Census Profile, 2016 Census
Quebec [Province] and Ontario [Province]

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	Quebec [Province]			Ontario [Province]
	Data quality , Quebec [Province] Map : Quebec [Province] Change geography 1			Data quality : Ontario [Province] Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	8,164,361	...	...	13,448,494	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	7,903,001	...	...	12,851,821	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	3.3	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	3,858,943	...	...	5,598,391	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	3,531,663	...	...	5,169,174	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	6.0	...	...	14.8	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	1,356,625.27	...	...	908,699.33	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	8,164,360	4,016,760	4,147,605	13,448,495	6,559,390	6,889,105
0 to 14 years	1,333,260	682,535	650,720	2,207,970	1,131,615	1,076,350
0 to 4 years	444,930	227,965	216,970	697,360	357,300	340,055
5 to 9 years	469,165	240,225	228,940	756,085	387,320	368,765
10 to 14 years	419,160	214,345	204,815	754,530	387,000	367,530
15 to 64 years	5,335,910	2,664,630	2,671,280	8,988,865	4,412,115	4,576,750
15 to 19 years	429,825	219,070	210,755	811,670	416,730	394,945
20 to 24 years	500,100	252,600	247,500	894,390	457,815	436,570
25 to 29 years	495,410	248,030	247,380	874,350	436,345	438,010
30 to 34 years	515,505	256,440	259,070	864,765	420,800	443,965
35 to 39 years	550,540	274,595	275,945	842,485	402,900	439,585
40 to 44 years	506,525	254,100	252,425	871,875	418,465	453,415
45 to 49 years	519,425	260,410	259,015	937,385	453,105	484,275
50 to 54 years	619,435	309,070	310,370	1,056,345	517,170	539,175
55 to 59 years	636,475	314,190	322,285	989,460	482,280	507,180
60 to 64 years	562,670	276,140	286,535	846,145	406,505	439,640
65 years and over	1,495,195	669,590	825,605	2,251,655	1,015,655	1,236,000
65 to 69 years	488,175	236,395	251,775	737,745	352,475	385,270
70 to 74 years	373,590	176,905	196,690	528,645	250,455	278,185
75 to 79 years	256,905	116,020	140,890	393,010	179,810	213,195
80 to 84 years	187,835	78,390	109,450	291,185	126,825	164,360
85 years and over	188,685	61,885	126,805	301,075	106,090	194,985
85 to 89 years	120,635	43,795	76,840	188,470	73,045	115,425
90 to 94 years	53,165	15,155	38,015	88,390	27,400	60,990
95 to 99 years	13,035	2,685	10,350	21,210	5,150	16,060
100 years and over	1,850	255	1,600	3,005	495	2,520
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.3	17.0	15.7	16.4	17.3	15.6
15 to 64 years	65.4	66.3	64.4	66.8	67.3	66.4
65 years and over	18.3	16.7	19.9	16.7	15.5	17.9
85 years and over	2.3	1.5	3.1	2.2	1.6	2.8
Average age of the population	41.9	40.9	42.9	41.0	40.0	41.9
Median age of the population	42.5	41.4	43.6	41.3	40.2	42.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	3,531,660	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Single-detached house	1,602,680	...	...	2,807,380	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	187,800	...	...	886,705	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	1,717,680	...	...	1,460,200	...	...
Semi-detached house	188,245	...	...	289,975	...	...
Row house	93,350	...	...	460,425	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	265,195	...	...	176,080	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	1,154,955	...	...	522,810	...	...
Other single-attached house	15,940	...	...	10,910	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	23,505	...	...	14,890	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	3,531,665	...	...	5,169,170	...	...
1 person	1,175,230	...	...	1,341,300	...	...
2 persons	1,227,765	...	...	1,693,525	...	...
3 persons	489,460	...	...	834,260	...	...
4 persons	426,250	...	...	796,320	...	...
5 or more persons	212,960	...	...	503,775	...	...
Number of persons in private households	7,965,455	...	...	13,242,160	...	...
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	6,831,105	3,334,220	3,496,885	11,240,525	5,427,775	5,812,750
Married or living common law	3,844,145	1,924,750	1,919,395	6,438,085	3,219,290	3,218,795
Married	2,342,980	1,172,720	1,170,260	5,531,930	2,764,275	2,767,655
Living common law	1,501,160	752,025	749,135	906,155	455,015	451,145
Not married and not living common law	2,986,960	1,409,475	1,577,490	4,802,440	2,208,485	2,593,955
Never married	2,010,580	1,084,300	926,280	3,182,785	1,689,180	1,493,605
Separated	103,625	46,390	57,240	328,675	138,140	190,535
Divorced	483,195	194,430	288,760	653,835	252,900	400,935
Widowed	389,555	84,345	305,210	637,150	128,265	508,880
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	2,257,560	...	...	3,782,540	...	...
2 persons	1,204,955	...	...	1,815,000	...	...
3 persons	466,310	...	...	844,545	...	...
4 persons	412,160	...	...	792,435	...	...
5 or more persons	174,140	...	...	330,560	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	2,257,560	...	...	3,782,545	...	...
Total couple families	1,878,095	...	...	3,137,570	...	...
Married couples	1,128,355	...	...	2,684,735	...	...
Common-law couples	749,740	...	...	452,840	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	379,460	...	...	644,975	...	...
Female parent	284,900	...	...	518,480	...	...
Male parent	94,565	...	...	126,495	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	1,878,095	...	...	3,137,565	...	...
Couples without children	970,260	...	...	1,428,575	...	...
Couples with children	907,840	...	...	1,708,995	...	...
1 child	356,640	...	...	658,305	...	...
2 children	384,875	...	...	738,710	...	...
3 or more children	166,315	...	...	311,975	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	379,465	...	...	644,975	...	...
1 child	234,695	...	...	386,425	...	...
2 children	109,670	...	...	186,240	...	...
3 or more children	35,100	...	...	72,310	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	1,579,070	775,765	803,305	2,139,825	990,525	1,149,300
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	3,531,660	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
One-census-family households	2,197,340	...	...	3,481,885	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	947,305	...	...	1,311,575	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	1,250,040	...	...	2,170,315	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	29,595	...	...	145,615	...	...
Non-census-family households	1,304,725	...	...	1,541,665	...	...
