Census Profile, 2016 Census
Canada [Country] and New Brunswick [Province]

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	Canada [Country]			New Brunswick [Province]
	Data quality , Canada [Country] Map : Canada [Country] Change geography 1			Data quality : New Brunswick [Province] Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	35,151,728	...	...	747,101	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	33,476,688	...	...	751,171	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	5.0	...	...	-0.5	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	15,412,443	...	...	359,721	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	14,072,079	...	...	319,773	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	3.9	...	...	10.5	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	8,965,588.85	...	...	71,388.81	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	35,151,730	17,264,200	17,887,530	747,105	365,355	381,745
0 to 14 years	5,839,565	2,992,920	2,846,645	110,495	56,320	54,180
0 to 4 years	1,898,790	973,030	925,760	34,365	17,505	16,860
5 to 9 years	2,018,130	1,034,685	983,445	38,250	19,515	18,735
10 to 14 years	1,922,645	985,200	937,445	37,880	19,295	18,585
15 to 64 years	23,376,530	11,576,130	11,800,400	487,820	240,535	247,285
15 to 19 years	2,026,160	1,039,215	986,940	40,605	20,905	19,705
20 to 24 years	2,242,690	1,144,495	1,098,200	41,445	21,280	20,165
25 to 29 years	2,285,990	1,144,470	1,141,515	39,245	19,745	19,505
30 to 34 years	2,329,395	1,148,290	1,181,110	41,510	20,140	21,365
35 to 39 years	2,288,365	1,118,635	1,169,730	44,435	21,585	22,850
40 to 44 years	2,255,135	1,104,440	1,150,695	48,430	23,520	24,910
45 to 49 years	2,359,965	1,157,760	1,202,210	51,300	25,195	26,105
50 to 54 years	2,678,075	1,318,755	1,359,320	61,055	29,795	31,265
55 to 59 years	2,620,240	1,285,190	1,335,055	61,740	30,210	31,530
60 to 64 years	2,290,510	1,114,885	1,175,630	58,060	28,170	29,895
65 years and over	5,935,630	2,695,150	3,240,485	148,785	68,500	80,280
65 to 69 years	1,972,480	953,075	1,019,405	52,160	25,595	26,570
70 to 74 years	1,420,875	677,975	742,900	36,050	17,695	18,360
75 to 79 years	1,021,850	469,550	552,300	25,300	11,835	13,465
80 to 84 years	749,650	325,765	423,880	17,650	7,515	10,135
85 years and over	770,780	268,790	501,990	17,620	5,860	11,765
85 to 89 years	482,525	185,535	296,990	10,670	3,910	6,760
90 to 94 years	223,510	68,675	154,835	5,305	1,595	3,715
95 to 99 years	56,525	13,240	43,280	1,435	330	1,110
100 years and over	8,230	1,340	6,890	205	30	185
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.6	17.3	15.9	14.8	15.4	14.2
15 to 64 years	66.5	67.1	66.0	65.3	65.8	64.8
65 years and over	16.9	15.6	18.1	19.9	18.7	21.0
85 years and over	2.2	1.6	2.8	2.4	1.6	3.1
Average age of the population	41.0	40.1	41.9	43.6	42.7	44.5
Median age of the population	41.2	40.2	42.2	45.7	44.8	46.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	14,072,080	...	...	319,770	...	...
Single-detached house	7,541,495	...	...	221,515	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,391,040	...	...	3,945	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	4,949,795	...	...	80,515	...	...
Semi-detached house	698,800	...	...	12,470	...	...
Row house	891,305	...	...	9,015	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	784,300	...	...	13,545	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	2,539,390	...	...	44,260	...	...
Other single-attached house	36,005	...	...	1,230	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	189,755	...	...	13,795	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	14,072,080	...	...	319,775	...	...
1 person	3,969,790	...	...	89,480	...	...
2 persons	4,834,605	...	...	126,820	...	...
3 persons	2,140,640	...	...	49,465	...	...
4 persons	1,946,275	...	...	37,625	...	...
5 or more persons	1,180,770	...	...	16,385	...	...
Number of persons in private households	34,460,060	...	...	730,705	...	...
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	29,312,160	14,271,280	15,040,885	636,605	309,040	327,570
Married or living common law	16,893,720	8,452,135	8,441,585	379,605	189,790	189,820
Married	13,383,455	6,693,465	6,689,990	302,020	151,100	150,925
Living common law	3,510,265	1,758,670	1,751,590	77,580	38,685	38,895
Not married and not living common law	12,418,440	5,819,140	6,599,300	257,000	119,250	137,745
Never married	8,254,340	4,444,425	3,809,915	158,070	85,640	72,430
Separated	718,295	309,905	408,400	21,290	9,530	11,760
Divorced	1,816,005	725,535	1,090,470	35,680	15,275	20,405
Widowed	1,629,800	339,280	1,290,525	41,965	8,805	33,160
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	9,840,730	...	...	222,865	...	...
2 persons	5,007,790	...	...	129,065	...	...
3 persons	2,107,830	...	...	47,015	...	...
4 persons	1,909,935	...	...	34,860	...	...
5 or more persons	815,170	...	...	11,920	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	9,840,730	...	...	222,865	...	...
Total couple families	8,227,925	...	...	186,680	...	...
Married couples	6,474,005	...	...	147,900	...	...
Common-law couples	1,753,920	...	...	38,780	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	1,612,805	...	...	36,185	...	...
Female parent	1,262,340	...	...	28,650	...	...
Male parent	350,465	...	...	7,530	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	8,227,925	...	...	186,675	...	...
Couples without children	4,024,305	...	...	105,625	...	...
Couples with children	4,203,615	...	...	81,060	...	...
1 child	1,650,165	...	...	37,440	...	...
2 children	1,783,080	...	...	32,380	...	...
3 or more children	770,375	...	...	11,235	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	1,612,805	...	...	36,185	...	...
1 child	983,485	...	...	23,440	...	...
2 children	457,670	...	...	9,570	...	...
3 or more children	171,655	...	...	3,170	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	6,107,260	2,941,395	3,165,865	128,775	61,010	67,770
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	14,072,075	...	...	319,770	...	...
One-census-family households	9,218,225	...	...	214,235	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	3,782,095	...	...	102,170	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	5,436,135	...	...	112,070	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	301,715	...	...	4,280	...	...
Non-census-family households	4,552,135	...	...	101,255	...	...
One-person households	3,969,790	...	...	89,480	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	582,350	...	...	11,775	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	34,767,255	17,101,170	17,666,080	736,280	360,440	375,840
English only	23,757,525	11,838,075	11,919,455	420,820	210,555	210,260
French only	4,144,685	1,925,845	2,218,840	63,140	29,955	33,190
English and French	6,216,065	3,071,325	3,144,740	249,950	118,705	131,245
Neither English nor French	648,970	265,920	383,045	2,370	1,220	1,150
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	34,767,250	17,101,165	17,666,085	736,280	360,440	375,845
English	26,007,500	12,852,330	13,155,165	498,365	244,230	254,135
French	7,705,755	3,780,105	3,925,650	232,450	113,500	118,945
English and French	417,485	209,130	208,355	3,210	1,550	1,655
Neither English nor French	636,515	259,600	376,910	2,255	1,150	1,100
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	7,914,495	3,884,670	4,029,825	234,055	114,280	119,775
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	22.8	22.7	22.8	31.8	31.7	31.9
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	34,767,255	17,101,170	17,666,085	736,280	360,440	375,845
Single responses	33,948,620	16,702,840	17,245,775	726,990	356,005	370,990
Official languages	26,627,555	13,201,620	13,425,940	703,840	344,285	359,555
English	19,460,850	9,680,125	9,780,725	472,725	231,595	241,135
French	7,166,705	3,521,495	3,645,215	231,110	112,690	118,415
Non-official languages	7,321,065	3,501,220	3,819,840	23,150	11,715	11,435
Aboriginal languages	195,700	94,795	100,900	2,165	1,035	1,135
Algonquian languages	130,450	62,930	67,520	2,130	1,020	1,110
Blackfoot	2,815	1,325	1,490	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	88,445	42,920	45,530	10	5	5
Atikamekw	6,150	3,135	3,015	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	10,230	4,885	5,350	0	0	0
Moose Cree	100	50	55	0	0	0
Naskapi	1,205	590	620	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	315	125	190	0	0	0
Plains Cree	3,065	1,360	1,710	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	45	20	25	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	1,440	585	850	0	0	0
Woods Cree	1,840	865	975	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	64,050	31,305	32,745	0	5	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	6,990	3,310	3,680	2,115	1,010	1,105
Malecite	305	140	160	280	125	155
Mi'kmaq	6,690	3,170	3,520	1,835	885	950
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	32,150	15,350	16,800	10	5	5
Algonquin	1,260	590	670	0	0	0
Ojibway	17,890	8,440	9,450	5	5	0
Oji-Cree	12,855	6,260	6,595	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	150	65	85	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	5	5	0
Athabaskan languages	17,365	8,325	9,045	5	0	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	17,315	8,310	9,010	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	110	55	60	0	0	0
Beaver	190	85	105	0	0	0
Carrier	1,025	465	565	0	0	0
Chilcotin	660	295	360	0	0	0
Dene	10,700	5,185	5,515	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	1,645	840	815	0	0	0
Gwich'in	260	110	145	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	80	25	50	0	0	0
Sekani	90	45	45	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	1,995	950	1,045	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	765	365	400	0	0	0
South Slavey	945	455	495	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	280	130	150	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	270	135	140	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	180	90	90	0	0	0
Tahltan	95	40	50	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	290	120	170	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	215	90	135	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	70	30	40	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	50	20	35	5	0	5
Haida	75	35	40	0	0	0
Inuit languages	36,545	18,100	18,445	20	5	15
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	1,025	445	575	0	0	0
Inuktitut	35,215	17,530	17,680	15	5	10
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	315	125	185	5	5	0
Iroquoian languages	1,115	485	635	0	0	0
Cayuga	45	20	20	0	0	0
Mohawk	980	430	555	0	0	0
Oneida	55	20	40	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0	0	0
Kutenai	105	55	55	0	0	0
Michif	465	230	235	0	0	0
Salish languages	2,305	1,130	1,180	0	0	0
Comox	80	45	40	0	0	0
Halkomelem	475	225	245	0	0	0
Lillooet	315	155	155	0	0	0
Okanagan	270	135	135	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	445	225	220	0	0	0
Squamish	40	20	20	0	0	0
Straits	80	40	40	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	335	150	185	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	255	135	125	0	0	0
Siouan languages	4,285	2,070	2,220	0	0	0
Dakota	1,215	570	635	0	0	0
Stoney	3,025	1,465	1,555	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	0	0	0
Tlingit	95	40	55	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	1,480	730	755	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	880	435	445	0	0	0
Nisga'a	400	200	200	0	0	0
Tsimshian	200	90	110	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	805	370	435	0	0	0
Haisla	90	40	50	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	95	40	55	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	325	145	185	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	285	135	140	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	585	295	295	10	0	5
Non-Aboriginal languages	7,125,365	3,406,425	3,718,945	20,990	10,685	10,300
Afro-Asiatic languages	575,365	298,060	277,300	3,190	1,805	1,385
Berber languages	22,135	11,865	10,270	40	25	15
Kabyle	13,150	6,995	6,155	20	10	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	8,985	4,865	4,115	25	15	10
Cushitic languages	42,885	20,095	22,790	30	15	20
Bilen	805	455	350	0	0	0
Oromo	4,960	2,560	2,400	5	5	5
Somali	36,755	16,895	19,865	25	10	15
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	365	195	170	0	0	0
Semitic languages	509,190	265,465	243,725	3,110	1,760	1,355
Amharic	22,465	10,720	11,745	65	35	25
Arabic	419,890	220,785	199,105	2,855	1,615	1,235
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	16,070	7,910	8,160	5	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5,545	2,780	2,770	0	0	0
Harari	1,320	635	685	0	0	0
Hebrew	19,530	10,480	9,045	170	90	80
Maltese	5,565	2,765	2,800	0	0	5
Tigrigna	16,650	8,310	8,340	20	15	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	2,155	1,085	1,070	0	0	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	1,155	635	520	5	5	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	176,725	81,810	94,920	635	305	330
Khmer (Cambodian)	20,130	9,270	10,860	10	5	10
Vietnamese	156,425	72,470	83,955	620	305	320
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	170	65	100	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	511,480	211,580	299,900	1,375	510	865
Bikol	1,790	790	1,000	5	0	5
Cebuano	19,890	7,930	11,960	105	35	65
Fijian	745	400	345	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	6,885	2,680	4,205	15	5	10
Ilocano	26,345	10,620	15,720	50	15	35
Malagasy	1,430	665	760	15	5	10
Malay	12,275	5,255	7,020	45	20	30
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	4,040	1,865	2,175	5	0	5
Pangasinan	1,390	590	800	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	431,380	178,575	252,810	1,120	420	700
Waray-Waray	1,110	430	675	5	0	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	4,195	1,770	2,425	15	5	10
Creole languages	72,125	32,310	39,820	135	70	65
Haitian Creole	3,030	1,445	1,590	15	10	5
Creole, n.o.s.	64,105	28,455	35,660	80	30	50
Creole languages, n.i.e.	4,985	2,410	2,575	40	30	10
Dravidian languages	189,405	94,765	94,640	285	155	130
Kannada	3,970	2,040	1,935	20	15	10
Malayalam	28,570	14,770	13,800	40	15	20
Tamil	140,720	69,080	71,640	105	60	50
Telugu	15,655	8,640	7,020	110	60	45
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	490	240	250	5	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	795	395	405	5	5	0
Indo-European languages	3,877,330	1,889,400	1,987,930	9,325	4,790	4,530
Albanian	26,890	13,610	13,285	50	25	25
Armenian	33,455	16,270	17,185	30	15	10
Balto-Slavic languages	701,975	323,640	378,340	1,740	865	875
Baltic languages	12,530	5,315	7,215	55	30	30
Latvian	5,455	2,350	3,105	25	10	10
Lithuanian	7,075	2,965	4,115	35	15	15
Slavic languages	689,450	318,325	371,115	1,685	835	850
Belarusan	810	385	430	5	5	0
Bosnian	12,210	6,035	6,180	50	25	25
Bulgarian	20,025	9,675	10,345	20	10	10
Croatian	48,200	23,540	24,665	75	35	40
Czech	22,290	10,525	11,765	55	25	25
Macedonian	16,775	8,050	8,725	15	10	5
Polish	181,710	82,435	99,275	230	105	125
Russian	188,255	85,400	102,855	880	440	435
Serbian	57,350	28,535	28,815	105	55	45
Serbo-Croatian	9,555	4,565	4,985	35	15	20
Slovak	17,580	8,075	9,510	25	15	15
Slovene (Slovenian)	9,790	4,415	5,370	15	10	10
Ukrainian	102,485	45,440	57,040	170	85	90
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	2,415	1,255	1,165	0	0	0
Celtic languages	2,690	1,335	1,360	30	5	20
Scottish Gaelic	1,090	540	550	15	5	10
Welsh	1,075	495	575	10	0	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	530	295	235	0	5	0
Germanic languages	538,765	258,410	280,350	2,875	1,415	1,465
Afrikaans	10,265	5,115	5,145	50	30	25
Danish	12,630	6,245	6,390	125	55	75
Dutch	99,020	48,200	50,820	885	470	410
Frisian	2,100	1,095	1,005	35	25	10
German	384,035	183,215	200,820	1,650	780	865
Icelandic	1,285	600	685	5	0	0
Norwegian	4,615	2,170	2,445	40	25	20
Swedish	6,840	3,015	3,825	50	15	35
Vlaams (Flemish)	3,895	1,730	2,165	20	10	10
Yiddish	13,555	6,750	6,800	10	5	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	525	280	240	5	0	0
Greek	106,525	53,350	53,170	145	100	50
Indo-Iranian languages	1,312,750	664,120	648,630	1,850	1,020	835
Indo-Aryan languages	1,064,760	538,530	526,235	1,175	655	525
