
Khmer (Cambodian)	27,035	12,640	14,400	15	0	10
Vietnamese	198,895	93,735	105,155	555	255	300
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	190	70	120	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	656,200	273,075	383,125	3,035	1,275	1,760
Bikol	2,075	885	1,190	10	0	10
Cebuano	27,045	10,960	16,085	185	80	100
Fijian	1,660	955	705	10	0	0
Hiligaynon	7,925	3,200	4,720	45	20	30
Ilocano	34,530	13,805	20,730	70	20	55
Malagasy	2,335	1,120	1,220	10	0	0
Malay	22,470	10,370	12,100	80	25	60
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5,425	2,445	2,980	10	10	0
Pangasinan	1,800	790	1,015	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	612,735	253,210	359,530	2,835	1,195	1,635
Waray-Waray	1,395	530	860	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5,585	2,540	3,040	35	15	20
Creole languages	155,615	70,545	85,070	360	185	175
Haitian Creole	6,850	3,140	3,710	35	20	15
Creole, n.o.s.	133,045	59,890	73,160	120	60	65
Creole languages, n.i.e.	16,635	7,955	8,675	210	115	100
Dravidian languages	250,180	126,220	123,960	1,365	785	580
Kannada	8,245	4,180	4,065	75	45	35
Malayalam	37,810	19,410	18,400	560	310	250
Tamil	189,860	94,640	95,220	450	260	190
Telugu	23,160	12,770	10,390	350	215	135
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	790	385	405	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	870	435	435	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	5,158,010	2,506,455	2,651,555	30,820	15,070	15,755
Albanian	31,930	16,140	15,790	405	185	215
Armenian	41,295	19,980	21,315	80	45	30
Balto-Slavic languages	817,315	384,960	432,350	4,095	1,935	2,160
Baltic languages	14,675	6,470	8,205	110	35	80
Latvian	6,500	2,960	3,540	50	15	35
Lithuanian	8,185	3,510	4,675	55	15	40
Slavic languages	805,915	379,965	425,945	4,010	1,910	2,105
Belarusan	2,265	1,070	1,195	10	0	10
Bosnian	18,265	9,055	9,215	145	60	80
Bulgarian	22,425	10,920	11,505	75	35	35
Croatian	69,840	34,515	35,325	275	105	165
Czech	28,720	13,675	15,050	210	95	110
Macedonian	23,075	11,190	11,880	90	55	30
Polish	214,965	99,365	115,600	900	410	490
Russian	269,645	127,055	142,595	1,945	970	970
Serbian	73,775	37,040	36,740	180	85	95
Serbo-Croatian	11,275	5,525	5,750	115	70	50
Slovak	21,470	10,215	11,255	145	70	75
Slovene (Slovenian)	11,495	5,205	6,290	35	10	20
Ukrainian	132,115	58,820	73,300	425	180	245
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	3,000	1,590	1,405	0	0	0
Celtic languages	9,165	4,705	4,455	1,070	495	580
Scottish Gaelic	3,980	2,010	1,975	910	400	505
Welsh	1,690	830	860	35	25	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	3,590	1,915	1,680	155	80	75
Germanic languages	695,535	337,215	358,320	9,225	4,490	4,740
Afrikaans	23,410	11,795	11,610	320	140	175
Danish	15,745	7,320	8,425	235	125	110
Dutch	120,865	57,885	62,990	2,105	935	1,165
Frisian	2,910	1,515	1,395	60	30	30
German	502,730	245,745	256,985	6,335	3,180	3,155
Icelandic	1,780	830	945	100	40	60
Norwegian	8,120	3,860	4,260	150	105	40
Swedish	14,140	6,510	7,635	245	115	130
Vlaams (Flemish)	4,400	1,945	2,455	20	10	15
Yiddish	20,985	10,435	10,550	30	15	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	8,710	4,425	4,285	125	45	85
Greek	150,965	75,510	75,455	1,315	670	645
Indo-Iranian languages	1,658,220	840,850	817,365	6,535	3,635	2,900
Indo-Aryan languages	1,387,805	704,370	683,435	4,935	2,790	2,140
Bengali	91,220	46,935	44,285	625	350	275
Gujarati	149,045	74,765	74,285	240	150	90
Hindi	433,365	221,665	211,700	2,270	1,300	975
Kashmiri	905	490	420	15	0	10
Konkani	6,790	3,185	3,605	15	15	0
Marathi	15,570	8,200	7,365	135	85	45
Nepali	21,380	10,915	10,470	620	315	305
Oriya (Odia)	1,535	755	775	20	10	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	668,240	341,450	326,790	1,010	570	445
Sindhi	20,260	9,310	10,945	10	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	27,825	13,970	13,855	245	125	120
Urdu	322,220	164,685	157,535	1,090	660	425
Iranian languages	281,715	142,030	139,680	1,625	865	755
Kurdish	15,290	8,290	7,000	185	110	75
Pashto	23,180	12,465	10,715	85	55	30
Persian (Farsi)	252,320	126,565	125,755	1,385	725	660
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	8,875	4,715	4,155	75	40	35
Italic (Romance) languages	1,897,630	898,530	999,100	9,365	4,270	5,100
Catalan	2,035	1,145	890	15	10	10
Italian	574,725	278,500	296,225	1,665	845	820
Portuguese	295,955	144,465	151,485	910	480	430
Romanian	115,050	55,275	59,770	240	140	105
Spanish	995,255	460,250	535,010	6,990	3,020	3,970
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	2,680	1,610	1,075	70	55	20
Japanese	83,090	36,760	46,335	865	335	530
Kartvelian languages	2,150	1,075	1,075	0	0	0
Georgian	2,150	1,080	1,070	0	10	0
Korean	172,755	80,170	92,590	1,530	685	850
Mongolic languages	2,090	960	1,130	10	0	10
Mongolian	2,090	960	1,130	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	177,215	88,135	89,080	1,340	715	620
Akan (Twi)	22,145	10,810	11,340	65	40	30
Bamanankan	3,190	1,660	1,530	10	10	10
Edo	3,220	1,510	1,705	10	10	0
Ewe	3,000	1,685	1,315	80	50	30
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	4,725	2,460	2,260	10	10	0
Ga	2,250	1,140	1,110	30	15	20
Ganda	2,495	1,175	1,320	60	15	40
Igbo	8,850	4,710	4,140	70	45	30
Lingala	17,010	7,865	9,145	30	15	15
Rundi (Kirundi)	8,590	4,075	4,515	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	7,860	3,600	4,260	130	65	65
Shona	5,425	2,530	2,905	65	40	35
Swahili	38,680	19,565	19,115	370	200	175
Wolof	8,240	4,455	3,785	35	15	20
Yoruba	22,420	11,475	10,940	250	125	125
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40,760	20,375	20,385	300	175	130
Nilo-Saharan languages	7,015	3,520	3,495	50	30	20
Dinka	2,475	1,280	1,190	0	0	10
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	4,555	2,240	2,315	45	30	10
Sign languages	48,115	18,985	29,130	1,605	555	1,045
American Sign Language	21,930	7,780	14,155	795	235	555
Quebec Sign Language	4,665	1,665	3,005	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	22,275	9,835	12,440	815	325	495
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,430,440	672,100	758,340	7,135	3,615	3,515
Chinese languages	1,413,110	663,465	749,640	7,115	3,610	3,500
Cantonese	699,125	325,840	373,285	1,555	730	820
Hakka	12,445	5,555	6,890	45	25	25
Mandarin	814,450	377,635	436,815	5,435	2,720	2,710
Min Dong	1,045	440	600	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	42,840	19,005	23,835	195	75	120
Wu (Shanghainese)	16,530	7,490	9,040	60	35	30
Chinese, n.o.s.	41,690	19,995	21,690	575	340	245
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	590	250	340	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	18,270	9,100	9,175	20	10	15
Burmese	4,995	2,490	2,500	0	0	0
Karenic languages	4,895	2,425	2,475	0	0	0
Tibetan	7,050	3,555	3,490	20	10	15
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	2,375	1,160	1,220	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	30,400	13,210	17,195	240	110	130
Lao	17,235	8,240	8,990	20	0	10
Thai	15,390	5,875	9,520	220	100	120
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	115	50	65	0	0	0
Turkic languages	60,530	31,585	28,945	620	320	300
Azerbaijani	5,450	2,885	2,565	20	20	0
Turkish	50,775	26,605	24,165	480	225	255
Uyghur	1,385	685	700	15	0	10
Uzbek	2,465	1,230	1,235	105	60	40
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	1,870	905	965	10	10	0
Uralic languages	94,810	44,270	50,545	430	200	230
Estonian	6,070	2,750	3,315	50	25	20
Finnish	17,595	7,540	10,050	120	55	70
Hungarian	71,285	34,005	37,280	255	115	140
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	10	0	10
Other languages, n.i.e.	9,730	5,375	4,355	75	40	35
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	34,460,065	16,971,580	17,488,490	908,340	440,735	467,605
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	32,034,590	15,799,495	16,235,090	878,415	425,340	453,070
Canadian citizens aged under 18	6,652,795	3,412,785	3,240,010	159,440	81,575	77,870
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	25,381,795	12,386,710	12,995,080	718,970	343,770	375,200
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	2,425,480	1,172,085	1,253,400	29,930	15,395	14,535
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	908,340	440,730	467,605
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	26,412,610	13,124,325	13,288,290	842,760	407,740	435,015
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	7,540,830	3,586,495	3,954,330	55,675	27,270	28,405
Before 1981	1,941,510	927,795	1,013,715	19,200	9,335	9,865
1981 to 1990	915,555	439,245	476,310	4,800	2,330	2,470
1991 to 2000	1,486,655	696,720	789,940	6,705	3,140	3,560
2001 to 2010	1,985,035	940,570	1,044,465	13,185	6,540	6,645
2001 to 2005	928,935	439,890	489,050	5,105	2,500	2,600
2006 to 2010	1,056,095	500,680	555,415	8,080	4,035	4,045
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	1,212,075	582,175	629,895	11,790	5,925	5,865
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	506,625	260,755	245,870	9,900	5,720	4,185
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	7,540,830	3,586,500	3,954,335	55,675	27,270	28,410
Under 5 years	731,340	364,165	367,175	7,280	3,495	3,785
5 to 14 years	1,311,810	665,870	645,945	10,445	5,240	5,205
15 to 24 years	1,604,430	724,430	880,005	10,170	4,670	5,500
25 to 44 years	3,198,920	1,513,970	1,684,950	22,980	11,315	11,660
45 years and over	694,320	318,060	376,260	4,800	2,550	2,250