One-person households	1,175,230	...	...	1,341,305	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	129,500	...	...	200,365	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	8,066,560	3,977,275	4,089,285	13,312,865	6,503,875	6,808,990
English only	372,445	187,595	184,860	11,455,500	5,689,830	5,765,665
French only	4,032,640	1,874,545	2,158,095	40,040	17,340	22,705
English and French	3,586,410	1,884,135	1,702,275	1,490,390	665,850	824,540
Neither English nor French	75,065	31,000	44,060	326,935	130,850	196,085
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	8,066,555	3,977,270	4,089,285	13,312,865	6,503,880	6,808,995
English	964,120	482,985	481,135	12,394,325	6,095,970	6,298,355
French	6,750,945	3,320,380	3,430,560	504,130	236,875	267,250
English and French	278,710	144,060	134,655	92,940	42,910	50,030
Neither English nor French	72,775	29,845	42,930	321,480	128,125	193,355
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	1,103,480	555,015	548,465	550,600	258,330	292,270
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	13.7	14.0	13.4	4.1	4.0	4.3
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	8,066,555	3,977,270	4,089,285	13,312,870	6,503,875	6,808,990
Single responses	7,881,650	3,884,675	3,996,975	12,946,960	6,327,630	6,619,330
Official languages	6,820,815	3,366,970	3,453,845	9,393,040	4,637,520	4,755,520
English	601,155	301,860	299,300	8,902,320	4,406,210	4,496,110
French	6,219,665	3,065,115	3,154,550	490,715	231,310	259,410
Non-official languages	1,060,830	517,700	543,125	3,553,920	1,690,110	1,863,810
Aboriginal languages	45,570	22,530	23,040	22,765	10,815	11,950
Algonquian languages	33,140	16,365	16,770	21,235	10,175	11,060
Blackfoot	5	0	0	10	5	5
Cree-Montagnais languages	31,430	15,575	15,855	5,080	2,485	2,595
Atikamekw	6,150	3,135	3,015	5	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	8,715	4,155	4,555	5	5	5
Moose Cree	0	5	0	85	40	45
Naskapi	590	285	305	10	5	5
Northern East Cree	135	55	80	55	25	30
Plains Cree	5	0	5	35	5	30
Southern East Cree	35	15	15	5	0	0
Swampy Cree	5	5	0	355	135	225
Woods Cree	10	5	5	15	10	5
Cree, n.o.s.	15,790	7,920	7,875	4,500	2,255	2,245
Eastern Algonquian languages	485	225	260	90	40	50
Malecite	0	0	0	10	5	0
Mi'kmaq	485	220	260	85	35	50
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,215	565	645	16,025	7,620	8,400
Algonquin	1,185	555	630	65	30	35
Ojibway	20	10	15	9,505	4,515	4,985
Oji-Cree	5	0	5	6,310	3,015	3,300
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	145	65	80
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	30	20	10
Athabaskan languages	15	10	5	60	20	40
Northern Athabaskan languages	15	10	5	55	20	35
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	5	0	5
Chilcotin	0	0	0	5	0	5
Dene	0	0	0	20	10	10
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	5	5	5
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	5	0	0	10	0	5
Sekani	0	5	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	5	0	5	5	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0	0	5
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	5
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	5	0	5
Haida	0	0	0	0	5	0
Inuit languages	11,970	5,955	6,015	475	165	305
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	5	5	5
Inuktitut	11,895	5,925	5,970	425	145	280
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	75	25	45	45	20	25
Iroquoian languages	375	165	210	710	300	410
Cayuga	0	0	0	40	20	20
Mohawk	365	160	210	590	255	335
Oneida	0	0	0	55	15	40
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	20	5	15
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	5	5	0	25	15	15
Salish languages	5	0	0	5	0	5
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	5	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	10	5	5
Dakota	0	0	0	5	5	5
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	5	5
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	5	5	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	5
Nisga'a	0	0	0	5	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	5	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	5
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	5	5	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	65	30	35	235	130	105
Non-Aboriginal languages	1,015,260	495,175	520,090	3,531,160	1,679,300	1,851,865
Afro-Asiatic languages	197,535	104,185	93,355	253,830	127,720	126,110
Berber languages	20,845	11,125	9,720	725	405	320
Kabyle	12,470	6,625	5,840	425	225	200
Berber languages, n.i.e.	8,375	4,500	3,875	305	180	120
Cushitic languages	1,125	545	580	24,605	10,730	13,870
Bilen	10	10	5	250	140	110
Oromo	15	10	5	1,445	720	730
Somali	1,075	515	560	22,680	9,755	12,925
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	225	115	110
Semitic languages	175,215	92,310	82,900	227,985	116,320	111,665
Amharic	745	340	405	10,720	4,960	5,760
Arabic	169,890	89,590	80,300	171,370	88,400	82,965
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	150	80	70	14,555	7,135	7,420
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	10	5	4,795	2,365	2,425
Harari	0	5	5	1,030	485	545
Hebrew	3,885	2,040	1,845	11,575	6,220	5,350
Maltese	25	10	15	5,175	2,575	2,600
Tigrigna	385	185	205	7,345	3,470	3,870
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	110	60	50	1,435	705	730
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	355	200	155	520	265	250
Austro-Asiatic languages	36,305	17,030	19,275	78,125	35,880	42,240
Khmer (Cambodian)	8,855	4,105	4,750	7,355	3,330	4,020
Vietnamese	27,425	12,920	14,505	70,690	32,520	38,165
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	25	10	15	85	30	50
Austronesian languages	21,635	7,800	13,835	194,380	76,060	118,315
Bikol	115	35	80	595	260	330
Cebuano	885	270	610	6,545	2,500	4,045
Fijian	0	0	0	80	45	40
Hiligaynon	410	125	275	2,750	1,030	1,725
Ilocano	2,060	745	1,315	11,285	4,430	6,860
Malagasy	1,250	590	660	100	45	55
Malay	705	265	440	5,760	2,520	3,240
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	205	90	110	1,505	670	840
Pangasinan	95	40	50	535	215	315
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	15,545	5,480	10,065	163,415	63,665	99,755
Waray-Waray	50	10	40	405	140	270
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	320	140	180	1,400	550	850
Creole languages	56,990	25,220	31,770	11,255	5,095	6,165
Haitian Creole	2,220	1,055	1,170	630	290	340
Creole, n.o.s.	53,785	23,675	30,110	8,025	3,580	4,440
Creole languages, n.i.e.	980	490	490	2,605	1,225	1,380
Dravidian languages	14,865	7,435	7,430	148,605	73,530	75,075
Kannada	240	130	110	2,670	1,365	1,305
Malayalam	440	235	205	17,140	8,795	8,350
Tamil	13,600	6,715	6,880	117,630	57,310	60,320
Telugu	570	345	230	10,820	5,895	4,925
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	340	165	175
Hmong-Mien languages	25	10	15	525	250	270
Indo-European languages	553,045	269,625	283,420	2,024,365	980,200	1,044,165
Albanian	2,795	1,420	1,370	19,045	9,535	9,510
Armenian	16,430	7,970	8,460	15,070	7,305	7,765
Balto-Slavic languages	68,155	30,960	37,195	410,725	188,695	222,025
Baltic languages	850	335	515	9,080	3,785	5,295
Latvian	290	120	175	3,910	1,650	2,260
Lithuanian	555	215	340	5,175	2,135	3,035
Slavic languages	67,310	30,630	36,675	401,645	184,915	216,730
Belarusan	80	45	35	515	230	280
Bosnian	1,620	805	815	6,370	3,125	3,245
Bulgarian	6,985	3,385	3,600	9,095	4,355	4,740
Croatian	2,330	1,165	1,170	31,875	15,460	16,410
Czech	1,465	690	775	10,670	4,930	5,740
Macedonian	205	105	95	15,635	7,470	8,165
Polish	13,935	6,065	7,865	121,075	54,675	66,405
Russian	28,565	12,715	15,850	101,100	45,630	55,470
Serbian	3,140	1,590	1,545	41,740	20,585	21,150
Serbo-Croatian	1,805	865	940	4,875	2,310	2,570
Slovak	1,040	455	585	10,280	4,710	5,565
Slovene (Slovenian)	755	350	405	6,740	2,995	3,745
Ukrainian	5,210	2,285	2,920	40,375	17,760	22,610
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	175	90	85	1,310	670	635
Celtic languages	155	95	60	1,110	505	605
Scottish Gaelic	20	15	10	450	210	240
Welsh	40	20	20	435	180	260
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	90	55	30	225	120	110
Germanic languages	27,540	13,280	14,260	200,640	94,475	106,165
Afrikaans	125	60	65	2,295	1,125	1,170
Danish	395	190	200	4,265	2,010	2,250
Dutch	2,825	1,395	1,430	51,720	24,875	26,840
Frisian	10	10	0	1,240	630	620
German	13,670	6,340	7,330	131,525	61,520	70,005
Icelandic	65	30	35	210	100	110
Norwegian	200	100	100	940	405	540
Swedish	555	255	300	2,395	1,040	1,350
Vlaams (Flemish)	540	240	300	2,150	925	1,225
Yiddish	8,985	4,560	4,420	3,735	1,765	1,970
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	175	100	75	170	80	85