Bengali	73,125	37,410	35,720	205	120	85
Gujarati	108,780	55,105	53,670	75	40	30
Hindi	110,640	55,880	54,765	225	135	95
Kashmiri	565	300	265	0	0	0
Konkani	3,330	1,625	1,710	10	5	5
Marathi	8,295	4,300	3,995	50	20	25
Nepali	18,275	9,230	9,045	180	90	90
Oriya (Odia)	1,055	560	495	0	0	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	501,680	253,515	248,160	125	75	50
Sindhi	11,860	5,605	6,260	25	10	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	16,335	8,050	8,285	30	15	15
Urdu	210,815	106,960	103,860	240	140	100
Iranian languages	242,805	122,835	119,970	655	355	305
Kurdish	11,705	6,345	5,355	55	30	25
Pashto	16,910	8,760	8,145	25	15	10
Persian (Farsi)	214,200	107,725	106,470	580	310	270
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5,180	2,755	2,425	15	10	10
Italic (Romance) languages	1,154,270	558,660	595,615	2,605	1,355	1,250
Catalan	865	440	425	5	5	0
Italian	375,635	184,415	191,220	400	225	175
Portuguese	221,540	106,630	114,910	260	130	130
Romanian	96,665	46,195	50,470	485	250	240
Spanish	458,850	220,605	238,245	1,460	755	705
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	720	380	340	5	0	0
Japanese	43,640	14,790	28,855	110	25	85
Kartvelian languages	1,715	910	805	0	0	0
Georgian	1,715	910	805	0	0	0
Korean	153,425	70,310	83,115	1,550	800	750
Mongolic languages	1,575	690	885	5	5	0
Mongolian	1,575	690	880	5	5	5
Niger-Congo languages	91,375	45,075	46,305	700	385	315
Akan (Twi)	13,455	6,490	6,970	25	10	10
Bamanankan	1,535	815	720	60	35	25
Edo	1,670	770	900	0	0	0
Ewe	1,760	950	805	5	5	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	2,825	1,495	1,335	40	30	15
Ga	920	445	470	5	5	5
Ganda	1,295	625	665	10	0	0
Igbo	4,235	2,265	1,970	30	20	10
Lingala	3,810	1,785	2,025	25	15	15
Rundi (Kirundi)	5,845	2,785	3,060	45	25	20
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5,250	2,355	2,895	40	20	20
Shona	3,180	1,520	1,665	20	10	10
Swahili	13,370	6,385	6,990	135	65	70
Wolof	3,990	2,170	1,820	25	20	10
Yoruba	9,085	4,785	4,300	30	15	20
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	19,135	9,435	9,695	195	105	85
Nilo-Saharan languages	5,870	3,025	2,845	5	0	0
Dinka	2,120	1,115	1,000	5	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	3,755	1,910	1,840	5	0	0
Sign languages	7,500	3,925	3,575	145	75	70
American Sign Language	2,685	1,320	1,360	40	20	30
Quebec Sign Language	695	340	355	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	4,120	2,265	1,860	95	55	45
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,269,215	589,570	679,645	3,115	1,570	1,545
Chinese languages	1,253,360	581,650	671,715	3,085	1,555	1,530
Cantonese	565,270	262,865	302,405	440	225	210
Hakka	10,910	4,900	6,015	20	10	10
Mandarin	592,040	274,630	317,410	2,250	1,105	1,150
Min Dong	1,230	580	650	0	5	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	31,795	14,450	17,350	35	15	15
Wu (Shanghainese)	12,915	5,780	7,140	100	45	55
Chinese, n.o.s.	38,580	18,165	20,410	240	150	85
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	610	275	335	5	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	15,850	7,925	7,935	30	15	15
Burmese	3,585	1,795	1,790	0	0	5
Karenic languages	4,705	2,355	2,350	25	15	10
Tibetan	6,165	3,080	3,080	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	1,400	695	705	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	22,010	8,870	13,145	60	15	50
Lao	12,670	6,145	6,525	5	0	0
Thai	9,255	2,690	6,565	55	10	45
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	80	35	55	0	0	0
Turkic languages	40,140	21,120	19,025	105	60	45
Azerbaijani	3,260	1,785	1,470	5	5	5
Turkish	32,815	17,375	15,440	75	50	30
Uyghur	1,035	510	525	0	0	0
Uzbek	1,715	855	865	10	5	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	1,315	590	720	10	5	5
Uralic languages	81,985	37,790	44,195	250	115	135
Estonian	5,445	2,325	3,115	20	5	10
Finnish	15,295	6,395	8,900	45	15	30
Hungarian	61,235	29,060	32,175	185	90	95
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	3,690	2,045	1,645	25	10	10
Multiple responses	818,635	398,325	420,305	9,290	4,440	4,855
English and French	165,320	80,460	84,860	7,285	3,470	3,815
English and non-official language	533,265	259,160	274,100	1,535	725	810
French and non-official language	86,150	42,170	43,985	330	175	155
English, French and non-official language	33,900	16,535	17,365	145	65	75
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	34,767,250	17,101,165	17,666,085	736,280	360,435	375,845
Single responses	33,103,860	16,298,475	16,805,395	724,940	355,025	369,910
Official languages	29,106,670	14,383,020	14,723,645	712,250	348,510	363,740
English	22,162,865	10,966,135	11,196,730	505,935	247,610	258,325
French	6,943,800	3,416,890	3,526,910	206,315	100,900	105,415
Non-official languages	3,997,195	1,915,450	2,081,750	12,690	6,515	6,175
Aboriginal languages	118,470	59,720	58,750	820	400	420
Algonquian languages	75,080	37,825	37,260	820	395	420
Blackfoot	1,115	555	555	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	55,825	28,135	27,685	0	5	0
Atikamekw	5,465	2,825	2,640	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	8,590	4,195	4,395	0	0	0
Moose Cree	10	5	5	0	0	0
Naskapi	1,200	595	605	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	110	55	60	0	0	0
Plains Cree	1,350	665	685	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	20	5	15	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	330	140	190	0	0	0
Woods Cree	800	410	390	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	37,945	19,240	18,710	0	5	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	3,615	1,795	1,820	815	395	420
Malecite	55	30	30	50	25	25
Mi'kmaq	3,560	1,770	1,795	765	370	395
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	14,525	7,335	7,190	0	0	0
Algonquin	370	170	200	0	0	0
Ojibway	6,175	3,165	3,015	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	7,900	3,960	3,940	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	75	40	35	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	10,265	5,125	5,135	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10,255	5,120	5,135	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	15	10	10	0	0	0
Beaver	50	30	20	0	0	0
Carrier	245	115	130	0	0	0
Chilcotin	255	125	130	0	0	0
Dene	7,710	3,805	3,905	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	1,020	550	475	0	0	0
Gwich'in	45	25	25	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	10	5	5	0	0	0
Sekani	15	10	5	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	820	425	395	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	340	180	155	0	0	0
South Slavey	370	190	185	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	105	55	55	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	25	15	15	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	25	10	10	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	5	5	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	30	15	15	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	25	15	10	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	10	0	5	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0	0	0
Haida	10	5	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	29,490	14,995	14,495	5	5	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	165	75	90	0	0	0
Inuktitut	29,230	14,885	14,345	5	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	90	40	55	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	285	135	155	0	0	0
Cayuga	10	0	5	0	0	0
Mohawk	255	115	140	0	0	0
Oneida	15	5	10	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0	0	0
Kutenai	15	10	5	0	0	0
Michif	85	40	45	5	0	0
Salish languages	285	130	150	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	45	20	25	0	0	0
Lillooet	25	15	10	0	0	0
Okanagan	85	35	45	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	55	30	20	0	0	0
Squamish	5	0	5	0	0	0
Straits	20	10	15	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	20	10	10	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0	0	0
Siouan languages	2,225	1,085	1,140	0	0	0
Dakota	255	140	120	0	0	0
Stoney	1,950	940	1,010	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0	0	0
Tlingit	5	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	410	210	190	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	315	155	155	0	0	0
Nisga'a	70	40	30	0	0	0
Tsimshian	25	15	15	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	75	45	35	0	0	0
Haisla	20	10	15	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	5	5	5	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	20	10	10	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	30	15	15	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	235	110	125	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	3,878,725	1,855,730	2,022,995	11,870	6,115	5,750
Afro-Asiatic languages	307,755	153,275	154,480	2,285	1,210	1,075
Berber languages	8,105	4,215	3,895	0	0	0
Kabyle	5,490	2,855	2,640	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	2,620	1,365	1,260	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	27,095	12,455	14,640	20	10	10
Bilen	620	330	285	0	0	0
Oromo	3,410	1,700	1,710	0	0	0
Somali	22,895	10,340	12,555	20	5	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	185	85	95	0	0	0
Semitic languages	272,100	136,390	135,720	2,265	1,200	1,065
Amharic	12,780	6,010	6,770	20	10	10
Arabic	223,540	112,690	110,850	2,110	1,125	990
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10,510	5,090	5,425	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	3,445	1,695	1,750	0	0	0
Harari	735	335	400	0	0	0
Hebrew	8,560	4,425	4,135	130	60	70
Maltese	1,130	525	605	0	0	5
Tigrigna	10,205	5,040	5,170	5	0	5
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	1,200	585	620	0	0	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	440	215	230	5	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	115,210	53,500	61,710	525	255	270
Khmer (Cambodian)	10,880	4,940	5,945	5	5	0
Vietnamese	104,245	48,525	55,725	520	250	270
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	85	40	45	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	239,785	108,110	131,680	510	235	270
Bikol	290	140	155	0	0	0
Cebuano	7,210	3,325	3,880	40	15	25
Fijian	195	105	90	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	2,205	970	1,240	0	0	0
Ilocano	9,125	4,045	5,080	0	0	0
Malagasy	435	220	210	5	0	5
Malay	3,620	1,710	1,910	15	0	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,200	565	630	0	0	0
Pangasinan	240	110	135	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	213,790	96,235	117,555	450	215	235
Waray-Waray	310	135	170	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,160	545	620	0	0	5
Creole languages	27,860	12,005	15,850	65	25	35
Haitian Creole	1,280	575	705	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	24,575	10,510	14,060	20	0	15
Creole languages, n.i.e.	2,005	920	1,085	45	20	20
Dravidian languages	122,490	59,780	62,710	110	60	45
Kannada	1,630	825	800	5	0	0
Malayalam	15,440	7,865	7,575	20	5	10
Tamil	96,955	46,570	50,385	35	20	20
Telugu	8,280	4,430	3,850	45	30	15
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	190	85	105	5	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	340	160	180	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,911,215	927,225	983,985	4,160	2,175	1,990
Albanian	13,135	6,575	6,560	30	15	10
Armenian	21,505	10,165	11,345	20	5	10
Balto-Slavic languages	314,965	149,315	165,650	975	505	470
Baltic languages	3,275	1,400	1,870	35	20	15
Latvian	1,255	530	725	10	5	5
Lithuanian	2,020	870	1,150	25	15	10
Slavic languages	311,690	147,910	163,780	935	480	455
Belarusan	230	105	120	0	0	0
Bosnian	6,045	3,010	3,040	25	15	10
Bulgarian	11,985	5,835	6,150	5	5	0
Croatian	16,775	7,980	8,795	25	10	15
Czech	6,235	3,060	3,180	5	0	5
Macedonian	6,830	3,250	3,580	0	0	0
Polish	74,780	34,910	39,870	55	25	30
Russian	116,595	55,175	61,425	620	320	305
Serbian	31,750	15,665	16,085	80	45	35
Serbo-Croatian	3,885	1,865	2,020	5	5	5
Slovak	5,615	2,685	2,920	5	5	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	2,050	905	1,145	0	0	0
Ukrainian	28,250	13,150	15,100	90	50	40
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	670	310	360	0	0	0
Celtic languages	360	205	155	10	0	5
Scottish Gaelic	185	105	80	5	0	5
Welsh	95	50	45	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	80	50	30	0	0	0
Germanic languages	146,455	71,835	74,615	640	320	320
Afrikaans	4,790	2,355	2,435	35	15	20
Danish	855	410	445	5	5	5
Dutch	9,565	4,630	4,935	150	80	75
Frisian	185	95	90	5	0	5
German	120,335	58,905	61,435	425	215	210
Icelandic	270	120	150	0	0	0
Norwegian	345	145	200	5	0	5
Swedish	1,045	500	545	5	0	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	355	170	185	10	5	5
Yiddish	7,080	3,695	3,385	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	1,625	820	810	0	0	0
Greek	44,545	21,110	23,440	45	25	25
Indo-Iranian languages	838,755	416,960	421,795	1,140	595	545
Indo-Aryan languages	676,185	337,440	338,745	655	335	325
Bengali	47,350	23,585	23,765	130	70	60
Gujarati	64,150	31,740	32,405	40	15	20
Hindi	55,510	27,805	27,710	115	60	50
Kashmiri	135	70	70	0	0	0
Konkani	720	355	370	5	5	0
Marathi	3,780	1,940	1,840	20	10	10
Nepali	13,375	6,710	6,670	135	60	75
Oriya (Odia)	470	235	240	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	349,145	174,905	174,240	50	25	25
Sindhi	4,975	2,280	2,695	10	5	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	7,790	3,860	3,925	5	5	5
Urdu	128,785	63,965	64,820	140	75	70
Iranian languages	160,195	78,310	81,880	470	255	220
Kurdish	6,580	3,400	3,175	35	25	10
Pashto	10,590	5,305	5,290	15	5	5
Persian (Farsi)	143,020	69,600	73,425	425	225	195
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	2,375	1,215	1,160	15	10	5
Italic (Romance) languages	531,485	251,050	280,440	1,305	705	600
Catalan	355	165	190	5	5	0
Italian	115,415	49,975	65,440	85	40	45
Portuguese	98,710	46,915	51,795	110	50	60
Romanian	53,320	25,795	27,525	290	145	140
Spanish	263,510	128,110	135,400	820	470	350
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	180	85	95	0	0	0
Japanese	19,785	8,265	11,515	20	10	15
Kartvelian languages	1,040	565	475	0	0	0
Georgian	1,035	565	475	0	0	0
Korean	109,705	51,385	58,320	1,245	645	605
Mongolic languages	910	440	470	5	0	0
Mongolian	910	435	470	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	28,665	13,340	15,320	240	125	120
Akan (Twi)	5,990	2,695	3,295	10	5	10
Bamanankan	340	180	160	20	15	5
Edo	415	175	240	0	0	0
Ewe	410	185	225	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	825	400	425	10	10	5
Ga	250	105	140	5	0	0
Ganda	345	160	185	0	0	0
Igbo	1,000	485	510	5	5	0
Lingala	1,045	455	590	10	5	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	2,110	990	1,115	20	15	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,530	670	865	10	5	5
Shona	1,035	475	560	5	0	5
Swahili	5,370	2,500	2,870	80	35	45
Wolof	1,380	745	635	5	5	0
Yoruba	2,615	1,275	1,340	5	5	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	4,010	1,850	2,160	50	25	25
Nilo-Saharan languages	2,650	1,305	1,350	0	0	0
Dinka	1,130	580	550	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	1,525	730	800	0	0	0
Sign languages	10,445	5,870	4,570	200	115	85
American Sign Language	3,015	1,560	1,460	55	30	25
Quebec Sign Language	730	375	355	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	6,690	3,935	2,755	150	90	60
Sino-Tibetan languages	924,720	433,530	491,190	2,390	1,210	1,175
Chinese languages	913,365	427,860	485,505	2,365	1,195	1,170
Cantonese	400,215	184,340	215,885	260	130	130
Hakka	4,080	1,820	2,265	5	0	0
Mandarin	462,890	220,075	242,815	1,855	930	920
Min Dong	345	150	195	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	13,965	6,345	7,625	15	10	5
Wu (Shanghainese)	7,650	3,580	4,075	85	40	45
Chinese, n.o.s.	23,935	11,440	12,500	140	80	55
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	280	130	150	10	0	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	11,350	5,670	5,680	25	15	10
Burmese	2,245	1,115	1,125	5	0	0
Karenic languages	3,865	1,935	1,930	20	10	10
Tibetan	4,590	2,305	2,280	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	655	305	345	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	9,565	4,455	5,110	10	0	5
Lao	6,175	2,995	3,180	0	0	0
Thai	3,360	1,450	1,915	10	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	30	15	15	0	0	0