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	7,540,830	3,586,495	3,954,330	55,680	27,270	28,410
Americas	1,128,745	510,650	618,100	10,610	4,830	5,780
Brazil	29,320	13,235	16,080	175	75	100
Colombia	70,035	32,065	37,965	175	90	85
El Salvador	48,080	23,865	24,215	95	50	45
Guyana	87,685	38,940	48,745	170	85	90
Haiti	93,480	40,955	52,525	55	30	30
Jamaica	138,345	59,960	78,390	480	210	275
Mexico	80,585	37,530	43,055	325	155	175
Peru	29,615	12,950	16,665	105	35	75
Trinidad and Tobago	65,040	29,325	35,710	220	120	100
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	253,715	113,505	140,215	7,375	3,320	4,055
Other places of birth in Americas	232,850	108,325	124,530	1,430	675	750
Europe	2,088,410	1,015,145	1,073,260	22,110	11,195	10,920
Bosnia and Herzegovina	36,135	18,050	18,085	210	115	100
Croatia	40,045	20,005	20,035	180	75	105
France	105,565	55,395	50,170	610	330	280
Germany	145,845	69,525	76,320	2,600	1,270	1,330
Greece	62,715	31,580	31,135	505	270	235
Hungary	36,820	17,945	18,875	110	40	65
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	28,325	14,355	13,970	475	225	255
Italy	236,640	118,595	118,040	525	310	215
Netherlands	88,475	45,185	43,295	1,645	790	855
Poland	146,465	66,450	80,020	630	265	365
Portugal	139,450	68,150	71,300	220	140	80
Romania	90,305	42,795	47,510	180	100	80
Russian Federation	78,685	34,265	44,420	585	270	315
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	33,320	16,325	17,000	90	45	45
Ukraine	73,030	33,360	39,665	335	145	195
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	499,115	243,225	255,890	11,275	5,815	5,460
Other places of birth in Europe	247,470	119,945	127,530	1,930	985	945
Africa	637,485	322,510	314,970	3,525	1,855	1,675
Algeria	64,620	33,920	30,705	25	15	15
Egypt	64,615	34,125	30,495	770	395	370
Ethiopia	32,790	15,980	16,810	185	105	85
Kenya	27,150	12,810	14,340	125	75	50
Morocco	69,655	36,120	33,535	80	50	30
Nigeria	42,430	21,830	20,600	350	185	165
Somalia	27,230	12,070	15,160	65	30	35
South Africa, Republic of	44,660	22,205	22,460	460	205	250
Other places of birth in Africa	264,320	133,450	130,870	1,465	790	675
Asia	3,629,160	1,709,985	1,919,175	18,955	9,100	9,855
Afghanistan	51,955	26,030	25,930	100	40	60
Bangladesh	58,735	29,875	28,865	315	180	135
China^{Census data footnote 59}	649,260	290,800	358,460	2,830	1,140	1,685
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	208,940	98,020	110,915	280	130	155
India	668,565	334,030	334,540	2,225	1,190	1,040
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	154,425	77,970	76,455	970	525	440
Iraq	68,485	34,785	33,705	525	250	285
Japan	27,240	7,955	19,285	225	60	170
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	123,305	57,170	66,140	870	340	530
Lebanon	88,745	47,295	41,450	1,370	755	610
Pakistan	202,260	103,225	99,035	615	315	295
Philippines	588,305	247,095	341,210	2,570	1,035	1,540
Sri Lanka	131,995	64,825	67,170	310	140	175
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	52,960	26,595	26,365	1,150	565	580
Taiwan	63,770	28,170	35,605	225	100	120
Viet Nam	169,250	78,000	91,250	450	205	245
Other places of birth in Asia	320,965	158,150	162,815	3,930	2,130	1,795
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	57,030	28,210	28,825	480	295	180
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	1,212,075	582,180	629,895	11,785	5,920	5,870
Americas	152,595	72,870	79,720	1,390	675	715
Brazil	8,500	4,000	4,490	95	40	55
Colombia	15,300	6,885	8,415	15	0	15
Cuba	5,370	2,545	2,820	70	40	30
Haiti	19,985	9,160	10,830	20	15	0
Jamaica	12,495	6,680	5,820	195	100	95
Mexico	18,660	9,090	9,575	105	55	45
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	33,060	16,480	16,580	615	310	305
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	6,425	2,990	3,435	15	10	10
Other places of birth in Americas	32,790	15,040	17,750	275	115	165
Europe	140,030	70,995	69,035	2,210	1,165	1,045
France	24,150	13,000	11,150	110	55	55
Germany	6,300	3,255	3,045	215	110	100
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	5,660	3,540	2,120	75	50	25
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	5,900	2,735	3,165	25	10	15
Romania	7,610	3,330	4,280	40	25	15
Russian Federation	11,565	4,485	7,080	180	75	100
Ukraine	13,425	6,015	7,410	140	55	80
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	24,445	14,235	10,215	1,080	620	460
Other places of birth in Europe	40,970	20,405	20,570	355	165	190
Africa	162,800	81,545	81,245	1,085	600	485
Algeria	17,175	8,440	8,735	15	0	10
Cameroon	10,265	5,005	5,255	0	0	10
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	7,400	3,570	3,835	55	30	25
Côte d'Ivoire	6,240	3,030	3,210	0	0	0
Egypt	16,115	8,445	7,665	205	105	95
Eritrea	6,050	3,195	2,855	70	40	30
Ethiopia	7,510	3,625	3,890	45	35	10
Morocco	15,105	7,470	7,635	30	15	10
Nigeria	17,285	8,850	8,435	200	100	100
Somalia	5,335	2,600	2,730	10	0	10
South Africa, Republic of	5,765	2,935	2,830	80	35	45
Tunisia	6,700	3,475	3,230	10	10	0
Other places of birth in Africa	41,855	20,905	20,950	365	220	150
Asia	748,700	352,095	396,610	7,035	3,435	3,600
Afghanistan	9,240	4,530	4,710	20	0	20
Bangladesh	12,900	6,445	6,460	80	50	30
China^{Census data footnote 59}	129,020	57,745	71,270	985	465	520
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	4,975	2,090	2,880	10	0	0
India	147,190	75,145	72,045	900	490	410
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	42,070	20,580	21,490	260	135	125
Iraq	20,665	10,345	10,320	245	125	120
Israel	4,740	2,615	2,130	280	180	100
Japan	4,905	1,250	3,655	70	25	50
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	21,710	9,630	12,075	225	75	150
Lebanon	9,375	4,980	4,400	75	35	40
Nepal	7,505	3,780	3,715	185	95	85
Pakistan	41,480	20,530	20,945	145	80	65
Philippines	188,810	83,050	105,760	1,500	640	860
Saudi Arabia	5,465	2,820	2,640	125	75	50
Sri Lanka	11,495	5,190	6,305	100	55	50
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	29,945	15,245	14,700	890	420	460
Taiwan	4,310	1,685	2,625	0	0	0
Turkey	4,255	2,365	1,890	100	55	40
United Arab Emirates	6,135	3,220	2,910	70	45	20
Viet Nam	11,210	4,500	6,705	65	20	45
Other places of birth in Asia	31,320	14,345	16,970	715	370	345
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	7,955	4,670	3,280	70	50	20
Australia	4,965	2,950	2,010	35	30	0
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	2,990	1,720	1,270	35	15	15
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	34,460,060	16,971,575	17,488,485	908,340	440,735	467,605
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	8,219,555	3,936,045	4,283,505	70,310	35,320	34,990
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	6,100,725	3,053,075	3,047,650	69,125	33,765	35,360
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	20,139,790	9,982,460	10,157,330	768,905	371,645	397,260
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	5,703,615	2,709,530	2,994,085	37,000	18,195	18,805
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	2,994,130	1,496,240	1,497,885	21,830	11,270	10,560
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	1,220,755	755,370	465,380	8,710	5,865	2,845
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	1,773,380	740,870	1,032,510	13,115	5,405	7,710
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	1,782,490	728,085	1,054,400	10,415	4,455	5,955
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	858,845	453,675	405,175	4,520	2,345	2,175
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	68,145	31,530	36,615	235	120	115
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	908,340	440,730	467,605
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	1,673,785	813,520	860,265	51,495	24,900	26,595
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	1,629,805	792,970	836,835	49,935	24,175	25,765
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	977,235	471,510	505,725	25,830	12,460	13,370
Métis	587,545	289,435	298,115	23,315	11,325	11,985
Inuk (Inuit)	65,030	32,030	32,995	795	385	410
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	21,310	10,165	11,145	835	425	410
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	22,670	10,385	12,290	725	300	420
Non-Aboriginal identity	32,786,280	16,158,060	16,628,225	856,850	415,835	441,015
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	34,460,065	16,971,580	17,488,490	908,340	440,735	467,610
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	820,120	395,670	424,445	18,940	9,135	9,805
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	33,639,945	16,575,905	17,064,040	889,405	431,595	457,800
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,490	908,340	440,735	467,610
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	727,790	356,970	370,815	15,055	7,255	7,805
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	709,235	347,985	361,245	14,780	7,120	7,655
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	573,215	280,040	293,180	11,995	5,790	6,210
Métis single ancestry	91,255	45,740	45,515	2,560	1,245	1,315
Inuit single ancestry	44,765	22,210	22,555	220	85	135
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	18,555	8,985	9,565	275	135	145
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	15,140	7,305	7,835	210	95	115
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	2,470	1,205	1,265	25	20	10
Métis and Inuit ancestries	770	390	380	30	20	15
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	170	85	85	10	0	10