Greek	38,635	19,435	19,205	55,415	27,305	28,110
Indo-Iranian languages	76,040	39,205	36,835	707,845	357,350	350,495
Indo-Aryan languages	45,845	23,875	21,970	565,600	285,720	279,875
Bengali	10,995	5,620	5,380	46,810	23,615	23,195
Gujarati	6,070	2,980	3,090	76,675	38,740	37,940
Hindi	3,030	1,635	1,390	58,735	29,805	28,930
Kashmiri	20	15	5	345	170	175
Konkani	110	60	55	2,510	1,195	1,315
Marathi	255	145	110	5,490	2,805	2,685
Nepali	1,505	740	765	7,870	3,915	3,960
Oriya (Odia)	35	20	15	715	380	335
Punjabi (Panjabi)	12,380	6,720	5,660	197,060	100,160	96,895
Sindhi	330	160	165	6,840	3,225	3,615
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	645	310	330	10,165	4,925	5,235
Urdu	10,470	5,460	5,010	152,385	76,795	75,595
Iranian languages	29,760	15,105	14,655	139,675	70,270	69,405
Kurdish	985	550	430	6,665	3,615	3,050
Pashto	1,285	680	610	10,950	5,630	5,315
Persian (Farsi)	27,490	13,875	13,615	122,070	61,025	61,040
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	440	225	210	2,565	1,350	1,215
Italic (Romance) languages	323,290	157,260	166,030	614,525	295,030	319,490
Catalan	320	170	150	285	150	135
Italian	104,600	51,705	52,895	231,040	112,440	118,600
Portuguese	36,770	17,735	19,035	150,000	72,280	77,715
Romanian	35,840	17,170	18,665	41,755	19,565	22,190
Spanish	145,635	70,405	75,235	191,025	90,390	100,630
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	125	75	50	420	200	215
Japanese	2,525	775	1,750	13,260	4,590	8,670
Kartvelian languages	170	80	85	1,200	635	565
Georgian	170	80	90	1,200	635	565
Korean	5,160	2,270	2,890	69,775	32,035	37,740
Mongolic languages	190	75	115	405	180	220
Mongolian	195	80	115	405	180	225
Niger-Congo languages	28,355	14,360	13,995	35,760	16,705	19,050
Akan (Twi)	1,050	520	525	9,695	4,510	5,190
Bamanankan	1,200	655	545	140	60	80
Edo	75	45	30	1,140	475	670
Ewe	730	400	325	560	270	295
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	2,055	1,080	970	365	180	185
Ga	80	40	40	600	275	325
Ganda	35	15	20	760	360	400
Igbo	120	70	50	2,090	1,080	1,010
Lingala	2,465	1,185	1,285	850	365	485
Rundi (Kirundi)	3,345	1,600	1,745	1,430	640	785
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	2,500	1,115	1,380	1,330	545	785
Shona	85	45	40	1,455	660	790
Swahili	3,010	1,460	1,545	5,525	2,540	2,985
Wolof	3,230	1,745	1,485	290	145	150
Yoruba	255	155	100	4,365	2,260	2,105
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	8,135	4,235	3,895	5,155	2,345	2,810
Nilo-Saharan languages	345	180	165	1,610	810	800
Dinka	5	5	0	345	170	175
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	335	170	165	1,260	635	625
Sign languages	1,330	700	630	3,030	1,570	1,455
American Sign Language	65	35	30	1,305	640	670
Quebec Sign Language	670	330	340	20	10	15
Sign languages, n.i.e	595	340	255	1,700	925	780
Sino-Tibetan languages	76,840	35,775	41,065	611,795	284,865	326,935
Chinese languages	76,490	35,600	40,895	602,610	280,340	322,270
Cantonese	24,375	11,505	12,875	275,315	128,090	147,220
Hakka	470	215	260	6,985	3,140	3,840
Mandarin	43,700	20,175	23,525	283,735	132,275	151,460
Min Dong	20	10	15	855	405	450
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	3,225	1,480	1,745	13,545	6,240	7,300
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,075	465	605	6,300	2,825	3,470
Chinese, n.o.s.	3,535	1,710	1,825	15,645	7,235	8,410
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	90	40	45	240	120	120
Tibeto-Burman languages	345	175	170	9,185	4,520	4,660
Burmese	80	30	50	1,640	775	865
Karenic languages	70	40	30	1,730	865	860
Tibetan	110	65	50	5,115	2,530	2,585
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	85	45	40	700	345	350
Tai-Kadai languages	4,895	2,185	2,710	8,485	3,535	4,945
Lao	4,115	1,995	2,120	5,190	2,480	2,710
Thai	765	180	585	3,270	1,045	2,220
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	10	5	10	25	10	15
Turkic languages	7,980	4,095	3,880	22,615	11,745	10,870
Azerbaijani	290	160	130	1,990	1,070	920
Turkish	7,155	3,685	3,470	18,415	9,610	8,810
Uyghur	205	100	105	515	255	260
Uzbek	145	70	75	1,055	515	545
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	185	80	105	640	295	345
Uralic languages	6,400	2,985	3,410	50,670	23,095	27,570
Estonian	195	75	120	4,205	1,810	2,400
Finnish	360	125	240	9,720	4,140	5,580
Hungarian	5,835	2,790	3,045	36,740	17,150	19,590
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	685	385	300	1,475	780	690
Multiple responses	184,905	92,600	92,310	365,910	176,250	189,660
English and French	72,395	36,695	35,695	54,045	25,165	28,880
English and non-official language	27,485	13,545	13,945	288,285	140,345	147,940
French and non-official language	67,075	33,110	33,970	12,565	5,735	6,830
English, French and non-official language	17,950	9,245	8,705	11,010	5,000	6,005
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	8,066,560	3,977,270	4,089,285	13,312,865	6,503,875	6,808,990
Single responses	7,743,740	3,819,315	3,924,425	12,522,045	6,123,955	6,398,085
Official languages	7,157,850	3,536,165	3,621,685	10,605,725	5,214,425	5,391,300
English	782,185	391,125	391,060	10,328,680	5,084,885	5,243,800
French	6,375,665	3,145,040	3,230,625	277,045	129,540	147,500
Non-official languages	585,890	283,150	302,735	1,916,315	909,530	1,006,780
Aboriginal languages	40,190	20,205	19,980	9,210	4,600	4,610
Algonquian languages	28,695	14,385	14,310	8,685	4,370	4,320
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	28,110	14,105	14,005	2,370	1,205	1,165
Atikamekw	5,465	2,825	2,640	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	7,375	3,590	3,790	5	5	5
Moose Cree	5	5	0	10	10	5
Naskapi	590	295	290	10	5	5
Northern East Cree	60	30	30	20	10	15
Plains Cree	5	0	0	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	15	5	10	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	5	5	5	105	50	55
Woods Cree	0	5	0	5	5	0
Cree, n.o.s.	14,590	7,355	7,235	2,220	1,135	1,085
Eastern Algonquian languages	220	115	110	5	5	5
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	220	110	105	5	5	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	370	170	200	6,305	3,155	3,145
Algonquin	360	165	195	5	0	0
Ojibway	5	5	0	3,315	1,695	1,620
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	2,905	1,420	1,490
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	75	40	35
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	5	20	10	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	15	10	10
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	5	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	0	0	0	5	0	5
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	5
Gwich'in	0	0	0	5	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	5	5	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	5	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	11,375	5,770	5,615	160	60	90
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	5	0	0	0	5
Inuktitut	11,350	5,750	5,600	140	60	80
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	15	5	10
Iroquoian languages	70	35	35	210	90	120
Cayuga	0	0	0	5	5	5
Mohawk	70	35	30	185	80	100
Oneida	0	0	0	20	5	10
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	5	5	0
Salish languages	5	5	5	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	5	0	5
Dakota	0	0	0	5	5	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	5
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	5	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	35	10	25	120	55	65
Non-Aboriginal languages	545,695	262,940	282,755	1,907,105	904,930	1,002,170
Afro-Asiatic languages	91,660	46,550	45,110	138,460	66,865	71,590
Berber languages	7,495	3,895	3,605	345	175	170
Kabyle	5,105	2,660	2,450	255	125	130
Berber languages, n.i.e.	2,390	1,235	1,150	90	50	45
Cushitic languages	535	240	295	14,460	6,100	8,360
Bilen	5	0	5	170	80	85
Oromo	5	0	0	805	380	425
Somali	520	230	290	13,370	5,590	7,780
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	110	50	65
Semitic languages	83,520	42,365	41,160	123,410	60,475	62,940
Amharic	340	150	185	5,625	2,540	3,085
Arabic	81,105	41,150	39,955	94,195	46,505	47,695
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	95	50	45	9,515	4,595	4,920
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	0	5	2,915	1,410	1,500
Harari	5	0	5	555	250	305
Hebrew	1,705	880	825	4,850	2,505	2,345
Maltese	0	0	0	1,090	505	580
Tigrigna	205	95	105	3,920	1,805	2,115
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	60	25	35	755	360	395
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	105	50	55	245	115	125
Austro-Asiatic languages	24,980	11,675	13,305	50,245	23,105	27,140
Khmer (Cambodian)	5,180	2,370	2,805	3,770	1,650	2,120