Turkic languages	22,250	11,205	11,045	30	15	10
Azerbaijani	1,245	640	610	0	0	0
Turkish	18,955	9,525	9,430	25	15	5
Uyghur	610	315	290	0	0	0
Uzbek	990	505	490	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	455	230	225	0	0	0
Uralic languages	23,245	10,715	12,535	70	35	40
Estonian	975	365	610	5	0	0
Finnish	2,790	1,220	1,565	5	5	5
Hungarian	19,485	9,125	10,355	55	30	30
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	1,110	605	500	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,663,390	802,695	860,690	11,345	5,415	5,925
English and French	160,185	77,940	82,235	7,275	3,370	3,905
English and non-official language	1,284,975	620,375	664,600	3,435	1,715	1,720
French and non-official language	148,915	70,915	78,000	340	185	160
English, French and non-official language	69,315	33,465	35,850	290	140	145
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	34,767,255	17,101,165	17,666,080	736,280	360,435	375,845
None	29,615,245	14,612,175	15,003,065	647,960	318,560	329,400
English	2,109,340	1,045,215	1,064,120	49,925	24,065	25,855
French	731,095	342,245	388,855	30,030	13,760	16,275
Non-official language	2,151,690	1,023,940	1,127,750	7,545	3,650	3,895
Aboriginal	90,740	42,890	47,850	1,300	625	685
Non-Aboriginal	2,060,945	981,055	1,079,895	6,240	3,030	3,210
English and French	47,970	23,785	24,190	180	90	90
English and non-official language	61,075	30,045	31,030	300	160	145
French and non-official language	48,755	22,690	26,065	335	155	185
English, French and non-official language	2,080	1,075	1,010	10	5	5
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,355	620,390	301,645	318,745
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	27,488,530	13,444,335	14,044,190	594,705	289,220	305,485
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	34,204	40,782	28,860	30,961	37,516	25,796
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	27,499,185	13,449,010	14,050,175	594,920	289,245	305,680
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	30,866	35,933	26,621	28,107	33,169	23,945
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	24,583,315	12,296,595	12,286,725	516,780	259,945	256,835
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	32,762	39,925	26,613	28,444	34,830	23,278
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	19,743,240	8,755,815	10,987,430	439,645	193,975	245,675
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	5,453	4,199	6,136	8,164	9,210	7,321
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	20,428,685	10,547,760	9,880,925	423,915	219,135	204,780
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	33,684	39,836	28,474	29,124	34,784	24,769
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585	620,395	301,650	318,745
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	27,489,395	13,441,555	14,047,845	594,650	289,140	305,510
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	47,487	56,740	38,632	39,141	46,154	32,504
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	27,500,230	13,446,230	14,053,995	594,870	289,165	305,700
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	38,977	45,404	32,828	33,022	38,151	28,171
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	24,584,065	12,295,015	12,289,055	516,685	259,855	256,830
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	46,885	56,803	36,962	37,432	44,240	30,543
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	19,742,130	8,752,070	10,990,060	440,195	194,240	245,955
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,738	7,345	8,050	8,938	9,519	8,480
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	20,428,670	10,542,540	9,886,130	423,915	218,800	205,110
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	46,057	54,369	37,193	37,611	43,456	31,376
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585	620,390	301,645	318,745
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	9,367,045	5,231,015	4,136,035	197,290	104,215	93,075
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	53,431	59,326	47,420	46,349	52,010	41,058
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	65,997	74,289	55,510	54,011	60,796	46,415
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	88.3	91.6	83.7	83.2	86.2	79.0
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	72.0	75.2	67.7	68.5	71.3	64.7
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	11.7	8.4	16.3	16.8	13.8	21.0
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,360	620,390	301,650	318,745
Without total income	1,154,450	546,285	608,165	25,680	12,430	13,260
With total income	27,488,530	13,444,335	14,044,195	594,710	289,220	305,490
Percentage with total income	96.0	96.1	95.8	95.9	95.9	95.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	3,877,620	1,668,960	2,208,655	80,700	32,655	48,050
$10,000 to $19,999	4,680,380	1,867,600	2,812,785	109,015	40,415	68,600
$20,000 to $29,999	3,807,840	1,593,335	2,214,505	99,025	40,480	58,540
$30,000 to $39,999	3,206,175	1,472,670	1,733,510	83,770	41,360	42,405
$40,000 to $49,999	2,827,045	1,376,565	1,450,480	65,795	35,080	30,715
$50,000 to $59,999	2,179,775	1,145,685	1,034,090	44,810	26,560	18,250
$60,000 to $69,999	1,655,070	938,755	716,310	32,185	20,270	11,920
$70,000 to $79,999	1,271,850	745,830	526,015	24,565	14,130	10,430
$80,000 to $89,999	966,885	579,290	387,590	17,095	9,915	7,180
$90,000 to $99,999	749,290	452,240	297,050	10,240	6,980	3,260
$100,000 and over	2,266,600	1,603,400	663,195	27,515	21,380	6,135
$100,000 to $149,999	1,493,570	1,024,210	469,365	19,765	15,195	4,570
$150,000 and over	773,025	579,190	193,830	7,750	6,185	1,565
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,360	620,390	301,645	318,750
Without after-tax income	1,143,795	541,620	602,175	25,470	12,405	13,070
With after-tax income	27,499,185	13,449,010	14,050,175	594,920	289,240	305,680
Percentage with after-tax income	96.0	96.1	95.9	95.9	95.9	95.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	4,004,475	1,706,825	2,297,645	83,590	33,140	50,455
$10,000 to $19,999	4,905,055	1,972,920	2,932,130	115,730	43,245	72,485
$20,000 to $29,999	4,489,925	1,926,175	2,563,755	118,940	51,335	67,610
$30,000 to $39,999	3,924,960	1,870,705	2,054,250	98,230	50,770	47,460
$40,000 to $49,999	3,144,200	1,619,670	1,524,525	67,470	38,665	28,810
$50,000 to $59,999	2,209,280	1,245,570	963,705	42,775	26,495	16,280
$60,000 to $69,999	1,540,300	912,230	628,065	28,790	16,435	12,355
$70,000 to $79,999	1,076,180	654,570	421,610	14,945	10,205	4,740
$80,000 and over	2,204,820	1,540,335	664,485	24,450	18,955	5,500
$80,000 to $89,999	688,705	444,550	244,145	8,385	6,340	2,040
$90,000 to $99,999	420,975	291,090	129,885	5,060	3,970	1,090
$100,000 and over	1,095,140	804,690	290,445	11,005	8,640	2,365
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	28,642,980	13,990,625	14,652,360	620,390	301,645	318,745
Without employment income	8,214,295	3,442,860	4,771,430	196,475	82,515	113,965
With employment income	20,428,690	10,547,760	9,880,925	423,910	219,140	204,775
Percentage with employment income	71.3	75.4	67.4	68.3	72.6	64.2
Under $5,000 (including loss)	2,778,990	1,357,430	1,421,560	54,590	26,540	28,045
$5,000 to $9,999	1,602,140	697,025	905,120	36,840	15,720	21,120
$10,000 to $19,999	2,736,010	1,212,855	1,523,155	65,895	29,920	35,975
$20,000 to $29,999	2,293,785	1,022,090	1,271,695	59,240	25,955	33,280
$30,000 to $39,999	2,149,860	1,001,065	1,148,795	50,190	24,930	25,260
$40,000 to $49,999	1,928,565	946,625	981,940	42,140	22,160	19,980
$50,000 to $59,999	1,554,100	839,045	715,055	29,910	18,180	11,730
$60,000 to $69,999	1,220,310	708,270	512,040	23,390	14,620	8,770
$70,000 to $79,999	992,170	591,945	400,225	19,515	10,565	8,950
$80,000 and over	3,172,770	2,171,415	1,001,355	42,210	30,540	11,665
$80,000 to $89,999	773,755	475,700	298,055	13,190	7,840	5,345
$90,000 to $99,999	623,980	382,330	241,650	8,105	5,685	2,420
$100,000 and over	1,775,030	1,313,385	461,645	20,915	17,015	3,895
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	14,072,080	...	...	319,770	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	70,336	...	...	59,347	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	61,348	...	...	52,553	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	3,969,790	...	...	89,480	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	35,174	...	...	28,747	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	31,446	...	...	26,387	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	10,102,290	...	...	230,290	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	88,249	...	...	74,207	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	76,419	...	...	65,063	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	14,072,075	...	...	319,775	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	92,764	...	...	72,786	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	76,171	...	...	61,431	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	3,967,765	...	...	89,455	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	46,799	...	...	36,505	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	38,685	...	...	31,242	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	10,104,315	...	...	230,320	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	110,813	...	...	86,878	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	90,890	...	...	73,156	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	14,072,075	...	...	319,775	...	...
Under $5,000	228,790	...	...	3,940	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	200,315	...	...	7,800	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	374,575	...	...	6,835	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	565,940	...	...	17,765	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	602,800	...	...	16,400	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	538,710	...	...	16,335	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	603,480	...	...	17,830	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	606,600	...	...	16,875	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	596,110	...	...	15,365	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	578,325	...	...	14,845	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,097,345	...	...	27,735	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,010,415	...	...	25,205	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	924,320	...	...	22,750	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	836,765	...	...	19,415	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	745,655	...	...	16,030	...	...
$100,000 and over	4,561,920	...	...	74,655	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	1,470,255	...	...	29,535	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	1,016,245	...	...	18,605	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	1,116,140	...	...	17,050	...	...
$200,000 and over	959,285	...	...	9,460	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	14,072,075	...	...	319,770	...	...
Under $5,000	243,780	...	...	4,090	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	203,865	...	...	7,880	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	380,680	...	...	6,980	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	591,660	...	...	18,630	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	673,740	...	...	18,705	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	628,225	...	...	18,580	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	719,825	...	...	20,540	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	725,675	...	...	19,550	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	711,180	...	...	18,165	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	691,695	...	...	17,920	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,299,680	...	...	32,930	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,169,515	...	...	29,175	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	1,041,635	...	...	23,970	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	900,055	...	...	19,330	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	757,295	...	...	15,105	...	...
$100,000 and over	3,333,575	...	...	48,225	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	1,371,945	...	...	25,135	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	809,540	...	...	11,980	...	...
$150,000 and over	1,152,090	...	...	11,110	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	9,688,845	...	...	221,680	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	88,306	...	...	74,353	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	76,372	...	...	65,100	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	3,706,220	...	...	99,865	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	78,976	...	...	67,988	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	68,309	...	...	59,801	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	4,222,140	...	...	82,260	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	113,465	...	...	100,315	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	96,608	...	...	85,717	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	4.0	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	1,481,410	...	...	33,580	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	53,193	...	...	42,992	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	48,856	...	...	40,671	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	9,689,855	...	...	221,740	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	111,235	...	...	87,048	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	91,040	...	...	73,197	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	3,706,400	...	...	99,840	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	101,086	...	...	79,085	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	82,296	...	...	66,576	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	4,225,855	...	...	82,415	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	137,094	...	...	111,901	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	111,307	...	...	92,699	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	1,477,190	...	...	33,455	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	65,549	...	...	51,119	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	56,687	...	...	45,687	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	5,313,545	2,608,845	2,704,705	114,825	54,970	59,850
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	31,890	34,483	29,801	27,250	30,122	25,182
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	28,959	30,746	27,495	25,167	27,154	23,916
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	5,299,050	2,596,985	2,702,070	114,375	54,300	60,075
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	42,939	46,085	39,915	34,738	37,330	32,395
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	35,801	37,724	33,952	29,845	31,431	28,411
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	34,460,065	16,971,550	17,488,515	730,710	357,860	372,850
In the bottom half of the distribution	17,229,835	8,256,970	8,972,865	428,180	204,170	224,005
In the bottom decile	3,445,950	1,672,900	1,773,050	80,120	37,430	42,695
In the second decile	3,445,660	1,564,965	1,880,700	94,165	42,190	51,980
In the third decile	3,446,165	1,641,930	1,804,235	87,075	41,905	45,170
In the fourth decile	3,445,850	1,677,120	1,768,730	85,610	42,275	43,335
In the fifth decile	3,446,210	1,700,060	1,746,150	81,200	40,375	40,825
In the top half of the distribution	17,230,230	8,714,580	8,515,650	302,530	153,685	148,845
In the sixth decile	3,445,695	1,716,510	1,729,185	77,345	38,915	38,425
In the seventh decile	3,446,470	1,730,975	1,715,500	73,185	37,190	36,005
In the eighth decile	3,445,940	1,741,640	1,704,300	65,090	32,815	32,275
In the ninth decile	3,446,045	1,751,850	1,694,195	52,050	26,635	25,410
In the top decile	3,446,080	1,773,600	1,672,475	34,860	18,130	16,730
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	33,968,295	16,724,265	17,244,035	722,550	353,870	368,680
0 to 17 years	6,836,380	3,504,250	3,332,125	131,930	67,285	64,645
0 to 5 years	2,228,770	1,142,505	1,086,270	40,900	20,805	20,100