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	1,402,735	669,710	733,025	58,980	27,665	31,315
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	1,347,610	644,210	703,400	56,830	26,660	30,170
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	881,455	418,215	463,235	34,375	15,975	18,400
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	441,000	213,940	227,065	21,200	10,120	11,080
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	25,155	12,045	13,105	1,255	560	690
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	55,125	25,505	29,625	2,145	1,005	1,140
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	49,325	22,740	26,585	1,850	855	995
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	3,470	1,655	1,815	135	50	80
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	2,005	940	1,065	130	90	45
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	325	170	160	30	10	20
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	32,329,545	15,944,900	16,384,645	834,300	405,810	428,495
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	908,340	440,735	467,605
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	7,674,580	3,725,090	3,949,495	58,650	29,305	29,350
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	1,924,635	977,690	946,945	7,910	4,385	3,525
Chinese	1,577,060	746,400	830,665	8,640	4,210	4,435
Black	1,198,540	580,070	618,475	21,915	10,735	11,175
Filipino	780,125	341,800	438,330	3,400	1,485	1,920
Latin American	447,325	215,460	231,860	1,685	820	865
Arab	523,235	276,425	246,810	8,110	4,375	3,735
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	313,260	148,880	164,385	1,195	525	670
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	264,305	133,475	130,825	1,540	805	740
Korean	188,710	89,110	99,600	1,540	685	855
Japanese	92,920	40,105	52,815	695	295	405
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	132,090	62,540	69,550	630	300	330
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	232,375	113,140	119,230	1,385	690	695
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	26,785,480	13,246,485	13,539,000	849,690	411,430	438,260
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	908,340	440,730	467,610
North American Aboriginal origins	2,130,520	1,026,675	1,103,840	74,040	34,920	39,115
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,525,570	731,410	794,155	48,640	22,805	25,835
Inuit	79,130	38,695	40,435	1,840	830	1,010
Métis	599,995	291,310	308,690	26,025	12,435	13,585
Other North American origins	11,628,535	5,745,695	5,882,835	410,825	197,970	212,855
Acadian	119,675	57,805	61,865	23,700	11,050	12,650
American	377,405	182,690	194,715	7,515	3,730	3,785
Canadian	11,135,965	5,501,595	5,634,370	387,360	186,955	200,405
New Brunswicker	1,490	800	685	35	15	20
Newfoundlander	22,215	11,420	10,800	1,750	835	910
Nova Scotian	3,700	1,770	1,930	1,295	625	665
Ontarian	3,925	1,980	1,945	95	65	35
Québécois	194,560	99,320	95,235	380	190	185
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	1,895	950	945	20	0	15
European origins	19,683,320	9,687,715	9,995,605	621,525	299,755	321,760
British Isles origins	11,211,850	5,474,735	5,737,115	513,725	246,085	267,645
Channel Islander	3,595	1,740	1,855	90	25	60
Cornish	1,975	995	975	105	45	65
English	6,320,085	3,069,515	3,250,570	262,375	124,610	137,765
Irish	4,627,000	2,195,620	2,431,385	195,865	91,260	104,605
Manx	6,125	3,090	3,040	145	70	70
Scottish	4,799,005	2,323,390	2,475,620	272,880	129,640	143,240
Welsh	474,805	226,600	248,210	17,135	8,105	9,030
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	644,695	307,090	337,610	18,975	8,955	10,020
French origins	4,680,820	2,283,480	2,397,340	149,665	70,095	79,570
Alsatian	2,800	1,300	1,495	25	20	10
Breton	11,845	5,765	6,080	15	10	10
Corsican	1,750	950	805	20	20	0
French	4,670,595	2,278,430	2,392,165	149,625	70,065	79,565
Western European origins (except French origins)	4,600,855	2,258,095	2,342,760	125,110	59,420	65,690
Austrian	207,050	100,775	106,275	1,775	880	895
Bavarian	940	485	455	10	10	10
Belgian	186,665	91,395	95,270	2,615	1,320	1,305
Dutch	1,111,655	546,565	565,090	32,045	14,640	17,410
Flemish	11,685	5,730	5,960	160	80	80
Frisian	4,590	2,395	2,195	50	20	30
German	3,322,405	1,626,785	1,695,615	97,555	46,450	51,100
Luxembourger	3,915	2,025	1,890	30	20	10
Swiss	155,120	76,935	78,185	2,705	1,335	1,375
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	3,365	1,645	1,720	140	75	60
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	1,201,320	579,005	622,315	14,985	7,075	7,910
Danish	207,470	100,660	106,810	3,700	1,695	2,005
Finnish	143,645	69,045	74,600	1,140	505	630
Icelandic	101,795	49,875	51,915	660	295	370
Norwegian	463,275	223,075	240,200	5,170	2,535	2,635
Swedish	349,645	163,545	186,095	3,565	1,575	1,990
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	52,780	26,965	25,820	1,365	750	620
Eastern European origins	3,431,245	1,666,740	1,764,505	29,685	14,315	15,370
Bulgarian	34,565	16,935	17,625	280	130	145
Byelorussian	20,710	10,190	10,515	195	85	105
Czech	104,580	51,555	53,030	1,165	620	545
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	40,715	19,235	21,480	420	175	245
Estonian	24,530	11,715	12,815	345	185	165
Hungarian	348,085	170,040	178,045	2,700	1,320	1,380
Latvian	30,725	14,920	15,805	380	160	220
Lithuanian	59,285	28,745	30,535	1,150	510	635
Moldovan	14,915	7,265	7,650	10	0	10
Polish	1,106,585	533,830	572,750	11,575	5,525	6,050
Romanian	238,050	114,705	123,345	1,190	540	650
Russian	622,445	297,600	324,850	4,775	2,210	2,570
Slovak	72,285	35,360	36,925	610	320	290
Ukrainian	1,359,655	663,560	696,095	9,115	4,475	4,640
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	20,415	9,895	10,520	310	150	160
Southern European origins	3,012,375	1,494,605	1,517,775	28,680	13,790	14,890
Albanian	36,185	18,385	17,800	285	140	145
Bosnian	26,740	13,320	13,420	155	75	75
Catalan	1,280	740	535	0	0	0
Croatian	133,970	67,825	66,140	680	325	360
Cypriot	5,650	2,850	2,795	40	30	15
Greek	271,410	137,405	134,005	3,360	1,705	1,650
Italian	1,587,965	794,525	793,445	15,620	7,605	8,015
Kosovar	2,865	1,470	1,395	255	115	145
Macedonian	43,110	21,650	21,460	165	90	80
Maltese	41,920	20,955	20,965	440	215	220
Montenegrin	4,160	2,180	1,985	20	10	10
Portuguese	482,605	239,360	243,250	3,580	1,700	1,880
Serbian	96,530	49,095	47,440	255	120	135
Sicilian	6,940	3,500	3,435	40	20	15
Slovenian	40,470	20,105	20,365	150	70	85
Spanish	396,460	184,520	211,945	4,300	1,875	2,425
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	38,480	18,620	19,860	400	205	200
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	2,170	1,030	1,135	85	50	40
Other European origins	226,695	115,110	111,580	5,465	2,845	2,625
Basque	6,965	3,690	3,275	160	75	85
Jewish	143,660	72,625	71,035	2,040	1,040	1,000
Roma (Gypsy)	4,630	2,195	2,440	135	110	25
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	4,870	2,560	2,310	25	25	0
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	67,890	34,730	33,160	3,145	1,610	1,535
Caribbean origins	749,155	349,810	399,345	5,220	2,580	2,640
Antiguan	4,500	2,115	2,385	100	50	55
Bahamian	3,675	1,915	1,760	230	105	115
Barbadian	37,780	17,745	20,035	575	300	275
Bermudan	3,075	1,435	1,640	185	90	100
Carib	3,030	1,175	1,860	45	30	10
Cuban	29,065	13,800	15,270	340	145	195
Dominican	23,130	11,000	12,125	150	85	65
Grenadian	17,915	7,835	10,080	35	20	20
Guadeloupean	1,125	515	605	0	0	0
Haitian	165,095	76,460	88,635	115	50	65
Jamaican	309,485	145,080	164,410	2,075	1,050	1,025
Kittitian/Nevisian	2,915	1,460	1,460	45	15	30
Martinican	2,010	900	1,110	10	10	0
Montserratan	930	460	470	10	10	0
Puerto Rican	3,405	1,645	1,765	115	40	75
St. Lucian	8,985	4,095	4,890	65	20	50
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	78,965	37,325	41,635	325	170	155
Vincentian/Grenadinian	17,420	7,475	9,945	35	20	15
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	70,270	31,625	38,645	785	420	365
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	26,830	12,520	14,310	330	155	180
Latin, Central and South American origins	674,640	325,210	349,430	3,055	1,525	1,525
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	22,725	10,875	11,850	185	90	100
Arawak	1,440	610	830	0	0	0
Argentinian	20,680	10,130	10,545	65	40	25
Belizean	1,755	915	845	25	20	10
Bolivian	5,055	2,480	2,580	40	20	15
Brazilian	36,830	17,380	19,455	280	140	135
Chilean	45,190	22,280	22,910	130	80	45
Colombian	96,325	45,590	50,735	430	210	225
Costa Rican	5,535	2,680	2,855	35	10	25
Ecuadorian	25,405	11,995	13,415	50	20	30
Guatemalan	26,275	13,360	12,915	90	65	35
Guyanese	84,275	39,530	44,745	350	160	195
Hispanic	11,055	5,380	5,670	60	35	25
Honduran	10,650	5,235	5,415	50	35	20
Maya	6,285	3,350	2,940	70	35	30
Mexican	128,485	62,890	65,595	810	415	395
Nicaraguan	13,705	6,650	7,055	45	20	25
Panamanian	4,700	2,210	2,495	25	10	15
Paraguayan	4,325	2,165	2,160	0	0	0
Peruvian	42,145	19,645	22,505	180	85	95
Salvadorean	66,220	32,960	33,255	110	75	35
Uruguayan	6,795	3,390	3,410	15	0	20
Venezuelan	26,345	12,220	14,125	80	50	30
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	28,455	13,930	14,525	185	80	105
African origins	1,067,930	539,805	528,120	17,655	8,560	9,095
Central and West African origins	230,110	118,040	112,070	1,335	700	635
Akan	1,955	1,090	870	10	0	10
Angolan	2,960	1,475	1,480	10	0	10
Ashanti	1,585	855	735	0	10	0
Beninese	4,995	2,670	2,320	20	10	10