Vietnamese	19,790	9,295	10,495	46,435	21,435	25,000
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	15	5	10	40	20	20
Austronesian languages	9,715	3,960	5,750	85,370	36,525	48,845
Bikol	15	5	10	90	35	55
Cebuano	230	100	125	2,325	1,020	1,315
Fijian	0	0	0	15	10	10
Hiligaynon	130	55	75	910	385	530
Ilocano	740	305	435	4,100	1,780	2,320
Malagasy	360	185	170	35	15	20
Malay	175	85	95	1,810	860	945
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	60	30	30	445	200	250
Pangasinan	10	5	10	90	40	50
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	7,905	3,150	4,760	75,070	31,965	43,105
Waray-Waray	15	10	10	90	35	55
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	75	35	35	380	175	200
Creole languages	20,705	8,780	11,925	5,325	2,355	2,970
Haitian Creole	855	380	475	355	165	190
Creole, n.o.s.	19,405	8,200	11,210	3,995	1,735	2,255
Creole languages, n.i.e.	440	200	240	975	455	520
Dravidian languages	11,400	5,595	5,805	96,250	46,575	49,680
Kannada	150	85	65	1,060	540	520
Malayalam	200	100	100	8,760	4,460	4,295
Tamil	10,720	5,215	5,500	80,600	38,460	42,140
Telugu	330	190	135	5,705	3,050	2,655
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	125	55	70
Hmong-Mien languages	15	5	5	200	95	105
Indo-European languages	303,215	146,100	157,115	978,300	469,640	508,670
Albanian	1,615	795	820	9,190	4,580	4,605
Armenian	11,990	5,680	6,310	8,630	4,065	4,560
Balto-Slavic languages	40,405	19,085	21,325	192,945	90,585	102,365
Baltic languages	190	80	105	2,305	950	1,355
Latvian	75	40	40	860	350	515
Lithuanian	115	40	70	1,440	600	840
Slavic languages	40,220	19,000	21,220	190,645	89,635	101,005
Belarusan	25	15	15	175	80	90
Bosnian	965	475	495	3,220	1,595	1,620
Bulgarian	5,125	2,495	2,630	4,830	2,350	2,480
Croatian	1,015	475	545	11,125	5,275	5,855
Czech	460	220	240	3,070	1,480	1,595
Macedonian	130	65	65	6,255	2,965	3,285
Polish	5,970	2,695	3,270	52,555	24,510	28,045
Russian	20,680	9,775	10,900	63,570	29,655	33,920
Serbian	2,010	1,020	990	23,175	11,335	11,840
Serbo-Croatian	960	470	490	1,925	920	1,010
Slovak	245	120	130	3,520	1,680	1,845
Slovene (Slovenian)	225	95	135	1,465	645	815
Ukrainian	2,365	1,060	1,300	15,415	6,995	8,420
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	355	160	190
Celtic languages	30	20	10	120	65	55
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0	60	30	25
Welsh	10	10	0	30	10	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	15	5	35	20	15
Germanic languages	9,890	4,980	4,905	44,515	21,630	22,880
Afrikaans	15	10	10	755	365	390
Danish	50	25	25	280	135	150
Dutch	375	170	205	4,450	2,145	2,305
Frisian	0	0	0	90	45	45
German	2,550	1,190	1,365	37,255	18,140	19,120
Icelandic	30	15	20	45	20	30
Norwegian	20	5	10	70	30	40
Swedish	105	50	60	385	190	190
Vlaams (Flemish)	70	35	40	145	60	85
Yiddish	6,665	3,485	3,180	370	190	185
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	655	315	340
Greek	18,545	8,865	9,680	21,700	10,160	11,535
Indo-Iranian languages	53,555	26,845	26,710	435,835	215,755	220,080
Indo-Aryan languages	31,575	15,985	15,585	344,050	171,125	172,920
Bengali	8,180	4,055	4,125	29,590	14,595	14,995
Gujarati	3,840	1,860	1,985	45,445	22,410	23,035
Hindi	1,535	790	745	28,960	14,485	14,475
Kashmiri	5	0	0	65	30	35
Konkani	30	15	15	540	260	280
Marathi	80	40	40	2,420	1,230	1,190
Nepali	1,355	655	700	5,640	2,815	2,820
Oriya (Odia)	15	10	5	325	160	165
Punjabi (Panjabi)	8,840	4,690	4,155	132,135	66,410	65,725
Sindhi	135	65	75	2,880	1,320	1,560
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	365	185	180	4,595	2,250	2,345
Urdu	7,180	3,620	3,565	91,450	45,160	46,295
Iranian languages	21,745	10,740	11,010	90,730	44,090	46,640
Kurdish	510	280	235	3,675	1,900	1,770
Pashto	925	460	465	6,750	3,360	3,395
Persian (Farsi)	20,310	10,005	10,305	80,305	38,830	41,475
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	235	120	120	1,050	540	515
Italic (Romance) languages	167,190	79,835	87,355	265,375	122,790	142,585
Catalan	110	50	60	135	60	75
Italian	32,935	14,595	18,340	72,960	31,195	41,770
Portuguese	17,260	8,250	9,005	67,415	32,065	35,355
Romanian	24,520	12,000	12,525	19,920	9,380	10,535
Spanish	92,330	44,920	47,415	104,820	50,035	54,785
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	110	50	60
Japanese	1,050	425	620	6,040	2,590	3,450
Kartvelian languages	70	35	35	770	420	355
Georgian	70	40	35	775	420	355
Korean	3,540	1,630	1,910	48,540	22,685	25,855
Mongolic languages	145	70	75	225	115	110
Mongolian	145	70	75	230	120	110
Niger-Congo languages	7,250	3,450	3,800	12,120	5,400	6,725
Akan (Twi)	445	215	235	4,415	1,915	2,495
Bamanankan	265	135	125	25	15	15
Edo	10	5	5	305	120	180
Ewe	140	60	80	135	60	80
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	530	255	280	110	55	55
Ga	15	5	10	175	80	100
Ganda	5	5	5	195	85	110
Igbo	15	10	10	540	265	275
Lingala	625	270	355	225	100	130
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,110	510	600	475	230	240
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	530	225	305	420	160	260
Shona	20	10	10	455	210	245
Swahili	1,100	535	565	2,085	925	1,160
Wolof	1,035	555	480	130	65	65
Yoruba	55	25	25	1,300	625	675
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,350	635	710	1,120	500	625
Nilo-Saharan languages	135	70	65	550	260	290
Dinka	0	0	0	120	60	65
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	130	65	65	425	195	225
Sign languages	1,770	1,000	775	4,425	2,485	1,940
American Sign Language	90	35	50	1,605	830	770
Quebec Sign Language	700	360	340	25	15	15
Sign languages, n.i.e	985	600	385	2,795	1,640	1,150
Sino-Tibetan languages	60,370	28,925	31,450	448,200	210,560	237,640
Chinese languages	60,155	28,805	31,345	441,615	207,305	234,310
Cantonese	17,845	8,470	9,375	198,745	91,545	107,200
Hakka	155	75	80	2,870	1,305	1,575
Mandarin	37,075	17,870	19,200	220,535	105,360	115,175
Min Dong	0	0	0	265	115	145
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,830	830	1,000	5,775	2,635	3,140
Wu (Shanghainese)	780	355	420	3,690	1,735	1,955
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,435	1,190	1,240	9,630	4,565	5,070
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	100	45	55
Tibeto-Burman languages	215	115	100	6,580	3,250	3,330
Burmese	35	15	20	1,010	480	530
Karenic languages	65	40	30	1,360	685	675
Tibetan	70	45	30	3,875	1,925	1,945
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	335	165	170
Tai-Kadai languages	2,375	1,145	1,230	3,865	1,845	2,020
Lao	2,150	1,055	1,100	2,535	1,220	1,315
Thai	225	90	135	1,315	615	695
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	10	5	10
Turkic languages	5,120	2,540	2,575	12,435	6,200	6,230
Azerbaijani	100	50	55	770	385	380
Turkish	4,715	2,340	2,370	10,545	5,245	5,300
Uyghur	140	75	70	290	150	140
Uzbek	105	50	55	585	290	295
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	65	30	35	250	130	120
Uralic languages	2,025	895	1,130	15,330	6,990	8,340
Estonian	30	10	20	790	290	500
Finnish	50	20	30	1,835	780	1,050
Hungarian	1,945	860	1,085	12,700	5,915	6,790
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	150	90	60	465	245	225
Multiple responses	322,820	157,960	164,860	790,825	379,925	410,905
English and French	86,715	43,820	42,890	45,655	20,895	24,755
English and non-official language	54,400	26,255	28,140	719,595	347,730	371,865
French and non-official language	139,385	66,610	72,775	6,725	2,930	3,795
English, French and non-official language	42,320	21,270	21,045	18,855	8,365	10,490
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	8,066,555	3,977,275	4,089,285	13,312,865	6,503,875	6,808,990
None	6,825,240	3,356,340	3,468,900	11,071,665	5,436,665	5,635,000
English	513,410	263,670	249,735	896,170	437,015	459,155
French	320,370	158,340	162,030	243,970	108,390	135,580
Non-official language	317,790	154,450	163,340	1,056,960	501,315	555,645
Aboriginal	5,700	2,645	3,060	14,315	6,580	7,735
Non-Aboriginal	312,085	151,810	160,280	1,042,645	494,735	547,910
English and French	36,235	18,285	17,955	8,150	3,755	4,395
English and non-official language	28,630	14,075	14,555	19,105	9,370	9,735
French and non-official language	23,470	11,365	12,095	16,435	7,165	9,270
English, French and non-official language	1,420	740	680	415	205	215
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,145	11,038,440	5,342,850	5,695,590
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	6,417,615	3,160,595	3,257,020	10,556,935	5,115,460	5,441,475
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	32,975	37,842	28,522	33,539	39,889	28,676
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	6,419,175	3,160,780	3,258,400	10,559,805	5,115,825	5,443,975