18 to 64 years	21,695,090	10,690,090	11,005,005	452,805	221,675	231,130
65 years and over	5,436,830	2,529,930	2,906,905	137,820	64,915	72,905
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	4,809,940	2,243,200	2,566,740	123,820	55,990	67,825
0 to 17 years	1,163,830	597,570	566,255	29,250	14,930	14,320
0 to 5 years	396,095	203,055	193,030	10,285	5,260	5,030
18 to 64 years	2,855,290	1,341,590	1,513,700	66,745	29,975	36,770
65 years and over	790,825	304,040	486,780	27,830	11,090	16,745
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.2	13.4	14.9	17.1	15.8	18.4
0 to 17 years (%)	17.0	17.1	17.0	22.2	22.2	22.2
0 to 5 years (%)	17.8	17.8	17.8	25.1	25.3	25.0
18 to 64 years (%)	13.2	12.5	13.8	14.7	13.5	15.9
65 years and over (%)	14.5	12.0	16.7	20.2	17.1	23.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	3,128,995	1,519,370	1,609,630	49,830	24,165	25,660
0 to 17 years	696,025	357,255	338,770	11,520	5,890	5,630
0 to 5 years	236,435	121,170	115,260	4,200	2,145	2,055
18 to 64 years	2,157,745	1,057,585	1,100,160	35,680	17,255	18,425
65 years and over	275,225	104,525	170,695	2,630	1,025	1,605
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.2	9.1	9.3	6.9	6.8	7.0
0 to 17 years (%)	10.2	10.2	10.2	8.7	8.8	8.7
0 to 5 years (%)	10.6	10.6	10.6	10.3	10.3	10.2
18 to 64 years (%)	9.9	9.9	10.0	7.9	7.8	8.0
65 years and over (%)	5.1	4.1	5.9	1.9	1.6	2.2
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	730,710	357,855	372,850
Official languages	33,818,210	16,709,290	17,108,920	728,310	356,615	371,690
English	29,748,265	14,806,270	14,941,995	666,315	326,905	339,415
French	10,242,945	4,952,455	5,290,495	310,550	147,845	162,705
Non-official languages	9,369,280	4,488,185	4,881,090	34,880	17,355	17,525
Aboriginal languages	263,845	127,550	136,295	3,065	1,470	1,595
Algonquian languages	177,570	85,505	92,065	2,990	1,455	1,540
Blackfoot	5,645	2,695	2,950	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	116,585	56,515	60,070	10	0	10
Atikamekw	6,640	3,335	3,305	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	11,440	5,500	5,945	0	0	0
Moose Cree	195	80	115	0	0	0
Naskapi	1,465	710	755	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	545	225	320	0	0	0
Plains Cree	5,905	2,705	3,200	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	40	30	10	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	2,345	995	1,350	0	0	10
Woods Cree	2,665	1,230	1,435	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	86,115	42,080	44,035	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	9,765	4,710	5,050	2,965	1,435	1,530
Malecite	755	370	390	720	335	385
Mi'kmaq	9,025	4,350	4,670	2,265	1,115	1,150
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	46,685	22,100	24,585	15	15	0
Algonquin	2,480	1,165	1,315	0	10	0
Ojibway	28,585	13,365	15,220	10	10	0
Oji-Cree	15,610	7,575	8,030	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	205	105	105	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	120	60	60	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	23,655	11,340	12,320	10	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	23,570	11,300	12,265	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	210	105	100	0	0	0
Beaver	340	180	165	0	0	0
Carrier	2,105	955	1,145	0	0	0
Chilcotin	1,150	535	610	0	0	0
Dene	13,060	6,270	6,790	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	2,375	1,210	1,165	0	0	0
Gwich'in	360	165	200	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	150	60	90	0	0	0
Sekani	185	85	100	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	2,815	1,340	1,475	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	1,010	475	530	0	0	0
South Slavey	1,365	660	710	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	680	320	360	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	630	340	285	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	365	205	170	0	0	0
Tahltan	270	140	130	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	420	160	260	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	285	115	170	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	145	50	95	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	85	35	50	0	0	0
Haida	465	205	260	0	0	0
Inuit languages	42,980	21,355	21,630	55	10	45
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	1,975	895	1,080	0	0	0
Inuktitut	40,620	20,280	20,340	45	10	40
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	470	225	240	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	2,800	1,240	1,555	10	0	10
Cayuga	125	40	85	0	0	0
Mohawk	2,415	1,120	1,295	10	0	10
Oneida	180	60	125	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	115	45	75	0	0	0
Kutenai	175	95	80	0	0	0
Michif	1,210	585	625	10	10	0
Salish languages	5,750	2,730	3,015	0	10	0
Comox	185	75	110	0	0	0
Halkomelem	1,060	475	585	0	0	0
Lillooet	790	405	385	0	0	0
Okanagan	820	370	450	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	1,305	640	665	0	0	0
Squamish	285	125	155	0	0	0
Straits	360	160	200	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	450	220	235	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	565	295	270	0	0	0
Siouan languages	5,430	2,665	2,770	0	0	0
Dakota	1,760	870	890	0	0	0
Stoney	3,675	1,805	1,875	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	140	70	70	0	0	0
Tlingit	260	140	120	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	2,730	1,350	1,380	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	1,305	645	660	0	0	0
Nisga'a	1,060	545	515	0	0	0
Tsimshian	410	180	235	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	1,490	680	805	0	0	0
Haisla	175	65	110	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	125	50	75	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	605	285	320	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	565	265	300	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	665	310	360	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	9,107,075	4,361,420	4,745,660	31,865	15,915	15,955
Afro-Asiatic languages	837,355	432,560	404,795	4,355	2,385	1,980
Berber languages	29,460	15,745	13,715	80	40	35
Kabyle	17,120	9,100	8,015	40	20	15
Berber languages, n.i.e.	12,505	6,735	5,775	40	25	20
Cushitic languages	57,125	26,870	30,250	15	10	0
Bilen	1,085	625	470	0	0	0
Oromo	6,245	3,070	3,175	0	0	0
Somali	49,665	23,070	26,590	10	10	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	480	220	265	0	0	0
Semitic languages	771,130	400,780	370,350	4,300	2,340	1,960
Amharic	33,670	16,675	16,995	165	100	65
Arabic	629,055	329,235	299,820	3,685	2,030	1,660
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	19,745	9,720	10,020	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	7,115	3,505	3,610	0	0	0
Harari	1,710	855	860	0	0	0
Hebrew	75,020	38,730	36,290	435	205	230
Maltese	7,625	3,760	3,870	0	10	0
Tigrigna	21,340	10,640	10,705	50	25	25
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	3,220	1,655	1,565	0	0	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	2,775	1,440	1,335	15	15	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	224,865	105,845	119,020	835	430	400
Khmer (Cambodian)	27,035	12,640	14,400	10	0	0
Vietnamese	198,895	93,735	105,155	820	435	390
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	190	70	120	10	0	0
Austronesian languages	656,200	273,075	383,125	1,790	695	1,090
Bikol	2,075	885	1,190	10	0	10
Cebuano	27,045	10,960	16,085	185	70	115
Fijian	1,660	955	705	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	7,925	3,200	4,720	35	10	30
Ilocano	34,530	13,805	20,730	50	10	45
Malagasy	2,335	1,120	1,220	25	10	15
Malay	22,470	10,370	12,100	75	20	55
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5,425	2,445	2,980	0	0	0
Pangasinan	1,800	790	1,015	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	612,735	253,210	359,530	1,595	625	970
Waray-Waray	1,395	530	860	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5,585	2,540	3,040	20	15	0
Creole languages	155,615	70,545	85,070	430	195	235
Haitian Creole	6,850	3,140	3,710	50	20	30
Creole, n.o.s.	133,045	59,890	73,160	240	105	135
Creole languages, n.i.e.	16,635	7,955	8,675	140	75	65
Dravidian languages	250,180	126,220	123,960	435	245	195
Kannada	8,245	4,180	4,065	60	30	25
Malayalam	37,810	19,410	18,400	55	35	25
Tamil	189,860	94,640	95,220	190	115	75
Telugu	23,160	12,770	10,390	175	90	85
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	790	385	405	20	10	10
Hmong-Mien languages	870	435	435	10	10	0
Indo-European languages	5,158,010	2,506,455	2,651,555	16,505	8,155	8,350
Albanian	31,930	16,140	15,790	80	45	35
Armenian	41,295	19,980	21,315	60	35	25
Balto-Slavic languages	817,315	384,960	432,350	2,065	1,100	965
Baltic languages	14,675	6,470	8,205	55	40	20
Latvian	6,500	2,960	3,540	20	10	10
Lithuanian	8,185	3,510	4,675	30	20	10
Slavic languages	805,915	379,965	425,945	2,025	1,070	955
Belarusan	2,265	1,070	1,195	10	0	0
Bosnian	18,265	9,055	9,215	75	40	40
Bulgarian	22,425	10,920	11,505	45	15	35
Croatian	69,840	34,515	35,325	95	45	55
Czech	28,720	13,675	15,050	115	65	45
Macedonian	23,075	11,190	11,880	35	25	10
Polish	214,965	99,365	115,600	320	165	160
Russian	269,645	127,055	142,595	1,200	630	570
Serbian	73,775	37,040	36,740	90	70	20
Serbo-Croatian	11,275	5,525	5,750	40	30	10
Slovak	21,470	10,215	11,255	45	15	30
Slovene (Slovenian)	11,495	5,205	6,290	15	10	0
Ukrainian	132,115	58,820	73,300	310	145	165
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	3,000	1,590	1,405	10	10	10
Celtic languages	9,165	4,705	4,455	140	40	100
Scottish Gaelic	3,980	2,010	1,975	95	20	75
Welsh	1,690	830	860	10	0	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	3,590	1,915	1,680	40	20	20
Germanic languages	695,535	337,215	358,320	4,745	2,360	2,380
Afrikaans	23,410	11,795	11,610	130	70	60
Danish	15,745	7,320	8,425	155	60	95
Dutch	120,865	57,885	62,990	1,185	560	625
Frisian	2,910	1,515	1,395	50	40	15
German	502,730	245,745	256,985	3,260	1,675	1,580
Icelandic	1,780	830	945	10	10	0
Norwegian	8,120	3,860	4,260	130	65	65
Swedish	14,140	6,510	7,635	110	45	60
Vlaams (Flemish)	4,400	1,945	2,455	40	20	25
Yiddish	20,985	10,435	10,550	20	20	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	8,710	4,425	4,285	0	0	0
Greek	150,965	75,510	75,455	220	125	95
Indo-Iranian languages	1,658,220	840,850	817,365	2,325	1,275	1,050
Indo-Aryan languages	1,387,805	704,370	683,435	1,570	875	695
Bengali	91,220	46,935	44,285	225	150	80
Gujarati	149,045	74,765	74,285	110	45	65
Hindi	433,365	221,665	211,700	790	430	355
Kashmiri	905	490	420	0	0	0
Konkani	6,790	3,185	3,605	0	0	0
Marathi	15,570	8,200	7,365	55	20	30
Nepali	21,380	10,915	10,470	185	90	95
Oriya (Odia)	1,535	755	775	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	668,240	341,450	326,790	205	130	75
Sindhi	20,260	9,310	10,945	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	27,825	13,970	13,855	35	10	20
Urdu	322,220	164,685	157,535	355	215	140
Iranian languages	281,715	142,030	139,680	805	430	375
Kurdish	15,290	8,290	7,000	130	65	60
Pashto	23,180	12,465	10,715	60	45	20
Persian (Farsi)	252,320	126,565	125,755	620	330	285
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	8,875	4,715	4,155	10	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,897,630	898,530	999,100	7,600	3,540	4,055
Catalan	2,035	1,145	890	15	10	0
Italian	574,725	278,500	296,225	825	405	420
Portuguese	295,955	144,465	151,485	450	250	200
Romanian	115,050	55,275	59,770	555	290	265
Spanish	995,255	460,250	535,010	6,065	2,775	3,290
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	2,680	1,610	1,075	10	0	10
Japanese	83,090	36,760	46,335	430	190	240
Kartvelian languages	2,150	1,075	1,075	0	0	0
Georgian	2,150	1,080	1,070	0	0	0
Korean	172,755	80,170	92,590	1,695	860	835
Mongolic languages	2,090	960	1,130	10	10	10
Mongolian	2,090	960	1,130	15	10	10
Niger-Congo languages	177,215	88,135	89,080	1,525	890	640
Akan (Twi)	22,145	10,810	11,340	35	15	25
Bamanankan	3,190	1,660	1,530	155	70	85
Edo	3,220	1,510	1,705	0	0	0
Ewe	3,000	1,685	1,315	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	4,725	2,460	2,260	100	85	15
Ga	2,250	1,140	1,110	10	10	0
Ganda	2,495	1,175	1,320	10	10	0
Igbo	8,850	4,710	4,140	60	50	15
Lingala	17,010	7,865	9,145	125	95	35
Rundi (Kirundi)	8,590	4,075	4,515	90	55	35
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	7,860	3,600	4,260	70	40	30
Shona	5,425	2,530	2,905	40	15	25
Swahili	38,680	19,565	19,115	355	185	170
Wolof	8,240	4,455	3,785	70	45	25
Yoruba	22,420	11,475	10,940	60	45	20
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40,760	20,375	20,385	545	315	230
Nilo-Saharan languages	7,015	3,520	3,495	10	0	0
Dinka	2,475	1,280	1,190	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	4,555	2,240	2,315	0	0	0
Sign languages	48,115	18,985	29,130	1,155	450	705
American Sign Language	21,930	7,780	14,155	425	150	280
Quebec Sign Language	4,665	1,665	3,005	15	10	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	22,275	9,835	12,440	745	305	435
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,430,440	672,100	758,340	3,585	1,885	1,700
Chinese languages	1,413,110	663,465	749,640	3,510	1,855	1,660
Cantonese	699,125	325,840	373,285	610	285	320
Hakka	12,445	5,555	6,890	0	0	0
Mandarin	814,450	377,635	436,815	2,760	1,455	1,310
Min Dong	1,045	440	600	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	42,840	19,005	23,835	60	30	30
Wu (Shanghainese)	16,530	7,490	9,040	140	65	75
Chinese, n.o.s.	41,690	19,995	21,690	310	195	115
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	590	250	340	40	10	30
Tibeto-Burman languages	18,270	9,100	9,175	70	30	40
Burmese	4,995	2,490	2,500	0	0	0
Karenic languages	4,895	2,425	2,475	65	25	45
Tibetan	7,050	3,555	3,490	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	2,375	1,160	1,220	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	30,400	13,210	17,195	85	20	65
Lao	17,235	8,240	8,990	10	0	10
Thai	15,390	5,875	9,520	80	20	60
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	115	50	65	0	0	0
Turkic languages	60,530	31,585	28,945	175	105	75
Azerbaijani	5,450	2,885	2,565	0	0	0
Turkish	50,775	26,605	24,165	165	105	60
Uyghur	1,385	685	700	0	0	0
Uzbek	2,465	1,230	1,235	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	1,870	905	965	10	0	10
Uralic languages	94,810	44,270	50,545	270	130	140
Estonian	6,070	2,750	3,315	20	15	0
Finnish	17,595	7,540	10,050	35	15	20
Hungarian	71,285	34,005	37,280	220	105	115
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	9,730	5,375	4,355	100	70	30
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	34,460,065	16,971,580	17,488,490	730,710	357,855	372,855
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	32,034,590	15,799,495	16,235,090	710,775	347,905	362,875
Canadian citizens aged under 18	6,652,795	3,412,785	3,240,010	130,785	66,795	63,990
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	25,381,795	12,386,710	12,995,080	579,995	281,110	298,880
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	2,425,480	1,172,085	1,253,400	19,925	9,950	9,980
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	730,710	357,855	372,850
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	26,412,610	13,124,325	13,288,290	692,535	339,090	353,445
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	7,540,830	3,586,495	3,954,330	33,810	16,175	17,640
Before 1981	1,941,510	927,795	1,013,715	11,545	5,265	6,275
1981 to 1990	915,555	439,245	476,310	2,735	1,340	1,390
1991 to 2000	1,486,655	696,720	789,940	2,975	1,490	1,490
2001 to 2010	1,985,035	940,570	1,044,465	7,235	3,530	3,710
2001 to 2005	928,935	439,890	489,050	2,435	1,110	1,330
2006 to 2010	1,056,095	500,680	555,415	4,800	2,415	2,385
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	1,212,075	582,175	629,895	9,330	4,560	4,770
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	506,625	260,755	245,870	4,360	2,590	1,770
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	7,540,830	3,586,500	3,954,335	33,815	16,175	17,635
Under 5 years	731,340	364,165	367,175	5,135	2,350	2,790
5 to 14 years	1,311,810	665,870	645,945	7,290	3,585	3,705
15 to 24 years	1,604,430	724,430	880,005	5,790	2,525	3,265
25 to 44 years	3,198,920	1,513,970	1,684,950	12,640	6,100	6,535
45 years and over	694,320	318,060	376,260	2,955	1,615	1,340