Burkinabe	3,150	1,665	1,485	0	0	10
Cameroonian	24,615	12,390	12,230	70	35	35
Chadian	1,845	955	885	0	0	0
Congolese	38,365	18,925	19,440	180	95	85
Edo	1,945	1,095	855	0	0	0
Ewe	845	470	375	0	0	0
Gabonese	1,405	660	750	10	0	0
Gambian	975	495	475	10	0	10
Ghanaian	35,495	17,720	17,770	185	105	85
Guinean	7,240	3,785	3,455	30	20	10
Ibo	5,315	2,850	2,470	90	50	40
Ivorian	10,935	5,485	5,450	10	0	0
Liberian	2,485	1,130	1,360	15	10	10
Malian	4,490	2,280	2,210	10	0	10
Malinké	1,125	585	535	15	10	10
Nigerian	51,835	27,025	24,805	445	240	210
Peulh	2,435	1,270	1,170	0	10	0
Senegalese	10,175	5,500	4,670	10	10	0
Sierra Leonean	2,620	1,330	1,295	80	45	35
Togolese	5,300	2,870	2,430	70	30	35
Wolof	840	495	345	0	0	0
Yoruba	9,585	5,075	4,515	65	25	45
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	15,380	7,940	7,445	120	65	50
North African origins	355,045	185,775	169,270	2,030	1,045	980
Algerian	67,335	34,755	32,580	85	45	40
Berber	37,060	19,685	17,375	70	50	20
Coptic	3,535	1,860	1,680	30	10	20
Dinka	900	500	400	0	0	0
Egyptian	99,140	51,730	47,410	1,295	695	600
Libyan	7,740	4,135	3,605	215	105	110
Maure	1,190	655	535	10	0	10
Moroccan	103,940	54,005	49,945	130	60	70
Sudanese	19,960	10,315	9,645	130	50	80
Tunisian	25,645	13,985	11,665	65	25	35
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	6,115	3,320	2,795	90	40	50
Southern and East African origins	260,145	128,325	131,815	1,865	920	945
Afrikaner	1,870	955	915	25	10	20
Amhara	1,530	815	715	10	10	0
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	3,965	2,175	1,785	10	10	0
Burundian	10,990	5,405	5,580	10	0	0
Djiboutian	1,710	790	920	0	0	0
Eritrean	25,255	12,830	12,430	160	85	75
Ethiopian	44,065	21,680	22,385	280	120	155
Harari	665	355	305	0	0	0
Kenyan	10,915	5,230	5,685	160	85	75
Malagasy	4,500	2,175	2,325	20	0	15
Mauritian	9,325	4,655	4,665	0	0	0
Oromo	3,350	1,745	1,605	25	15	15
Rwandan	10,775	5,065	5,705	105	55	50
Seychellois	1,285	575	710	0	0	0
Somali	62,550	30,215	32,330	180	75	100
South African	41,375	20,575	20,800	520	255	265
Tanzanian	4,710	2,400	2,310	60	45	20
Tigrian	2,155	1,160	995	15	0	10
Ugandan	5,705	2,875	2,830	60	25	40
Zambian	1,860	935	920	80	35	50
Zimbabwean	8,090	3,975	4,110	100	55	45
Zulu	945	475	475	0	0	0
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	17,305	8,445	8,860	170	100	75
Other African origins	239,560	116,400	123,165	12,620	5,990	6,635
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	30,385	14,015	16,370	2,255	1,060	1,195
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	212,005	103,790	108,215	10,460	4,965	5,495
Asian origins	6,095,235	2,958,120	3,137,115	42,500	21,445	21,050
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	1,011,145	518,170	492,980	17,205	8,915	8,295
Afghan	83,995	42,320	41,675	230	80	150
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	111,400	58,930	52,475	1,600	835	770
Armenian	63,810	31,505	32,305	265	160	110
Assyrian	13,835	7,115	6,720	10	10	0
Azerbaijani	6,425	3,230	3,200	20	20	0
Georgian	4,775	2,430	2,345	20	15	10
Hazara	1,515	810	705	0	0	0
Iranian	210,405	106,565	103,840	1,405	785	620
Iraqi	70,925	35,965	34,955	595	270	325
Israeli	28,735	15,065	13,675	245	120	120
Jordanian	14,250	7,520	6,735	260	150	115
Kazakh	3,330	1,615	1,710	45	30	20
Kurd	16,315	8,810	7,515	230	120	115
Kuwaiti	2,235	1,185	1,055	245	115	130
Kyrgyz	1,060	510	550	0	0	0
Lebanese	219,555	112,970	106,590	7,445	3,815	3,630
Palestinian	44,820	23,900	20,920	990	535	455
Pashtun	4,810	2,565	2,245	30	15	10
Saudi Arabian	6,810	3,935	2,880	725	470	255
Syrian	77,045	38,445	38,600	2,190	1,090	1,100
Tajik	2,905	1,410	1,495	20	10	10
Tatar	4,825	2,155	2,670	40	15	25
Turk	63,955	32,855	31,100	690	320	370
Turkmen	1,040	540	500	10	10	10
Uighur	1,555	775	785	10	10	0
Uzbek	3,920	1,920	2,000	90	60	30
Yemeni	6,645	3,335	3,305	205	105	95
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	25,280	13,180	12,100	780	410	370
South Asian origins	1,963,330	993,595	969,735	8,495	4,690	3,805
Bangladeshi	45,940	23,645	22,300	240	135	110
Bengali	22,900	11,730	11,180	65	40	20
Bhutanese	3,600	1,765	1,835	225	100	125
East Indian	1,374,710	694,990	679,720	6,255	3,460	2,795
Goan	6,070	2,915	3,155	10	10	0
Gujarati	8,350	4,305	4,050	10	0	0
Kashmiri	3,115	1,605	1,510	0	10	0
Nepali	17,140	8,715	8,420	430	220	210
Pakistani	215,555	110,420	105,140	665	405	260
Punjabi	118,400	61,155	57,240	230	110	115
Sinhalese	7,285	3,605	3,685	40	10	30
Sri Lankan	152,595	75,010	77,585	340	150	190
Tamil	48,670	24,845	23,825	60	30	35
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	76,400	38,815	37,585	470	290	175
East and Southeast Asian origins	3,163,360	1,467,205	1,696,155	16,715	7,850	8,870
Burmese	9,335	4,535	4,795	15	0	10
Cambodian (Khmer)	38,490	18,515	19,980	55	15	40
Chinese	1,769,195	836,150	933,045	9,695	4,720	4,980
Filipino	837,130	369,105	468,025	3,580	1,585	1,995
Hmong	805	420	390	0	0	0
Indonesian	21,390	9,950	11,440	140	65	75
Japanese	121,485	53,415	68,070	905	385	515
Karen	4,510	2,275	2,240	0	0	0
Korean	198,210	93,680	104,525	1,590	700	895
Laotian	24,580	12,190	12,390	15	0	10
Malaysian	16,920	7,735	9,185	80	30	45
Mongolian	7,480	3,560	3,915	55	30	30
Singaporean	2,850	1,325	1,520	10	10	0
Taiwanese	36,510	16,570	19,945	240	100	140
Thai	19,010	7,330	11,680	245	85	155
Tibetan	8,040	4,055	3,985	10	0	10
Vietnamese	240,615	115,935	124,680	760	355	410
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	6,500	3,150	3,355	75	45	25
Other Asian origins	22,745	11,280	11,460	410	190	215
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	22,740	11,280	11,460	410	190	215
Oceania origins	85,470	43,030	42,440	895	450	445
Australian	42,315	21,710	20,605	490	255	235
New Zealander	15,395	8,065	7,330	290	155	130
Pacific Islands origins	29,485	14,240	15,250	125	55	70
Fijian	19,375	9,280	10,090	15	10	10
Hawaiian	3,295	1,500	1,795	25	10	15
Maori	2,500	1,310	1,195	40	20	25
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	1,530	725	805	20	15	10
Samoan	1,100	625	475	10	0	10
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	2,335	1,145	1,185	30	0	20
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	14,072,075	...	...	401,990	...	...
Owner	9,541,320	...	...	276,095	...	...
Renter	4,474,530	...	...	123,595	...	...
Band housing	56,230	...	...	2,300	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	14,072,075	...	...	401,990	...	...
Condominium	1,874,840	...	...	13,370	...	...
Not condominium	12,197,240	...	...	388,625	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	14,072,080	...	...	401,990	...	...
No bedrooms	93,345	...	...	1,140	...	...
1 bedroom	1,925,015	...	...	45,675	...	...
2 bedrooms	3,547,090	...	...	105,410	...	...
3 bedrooms	4,836,485	...	...	158,975	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	3,670,145	...	...	90,785	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	14,072,075	...	...	401,990	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	4,068,915	...	...	87,755	...	...
5 rooms	2,177,045	...	...	64,655	...	...
6 rooms	1,981,585	...	...	66,855	...	...
7 rooms	1,790,180	...	...	57,085	...	...
8 or more rooms	4,054,355	...	...	125,635	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	14,072,080	...	...	401,990	...	...
One person or fewer per room	13,802,060	...	...	399,855	...	...
More than 1 person per room	270,020	...	...	2,130	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	14,072,075	...	...	401,990	...	...
Suitable	13,376,345	...	...	390,445	...	...
Not suitable	695,730	...	...	11,540	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	14,072,080	...	...	401,990	...	...
1960 or before	3,126,380	...	...	112,530	...	...
1961 to 1980	4,185,510	...	...	113,715	...	...
1981 to 1990	1,977,640	...	...	59,105	...	...
1991 to 2000	1,746,390	...	...	49,825	...	...
2001 to 2005	976,390	...	...	23,045	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,089,750	...	...	23,925	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	970,015	...	...	19,840	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	14,072,080	...	...	401,990	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	13,151,600	...	...	366,615	...	...
Major repairs needed	920,480	...	...	35,375	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	14,072,080	...	...	401,990	...	...
1 household maintainer	8,324,865	...	...	241,800	...	...
2 household maintainers	5,404,800	...	...	152,970	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	342,415	...	...	7,220	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	14,072,080	...	...	401,990	...	...
15 to 24 years	437,230	...	...	14,575	...	...
25 to 34 years	1,991,685	...	...	49,695	...	...
35 to 44 years	2,414,920	...	...	59,550	...	...
45 to 54 years	2,862,870	...	...	77,555	...	...
55 to 64 years	2,859,315	...	...	85,360	...	...
65 to 74 years	2,034,220	...	...	66,865	...	...
75 to 84 years	1,084,700	...	...	35,980	...	...
85 years and over	387,135	...	...	12,405	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	13,798,305	...	...	395,860	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	10,472,355	...	...	310,540	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	3,325,950	...	...	85,315	...	...