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	29,535	33,110	26,119	30,641	35,753	26,585
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	5,685,690	2,866,470	2,819,220	9,391,800	4,650,130	4,741,675
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	30,067	35,597	25,012	32,871	39,831	27,012
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	4,973,245	2,300,800	2,672,445	7,632,575	3,402,810	4,229,770
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,307	5,851	8,246	4,206	2,034	5,463
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	4,627,795	2,408,420	2,219,370	7,790,680	3,998,335	3,792,350
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	31,263	35,627	27,219	33,946	39,490	29,413
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	6,417,010	3,159,415	3,257,595	10,556,925	5,114,340	5,442,580
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	42,546	49,087	36,203	47,915	56,780	39,585
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	6,418,440	3,159,550	3,258,890	10,559,935	5,114,725	5,445,210
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	34,887	39,292	30,616	39,318	45,443	33,564
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	5,685,905	2,866,415	2,819,485	9,391,645	4,649,230	4,742,415
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	40,505	47,810	33,079	47,890	57,511	38,459
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	4,972,650	2,299,595	2,673,050	7,632,220	3,402,745	4,229,475
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	8,590	7,846	9,229	7,346	6,763	7,815
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	4,627,775	2,408,655	2,219,120	7,790,680	3,995,700	3,794,985
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	40,382	45,974	34,313	47,369	55,263	39,057
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,240	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	2,036,965	1,114,940	922,025	3,737,385	2,082,480	1,654,900
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	47,111	51,622	42,433	55,121	60,345	49,713
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	56,564	62,750	49,085	68,628	76,536	58,676
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	84.4	88.3	79.1	88.9	92.1	84.7
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	68.4	71.4	64.6	72.9	76.0	68.7
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	15.6	11.7	20.9	11.1	7.9	15.3
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,140	11,038,440	5,342,850	5,695,590
Without total income	216,685	99,555	117,125	481,500	227,390	254,115
With total income	6,417,615	3,160,595	3,257,020	10,556,940	5,115,460	5,441,475
Percentage with total income	96.7	96.9	96.5	95.6	95.7	95.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	789,595	351,935	437,660	1,615,790	711,105	904,685
$10,000 to $19,999	1,188,135	476,630	711,500	1,829,355	742,710	1,086,645
$20,000 to $29,999	976,210	428,390	547,830	1,410,760	589,975	820,785
$30,000 to $39,999	852,735	414,105	438,625	1,147,510	519,550	627,955
$40,000 to $49,999	747,995	378,215	369,780	1,021,880	489,595	532,285
$50,000 to $59,999	540,265	292,110	248,150	809,115	415,950	393,165
$60,000 to $69,999	375,935	214,805	161,130	630,635	348,525	282,110
$70,000 to $79,999	286,025	164,240	121,790	479,890	277,725	202,165
$80,000 to $89,999	189,350	113,715	75,635	378,185	222,095	156,095
$90,000 to $99,999	122,750	80,090	42,660	324,810	181,815	142,995
$100,000 and over	348,620	246,360	102,255	909,005	616,420	292,585
$100,000 to $149,999	236,515	164,145	72,370	600,995	394,410	206,590
$150,000 and over	112,105	82,215	29,885	308,010	222,010	86,000
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	6,634,295	3,260,150	3,374,140	11,038,440	5,342,850	5,695,590
Without after-tax income	215,120	99,375	115,750	478,635	227,025	251,610
With after-tax income	6,419,175	3,160,780	3,258,395	10,559,805	5,115,825	5,443,980
Percentage with after-tax income	96.8	97.0	96.6	95.7	95.8	95.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	822,725	359,045	463,675	1,659,280	722,040	937,235
$10,000 to $19,999	1,246,480	505,165	741,315	1,906,875	777,330	1,129,540
$20,000 to $29,999	1,192,885	541,080	651,810	1,623,230	690,290	932,940
$30,000 to $39,999	1,096,510	553,200	543,315	1,377,100	642,645	734,450
$40,000 to $49,999	793,150	425,040	368,115	1,166,040	585,490	580,555
$50,000 to $59,999	498,475	283,130	215,345	845,305	464,610	380,700
$60,000 to $69,999	309,415	180,470	128,945	604,005	354,015	249,985
$70,000 to $79,999	167,895	108,500	59,395	465,485	268,140	197,345
$80,000 and over	291,635	205,155	86,485	912,490	611,260	301,230
$80,000 to $89,999	95,010	64,670	30,335	299,315	183,410	115,905
$90,000 to $99,999	55,980	39,080	16,905	174,110	116,330	57,785
$100,000 and over	140,645	101,405	39,240	439,070	311,525	127,540
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,145	11,038,440	5,342,850	5,695,590
Without employment income	2,006,505	851,730	1,154,775	3,247,760	1,344,515	1,903,245
With employment income	4,627,790	2,408,420	2,219,375	7,790,680	3,998,335	3,792,350
Percentage with employment income	69.8	73.9	65.8	70.6	74.8	66.6
Under $5,000 (including loss)	606,300	311,780	294,520	1,094,860	546,920	547,940
$5,000 to $9,999	367,030	162,150	204,885	635,305	281,135	354,165
$10,000 to $19,999	681,920	305,995	375,920	1,027,910	464,445	563,465
$20,000 to $29,999	586,140	269,950	316,195	827,805	372,185	455,625
$30,000 to $39,999	565,425	277,135	288,285	767,840	351,925	415,910
$40,000 to $49,999	476,665	247,105	229,560	709,775	341,320	368,450
$50,000 to $59,999	359,180	203,580	155,600	588,220	310,155	278,065
$60,000 to $69,999	266,650	156,255	110,395	465,670	263,430	202,240
$70,000 to $79,999	224,040	129,890	94,150	369,085	218,570	150,515
$80,000 and over	494,440	344,585	149,855	1,304,210	848,245	455,970
$80,000 to $89,999	139,830	90,295	49,540	307,660	182,660	125,005
$90,000 to $99,999	93,860	64,160	29,700	280,530	156,440	124,090
$100,000 and over	260,745	190,125	70,620	716,015	509,140	206,875
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	3,531,665	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	59,822	...	...	74,287	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	52,207	...	...	65,285	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	1,175,230	...	...	1,341,300	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	31,574	...	...	36,900	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	28,469	...	...	33,219	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	2,356,430	...	...	3,827,875	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	78,645	...	...	90,967	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	67,665	...	...	79,528	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	3,531,665	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	77,306	...	...	97,856	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	63,404	...	...	80,322	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	1,174,695	...	...	1,341,115	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	40,042	...	...	49,571	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	33,262	...	...	40,830	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	2,356,970	...	...	3,828,060	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	95,878	...	...	114,773	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	78,426	...	...	94,157	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	3,531,665	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Under $5,000	47,170	...	...	86,720	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	56,315	...	...	70,245	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	119,570	...	...	134,395	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	180,865	...	...	185,245	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	179,690	...	...	200,770	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	154,150	...	...	189,450	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	185,000	...	...	202,580	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	184,435	...	...	207,180	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	179,855	...	...	206,605	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	170,445	...	...	202,015	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	313,600	...	...	388,820	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	273,620	...	...	363,580	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	241,940	...	...	335,770	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	208,620	...	...	309,105	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	176,355	...	...	282,740	...	...