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	7,540,830	3,586,495	3,954,330	33,815	16,175	17,635
Americas	1,128,745	510,650	618,100	9,420	4,205	5,210
Brazil	29,320	13,235	16,080	55	20	30
Colombia	70,035	32,065	37,965	215	85	130
El Salvador	48,080	23,865	24,215	115	85	30
Guyana	87,685	38,940	48,745	80	40	45
Haiti	93,480	40,955	52,525	170	70	100
Jamaica	138,345	59,960	78,390	120	85	40
Mexico	80,585	37,530	43,055	160	50	110
Peru	29,615	12,950	16,665	60	35	25
Trinidad and Tobago	65,040	29,325	35,710	115	70	40
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	253,715	113,505	140,215	7,620	3,315	4,305
Other places of birth in Americas	232,850	108,325	124,530	715	355	360
Europe	2,088,410	1,015,145	1,073,260	10,985	5,335	5,650
Bosnia and Herzegovina	36,135	18,050	18,085	100	55	50
Croatia	40,045	20,005	20,035	60	35	25
France	105,565	55,395	50,170	760	425	340
Germany	145,845	69,525	76,320	1,615	740	880
Greece	62,715	31,580	31,135	95	60	40
Hungary	36,820	17,945	18,875	100	35	65
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	28,325	14,355	13,970	160	75	85
Italy	236,640	118,595	118,040	210	125	85
Netherlands	88,475	45,185	43,295	975	505	465
Poland	146,465	66,450	80,020	195	90	100
Portugal	139,450	68,150	71,300	130	85	45
Romania	90,305	42,795	47,510	485	245	240
Russian Federation	78,685	34,265	44,420	245	115	135
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	33,320	16,325	17,000	30	25	10
Ukraine	73,030	33,360	39,665	250	120	130
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	499,115	243,225	255,890	4,600	2,160	2,445
Other places of birth in Europe	247,470	119,945	127,530	970	455	515
Africa	637,485	322,510	314,970	2,565	1,420	1,140
Algeria	64,620	33,920	30,705	165	90	75
Egypt	64,615	34,125	30,495	120	75	45
Ethiopia	32,790	15,980	16,810	120	65	60
Kenya	27,150	12,810	14,340	60	30	30
Morocco	69,655	36,120	33,535	200	120	75
Nigeria	42,430	21,830	20,600	115	65	50
Somalia	27,230	12,070	15,160	15	10	10
South Africa, Republic of	44,660	22,205	22,460	165	85	80
Other places of birth in Africa	264,320	133,450	130,870	1,615	885	725
Asia	3,629,160	1,709,985	1,919,175	10,625	5,105	5,520
Afghanistan	51,955	26,030	25,930	20	10	0
Bangladesh	58,735	29,875	28,865	100	55	50
China^{Census data footnote 59}	649,260	290,800	358,460	2,210	1,040	1,175
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	208,940	98,020	110,915	120	60	55
India	668,565	334,030	334,540	820	435	380
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	154,425	77,970	76,455	490	260	230
Iraq	68,485	34,785	33,705	70	25	45
Japan	27,240	7,955	19,285	90	15	75
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	123,305	57,170	66,140	1,495	775	720
Lebanon	88,745	47,295	41,450	390	225	165
Pakistan	202,260	103,225	99,035	225	130	95
Philippines	588,305	247,095	341,210	1,340	475	870
Sri Lanka	131,995	64,825	67,170	40	15	30
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	52,960	26,595	26,365	1,225	605	620
Taiwan	63,770	28,170	35,605	80	25	55
Viet Nam	169,250	78,000	91,250	720	355	365
Other places of birth in Asia	320,965	158,150	162,815	1,195	600	595
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	57,030	28,210	28,825	220	110	110
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	1,212,075	582,180	629,895	9,325	4,555	4,775
Americas	152,595	72,870	79,720	900	430	475
Brazil	8,500	4,000	4,490	20	10	10
Colombia	15,300	6,885	8,415	40	20	15
Cuba	5,370	2,545	2,820	10	10	10
Haiti	19,985	9,160	10,830	45	15	30
Jamaica	12,495	6,680	5,820	40	25	10
Mexico	18,660	9,090	9,575	25	10	20
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	33,060	16,480	16,580	585	285	300
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	6,425	2,990	3,435	25	10	20
Other places of birth in Americas	32,790	15,040	17,750	110	45	70
Europe	140,030	70,995	69,035	1,405	695	710
France	24,150	13,000	11,150	300	165	130
Germany	6,300	3,255	3,045	85	45	45
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	5,660	3,540	2,120	30	15	15
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	5,900	2,735	3,165	25	10	20
Romania	7,610	3,330	4,280	245	130	120
Russian Federation	11,565	4,485	7,080	90	35	55
Ukraine	13,425	6,015	7,410	100	50	50
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	24,445	14,235	10,215	240	145	100
Other places of birth in Europe	40,970	20,405	20,570	280	105	180
Africa	162,800	81,545	81,245	975	550	425
Algeria	17,175	8,440	8,735	15	20	0
Cameroon	10,265	5,005	5,255	45	35	10
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	7,400	3,570	3,835	155	75	80
Côte d'Ivoire	6,240	3,030	3,210	10	0	0
Egypt	16,115	8,445	7,665	40	20	20
Eritrea	6,050	3,195	2,855	35	15	25
Ethiopia	7,510	3,625	3,890	45	20	25
Morocco	15,105	7,470	7,635	40	30	10
Nigeria	17,285	8,850	8,435	40	15	25
Somalia	5,335	2,600	2,730	10	0	10
South Africa, Republic of	5,765	2,935	2,830	35	20	15
Tunisia	6,700	3,475	3,230	50	30	20
Other places of birth in Africa	41,855	20,905	20,950	455	265	185
Asia	748,700	352,095	396,610	6,015	2,865	3,150
Afghanistan	9,240	4,530	4,710	0	0	0
Bangladesh	12,900	6,445	6,460	25	10	15
China^{Census data footnote 59}	129,020	57,745	71,270	1,390	690	700
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	4,975	2,090	2,880	10	10	0
India	147,190	75,145	72,045	265	140	125
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	42,070	20,580	21,490	255	130	125
Iraq	20,665	10,345	10,320	45	20	25
Israel	4,740	2,615	2,130	200	90	110
Japan	4,905	1,250	3,655	15	0	15
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	21,710	9,630	12,075	600	290	310
Lebanon	9,375	4,980	4,400	130	75	55
Nepal	7,505	3,780	3,715	45	15	35
Pakistan	41,480	20,530	20,945	70	40	30
Philippines	188,810	83,050	105,760	925	345	580
Saudi Arabia	5,465	2,820	2,640	45	40	10
Sri Lanka	11,495	5,190	6,305	0	0	0
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	29,945	15,245	14,700	1,145	550	595
Taiwan	4,310	1,685	2,625	10	0	0
Turkey	4,255	2,365	1,890	45	40	10
United Arab Emirates	6,135	3,220	2,910	30	20	10
Viet Nam	11,210	4,500	6,705	500	250	255
Other places of birth in Asia	31,320	14,345	16,970	265	100	160
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	7,955	4,670	3,280	40	25	15
Australia	4,965	2,950	2,010	20	10	10
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	2,990	1,720	1,270	20	10	10
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	34,460,060	16,971,575	17,488,485	730,710	357,855	372,850
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	8,219,555	3,936,045	4,283,505	41,395	20,445	20,955
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	6,100,725	3,053,075	3,047,650	43,370	21,150	22,220
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	20,139,790	9,982,460	10,157,330	645,945	316,270	329,675
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	5,703,615	2,709,530	2,994,085	22,665	11,085	11,575
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	2,994,130	1,496,240	1,497,885	13,205	6,735	6,470
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	1,220,755	755,370	465,380	5,115	3,595	1,520
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	1,773,380	740,870	1,032,510	8,090	3,140	4,950
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	1,782,490	728,085	1,054,400	6,100	2,625	3,475
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	858,845	453,675	405,175	3,240	1,675	1,570
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	68,145	31,530	36,615	110	55	60
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	730,710	357,860	372,855
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	1,673,785	813,520	860,265	29,385	14,690	14,695
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	1,629,805	792,970	836,835	28,160	14,120	14,040
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	977,235	471,510	505,725	17,575	8,555	9,015
Métis	587,545	289,435	298,115	10,200	5,370	4,835
Inuk (Inuit)	65,030	32,030	32,995	385	190	190
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	21,310	10,165	11,145	470	210	260
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	22,670	10,385	12,290	750	360	390
Non-Aboriginal identity	32,786,280	16,158,060	16,628,225	701,325	343,170	358,155
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	34,460,065	16,971,580	17,488,490	730,705	357,855	372,850
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	820,120	395,670	424,445	14,305	7,085	7,225
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	33,639,945	16,575,905	17,064,040	716,405	350,775	365,625
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,490	730,710	357,860	372,850
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	727,790	356,970	370,815	12,785	6,335	6,450
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	709,235	347,985	361,245	12,495	6,175	6,320
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	573,215	280,040	293,180	10,635	5,200	5,435
Métis single ancestry	91,255	45,740	45,515	1,695	900	800
Inuit single ancestry	44,765	22,210	22,555	165	75	85
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	18,555	8,985	9,565	290	165	130
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	15,140	7,305	7,835	235	125	110
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	2,470	1,205	1,265	25	15	15
Métis and Inuit ancestries	770	390	380	20	20	0
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	170	85	85	10	0	0
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	1,402,735	669,710	733,025	33,795	16,295	17,500
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	1,347,610	644,210	703,400	32,505	15,690	16,815
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	881,455	418,215	463,235	24,255	11,640	12,615
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	441,000	213,940	227,065	7,765	3,810	3,955
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	25,155	12,045	13,105	480	240	245
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	55,125	25,505	29,625	1,295	600	690
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	49,325	22,740	26,585	1,165	540	630
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	3,470	1,655	1,815	60	30	30
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	2,005	940	1,065	40	20	25
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	325	170	160	25	15	10
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	32,329,545	15,944,900	16,384,645	684,125	335,230	348,895
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	730,710	357,855	372,850
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	7,674,580	3,725,090	3,949,495	24,535	12,470	12,070
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	1,924,635	977,690	946,945	2,535	1,385	1,150
Chinese	1,577,060	746,400	830,665	3,925	1,970	1,955
Black	1,198,540	580,070	618,475	7,000	3,540	3,460
Filipino	780,125	341,800	438,330	1,980	835	1,145
Latin American	447,325	215,460	231,860	1,285	650	635
Arab	523,235	276,425	246,810	2,960	1,650	1,310
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	313,260	148,880	164,385	1,230	600	630
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	264,305	133,475	130,825	730	415	320
Korean	188,710	89,110	99,600	1,685	885	800
Japanese	92,920	40,105	52,815	230	70	160
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	132,090	62,540	69,550	305	135	175
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	232,375	113,140	119,230	675	345	330
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	26,785,480	13,246,485	13,539,000	706,170	345,385	360,785
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	730,705	357,860	372,850
North American Aboriginal origins	2,130,520	1,026,675	1,103,840	46,585	22,625	23,955
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,525,570	731,410	794,155	36,405	17,570	18,840
Inuit	79,130	38,695	40,435	830	420	410
Métis	599,995	291,310	308,690	10,960	5,435	5,530
Other North American origins	11,628,535	5,745,695	5,882,835	428,865	209,615	219,250
Acadian	119,675	57,805	61,865	29,505	14,455	15,060
American	377,405	182,690	194,715	7,175	3,575	3,605
Canadian	11,135,965	5,501,595	5,634,370	407,370	199,020	208,350
New Brunswicker	1,490	800	685	240	135	105
Newfoundlander	22,215	11,420	10,800	445	190	250
Nova Scotian	3,700	1,770	1,930	65	40	25
Ontarian	3,925	1,980	1,945	0	0	10
Québécois	194,560	99,320	95,235	770	410	365
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	1,895	950	945	20	20	0
European origins	19,683,320	9,687,715	9,995,605	424,850	206,715	218,135
British Isles origins	11,211,850	5,474,735	5,737,115	314,655	151,970	162,690
Channel Islander	3,595	1,740	1,855	125	45	85
Cornish	1,975	995	975	45	25	20
English	6,320,085	3,069,515	3,250,570	168,205	80,795	87,415
Irish	4,627,000	2,195,620	2,431,385	147,245	69,515	77,730
Manx	6,125	3,090	3,040	45	40	10
Scottish	4,799,005	2,323,390	2,475,620	134,455	64,400	70,055
Welsh	474,805	226,600	248,210	10,110	4,825	5,290
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	644,695	307,090	337,610	10,640	4,885	5,755
French origins	4,680,820	2,283,480	2,397,340	163,270	79,105	84,165
Alsatian	2,800	1,300	1,495	15	10	0
Breton	11,845	5,765	6,080	55	30	30
Corsican	1,750	950	805	0	0	0
French	4,670,595	2,278,430	2,392,165	163,245	79,090	84,155
Western European origins (except French origins)	4,600,855	2,258,095	2,342,760	49,825	24,100	25,725
Austrian	207,050	100,775	106,275	1,000	530	475
Bavarian	940	485	455	0	0	0
Belgian	186,665	91,395	95,270	1,470	650	815
Dutch	1,111,655	546,565	565,090	15,230	7,290	7,945
Flemish	11,685	5,730	5,960	100	65	40
Frisian	4,590	2,395	2,195	40	25	15
German	3,322,405	1,626,785	1,695,615	34,205	16,575	17,630
Luxembourger	3,915	2,025	1,890	0	10	0
Swiss	155,120	76,935	78,185	1,145	545	595
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	3,365	1,645	1,720	35	20	15
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	1,201,320	579,005	622,315	10,400	5,080	5,320
Danish	207,470	100,660	106,810	3,960	1,885	2,075
Finnish	143,645	69,045	74,600	465	235	225
Icelandic	101,795	49,875	51,915	250	135	115
Norwegian	463,275	223,075	240,200	3,330	1,650	1,680
Swedish	349,645	163,545	186,095	2,010	1,010	1,005
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	52,780	26,965	25,820	820	410	410
Eastern European origins	3,431,245	1,666,740	1,764,505	11,590	5,600	5,995
Bulgarian	34,565	16,935	17,625	155	60	100
Byelorussian	20,710	10,190	10,515	85	45	40
Czech	104,580	51,555	53,030	435	215	225
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	40,715	19,235	21,480	175	80	100
Estonian	24,530	11,715	12,815	100	35	60
Hungarian	348,085	170,040	178,045	1,280	615	665
Latvian	30,725	14,920	15,805	185	105	80
Lithuanian	59,285	28,745	30,535	325	165	160
Moldovan	14,915	7,265	7,650	35	20	15
Polish	1,106,585	533,830	572,750	3,445	1,670	1,780
Romanian	238,050	114,705	123,345	945	485	460
Russian	622,445	297,600	324,850	2,260	1,015	1,245
Slovak	72,285	35,360	36,925	250	130	125
Ukrainian	1,359,655	663,560	696,095	3,535	1,750	1,785
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	20,415	9,895	10,520	70	25	45
Southern European origins	3,012,375	1,494,605	1,517,775	13,450	6,560	6,890
Albanian	36,185	18,385	17,800	120	65	55
Bosnian	26,740	13,320	13,420	120	65	55
Catalan	1,280	740	535	10	10	0
Croatian	133,970	67,825	66,140	310	120	190
Cypriot	5,650	2,850	2,795	30	20	10
Greek	271,410	137,405	134,005	950	485	465
Italian	1,587,965	794,525	793,445	7,460	3,615	3,845
Kosovar	2,865	1,470	1,395	0	0	0
Macedonian	43,110	21,650	21,460	80	35	45
Maltese	41,920	20,955	20,965	115	45	65
Montenegrin	4,160	2,180	1,985	20	20	0
Portuguese	482,605	239,360	243,250	1,785	840	945
Serbian	96,530	49,095	47,440	130	90	35
Sicilian	6,940	3,500	3,435	15	10	0
Slovenian	40,470	20,105	20,365	130	60	60
Spanish	396,460	184,520	211,945	2,555	1,220	1,330
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	38,480	18,620	19,860	120	55	65
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	2,170	1,030	1,135	20	10	10
Other European origins	226,695	115,110	111,580	1,805	960	840
Basque	6,965	3,690	3,275	90	50	40
Jewish	143,660	72,625	71,035	785	410	375
Roma (Gypsy)	4,630	2,195	2,440	30	20	15
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	4,870	2,560	2,310	30	10	15
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	67,890	34,730	33,160	875	480	395