30% to less than 100%	2,861,615	...	...	74,290	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	9,368,330	...	...	273,525	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	60.7	...	...	55.2	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	16.6	...	...	12.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,130	...	...	819	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,313	...	...	987	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	341,556	...	...	199,886	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	443,058	...	...	230,441	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	4,452,850	...	...	123,060	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	13.0	...	...	12.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	40.0	...	...	42.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	910	...	...	849	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,002	...	...	909	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	28,643,015	13,990,435	14,652,580	774,745	372,455	402,295
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,239,575	2,667,995	2,571,585	153,705	79,885	73,825
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	7,576,400	3,686,630	3,889,770	195,900	95,205	100,695
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	15,827,040	7,635,805	8,191,230	425,140	197,365	227,775
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,800,260	1,906,610	893,650	76,810	54,075	22,735
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	1,549,880	880,365	669,515	42,625	25,015	17,610
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	1,250,385	1,026,250	224,140	34,185	29,060	5,125
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	5,553,825	2,326,940	3,226,890	168,805	67,030	101,775
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	813,335	331,940	481,395	18,380	6,975	11,405
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	6,659,615	3,070,315	3,589,300	161,150	69,290	91,855
Bachelor's degree	4,443,835	1,967,905	2,475,935	108,385	45,185	63,205
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	462,295	203,725	258,570	9,495	4,020	5,475
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	190,925	102,530	88,395	4,700	2,595	2,110
Master's degree	1,331,045	651,510	679,535	32,645	13,840	18,805
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	231,510	144,640	86,870	5,925	3,655	2,270
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	18,931,380	9,268,555	9,662,830	494,505	237,795	256,710
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,169,790	1,200,110	969,685	60,280	34,820	25,460
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	4,494,585	2,247,020	2,247,565	116,280	57,600	58,675
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	12,267,005	5,821,425	6,445,580	317,950	145,375	172,570
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,042,430	1,377,775	664,650	52,370	37,255	15,115
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	1,145,035	639,785	505,250	29,105	17,300	11,810
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	897,390	737,990	159,405	23,265	19,955	3,310
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	4,241,985	1,786,065	2,455,920	128,010	51,890	76,120
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	580,885	240,040	340,850	11,595	4,325	7,275
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	5,401,705	2,417,555	2,984,155	125,970	51,905	74,065
Bachelor's degree	3,590,080	1,562,160	2,027,925	85,240	34,830	50,410
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	362,455	151,205	211,250	6,895	2,610	4,285
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	153,290	74,440	78,855	3,775	1,850	1,925
Master's degree	1,120,190	527,335	592,850	26,025	10,380	15,640
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	175,685	102,415	73,275	4,045	2,240	1,805
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585	774,750	372,455	402,295
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	12,815,980	6,354,625	6,461,350	349,605	175,090	174,520
Education	1,060,095	251,290	808,800	31,395	8,460	22,930
13. Education	1,060,095	251,290	808,805	31,390	8,465	22,930
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	596,230	268,050	328,180	10,700	5,095	5,605
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	99,020	72,865	26,150	2,070	1,565	505
50. Visual and performing arts	497,210	195,185	302,025	8,635	3,530	5,100
Humanities	850,840	330,490	520,345	18,830	7,520	11,310
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	98,000	22,100	75,900	1,175	355	820
23. English language and literature/letters	178,590	52,785	125,810	5,110	1,530	3,580
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	275,525	104,135	171,390	4,545	1,540	3,000
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	4,160	1,640	2,520	65	25	35
38. Philosophy and religious studies	51,930	30,185	21,750	1,240	675	565
39. Theology and religious vocations	77,490	46,285	31,200	2,200	1,340	860
54. History	111,465	59,965	51,500	3,615	1,865	1,755
55. French language and literature/letters	53,680	13,400	40,290	880	190	695
Social and behavioural sciences and law	1,761,900	586,455	1,175,445	40,155	11,980	28,175
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	24,685	5,660	19,025	635	145	490
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	182,275	68,030	114,245	3,285	1,260	2,025
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	324,660	26,065	298,595	9,115	750	8,365
22. Legal professions and studies	289,600	102,660	186,945	6,110	1,920	4,185
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	35,445	8,150	27,295	610	135	475
42. Psychology	281,470	71,230	210,230	8,170	2,060	6,110
45. Social sciences	623,775	304,660	319,110	12,240	5,710	6,520
Business, management and public administration	3,360,045	1,272,475	2,087,565	93,075	27,030	66,045
30.16 Accounting and computer science	6,190	1,850	4,340	205	55	150
44. Public administration and social service professions	237,835	48,815	189,015	6,285	1,345	4,940
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	3,116,025	1,221,805	1,894,215	86,590	25,630	60,960
Physical and life sciences and technologies	614,280	315,665	298,615	15,340	7,650	7,685
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	249,955	105,560	144,400	6,910	2,990	3,925
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	125,600	61,685	63,915	3,340	1,455	1,880
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	28,155	12,625	15,530	165	35	120
40. Physical sciences	179,305	122,815	56,485	4,260	3,005	1,255
41. Science technologies/technicians	31,270	12,980	18,290	665	165	500
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	651,480	420,370	231,110	15,745	9,355	6,390
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	514,685	356,435	158,250	12,750	8,055	4,695
25. Library science	40,820	6,495	34,320	1,210	175	1,040
27. Mathematics and statistics	86,655	50,930	35,725	1,590	995	600
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	9,325	6,510	2,815	200	135	65
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	3,327,405	3,022,700	304,700	92,920	87,340	5,580
04. Architecture and related services	114,315	72,880	41,435	1,370	860	510
14. Engineering	752,465	615,880	136,585	11,925	10,290	1,640
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	620,065	551,855	68,205	17,805	16,110	1,695
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	410	85	325	10	0	10
46. Construction trades	702,155	682,710	19,445	24,800	24,235	570
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	731,135	709,430	21,705	25,465	24,680	780
48. Precision production	406,855	389,850	17,005	11,545	11,165	380
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	339,050	219,040	120,010	7,630	4,615	3,015
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	205,930	127,925	78,005	4,215	2,160	2,055
03. Natural resources and conservation	133,120	91,115	42,005	3,410	2,450	960
Health and related fields	2,266,720	441,180	1,825,545	66,770	10,595	56,175
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	164,295	81,260	83,040	3,560	1,730	1,825
51. Health professions and related programs	2,047,680	329,010	1,718,670	61,755	7,955	53,800
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	54,740	30,910	23,830	1,460	910	550
Personal, protective and transportation services	995,825	507,200	488,630	32,535	17,700	14,830
12. Personal and culinary services	565,555	151,530	414,025	17,625	4,455	13,170
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	3,505	3,080	420	250	240	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	7,900	7,230	670	905	850	50
43. Security and protective services	206,745	150,540	56,205	4,540	3,535	1,005
49. Transportation and materials moving	212,125	194,810	17,315	9,220	8,625	600
Other	3,170	885	2,280	45	10	40
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	3,170	890	2,280	50	10	40
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	18,931,385	9,268,555	9,662,825	494,505	237,795	256,710
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	6,664,380	3,447,130	3,217,250	176,560	92,420	84,135
Education	727,515	160,315	567,205	20,590	4,940	15,650
13. Education	727,515	160,315	567,200	20,585	4,940	15,650
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	467,905	208,365	259,545	8,145	3,855	4,285
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	74,530	53,995	20,535	1,515	1,140	375
50. Visual and performing arts	393,375	154,370	239,005	6,630	2,715	3,915
Humanities	614,815	232,425	382,390	13,745	5,275	8,465
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	76,540	16,200	60,340	895	280	615