$100,000 and over	860,030	...	...	1,803,955	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	327,435	...	...	560,090	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	204,105	...	...	394,570	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	192,155	...	...	449,885	...	...
$200,000 and over	136,335	...	...	399,410	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	3,531,660	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Under $5,000	50,445	...	...	92,220	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	57,335	...	...	71,480	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	120,860	...	...	136,550	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	190,300	...	...	192,920	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	202,905	...	...	222,605	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	187,365	...	...	211,440	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	231,765	...	...	232,755	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	225,695	...	...	244,335	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	211,990	...	...	247,645	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	202,760	...	...	241,965	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	363,775	...	...	463,170	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	309,825	...	...	422,695	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	256,150	...	...	388,720	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	208,765	...	...	342,330	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	166,295	...	...	290,720	...	...
$100,000 and over	545,440	...	...	1,367,630	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	269,170	...	...	539,915	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	130,225	...	...	334,420	...	...
$150,000 and over	146,045	...	...	493,295	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	2,261,890	...	...	3,689,580	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	79,378	...	...	91,089	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	68,152	...	...	79,531	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	930,195	...	...	1,280,890	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	70,075	...	...	81,459	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	60,224	...	...	71,237	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	911,980	...	...	1,716,115	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	105,246	...	...	115,381	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	88,844	...	...	99,205	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	3.9	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	364,085	...	...	584,180	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	52,708	...	...	54,363	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	47,805	...	...	50,317	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	2,262,045	...	...	3,689,080	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	96,863	...	...	115,328	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	79,060	...	...	94,410	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	929,645	...	...	1,280,580	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	86,304	...	...	104,425	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	70,167	...	...	84,952	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	912,560	...	...	1,717,295	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	122,835	...	...	140,590	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	99,279	...	...	114,144	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	363,610	...	...	581,945	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	61,753	...	...	67,748	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	53,052	...	...	58,742	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	1,433,210	711,180	722,030	1,818,815	867,175	951,640
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	29,195	31,526	27,210	32,097	33,925	30,753
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	26,706	28,214	25,434	29,417	30,678	28,442
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	1,430,625	708,225	722,405	1,814,575	864,020	950,555
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	37,684	39,840	35,571	44,298	46,765	42,057
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	31,513	32,729	30,321	36,874	38,228	35,644
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	7,965,455	3,941,475	4,023,970	13,242,160	6,472,205	6,769,955
In the bottom half of the distribution	4,577,885	2,216,770	2,361,115	6,335,170	3,016,275	3,318,895
In the bottom decile	747,785	368,385	379,395	1,346,645	651,310	695,335
In the second decile	898,605	408,705	489,900	1,280,675	581,380	699,290
In the third decile	997,185	481,975	515,210	1,237,415	583,840	653,575
In the fourth decile	996,230	490,275	505,960	1,223,510	589,740	633,770
In the fifth decile	938,080	467,425	470,655	1,246,925	610,000	636,930
In the top half of the distribution	3,387,565	1,724,710	1,662,855	6,906,990	3,455,930	3,451,060
In the sixth decile	881,640	444,865	436,775	1,279,095	629,635	649,465
In the seventh decile	806,685	409,470	397,220	1,321,220	655,840	665,375
In the eighth decile	700,450	357,000	343,455	1,382,795	691,630	691,165
In the ninth decile	557,160	286,195	270,960	1,464,415	736,030	728,385
In the top decile	441,630	227,185	214,445	1,459,465	742,795	716,670
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	7,921,505	3,919,560	4,001,945	13,184,055	6,442,930	6,741,130
0 to 17 years	1,564,410	800,455	763,960	2,656,535	1,361,905	1,294,630
0 to 5 years	532,410	272,790	259,625	835,000	428,025	406,975
18 to 64 years	5,021,875	2,498,900	2,522,980	8,418,960	4,110,615	4,308,345
65 years and over	1,335,220	620,210	715,010	2,108,560	970,405	1,138,155
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	1,160,190	542,405	617,785	1,898,975	886,530	1,012,445
0 to 17 years	222,955	114,410	108,540	489,905	251,830	238,080
0 to 5 years	75,270	38,595	36,670	165,140	84,825	80,310
18 to 64 years	688,130	334,825	353,305	1,155,315	538,535	616,780
65 years and over	249,110	93,170	155,930	253,755	96,170	157,585
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.6	13.8	15.4	14.4	13.8	15.0
0 to 17 years (%)	14.3	14.3	14.2	18.4	18.5	18.4
0 to 5 years (%)	14.1	14.1	14.1	19.8	19.8	19.7
18 to 64 years (%)	13.7	13.4	14.0	13.7	13.1	14.3
65 years and over (%)	18.7	15.0	21.8	12.0	9.9	13.8
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	731,340	358,085	373,260	1,298,590	627,935	670,650
0 to 17 years	129,325	66,400	62,925	304,390	156,575	147,815
0 to 5 years	44,375	22,705	21,675	102,750	52,810	49,935
18 to 64 years	514,540	261,485	253,060	887,640	430,545	457,095
65 years and over	87,475	30,205	57,270	106,555	40,815	65,740
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.2	9.1	9.3	9.8	9.7	9.9
0 to 17 years (%)	8.3	8.3	8.2	11.5	11.5	11.4
0 to 5 years (%)	8.3	8.3	8.3	12.3	12.3	12.3
18 to 64 years (%)	10.2	10.5	10.0	10.5	10.5	10.6
65 years and over (%)	6.6	4.9	8.0	5.1	4.2	5.8
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,925
Official languages	7,891,110	3,911,220	3,979,890	12,918,075	6,342,930	6,575,145
English	3,930,690	2,058,470	1,872,225	12,879,045	6,326,225	6,552,825