Caribbean origins	749,155	349,810	399,345	2,275	1,045	1,230
Antiguan	4,500	2,115	2,385	0	0	0
Bahamian	3,675	1,915	1,760	35	15	15
Barbadian	37,780	17,745	20,035	100	60	40
Bermudan	3,075	1,435	1,640	130	40	90
Carib	3,030	1,175	1,860	10	0	0
Cuban	29,065	13,800	15,270	235	135	100
Dominican	23,130	11,000	12,125	80	35	40
Grenadian	17,915	7,835	10,080	20	0	15
Guadeloupean	1,125	515	605	35	20	15
Haitian	165,095	76,460	88,635	305	140	160
Jamaican	309,485	145,080	164,410	750	350	395
Kittitian/Nevisian	2,915	1,460	1,460	10	10	0
Martinican	2,010	900	1,110	0	0	0
Montserratan	930	460	470	0	0	0
Puerto Rican	3,405	1,645	1,765	85	40	40
St. Lucian	8,985	4,095	4,890	15	10	10
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	78,965	37,325	41,635	150	70	75
Vincentian/Grenadinian	17,420	7,475	9,945	45	10	35
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	70,270	31,625	38,645	245	110	135
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	26,830	12,520	14,310	185	65	120
Latin, Central and South American origins	674,640	325,210	349,430	2,135	1,110	1,025
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	22,725	10,875	11,850	65	40	25
Arawak	1,440	610	830	0	0	0
Argentinian	20,680	10,130	10,545	30	10	20
Belizean	1,755	915	845	0	0	10
Bolivian	5,055	2,480	2,580	55	35	20
Brazilian	36,830	17,380	19,455	60	15	45
Chilean	45,190	22,280	22,910	95	40	55
Colombian	96,325	45,590	50,735	265	105	160
Costa Rican	5,535	2,680	2,855	30	15	15
Ecuadorian	25,405	11,995	13,415	30	20	10
Guatemalan	26,275	13,360	12,915	125	40	85
Guyanese	84,275	39,530	44,745	115	50	70
Hispanic	11,055	5,380	5,670	75	35	35
Honduran	10,650	5,235	5,415	50	20	25
Maya	6,285	3,350	2,940	90	45	45
Mexican	128,485	62,890	65,595	700	395	300
Nicaraguan	13,705	6,650	7,055	20	20	0
Panamanian	4,700	2,210	2,495	15	15	0
Paraguayan	4,325	2,165	2,160	0	0	0
Peruvian	42,145	19,645	22,505	90	45	45
Salvadorean	66,220	32,960	33,255	135	95	40
Uruguayan	6,795	3,390	3,410	10	0	0
Venezuelan	26,345	12,220	14,125	60	35	30
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	28,455	13,930	14,525	110	65	50
African origins	1,067,930	539,805	528,120	6,705	3,535	3,170
Central and West African origins	230,110	118,040	112,070	1,835	1,045	790
Akan	1,955	1,090	870	20	10	10
Angolan	2,960	1,475	1,480	25	10	10
Ashanti	1,585	855	735	0	0	0
Beninese	4,995	2,670	2,320	0	10	0
Burkinabe	3,150	1,665	1,485	75	50	30
Cameroonian	24,615	12,390	12,230	150	110	40
Chadian	1,845	955	885	0	0	0
Congolese	38,365	18,925	19,440	415	250	165
Edo	1,945	1,095	855	10	0	0
Ewe	845	470	375	0	0	0
Gabonese	1,405	660	750	15	10	0
Gambian	975	495	475	0	0	0
Ghanaian	35,495	17,720	17,770	90	55	35
Guinean	7,240	3,785	3,455	175	125	50
Ibo	5,315	2,850	2,470	80	55	25
Ivorian	10,935	5,485	5,450	60	30	30
Liberian	2,485	1,130	1,360	80	45	35
Malian	4,490	2,280	2,210	125	55	65
Malinké	1,125	585	535	0	0	0
Nigerian	51,835	27,025	24,805	230	115	115
Peulh	2,435	1,270	1,170	40	25	20
Senegalese	10,175	5,500	4,670	105	45	60
Sierra Leonean	2,620	1,330	1,295	20	0	20
Togolese	5,300	2,870	2,430	40	20	25
Wolof	840	495	345	0	0	0
Yoruba	9,585	5,075	4,515	50	25	25
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	15,380	7,940	7,445	225	135	90
North African origins	355,045	185,775	169,270	1,200	705	495
Algerian	67,335	34,755	32,580	190	90	90
Berber	37,060	19,685	17,375	180	105	70
Coptic	3,535	1,860	1,680	0	0	0
Dinka	900	500	400	0	0	0
Egyptian	99,140	51,730	47,410	210	130	80
Libyan	7,740	4,135	3,605	185	85	100
Maure	1,190	655	535	0	0	0
Moroccan	103,940	54,005	49,945	365	255	115
Sudanese	19,960	10,315	9,645	15	10	10
Tunisian	25,645	13,985	11,665	140	80	60
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	6,115	3,320	2,795	15	10	10
Southern and East African origins	260,145	128,325	131,815	1,050	565	485
Afrikaner	1,870	955	915	0	0	0
Amhara	1,530	815	715	0	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	3,965	2,175	1,785	30	25	0
Burundian	10,990	5,405	5,580	105	55	50
Djiboutian	1,710	790	920	0	0	0
Eritrean	25,255	12,830	12,430	115	80	40
Ethiopian	44,065	21,680	22,385	180	105	70
Harari	665	355	305	0	0	0
Kenyan	10,915	5,230	5,685	10	0	0
Malagasy	4,500	2,175	2,325	60	20	35
Mauritian	9,325	4,655	4,665	0	10	0
Oromo	3,350	1,745	1,605	30	10	20
Rwandan	10,775	5,065	5,705	105	50	55
Seychellois	1,285	575	710	10	0	10
Somali	62,550	30,215	32,330	30	25	0
South African	41,375	20,575	20,800	225	95	130
Tanzanian	4,710	2,400	2,310	0	0	0
Tigrian	2,155	1,160	995	0	0	0
Ugandan	5,705	2,875	2,830	25	15	15
Zambian	1,860	935	920	25	10	15
Zimbabwean	8,090	3,975	4,110	60	30	30
Zulu	945	475	475	0	0	0
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	17,305	8,445	8,860	80	40	40
Other African origins	239,560	116,400	123,165	2,850	1,360	1,485
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	30,385	14,015	16,370	385	140	245
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	212,005	103,790	108,215	2,475	1,225	1,245
Asian origins	6,095,235	2,958,120	3,137,115	19,410	9,775	9,635
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	1,011,145	518,170	492,980	6,835	3,590	3,240
Afghan	83,995	42,320	41,675	25	10	20
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	111,400	58,930	52,475	590	300	295
Armenian	63,810	31,505	32,305	115	60	50
Assyrian	13,835	7,115	6,720	15	10	0
Azerbaijani	6,425	3,230	3,200	10	0	10
Georgian	4,775	2,430	2,345	10	10	10
Hazara	1,515	810	705	0	0	0
Iranian	210,405	106,565	103,840	665	365	305
Iraqi	70,925	35,965	34,955	105	50	55
Israeli	28,735	15,065	13,675	175	85	90
Jordanian	14,250	7,520	6,735	180	105	75
Kazakh	3,330	1,615	1,710	0	10	0
Kurd	16,315	8,810	7,515	80	45	30
Kuwaiti	2,235	1,185	1,055	0	0	0
Kyrgyz	1,060	510	550	0	0	0
Lebanese	219,555	112,970	106,590	2,825	1,435	1,395
Palestinian	44,820	23,900	20,920	75	40	30
Pashtun	4,810	2,565	2,245	20	10	10
Saudi Arabian	6,810	3,935	2,880	85	65	20
Syrian	77,045	38,445	38,600	1,685	865	825
Tajik	2,905	1,410	1,495	0	0	0
Tatar	4,825	2,155	2,670	25	10	15
Turk	63,955	32,855	31,100	235	150	85
Turkmen	1,040	540	500	10	15	0
Uighur	1,555	775	785	0	0	0
Uzbek	3,920	1,920	2,000	40	25	10
Yemeni	6,645	3,335	3,305	35	20	15
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	25,280	13,180	12,100	50	35	15
South Asian origins	1,963,330	993,595	969,735	2,975	1,590	1,385
Bangladeshi	45,940	23,645	22,300	150	95	55
Bengali	22,900	11,730	11,180	50	40	10
Bhutanese	3,600	1,765	1,835	35	20	15
East Indian	1,374,710	694,990	679,720	2,150	1,105	1,045
Goan	6,070	2,915	3,155	0	0	0
Gujarati	8,350	4,305	4,050	0	0	0
Kashmiri	3,115	1,605	1,510	10	0	0
Nepali	17,140	8,715	8,420	160	75	90
Pakistani	215,555	110,420	105,140	255	160	100
Punjabi	118,400	61,155	57,240	45	35	15
Sinhalese	7,285	3,605	3,685	15	0	10
Sri Lankan	152,595	75,010	77,585	100	45	55
Tamil	48,670	24,845	23,825	25	15	10
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	76,400	38,815	37,585	85	50	35
East and Southeast Asian origins	3,163,360	1,467,205	1,696,155	9,640	4,610	5,030
Burmese	9,335	4,535	4,795	25	15	10
Cambodian (Khmer)	38,490	18,515	19,980	60	30	30
Chinese	1,769,195	836,150	933,045	4,480	2,230	2,250
Filipino	837,130	369,105	468,025	2,130	870	1,265
Hmong	805	420	390	0	0	0
Indonesian	21,390	9,950	11,440	100	30	65
Japanese	121,485	53,415	68,070	305	115	185
Karen	4,510	2,275	2,240	65	30	35
Korean	198,210	93,680	104,525	1,675	875	795
Laotian	24,580	12,190	12,390	0	10	0
Malaysian	16,920	7,735	9,185	30	15	15
Mongolian	7,480	3,560	3,915	45	30	15
Singaporean	2,850	1,325	1,520	10	10	0
Taiwanese	36,510	16,570	19,945	60	30	30
Thai	19,010	7,330	11,680	100	30	70
Tibetan	8,040	4,055	3,985	0	0	0
Vietnamese	240,615	115,935	124,680	885	450	435
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	6,500	3,150	3,355	10	0	10
Other Asian origins	22,745	11,280	11,460	110	70	45
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	22,740	11,280	11,460	115	65	45
Oceania origins	85,470	43,030	42,440	470	210	260
Australian	42,315	21,710	20,605	290	120	165
New Zealander	15,395	8,065	7,330	135	70	70
Pacific Islands origins	29,485	14,240	15,250	55	30	20
Fijian	19,375	9,280	10,090	0	0	0
Hawaiian	3,295	1,500	1,795	30	10	15
Maori	2,500	1,310	1,195	10	10	0
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	1,530	725	805	10	0	10
Samoan	1,100	625	475	0	0	0
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	2,335	1,145	1,185	10	10	0
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	14,072,075	...	...	319,770	...	...
Owner	9,541,320	...	...	238,040	...	...
Renter	4,474,530	...	...	79,865	...	...
Band housing	56,230	...	...	1,865	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	14,072,075	...	...	319,770	...	...
Condominium	1,874,840	...	...	10,580	...	...
Not condominium	12,197,240	...	...	309,195	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	14,072,080	...	...	319,775	...	...
No bedrooms	93,345	...	...	680	...	...
1 bedroom	1,925,015	...	...	28,370	...	...
2 bedrooms	3,547,090	...	...	88,115	...	...
3 bedrooms	4,836,485	...	...	125,865	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	3,670,145	...	...	76,745	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	14,072,075	...	...	319,770	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	4,068,915	...	...	66,540	...	...
5 rooms	2,177,045	...	...	56,365	...	...
6 rooms	1,981,585	...	...	54,070	...	...
7 rooms	1,790,180	...	...	45,825	...	...
8 or more rooms	4,054,355	...	...	96,970	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	14,072,080	...	...	319,770	...	...
One person or fewer per room	13,802,060	...	...	318,195	...	...
More than 1 person per room	270,020	...	...	1,575	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	14,072,075	...	...	319,770	...	...
Suitable	13,376,345	...	...	312,370	...	...
Not suitable	695,730	...	...	7,405	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	14,072,080	...	...	319,770	...	...
1960 or before	3,126,380	...	...	76,690	...	...
1961 to 1980	4,185,510	...	...	98,720	...	...
1981 to 1990	1,977,640	...	...	45,630	...	...
1991 to 2000	1,746,390	...	...	39,825	...	...
2001 to 2005	976,390	...	...	19,090	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,089,750	...	...	22,530	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	970,015	...	...	17,290	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	14,072,080	...	...	319,770	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	13,151,600	...	...	293,155	...	...
Major repairs needed	920,480	...	...	26,625	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	14,072,080	...	...	319,770	...	...
1 household maintainer	8,324,865	...	...	195,585	...	...
2 household maintainers	5,404,800	...	...	120,195	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	342,415	...	...	3,995	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	14,072,080	...	...	319,775	...	...
15 to 24 years	437,230	...	...	10,375	...	...
25 to 34 years	1,991,685	...	...	38,585	...	...
35 to 44 years	2,414,920	...	...	50,050	...	...
45 to 54 years	2,862,870	...	...	61,860	...	...
55 to 64 years	2,859,315	...	...	68,145	...	...
65 to 74 years	2,034,220	...	...	53,435	...	...
75 to 84 years	1,084,700	...	...	27,655	...	...
85 years and over	387,135	...	...	9,675	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	13,798,305	...	...	314,325	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	10,472,355	...	...	261,385	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	3,325,950	...	...	52,935	...	...
30% to less than 100%	2,861,615	...	...	47,190	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	9,368,330	...	...	235,950	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	60.7	...	...	55.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	16.6	...	...	10.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,130	...	...	741	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,313	...	...	876	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	341,556	...	...	150,010	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	443,058	...	...	170,071	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	4,452,850	...	...	79,370	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	13.0	...	...	14.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	40.0	...	...	36.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	910	...	...	704	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,002	...	...	741	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	28,643,015	13,990,435	14,652,580	620,395	301,650	318,745
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,239,575	2,667,995	2,571,585	136,745	71,600	65,140
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	7,576,400	3,686,630	3,889,770	176,750	85,345	91,405
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	15,827,040	7,635,805	8,191,230	306,895	144,700	162,200
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,800,260	1,906,610	893,650	56,595	39,965	16,630
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	1,549,880	880,365	669,515	29,630	17,320	12,315
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	1,250,385	1,026,250	224,140	26,965	22,645	4,320
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	5,553,825	2,326,940	3,226,890	135,065	56,055	79,005
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	813,335	331,940	481,395	11,610	3,995	7,620
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	6,659,615	3,070,315	3,589,300	103,630	44,685	58,945
Bachelor's degree	4,443,835	1,967,905	2,475,935	73,330	30,165	43,165
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	462,295	203,725	258,570	6,735	2,795	3,935
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	190,925	102,530	88,395	2,755	1,600	1,160
Master's degree	1,331,045	651,510	679,535	17,745	8,170	9,585
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	231,510	144,640	86,870	3,065	1,955	1,110
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	18,931,380	9,268,555	9,662,830	400,785	194,715	206,070
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,169,790	1,200,110	969,685	55,645	32,390	23,260
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	4,494,585	2,247,020	2,247,565	114,330	56,430	57,895
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	12,267,005	5,821,425	6,445,580	230,810	105,890	124,915
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,042,430	1,377,775	664,650	37,710	26,335	11,375
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	1,145,035	639,785	505,250	19,900	11,430	8,475
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	897,390	737,990	159,405	17,805	14,905	2,900
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	4,241,985	1,786,065	2,455,920	104,595	43,695	60,900
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	580,885	240,040	340,850	7,685	2,660	5,020
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	5,401,705	2,417,555	2,984,155	80,825	33,195	47,625
Bachelor's degree	3,590,080	1,562,160	2,027,925	57,560	23,115	34,450
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	362,455	151,205	211,250	5,160	1,920	3,240
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	153,290	74,440	78,855	2,190	1,110	1,080
Master's degree	1,120,190	527,335	592,850	13,730	5,770	7,960
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	175,685	102,415	73,275	2,190	1,285	905
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585	620,395	301,645	318,745
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	12,815,980	6,354,625	6,461,350	313,495	156,945	156,545
Education	1,060,095	251,290	808,800	25,570	6,725	18,845
13. Education	1,060,095	251,290	808,805	25,565	6,720	18,845
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	596,230	268,050	328,180	6,140	2,800	3,335
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	99,020	72,865	26,150	1,155	905	250
50. Visual and performing arts	497,210	195,185	302,025	4,990	1,900	3,085
Humanities	850,840	330,490	520,345	12,430	5,245	7,190
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	98,000	22,100	75,900	1,040	255	785
23. English language and literature/letters	178,590	52,785	125,810	2,395	715	1,675
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	275,525	104,135	171,390	3,055	1,065	1,990
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	4,160	1,640	2,520	55	20	35