23. English language and literature/letters	133,800	38,310	95,485	3,800	1,095	2,705
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	191,005	71,770	119,235	3,425	1,125	2,305
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	3,140	1,250	1,895	60	25	35
38. Philosophy and religious studies	37,870	21,930	15,940	910	490	420
39. Theology and religious vocations	52,295	31,200	21,090	1,330	795	535
54. History	82,565	43,475	39,085	2,710	1,340	1,370
55. French language and literature/letters	37,600	8,285	29,315	620	130	490
Social and behavioural sciences and law	1,417,625	453,100	964,525	32,650	9,150	23,500
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	20,300	4,595	15,705	520	110	410
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	152,080	56,125	95,955	2,750	1,030	1,720
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	259,845	19,160	240,685	7,395	580	6,810
22. Legal professions and studies	241,170	76,720	164,445	5,225	1,380	3,845
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	27,310	6,390	20,920	460	100	355
42. Psychology	218,470	51,570	166,900	6,545	1,580	4,970
45. Social sciences	498,450	238,540	259,915	9,755	4,360	5,390
Business, management and public administration	2,696,770	1,000,895	1,695,875	69,255	20,285	48,970
30.16 Accounting and computer science	4,955	1,480	3,475	175	40	135
44. Public administration and social service professions	192,190	36,890	155,305	5,140	1,025	4,120
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	2,499,625	962,530	1,537,095	63,935	19,220	44,715
Physical and life sciences and technologies	449,870	222,120	227,755	11,075	5,385	5,690
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	195,830	79,945	115,880	5,285	2,240	3,045
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	89,205	42,265	46,945	2,390	1,030	1,360
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	9,280	3,850	5,430	130	30	100
40. Physical sciences	132,935	87,025	45,905	2,910	2,005	905
41. Science technologies/technicians	22,625	9,035	13,590	365	85	275
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	567,415	368,840	198,575	13,625	8,240	5,385
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	464,000	321,805	142,190	11,505	7,330	4,170
25. Library science	29,955	4,870	25,080	815	115	700
27. Mathematics and statistics	65,620	36,895	28,725	1,130	660	470
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	7,840	5,270	2,575	175	125	50
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	2,532,555	2,271,735	260,820	67,930	63,180	4,750
04. Architecture and related services	93,135	57,280	35,850	1,020	585	430
14. Engineering	612,265	490,980	121,285	8,585	7,230	1,355
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	475,045	418,595	56,450	13,410	11,920	1,495
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	350	70	275	0	0	10
46. Construction trades	515,630	499,670	15,960	18,355	17,835	515
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	540,800	523,425	17,375	18,540	17,910	625
48. Precision production	295,335	281,715	13,620	8,020	7,700	325
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	269,445	167,680	101,770	5,995	3,475	2,520
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	159,975	94,680	65,295	3,270	1,570	1,695
03. Natural resources and conservation	109,470	73,000	36,470	2,725	1,905	825
Health and related fields	1,749,545	342,395	1,407,145	50,220	8,215	42,010
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	129,560	63,315	66,245	2,730	1,350	1,380
51. Health professions and related programs	1,576,945	256,895	1,320,050	46,385	6,215	40,165
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	43,040	22,185	20,860	1,110	650	460
Personal, protective and transportation services	770,950	392,820	378,135	24,685	13,375	11,310
12. Personal and culinary services	431,415	114,395	317,025	13,490	3,480	10,000
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	2,725	2,355	375	205	200	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	4,425	3,975	445	475	435	40
43. Security and protective services	162,995	116,750	46,240	3,465	2,655	815
49. Transportation and materials moving	169,400	155,340	14,050	7,045	6,595	450
Other	2,590	745	1,845	45	10	40
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	2,585	740	1,845	50	10	35
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	28,643,015	13,990,435	14,652,585	774,745	372,455	402,295
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	12,815,975	6,354,625	6,461,350	349,605	175,090	174,515
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	15,827,040	7,635,805	8,191,235	425,145	197,365	227,775
Location of study inside Canada	13,117,190	6,299,305	6,817,890	396,690	182,875	213,810
Same as province or territory of residence	11,519,215	5,503,640	6,015,575	315,140	141,965	173,175
Different than province or territory of residence	1,597,975	795,655	802,315	81,550	40,915	40,640
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	2,709,850	1,336,505	1,373,345	28,450	14,485	13,965
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	349,540	189,995	159,545	7,950	4,110	3,840
Philippines	298,830	109,820	189,020	1,530	540	995
India	281,415	142,410	138,995	1,755	935	825
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	232,035	131,050	100,980	5,530	3,225	2,305
China^{Census data footnote 162}	205,375	94,690	110,685	1,080	445	635
France	88,860	50,400	38,455	350	210	145
Other	1,253,790	618,135	635,655	10,255	5,030	5,225
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	18,931,380	9,268,555	9,662,830	494,510	237,800	256,710
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	6,664,380	3,447,125	3,217,250	176,560	92,420	84,140
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	12,267,005	5,821,430	6,445,575	317,950	145,380	172,575
Location of study inside Canada	10,134,590	4,807,045	5,327,545	297,430	135,465	161,965
Same as province or territory of residence	8,918,160	4,207,495	4,710,665	236,720	105,480	131,235
Different than province or territory of residence	1,216,425	599,545	616,875	60,710	29,980	30,730
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	2,132,415	1,014,385	1,118,030	20,525	9,915	10,605
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	254,245	131,955	122,290	4,905	2,370	2,540
Philippines	263,095	96,025	167,065	1,415	520	900
India	239,535	117,445	122,090	1,385	725	660
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	133,655	73,575	60,085	3,455	1,930	1,525
China^{Census data footnote 162}	175,825	79,635	96,190	810	335	475
France	72,920	40,610	32,310	245	140	100
Other	993,135	475,145	517,990	8,305	3,900	4,405
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	28,643,020	13,990,430	14,652,585	774,750	372,455	402,290
In the labour force	18,672,475	9,731,830	8,940,645	474,595	242,775	231,820
Employed	17,230,040	8,923,540	8,306,490	427,310	215,010	212,305
Unemployed	1,442,435	808,285	634,150	47,280	27,765	19,520
Not in the labour force	9,970,545	4,258,605	5,711,945	300,155	129,680	170,475
Participation rate	65.2	69.6	61.0	61.3	65.2	57.6
Employment rate	60.2	63.8	56.7	55.2	57.7	52.8
Unemployment rate	7.7	8.3	7.1	10.0	11.4	8.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	28,643,020	13,990,430	14,652,580	774,750	372,455	402,295
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	9,282,005	3,930,570	5,351,440	274,375	117,550	156,825
Worked	19,361,010	10,059,865	9,301,150	500,370	254,905	245,465
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	9,626,010	5,402,110	4,223,895	252,820	135,940	116,880
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	9,735,005	4,657,755	5,077,245	247,550	118,965	128,585
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.4	42.9	42.0	41.6	41.5	41.7
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	18,672,470	9,731,825	8,940,640	474,590	242,775	231,820
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	404,350	197,705	206,640	9,265	4,800	4,470
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	18,268,125	9,534,120	8,734,000	465,330	237,975	227,350
Employee	16,073,685	8,158,745	7,914,940	420,745	210,170	210,570
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	2,194,440	1,375,380	819,060	44,585	27,805	16,775
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	18,672,470	9,731,830	8,940,645	474,595	242,775	231,820
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	404,350	197,710	206,640	9,265	4,800	4,470
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	18,268,120	9,534,120	8,734,005	465,330	237,975	227,350
0 Management occupations	2,013,370	1,251,165	762,205	45,530	27,170	18,365
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	2,874,305	862,870	2,011,440	67,495	17,930	49,565
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	1,273,660	990,560	283,105	27,450	21,980	5,465
3 Health occupations	1,245,885	244,730	1,001,155	37,600	6,290	31,310
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	2,138,445	672,945	1,465,495	58,165	20,975	37,185
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	557,275	255,705	301,570	12,490	5,560	6,930
6 Sales and service occupations	4,265,895	1,843,510	2,422,390	113,135	45,385	67,750
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	2,668,875	2,504,290	164,585	67,625	64,200	3,430
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	416,135	331,920	84,215	18,380	15,730	2,650