French	7,522,350	3,725,145	3,797,200	1,521,020	677,505	843,510
Non-official languages	1,610,980	776,265	834,720	4,431,270	2,115,510	2,315,760
Aboriginal languages	50,890	25,190	25,700	33,855	15,815	18,035
Algonquian languages	37,515	18,545	18,965	30,630	14,505	16,125
Blackfoot	0	0	0	15	15	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	34,415	17,050	17,370	6,560	3,160	3,395
Atikamekw	6,640	3,335	3,305	10	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	9,850	4,735	5,115	10	0	10
Moose Cree	0	10	0	145	70	75
Naskapi	775	385	385	25	10	10
Northern East Cree	260	130	130	65	25	45
Plains Cree	10	0	0	105	50	50
Southern East Cree	35	25	10	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	15	0	10	605	255	350
Woods Cree	10	10	0	45	25	25
Cree, n.o.s.	17,175	8,600	8,575	5,620	2,760	2,865
Eastern Algonquian languages	885	460	420	180	95	85
Malecite	10	0	0	20	20	0
Mi'kmaq	880	460	425	160	75	85
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	2,340	1,105	1,235	23,980	11,285	12,690
Algonquin	2,240	1,055	1,185	205	95	105
Ojibway	105	50	50	16,220	7,600	8,630
Oji-Cree	10	0	0	7,515	3,585	3,935
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	200	105	100
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	35	20	10	85	40	50
Athabaskan languages	20	10	10	85	25	65
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	15	10	80	25	55
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	10	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	10	0	10
Chilcotin	0	0	0	10	0	10
Dene	10	0	10	45	20	30
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	10	10	0	10
Gwich'in	0	0	0	10	0	10
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	0	0	10	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	10	10	0	0	0	10
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	10	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	10	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	12,595	6,270	6,330	840	320	525
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	10	0	10
Inuktitut	12,485	6,210	6,270	730	285	445
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	115	60	60	105	35	70
Iroquoian languages	740	360	375	1,940	810	1,125
Cayuga	0	0	0	120	35	85
Mohawk	690	350	335	1,625	710	915
Oneida	0	0	0	180	55	125
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	50	15	35	50	25	25
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	30	15	10	180	65	110
Salish languages	0	0	0	10	0	10
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	10	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	10
Siouan languages	0	0	0	40	10	30
Dakota	10	0	0	20	10	10
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	0	15
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	10	10	0	10
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	10	0	10
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	10	0	10
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	10	10	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	10
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	10	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	90	40	55	210	100	110
Non-Aboriginal languages	1,560,375	751,215	809,160	4,397,690	2,099,820	2,297,865
Afro-Asiatic languages	301,035	157,545	143,490	362,645	183,050	179,595
Berber languages	27,595	14,650	12,945	925	505	415
Kabyle	16,170	8,580	7,590	530	280	255
Berber languages, n.i.e.	11,580	6,150	5,425	390	225	165
Cushitic languages	1,550	745	805	34,160	15,155	19,000
Bilen	35	20	10	355	200	160
Oromo	45	30	10	2,075	905	1,175
Somali	1,460	680	780	31,535	13,925	17,610
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	370	170	205
Semitic languages	286,625	149,970	136,660	330,315	168,750	161,570
Amharic	1,145	540	600	16,010	7,565	8,445
Arabic	267,965	140,280	127,685	246,015	127,015	119,000
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	195	95	95	17,825	8,775	9,050
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	0	0	6,185	3,045	3,140
Harari	0	0	0	1,310	660	645
Hebrew	18,035	9,490	8,540	43,255	22,165	21,090
Maltese	40	10	25	7,020	3,455	3,570
Tigrigna	420	195	225	9,385	4,320	5,065
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	180	85	95	1,985	1,010	975
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	810	430	380	1,125	535	590
Austro-Asiatic languages	46,050	21,955	24,095	99,830	46,210	53,620
Khmer (Cambodian)	11,840	5,620	6,220	10,045	4,490	5,550
Vietnamese	34,580	16,520	18,060	90,265	41,965	48,300
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	60	10	50
Austronesian languages	31,230	11,820	19,410	249,435	98,295	151,150
Bikol	105	45	60	755	340	425
Cebuano	1,105	360	750	9,475	3,650	5,830
Fijian	15	0	10	110	40	65
Hiligaynon	540	195	350	3,110	1,205	1,910
Ilocano	2,500	890	1,610	15,235	5,940	9,295
Malagasy	1,980	940	1,040	215	115	100
Malay	1,210	525	690	9,780	4,500	5,280
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	195	95	100	1,935	855	1,080
Pangasinan	60	20	40	565	245	320
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	26,705	9,785	16,915	232,935	91,110	141,820
Waray-Waray	55	10	45	410	125	285
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	540	270	275	1,785	755	1,030
Creole languages	115,445	51,970	63,475	30,260	13,525	16,735
Haitian Creole	4,910	2,285	2,620	1,430	605	830
Creole, n.o.s.	108,315	48,615	59,705	19,375	8,480	10,895
Creole languages, n.i.e.	2,835	1,390	1,445	9,685	4,525	5,155
Dravidian languages	18,710	9,495	9,210	196,315	97,975	98,335
Kannada	415	210	205	5,775	2,930	2,845
Malayalam	510	285	220	22,880	11,535	11,345
Tamil	17,245	8,680	8,565	157,700	77,975	79,730
Telugu	930	540	390	16,315	8,925	7,390
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	495	250	240
Hmong-Mien languages	35	15	25	545	265	280
Indo-European languages	912,945	435,785	477,155	2,608,060	1,265,535	1,342,525
Albanian	3,375	1,730	1,645	22,375	11,180	11,195
Armenian	20,290	9,790	10,500	18,435	8,860	9,575
Balto-Slavic languages	88,425	41,725	46,700	473,565	221,450	252,120
Baltic languages	1,080	500	585	10,545	4,495	6,050
Latvian	335	150	185	4,675	2,070	2,610
Lithuanian	755	350	410	5,875	2,430	3,445
Slavic languages	87,520	41,315	46,205	465,170	217,885	247,285
Belarusan	365	150	215	1,360	680	680
Bosnian	1,975	990	985	9,915	4,905	5,010
Bulgarian	7,345	3,595	3,750	10,410	5,060	5,350
Croatian	3,580	1,760	1,820	46,580	22,880	23,700
Czech	2,070	975	1,095	14,045	6,615	7,430
Macedonian	285	140	145	21,505	10,365	11,140
Polish	17,760	8,090	9,665	142,985	65,415	77,575
Russian	46,665	22,265	24,400	138,735	64,355	74,380
Serbian	4,050	1,980	2,070	53,250	26,725	26,525
Serbo-Croatian	2,385	1,140	1,245	5,815	2,845	2,965
Slovak	1,520	705	820	12,035	5,550	6,490
Slovene (Slovenian)	970	490	480	7,935	3,550	4,390
Ukrainian	9,015	3,885	5,135	54,615	24,125	30,490
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	150	75	75	1,750	935	815
Celtic languages	495	305	195	3,800	1,880	1,920
Scottish Gaelic	155	95	65	1,480	720	765
Welsh	85	45	40	685	300	390
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	265	175	95	1,650	870	785
Germanic languages	63,370	31,835	31,530	274,305	130,610	143,700
Afrikaans	415	260	150	7,360	3,625	3,735
Danish	835	410	420	5,440	2,455	2,980
Dutch	5,060	2,665	2,395	63,410	29,875	33,535