38. Philosophy and religious studies	51,930	30,185	21,750	725	455	270
39. Theology and religious vocations	77,490	46,285	31,200	2,150	1,325	825
54. History	111,465	59,965	51,500	2,190	1,185	1,005
55. French language and literature/letters	53,680	13,400	40,290	830	220	605
Social and behavioural sciences and law	1,761,900	586,455	1,175,445	23,780	6,945	16,835
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	24,685	5,660	19,025	190	35	155
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	182,275	68,030	114,245	1,725	710	1,015
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	324,660	26,065	298,595	6,015	305	5,710
22. Legal professions and studies	289,600	102,660	186,945	3,935	1,325	2,615
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	35,445	8,150	27,295	420	95	325
42. Psychology	281,470	71,230	210,230	5,075	1,355	3,725
45. Social sciences	623,775	304,660	319,110	6,420	3,120	3,300
Business, management and public administration	3,360,045	1,272,475	2,087,565	67,605	19,470	48,135
30.16 Accounting and computer science	6,190	1,850	4,340	230	35	190
44. Public administration and social service professions	237,835	48,815	189,015	5,670	1,010	4,660
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	3,116,025	1,221,805	1,894,215	61,705	18,425	43,285
Physical and life sciences and technologies	614,280	315,665	298,615	7,625	3,930	3,700
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	249,955	105,560	144,400	3,320	1,525	1,800
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	125,600	61,685	63,915	1,845	825	1,025
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	28,155	12,625	15,530	130	30	100
40. Physical sciences	179,305	122,815	56,485	1,720	1,265	455
41. Science technologies/technicians	31,270	12,980	18,290	610	285	325
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	651,480	420,370	231,110	11,275	7,185	4,095
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	514,685	356,435	158,250	9,975	6,640	3,335
25. Library science	40,820	6,495	34,320	620	95	525
27. Mathematics and statistics	86,655	50,930	35,725	620	395	225
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	9,325	6,510	2,815	55	45	10
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	3,327,405	3,022,700	304,700	70,800	67,070	3,735
04. Architecture and related services	114,315	72,880	41,435	500	365	140
14. Engineering	752,465	615,880	136,585	8,020	7,015	1,010
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	620,065	551,855	68,205	13,010	11,575	1,430
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	410	85	325	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	702,155	682,710	19,445	18,910	18,555	350
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	731,135	709,430	21,705	20,075	19,570	505
48. Precision production	406,855	389,850	17,005	10,290	9,985	300
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	339,050	219,040	120,010	6,370	4,715	1,650
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	205,930	127,925	78,005	2,970	1,840	1,130
03. Natural resources and conservation	133,120	91,115	42,005	3,395	2,875	520
Health and related fields	2,266,720	441,180	1,825,545	49,795	7,490	42,305
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	164,295	81,260	83,040	2,770	1,325	1,445
51. Health professions and related programs	2,047,680	329,010	1,718,670	46,160	5,600	40,550
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	54,740	30,910	23,830	870	565	305
Personal, protective and transportation services	995,825	507,200	488,630	25,460	13,110	12,355
12. Personal and culinary services	565,555	151,530	414,025	13,835	2,735	11,095
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	3,505	3,080	420	105	95	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	7,900	7,230	670	390	355	40
43. Security and protective services	206,745	150,540	56,205	4,665	3,795	875
49. Transportation and materials moving	212,125	194,810	17,315	6,465	6,135	325
Other	3,170	885	2,280	50	25	25
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	3,170	890	2,280	45	25	20
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	18,931,385	9,268,555	9,662,825	400,780	194,710	206,070
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	6,664,380	3,447,130	3,217,250	169,970	88,820	81,150
Education	727,515	160,315	567,205	16,350	3,830	12,520
13. Education	727,515	160,315	567,200	16,350	3,835	12,515
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	467,905	208,365	259,545	4,690	2,140	2,550
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	74,530	53,995	20,535	830	630	200
50. Visual and performing arts	393,375	154,370	239,005	3,860	1,510	2,350
Humanities	614,815	232,425	382,390	8,810	3,450	5,360
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	76,540	16,200	60,340	820	195	625
23. English language and literature/letters	133,800	38,310	95,485	1,725	490	1,235
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	191,005	71,770	119,235	2,125	650	1,475
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	3,140	1,250	1,895	35	10	30
38. Philosophy and religious studies	37,870	21,930	15,940	500	295	215
39. Theology and religious vocations	52,295	31,200	21,090	1,460	860	595
54. History	82,565	43,475	39,085	1,630	855	775
55. French language and literature/letters	37,600	8,285	29,315	520	100	420
Social and behavioural sciences and law	1,417,625	453,100	964,525	18,970	5,210	13,760
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	20,300	4,595	15,705	135	20	115
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	152,080	56,125	95,955	1,500	630	870
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	259,845	19,160	240,685	4,685	235	4,450
22. Legal professions and studies	241,170	76,720	164,445	3,280	940	2,340
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	27,310	6,390	20,920	335	70	260
42. Psychology	218,470	51,570	166,900	4,015	980	3,035
45. Social sciences	498,450	238,540	259,915	5,015	2,330	2,680
Business, management and public administration	2,696,770	1,000,895	1,695,875	52,915	15,055	37,860
30.16 Accounting and computer science	4,955	1,480	3,475	215	40	175
44. Public administration and social service professions	192,190	36,890	155,305	4,505	735	3,770
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	2,499,625	962,530	1,537,095	48,190	14,280	33,915
Physical and life sciences and technologies	449,870	222,120	227,755	5,620	2,710	2,905
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	195,830	79,945	115,880	2,580	1,135	1,445
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	89,205	42,265	46,945	1,275	540	730
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	9,280	3,850	5,430	110	20	95
40. Physical sciences	132,935	87,025	45,905	1,185	820	370
41. Science technologies/technicians	22,625	9,035	13,590	465	195	270
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	567,415	368,840	198,575	9,710	6,285	3,425
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	464,000	321,805	142,190	8,815	5,910	2,905
25. Library science	29,955	4,870	25,080	415	70	345
27. Mathematics and statistics	65,620	36,895	28,725	430	265	170
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	7,840	5,270	2,575	55	50	0
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	2,532,555	2,271,735	260,820	51,150	47,940	3,210
04. Architecture and related services	93,135	57,280	35,850	395	270	120
14. Engineering	612,265	490,980	121,285	6,230	5,295	935
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	475,045	418,595	56,450	10,405	9,135	1,270
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	350	70	275	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	515,630	499,670	15,960	13,110	12,825	290
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	540,800	523,425	17,375	14,025	13,635	395
48. Precision production	295,335	281,715	13,620	6,980	6,770	210
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	269,445	167,680	101,770	5,010	3,575	1,430
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	159,975	94,680	65,295	2,355	1,395	960
03. Natural resources and conservation	109,470	73,000	36,470	2,655	2,185	470
Health and related fields	1,749,545	342,395	1,407,145	38,135	5,850	32,285
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	129,560	63,315	66,245	2,145	1,060	1,085
51. Health professions and related programs	1,576,945	256,895	1,320,050	35,295	4,385	30,905
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	43,040	22,185	20,860	695	405	285
Personal, protective and transportation services	770,950	392,820	378,135	19,415	9,810	9,600
12. Personal and culinary services	431,415	114,395	317,025	10,520	1,945	8,575
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	2,725	2,355	375	95	85	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	4,425	3,975	445	220	190	35
43. Security and protective services	162,995	116,750	46,240	3,460	2,760	705
49. Transportation and materials moving	169,400	155,340	14,050	5,115	4,835	285
Other	2,590	745	1,845	45	25	20
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	2,585	740	1,845	40	25	15
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	28,643,015	13,990,435	14,652,585	620,390	301,650	318,745
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	12,815,975	6,354,625	6,461,350	313,495	156,945	156,545
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	15,827,040	7,635,805	8,191,235	306,900	144,700	162,200
Location of study inside Canada	13,117,190	6,299,305	6,817,890	290,645	136,490	154,155
Same as province or territory of residence	11,519,215	5,503,640	6,015,575	229,835	106,610	123,230
Different than province or territory of residence	1,597,975	795,655	802,315	60,810	29,880	30,925
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	2,709,850	1,336,505	1,373,345	16,255	8,205	8,050
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	349,540	189,995	159,545	5,360	2,675	2,685
Philippines	298,830	109,820	189,020	920	285	635
India	281,415	142,410	138,995	460	230	230
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	232,035	131,050	100,980	1,995	1,175	815
China^{Census data footnote 162}	205,375	94,690	110,685	1,105	550	555
France	88,860	50,400	38,455	660	370	290
Other	1,253,790	618,135	635,655	5,755	2,920	2,835
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	18,931,380	9,268,555	9,662,830	400,785	194,715	206,070
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	6,664,380	3,447,125	3,217,250	169,970	88,815	81,155
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	12,267,005	5,821,430	6,445,575	230,815	105,895	124,920
Location of study inside Canada	10,134,590	4,807,045	5,327,545	218,710	100,175	118,535
Same as province or territory of residence	8,918,160	4,207,495	4,710,665	172,760	78,520	94,240
Different than province or territory of residence	1,216,425	599,545	616,875	45,950	21,660	24,295
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	2,132,415	1,014,385	1,118,030	12,105	5,715	6,380
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	254,245	131,955	122,290	3,460	1,555	1,905
Philippines	263,095	96,025	167,065	875	260	615
India	239,535	117,445	122,090	345	160	180
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	133,655	73,575	60,085	1,070	575	490
China^{Census data footnote 162}	175,825	79,635	96,190	1,025	475	550
France	72,920	40,610	32,310	525	300	225
Other	993,135	475,145	517,990	4,800	2,390	2,415
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	28,643,020	13,990,430	14,652,585	620,390	301,650	318,745
In the labour force	18,672,475	9,731,830	8,940,645	381,790	197,005	184,790
Employed	17,230,040	8,923,540	8,306,490	339,045	170,050	168,995
Unemployed	1,442,435	808,285	634,150	42,745	26,950	15,795
Not in the labour force	9,970,545	4,258,605	5,711,945	238,600	104,645	133,955
Participation rate	65.2	69.6	61.0	61.5	65.3	58.0
Employment rate	60.2	63.8	56.7	54.7	56.4	53.0
Unemployment rate	7.7	8.3	7.1	11.2	13.7	8.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	28,643,020	13,990,430	14,652,580	620,390	301,645	318,745
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	9,282,005	3,930,570	5,351,440	217,930	94,105	123,825
Worked	19,361,010	10,059,865	9,301,150	402,465	207,540	194,920
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	9,626,010	5,402,110	4,223,895	201,230	106,785	94,450
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	9,735,005	4,657,755	5,077,245	201,225	100,760	100,475
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.4	42.9	42.0	41.0	40.6	41.5
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	18,672,470	9,731,825	8,940,640	381,795	197,000	184,790
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	404,350	197,705	206,640	7,320	3,790	3,530
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	18,268,125	9,534,120	8,734,000	374,470	193,210	181,260
Employee	16,073,685	8,158,745	7,914,940	342,685	173,560	169,125
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	2,194,440	1,375,380	819,060	31,785	19,655	12,130
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	18,672,470	9,731,830	8,940,645	381,790	197,005	184,790
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	404,350	197,710	206,640	7,320	3,790	3,530
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	18,268,120	9,534,120	8,734,005	374,470	193,215	181,255
0 Management occupations	2,013,370	1,251,165	762,205	34,015	20,605	13,415
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	2,874,305	862,870	2,011,440	52,695	14,200	38,495
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	1,273,660	990,560	283,105	20,705	16,300	4,405
3 Health occupations	1,245,885	244,730	1,001,155	30,730	4,870	25,865
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	2,138,445	672,945	1,465,495	45,640	15,355	30,285
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	557,275	255,705	301,570	6,610	2,925	3,685
6 Sales and service occupations	4,265,895	1,843,510	2,422,390	91,035	36,535	54,505
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	2,668,875	2,504,290	164,585	59,925	57,015	2,910
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	416,135	331,920	84,215	14,485	12,280	2,205
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	814,285	576,435	237,845	18,620	13,130	5,495
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	18,672,475	9,731,830	8,940,640	381,795	197,000	184,790
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	404,350	197,710	206,640	7,320	3,790	3,530
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	18,268,125	9,534,120	8,734,000	374,470	193,210	181,260
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	444,680	310,000	134,675	15,135	12,025	3,115
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	271,300	219,880	51,420	4,345	3,765	580
22 Utilities	136,350	100,135	36,210	3,350	2,615	735
23 Construction	1,365,010	1,196,550	168,455	27,795	25,195	2,595
31-33 Manufacturing	1,596,570	1,149,745	446,820	32,405	23,215	9,195
41 Wholesale trade	665,685	451,230	214,455	11,170	8,180	2,990
44-45 Retail trade	2,110,200	984,090	1,126,115	46,180	21,220	24,950
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	876,050	656,375	219,670	17,680	13,295	4,390
51 Information and cultural industries	420,350	243,650	176,705	6,615	3,700	2,915
52 Finance and insurance	790,580	327,865	462,715	12,415	4,090	8,325
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	333,305	184,350	148,955	3,830	2,245	1,585
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	1,335,125	740,520	594,605	17,240	9,485	7,750
55 Management of companies and enterprises	28,795	12,795	16,000	345	145	195
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	802,420	462,825	339,590	18,530	10,060	8,475
61 Educational services	1,346,585	420,845	925,735	26,090	8,180	17,905
62 Health care and social assistance	2,138,025	383,755	1,754,270	51,380	7,955	43,430
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	379,740	192,875	186,865	5,950	3,065	2,885
72 Accommodation and food services	1,283,725	535,210	748,515	24,825	8,460	16,365
81 Other services (except public administration)	814,695	371,880	442,815	17,105	8,365	8,745
91 Public administration	1,128,945	589,530	539,405	32,090	17,960	14,135