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	814,285	576,435	237,845	17,460	12,755	4,705
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	18,672,475	9,731,830	8,940,640	474,595	242,775	231,820
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	404,350	197,710	206,640	9,265	4,795	4,465
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	18,268,125	9,534,120	8,734,000	465,330	237,975	227,350
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	444,680	310,000	134,675	17,775	14,165	3,610
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	271,300	219,880	51,420	4,025	3,630	390
22 Utilities	136,350	100,135	36,210	2,880	2,115	760
23 Construction	1,365,010	1,196,550	168,455	33,555	30,185	3,370
31-33 Manufacturing	1,596,570	1,149,745	446,820	32,375	23,565	8,810
41 Wholesale trade	665,685	451,230	214,455	13,345	9,650	3,690
44-45 Retail trade	2,110,200	984,090	1,126,115	59,570	26,295	33,280
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	876,050	656,375	219,670	19,660	14,980	4,680
51 Information and cultural industries	420,350	243,650	176,705	9,310	5,250	4,055
52 Finance and insurance	790,580	327,865	462,715	15,240	5,690	9,545
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	333,305	184,350	148,955	6,870	3,890	2,980
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	1,335,125	740,520	594,605	26,065	14,090	11,975
55 Management of companies and enterprises	28,795	12,795	16,000	625	255	365
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	802,420	462,825	339,590	22,240	12,950	9,295
61 Educational services	1,346,585	420,845	925,735	35,480	11,705	23,780
62 Health care and social assistance	2,138,025	383,755	1,754,270	64,390	10,435	53,955
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	379,740	192,875	186,865	9,385	4,555	4,835
72 Accommodation and food services	1,283,725	535,210	748,515	33,115	12,095	21,025
81 Other services (except public administration)	814,695	371,880	442,815	19,195	8,875	10,320
91 Public administration	1,128,945	589,530	539,405	40,225	23,590	16,635
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	17,230,035	8,923,540	8,306,495	427,310	215,010	212,300
Worked at home	1,272,285	639,500	632,785	28,075	13,780	14,300
Worked outside Canada	78,815	54,235	24,580	1,665	1,185	485
No fixed workplace address	1,987,260	1,487,445	499,820	51,545	38,965	12,575
Worked at usual place	13,891,675	6,742,360	7,149,315	346,020	161,075	184,945
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	13,891,680	6,742,365	7,149,315	346,020	161,075	184,945
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	8,102,115	3,723,115	4,379,005	251,000	116,125	134,875
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	2,906,390	1,435,640	1,470,750	57,510	23,850	33,655
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,725,205	1,492,170	1,233,030	32,230	17,425	14,805
Commute to a different province or territory	157,970	91,445	66,525	5,285	3,675	1,610
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	15,878,940	8,229,810	7,649,135	397,570	200,045	197,525
Car, truck, van - as a driver	11,748,095	6,380,120	5,367,975	310,240	159,660	150,580
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	868,920	349,855	519,065	29,150	12,090	17,055
Public transit	1,968,215	846,735	1,121,485	25,315	11,425	13,890
Walked	877,985	392,950	485,030	24,870	11,635	13,235
Bicycle	222,130	146,615	75,515	2,480	1,695	785
Other method	193,595	113,525	80,060	5,520	3,535	1,985
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	15,878,945	8,229,810	7,649,130	397,565	200,045	197,525
Less than 15 minutes	4,449,920	2,071,365	2,378,555	136,245	62,375	73,880
15 to 29 minutes	5,314,295	2,725,165	2,589,130	145,310	73,055	72,260
30 to 44 minutes	3,228,845	1,782,680	1,446,165	69,795	37,770	32,025
45 to 59 minutes	1,391,060	768,115	622,940	24,405	13,070	11,335
60 minutes and over	1,494,830	882,485	612,345	21,815	13,785	8,030
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	15,878,940	8,229,810	7,649,135	397,570	200,045	197,520
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,073,680	781,230	292,455	23,775	16,345	7,430
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	2,814,750	1,754,045	1,060,710	76,185	44,615	31,570
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	4,458,835	2,217,210	2,241,620	119,920	60,740	59,185
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	3,349,975	1,408,710	1,941,265	83,505	32,835	50,670
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	1,756,265	752,940	1,003,325	35,470	14,005	21,465
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	2,425,435	1,315,670	1,109,765	58,715	31,510	27,205
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	19,956,255	10,342,970	9,613,285	514,080	261,365	252,710
Single responses	19,365,980	10,042,855	9,323,130	510,800	259,940	250,860
Official languages	19,090,545	9,897,470	9,193,075	509,100	258,990	250,105
English	15,265,335	7,952,010	7,313,320	502,960	256,380	246,585
French	3,825,215	1,945,465	1,879,750	6,135	2,615	3,525
Non-official languages	275,430	145,380	130,055	1,705	950	755
Aboriginal languages	24,950	12,385	12,565	650	350	295
Algonquian languages	14,440	7,370	7,070	650	355	295
Blackfoot	80	45	35	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	11,540	5,820	5,720	0	0	0
Atikamekw	1,095	580	515	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	2,055	970	1,085	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	370	180	190	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	40	25	10	0	0	0
Plains Cree	95	60	35	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	15	10	0	0	0	0
Woods Cree	75	35	40	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	7,795	3,965	3,835	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	925	510	420	645	350	290
Malecite	10	0	10	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	915	505	410	645	355	295
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,895	995	900	0	0	0
Algonquin	45	20	25	0	0	0
Ojibway	765	380	385	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	1,080	595	485	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	10	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	1,140	530	610	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	1,135	525	610	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	20	0	15	0	0	0
Chilcotin	20	0	10	0	0	0
Dene	770	360	405	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	165	80	80	0	0	0
Gwich'in	10	10	10	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	10	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	135	65	70	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	95	45	45	0	0	0
South Slavey	35	20	20	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	10	10	10	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	10	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	10	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	10	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	10	0	10	0	0	0
Inuit languages	8,845	4,255	4,595	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	35	10	25	0	0	0
Inuktitut	8,800	4,240	4,555	0	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	10	0	0
Iroquoian languages	35	10	30	0	0	0
Cayuga	10	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	35	10	25	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	10	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	110	25	85	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	15	10	10	0	0	0
Lillooet	15	10	10	0	0	0
Okanagan	20	10	20	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	35	0	30	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	15	0	15	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	10	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	260	155	105	0	0	0
Dakota	20	10	10	0	0	0
Stoney	240	145	95	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	10	10	10	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	25	0	20	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	10	10	10	0	0	0
Nisga'a	10	10	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	35	15	20	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	15	10	10	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	10	10	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	250,485	132,990	117,490	1,055	600	455
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,380	4,530	2,850	195	150	45
Berber languages	35	10	30	0	0	0
Kabyle	20	0	20	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	10	15	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	275	105	170	0	0	0
Bilen	10	10	10	0	0	0
Oromo	45	25	20	0	0	0
Somali	220	80	145	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	7,065	4,420	2,650	190	150	45
Amharic	200	95	100	10	0	10
Arabic	5,585	3,695	1,890	165	135	30
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	205	155	55	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	30	20	15	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	825	335	490	25	15	10
Maltese	25	15	10	0	0	0
Tigrigna	135	70	60	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30	0	0	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	8,550	3,790	4,760	10	0	10
Khmer (Cambodian)	475	230	245	0	0	0
Vietnamese	8,070	3,560	4,510	10	0	10
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,850	1,750	2,095	15	10	15
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	75	20	55	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	25	0	15	0	0	0
Ilocano	110	50	60	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	140	75	65	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	10	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,450	1,580	1,875	20	0	10
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0	0	0
Creole languages	350	125	225	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	25	10	15	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	315	110	200	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	2,225	1,060	1,165	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malayalam	90	50	45	0	0	0
Tamil	2,090	1,005	1,080	0	0	0
Telugu	45	10	35	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	10	0	0	10	0
Indo-European languages	85,550	47,305	38,245	385	225	160
Albanian	350	220	125	0	0	0
Armenian	450	220	230	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	10,075	4,745	5,330	30	20	15
Baltic languages	95	35	60	0	0	0
Latvian	40	10	25	0	0	0
Lithuanian	60	25	30	0	0	0
Slavic languages	9,980	4,710	5,270	25	20	10
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	155	90	65	0	0	0
Bulgarian	205	110	90	0	0	0
Croatian	220	130	95	0	0	0
Czech	70	40	30	0	0	0
Macedonian	95	45	55	0	0	0
Polish	2,500	1,265	1,235	0	0	0
Russian	4,850	2,135	2,720	25	20	10
Serbian	530	320	210	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	30	25	0	0	0	0
Slovak	100	60	40	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	0	10	0	0	0
Ukrainian	1,210	485	725	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	25	20	10	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	15	15	0	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0	0	0
Germanic languages	13,285	7,455	5,835	190	115	75
Afrikaans	85	40	40	0	0	0
Danish	90	50	35	10	10	10
Dutch	1,165	630	540	0	0	0
Frisian	40	25	15	0	0	0
German	10,065	5,715	4,345	155	85	65
Icelandic	0	10	0	0	0	0
Norwegian	65	30	40	0	0	0
Swedish	125	55	70	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	20	15	0	10	0
Yiddish	895	390	505	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	720	495	225	20	10	0
Greek	1,020	545	475	0	10	0
Indo-Iranian languages	37,330	21,140	16,190	50	30	20
Indo-Aryan languages	32,485	18,125	14,360	20	20	0
Bengali	530	275	245	0	0	0
Gujarati	880	300	585	0	0	0
Hindi	1,405	755	650	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	10	0	0	0	0	0
Marathi	30	15	15	0	0	0
Nepali	195	95	100	15	15	0
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	27,870	15,945	11,920	10	10	0
Sindhi	35	10	30	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	25	20	0	0	0
Urdu	1,495	705	790	0	0	0
Iranian languages	4,820	3,000	1,815	30	10	15
Kurdish	185	150	40	0	0	0
Pashto	50	20	25	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi)	4,580	2,830	1,750	30	10	20
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	23,025	12,965	10,060	105	50	60
Catalan	30	10	20	0	0	0
Italian	1,705	895	805	10	10	0
Portuguese	7,490	4,795	2,695	30	15	15
Romanian	745	365	380	0	0	0
Spanish	13,030	6,885	6,145	75	30	40
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0	0	0
Japanese	3,255	1,195	2,065	35	10	25
Kartvelian languages	30	10	20	0	0	0
Georgian	30	10	20	0	0	0
Korean	12,150	6,260	5,885	50	20	25
Mongolic languages	10	10	0	0	0	0
Mongolian	10	0	10	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	235	120	115	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	25	10	20	0	0	0
Bamanankan	10	0	0	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	10	0	0	0	0	0
Ganda	20	10	10	0	0	0
Igbo	10	10	0	0	0	0
Lingala	10	0	10	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	0	15	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	80	50	30	0	0	0
Wolof	10	0	10	0	0	0
Yoruba	15	0	15	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	20	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	1,920	740	1,180	45	20	25
American Sign Language	1,145	340	810	20	10	10
Quebec Sign Language	135	15	115	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	640	390	255	25	15	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	122,880	65,030	57,850	310	165	145
Chinese languages	122,610	64,880	57,730	305	165	145
Cantonese	58,815	30,485	28,340	80	45	35
Hakka	70	25	45	0	0	0
Mandarin	60,090	32,430	27,665	210	105	110
Min Dong	25	15	10	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	565	335	225	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	105	65	45	0	0	0
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,930	1,530	1,405	15	15	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	270	155	115	0	0	0
Burmese	75	35	35	0	0	0
Karenic languages	135	75	55	0	0	0
Tibetan	50	30	20	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	675	270	405	0	0	0
Lao	150	70	80	0	0	0
Thai	525	205	325	0	0	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	750	475	275	10	0	10
Azerbaijani	30	20	0	0	0	0
Turkish	685	435	255	10	0	10
Uyghur	15	15	0	0	0	0
Uzbek	15	10	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	595	270	325	0	0	0
Estonian	50	15	40	0	0	0
Finnish	105	40	65	0	0	0
Hungarian	435	225	215	0	0	0
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	80	45	35	10	10	0
Multiple responses	590,270	300,115	290,155	3,270	1,420	1,850
English and French	412,680	211,095	201,585	2,295	950	1,345
English and non-official language	154,285	77,870	76,420	930	460	470
French and non-official language	7,830	3,595	4,235	0	0	10
English, French and non-official language	15,475	7,565	7,915	40	15	30
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	19,956,250	10,342,970	9,613,290	514,075	261,365	252,710
None	17,456,725	9,056,235	8,400,490	491,875	250,710	241,170
English	1,259,225	661,460	597,765	5,115	2,370	2,745
French	705,780	349,035	356,745	13,405	6,555	6,855
Non-official language	496,565	257,455	239,105	3,430	1,600	1,825
Aboriginal	37,615	17,215	20,400	855	365	490
Non-Aboriginal	458,945	240,245	218,710	2,570	1,240	1,330
English and French	2,535	1,200	1,335	10	0	10
English and non-official language	18,040	8,765	9,280	0	10	0
French and non-official language	17,265	8,730	8,540	230	130	105
English, French and non-official language	115	90	30	0	0	0
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	34,091,785	16,783,745	17,308,035	900,450	436,790	463,660
Non-movers	29,644,795	14,593,190	15,051,605	792,100	384,560	407,535
Movers	4,446,990	2,190,555	2,256,435	108,350	52,230	56,120
Non-migrants	2,623,515	1,292,750	1,330,760	68,165	32,930	35,235
Migrants	1,823,475	897,805	925,670	40,185	19,300	20,885
Internal migrants	1,451,005	713,060	737,945	33,720	16,055	17,665
Intraprovincial migrants	1,189,525	580,895	608,630	18,480	8,390	10,090
Interprovincial migrants	261,475	132,160	129,315	15,240	7,665	7,570
External migrants	372,475	184,745	187,730	6,470	3,240	3,225
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	32,568,560	16,004,315	16,564,245	866,425	419,580	446,845
Non-movers	20,134,760	9,902,645	10,232,115	582,705	283,125	299,575
Movers	12,433,805	6,101,675	6,332,130	283,720	136,455	147,265
Non-migrants	6,755,630	3,314,730	3,440,905	169,570	81,405	88,165
Migrants	5,678,175	2,786,945	2,891,230	114,150	55,045	59,100
Internal migrants	4,296,720	2,104,325	2,192,395	94,885	45,015	49,860
Intraprovincial migrants	3,467,670	1,689,950	1,777,720	50,330	23,230	27,095
Interprovincial migrants	829,045	414,375	414,670	44,555	21,785	22,770
External migrants	1,381,460	682,625	698,835	19,270	10,035	9,240

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

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Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 22 referrer

Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 23 referrer

Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 24 referrer

Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 25 referrer

Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 26 referrer

Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 27 referrer

Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 28 referrer

Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 29 referrer

Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 32 referrer

Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 34 referrer

Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 35 referrer

Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 36 referrer

Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 37 referrer

Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 38 referrer

Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 39 referrer

Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 40 referrer

Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 41 referrer

Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 42 referrer

Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Return to footnote 43 referrer

Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

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Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

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Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. Canada [Country] and Nova Scotia [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 4, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Canada [Country] and Nova Scotia [Province]

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Canada [Country] and Nova Scotia [Province]