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	17,230,035	8,923,540	8,306,495	339,045	170,050	168,995
Worked at home	1,272,285	639,500	632,785	19,445	9,485	9,955
Worked outside Canada	78,815	54,235	24,580	1,315	885	430
No fixed workplace address	1,987,260	1,487,445	499,820	37,925	28,630	9,300
Worked at usual place	13,891,675	6,742,360	7,149,315	280,360	131,055	149,310
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	13,891,680	6,742,365	7,149,315	280,360	131,055	149,310
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	8,102,115	3,723,115	4,379,005	127,230	57,560	69,670
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	2,906,390	1,435,640	1,470,750	97,230	44,565	52,665
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,725,205	1,492,170	1,233,030	50,560	25,155	25,410
Commute to a different province or territory	157,970	91,445	66,525	5,345	3,775	1,565
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	15,878,940	8,229,810	7,649,135	318,285	159,680	158,605
Car, truck, van - as a driver	11,748,095	6,380,120	5,367,975	266,035	135,575	130,460
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	868,920	349,855	519,065	24,455	9,855	14,600
Public transit	1,968,215	846,735	1,121,485	7,290	3,600	3,690
Walked	877,985	392,950	485,030	14,650	6,900	7,755
Bicycle	222,130	146,615	75,515	1,210	800	405
Other method	193,595	113,525	80,060	4,645	2,950	1,695
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	15,878,945	8,229,810	7,649,130	318,290	159,680	158,605
Less than 15 minutes	4,449,920	2,071,365	2,378,555	135,690	63,885	71,810
15 to 29 minutes	5,314,295	2,725,165	2,589,130	118,075	58,505	59,570
30 to 44 minutes	3,228,845	1,782,680	1,446,165	39,230	21,385	17,845
45 to 59 minutes	1,391,060	768,115	622,940	12,945	7,275	5,670
60 minutes and over	1,494,830	882,485	612,345	12,345	8,635	3,710
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	15,878,940	8,229,810	7,649,135	318,285	159,680	158,605
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,073,680	781,230	292,455	17,850	12,755	5,100
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	2,814,750	1,754,045	1,060,710	51,825	30,905	20,925
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	4,458,835	2,217,210	2,241,620	112,460	55,470	56,990
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	3,349,975	1,408,710	1,941,265	64,235	25,835	38,400
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	1,756,265	752,940	1,003,325	25,595	9,415	16,180
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	2,425,435	1,315,670	1,109,765	46,320	25,300	21,020
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	19,956,255	10,342,970	9,613,285	413,695	212,875	200,820
Single responses	19,365,980	10,042,855	9,323,130	395,120	204,270	190,850
Official languages	19,090,545	9,897,470	9,193,075	394,015	203,660	190,355
English	15,265,335	7,952,010	7,313,320	304,775	160,255	144,515
French	3,825,215	1,945,465	1,879,750	89,240	43,400	45,840
Non-official languages	275,430	145,380	130,055	1,105	615	490
Aboriginal languages	24,950	12,385	12,565	255	140	115
Algonquian languages	14,440	7,370	7,070	250	135	110
Blackfoot	80	45	35	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	11,540	5,820	5,720	0	0	0
Atikamekw	1,095	580	515	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	2,055	970	1,085	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	370	180	190	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	40	25	10	0	0	0
Plains Cree	95	60	35	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	15	10	0	0	0	0
Woods Cree	75	35	40	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	7,795	3,965	3,835	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	925	510	420	255	135	110
Malecite	10	0	10	15	10	10
Mi'kmaq	915	505	410	240	135	110
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,895	995	900	0	0	0
Algonquin	45	20	25	0	0	0
Ojibway	765	380	385	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	1,080	595	485	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	10	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	1,140	530	610	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	1,135	525	610	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	20	0	15	0	0	0
Chilcotin	20	0	10	0	0	0
Dene	770	360	405	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	165	80	80	0	0	0
Gwich'in	10	10	10	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	10	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	135	65	70	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	95	45	45	0	0	0
South Slavey	35	20	20	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	10	10	10	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	10	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	10	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	10	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	10	0	10	0	0	0
Inuit languages	8,845	4,255	4,595	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	35	10	25	0	0	0
Inuktitut	8,800	4,240	4,555	0	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	35	10	30	0	0	0
Cayuga	10	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	35	10	25	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	10	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	110	25	85	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	15	10	10	0	0	0
Lillooet	15	10	10	0	0	0
Okanagan	20	10	20	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	35	0	30	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	15	0	15	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	10	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	260	155	105	0	0	0
Dakota	20	10	10	0	0	0
Stoney	240	145	95	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	10	10	10	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	25	0	20	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	10	10	10	0	0	0
Nisga'a	10	10	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	35	15	20	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	15	10	10	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	10	10	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	250,485	132,990	117,490	855	475	380
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,380	4,530	2,850	160	105	50
Berber languages	35	10	30	0	0	0
Kabyle	20	0	20	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	10	15	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	275	105	170	0	0	0
Bilen	10	10	10	0	0	0
Oromo	45	25	20	0	0	0
Somali	220	80	145	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	7,065	4,420	2,650	160	105	55
Amharic	200	95	100	0	0	0
Arabic	5,585	3,695	1,890	140	100	45
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	205	155	55	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	30	20	15	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	825	335	490	25	10	10
Maltese	25	15	10	0	0	0
Tigrigna	135	70	60	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30	0	0	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	8,550	3,790	4,760	40	20	20
Khmer (Cambodian)	475	230	245	0	0	0
Vietnamese	8,070	3,560	4,510	45	20	20
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,850	1,750	2,095	15	0	10
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	75	20	55	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	25	0	15	0	0	0
Ilocano	110	50	60	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	140	75	65	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	10	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,450	1,580	1,875	15	10	10
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0	0	0
Creole languages	350	125	225	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	25	10	15	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	315	110	200	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	2,225	1,060	1,165	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malayalam	90	50	45	0	0	0
Tamil	2,090	1,005	1,080	0	0	0
Telugu	45	10	35	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	10	0	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	85,550	47,305	38,245	170	95	80
Albanian	350	220	125	0	0	0
Armenian	450	220	230	10	10	10
Balto-Slavic languages	10,075	4,745	5,330	30	10	20
Baltic languages	95	35	60	0	0	0
Latvian	40	10	25	0	0	0
Lithuanian	60	25	30	0	0	0
Slavic languages	9,980	4,710	5,270	30	10	20
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	155	90	65	0	0	0
Bulgarian	205	110	90	0	0	0
Croatian	220	130	95	0	0	0
Czech	70	40	30	0	0	0
Macedonian	95	45	55	0	0	0
Polish	2,500	1,265	1,235	0	0	0
Russian	4,850	2,135	2,720	25	10	15
Serbian	530	320	210	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	30	25	0	0	0	0
Slovak	100	60	40	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	0	10	0	0	0
Ukrainian	1,210	485	725	10	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	25	20	10	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	15	15	0	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0	0	0
Germanic languages	13,285	7,455	5,835	25	10	15
Afrikaans	85	40	40	0	0	0
Danish	90	50	35	0	0	0
Dutch	1,165	630	540	0	0	0
Frisian	40	25	15	0	0	0
German	10,065	5,715	4,345	25	10	15
Icelandic	0	10	0	0	0	0
Norwegian	65	30	40	0	0	0
Swedish	125	55	70	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	20	15	0	0	0
Yiddish	895	390	505	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	720	495	225	0	0	0
Greek	1,020	545	475	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	37,330	21,140	16,190	40	30	10
Indo-Aryan languages	32,485	18,125	14,360	0	0	0
Bengali	530	275	245	0	0	0
Gujarati	880	300	585	0	0	0
Hindi	1,405	755	650	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	10	0	0	0	0	0
Marathi	30	15	15	0	0	0
Nepali	195	95	100	0	0	0
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	27,870	15,945	11,920	0	0	0
Sindhi	35	10	30	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	25	20	0	0	0
Urdu	1,495	705	790	0	0	0
Iranian languages	4,820	3,000	1,815	35	25	10
Kurdish	185	150	40	15	15	0
Pashto	50	20	25	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi)	4,580	2,830	1,750	25	15	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	23,025	12,965	10,060	65	35	25
Catalan	30	10	20	0	0	0
Italian	1,705	895	805	0	0	0
Portuguese	7,490	4,795	2,695	0	0	0
Romanian	745	365	380	0	0	0
Spanish	13,030	6,885	6,145	65	35	30
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0	0	0
Japanese	3,255	1,195	2,065	10	0	0
Kartvelian languages	30	10	20	0	0	0
Georgian	30	10	20	0	0	0
Korean	12,150	6,260	5,885	60	35	25
Mongolic languages	10	10	0	0	0	0
Mongolian	10	0	10	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	235	120	115	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	25	10	20	0	0	0
Bamanankan	10	0	0	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	10	0	0	0	0	0
Ganda	20	10	10	0	0	0
Igbo	10	10	0	0	0	0
Lingala	10	0	10	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	0	15	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	80	50	30	0	0	0
Wolof	10	0	10	0	0	0
Yoruba	15	0	15	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	20	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	1,920	740	1,180	30	20	10
American Sign Language	1,145	340	810	10	10	10
Quebec Sign Language	135	15	115	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	640	390	255	20	20	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	122,880	65,030	57,850	365	185	175
Chinese languages	122,610	64,880	57,730	360	185	175
Cantonese	58,815	30,485	28,340	35	15	25
Hakka	70	25	45	0	0	0
Mandarin	60,090	32,430	27,665	295	150	150
Min Dong	25	15	10	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	565	335	225	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	105	65	45	0	0	0
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,930	1,530	1,405	30	25	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	270	155	115	0	0	0
Burmese	75	35	35	0	0	0
Karenic languages	135	75	55	0	0	0
Tibetan	50	30	20	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	675	270	405	0	0	0
Lao	150	70	80	0	0	0
Thai	525	205	325	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	750	475	275	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	30	20	0	0	0	0
Turkish	685	435	255	0	10	0
Uyghur	15	15	0	0	0	0
Uzbek	15	10	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	595	270	325	0	0	0
Estonian	50	15	40	0	0	0
Finnish	105	40	65	0	0	0
Hungarian	435	225	215	0	0	0
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	80	45	35	0	0	0
Multiple responses	590,270	300,115	290,155	18,575	8,605	9,970
English and French	412,680	211,095	201,585	18,045	8,350	9,695
English and non-official language	154,285	77,870	76,420	475	240	235
French and non-official language	7,830	3,595	4,235	10	0	10
English, French and non-official language	15,475	7,565	7,915	45	15	35
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	19,956,250	10,342,970	9,613,290	413,690	212,875	200,820
None	17,456,725	9,056,235	8,400,490	322,045	167,900	154,150
English	1,259,225	661,460	597,765	44,925	21,560	23,360
French	705,780	349,035	356,745	44,415	22,175	22,240
Non-official language	496,565	257,455	239,105	2,090	1,115	975
Aboriginal	37,615	17,215	20,400	615	285	330
Non-Aboriginal	458,945	240,245	218,710	1,475	830	645
English and French	2,535	1,200	1,335	0	0	0
English and non-official language	18,040	8,765	9,280	55	20	35
French and non-official language	17,265	8,730	8,540	160	95	65
English, French and non-official language	115	90	30	0	0	0
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	34,091,785	16,783,745	17,308,035	724,030	354,435	369,600
Non-movers	29,644,795	14,593,190	15,051,605	641,310	314,280	327,020
Movers	4,446,990	2,190,555	2,256,435	82,720	40,150	42,570
Non-migrants	2,623,515	1,292,750	1,330,760	45,630	21,830	23,800
Migrants	1,823,475	897,805	925,670	37,090	18,320	18,765
Internal migrants	1,451,005	713,060	737,945	32,585	15,995	16,585
Intraprovincial migrants	1,189,525	580,895	608,630	21,995	10,555	11,445
Interprovincial migrants	261,475	132,160	129,315	10,585	5,445	5,140
External migrants	372,475	184,745	187,730	4,505	2,320	2,185
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	32,568,560	16,004,315	16,564,245	696,160	340,310	355,845
Non-movers	20,134,760	9,902,645	10,232,115	480,830	237,150	243,685
Movers	12,433,805	6,101,675	6,332,130	215,325	103,155	112,165
Non-migrants	6,755,630	3,314,730	3,440,905	113,835	53,935	59,900
Migrants	5,678,175	2,786,945	2,891,230	101,490	49,215	52,275
Internal migrants	4,296,720	2,104,325	2,192,395	89,980	43,165	46,815
Intraprovincial migrants	3,467,670	1,689,950	1,777,720	60,645	28,475	32,165
Interprovincial migrants	829,045	414,375	414,670	29,335	14,685	14,650
External migrants	1,381,460	682,625	698,835	11,510	6,050	5,455

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 20 referrer

Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 32 referrer

Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 34 referrer

Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 35 referrer

Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 36 referrer

Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 37 referrer

Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 38 referrer

Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

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Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

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Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

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Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 42 referrer

Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Return to footnote 43 referrer

Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

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Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

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Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. Canada [Country] and New Brunswick [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed April 26, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Canada [Country] and New Brunswick [Province]

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Canada [Country] and New Brunswick [Province]