Frisian	15	10	0	1,655	820	835
German	43,475	21,950	21,530	189,035	90,730	98,305
Icelandic	140	80	60	285	130	155
Norwegian	510	255	255	2,140	975	1,165
Swedish	1,580	785	795	5,125	2,345	2,785
Vlaams (Flemish)	760	265	495	2,275	1,050	1,225
Yiddish	12,375	6,225	6,155	7,175	3,535	3,640
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	270	125	140	3,290	1,645	1,645
Greek	51,060	25,520	25,540	80,690	40,105	40,590
Indo-Iranian languages	93,655	48,040	45,615	915,765	463,175	452,585
Indo-Aryan languages	59,570	30,870	28,700	759,390	384,940	374,450
Bengali	12,870	6,610	6,260	59,685	30,420	29,265
Gujarati	7,950	3,860	4,090	103,890	52,380	51,510
Hindi	15,570	8,285	7,280	250,095	127,765	122,335
Kashmiri	45	35	15	600	300	300
Konkani	150	70	75	5,490	2,515	2,975
Marathi	475	240	230	10,360	5,380	4,980
Nepali	1,445	725	720	10,245	5,115	5,135
Oriya (Odia)	55	35	20	1,090	515	570
Punjabi (Panjabi)	17,860	9,690	8,165	282,065	145,050	137,015
Sindhi	500	240	255	11,515	5,385	6,130
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,335	625	710	18,555	9,230	9,330
Urdu	16,545	8,655	7,890	231,500	117,305	114,190
Iranian languages	35,420	17,830	17,585	163,490	81,710	81,785
Kurdish	1,255	665	590	8,795	4,755	4,040
Pashto	1,825	1,005	825	15,315	8,145	7,170
Persian (Farsi)	32,965	16,560	16,405	145,465	72,275	73,190
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	845	425	420	4,665	2,495	2,175
Italic (Romance) languages	627,545	293,620	333,920	880,330	418,225	462,105
Catalan	890	525	365	515	275	240
Italian	173,710	84,430	89,275	333,645	161,190	172,455
Portuguese	55,100	27,620	27,475	193,520	93,885	99,635
Romanian	42,655	20,550	22,110	49,635	23,205	26,430
Spanish	390,355	177,610	212,745	337,615	156,040	181,580
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	490	345	145	1,355	745	605
Japanese	7,040	3,340	3,695	25,675	11,535	14,140
Kartvelian languages	220	110	110	1,555	775	780
Georgian	215	105	110	1,555	770	785
Korean	6,260	2,825	3,430	79,175	36,930	42,245
Mongolic languages	270	135	130	515	225	285
Mongolian	265	135	130	515	225	285
Niger-Congo languages	52,840	26,665	26,175	70,570	33,620	36,945
Akan (Twi)	1,800	945	855	15,950	7,520	8,435
Bamanankan	2,385	1,240	1,145	385	195	185
Edo	190	95	95	2,130	930	1,195
Ewe	1,410	865	545	880	435	445
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	3,400	1,785	1,620	700	320	375
Ga	315	155	160	1,340	645	695
Ganda	90	40	55	1,225	550	675
Igbo	275	190	90	4,025	2,105	1,920
Lingala	9,630	4,430	5,200	4,885	2,165	2,720
Rundi (Kirundi)	4,490	2,210	2,285	2,555	1,080	1,475
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	3,535	1,640	1,895	2,220	885	1,330
Shona	150	75	80	2,350	1,055	1,300
Swahili	8,015	4,080	3,935	16,750	8,110	8,640
Wolof	6,555	3,545	3,015	730	355	375
Yoruba	885	485	395	10,495	5,345	5,150
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	17,720	9,125	8,595	11,210	5,255	5,950
Nilo-Saharan languages	695	345	350	2,025	1,020	1,010
Dinka	0	0	0	415	220	200
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	695	345	350	1,615	805	810
Sign languages	7,775	3,095	4,675	18,865	7,645	11,220
American Sign Language	675	245	435	10,220	3,695	6,525
Quebec Sign Language	4,405	1,590	2,815	235	60	180
Sign languages, n.i.e.	2,960	1,350	1,605	8,690	4,005	4,680
Sino-Tibetan languages	90,460	42,695	47,770	689,145	324,575	364,565
Chinese languages	90,060	42,480	47,580	679,170	319,635	359,530
Cantonese	31,885	14,900	16,980	341,875	159,280	182,600
Hakka	545	240	310	7,865	3,445	4,420
Mandarin	59,240	27,560	31,685	385,395	179,890	205,510
Min Dong	15	10	10	810	330	480
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,215	1,860	2,350	16,980	7,650	9,330
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,230	535	690	8,305	3,860	4,440
Chinese, n.o.s.	4,800	2,380	2,425	16,455	7,710	8,745
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	90	40	55	185	95	90
Tibeto-Burman languages	430	235	195	10,460	5,200	5,260
Burmese	140	75	60	2,215	1,055	1,165
Karenic languages	105	55	45	1,820	905	920
Tibetan	65	50	10	5,695	2,845	2,850
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	140	65	80	1,245	645	605
Tai-Kadai languages	7,280	3,400	3,880	11,120	4,945	6,180
Lao	5,785	2,850	2,935	6,740	3,215	3,520
Thai	2,255	875	1,375	5,195	2,065	3,135
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	30	10	20
Turkic languages	12,475	6,265	6,210	33,335	17,310	16,025
Azerbaijani	510	275	235	3,260	1,710	1,550
Turkish	11,415	5,755	5,665	27,850	14,510	13,340
Uyghur	230	110	120	700	350	345
Uzbek	230	105	125	1,405	700	705
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	235	115	120	915	450	465
Uralic languages	7,870	3,710	4,160	58,370	27,060	31,310
Estonian	150	55	95	4,785	2,155	2,625
Finnish	500	195	305	11,145	4,865	6,280
Hungarian	7,215	3,450	3,765	42,545	20,070	22,480
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	2,140	1,170	970	3,675	1,950	1,725
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	7,585,545	3,753,190	3,832,350	12,223,065	5,987,360	6,235,705
Canadian citizens aged under 18	1,521,230	779,620	741,610	2,546,075	1,305,820	1,240,255
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	6,064,310	2,973,575	3,090,740	9,676,990	4,681,540	4,995,445
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	379,910	188,245	191,665	1,019,095	484,880	534,215
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	6,788,085	3,365,345	3,422,735	9,188,815	4,555,270	4,633,545
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	1,091,310	530,325	560,980	3,852,145	1,814,665	2,037,480
Before 1981	238,655	117,080	121,575	1,077,745	507,500	570,240
1981 to 1990	127,340	63,150	64,190	513,995	246,235	267,755
1991 to 2000	187,860	89,210	98,650	834,510	390,315	444,195
2001 to 2010	322,280	155,785	166,495	953,730	446,895	506,835
2001 to 2005	140,170	67,835	72,335	490,560	230,950	259,610
2006 to 2010	182,115	87,945	94,165	463,170	215,945	247,225
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	215,170	105,105	110,065	472,170	223,715	248,450
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	86,065	45,765	40,295	201,200	102,305	98,895
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	1,091,305	530,325	560,980	3,852,145	1,814,665	2,037,485
Under 5 years	112,930	54,600	58,330	369,955	184,255	185,705
5 to 14 years	174,020	87,165	86,855	685,085	345,865	339,225
15 to 24 years	215,350	98,880	116,475	855,475	381,025	474,450
25 to 44 years	515,770	256,095	259,675	1,579,500	741,340	838,160
45 years and over	73,230	33,590	39,640	362,130	162,180	199,945
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	1,091,305	530,330	560,980	3,852,145	1,814,665	2,037,480
Americas	247,505	113,190	134,315	598,950	265,930	333,025
Brazil	7,345	3,515	3,830	14,705	6,700	8,010
Colombia	25,580	11,645	13,935	28,815	13,085	15,730
El Salvador	11,120	5,500	5,615	20,920	10,165	10,750
Guyana	2,490	1,085	1,410	79,745	35,325	44,420
Haiti	80,965	35,375	45,585	10,195	4,410	5,785
Jamaica	4,665	2,040	2,625	119,840	51,320	68,525
Mexico	15,820	7,090	8,730	30,075	13,895	16,185
Peru	13,265	5,945	7,325	10,550	4,660	5,895
Trinidad and Tobago	4,075	1,840	2,240	52,810	23,515	29,300
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	25,955	12,800	13,155	109,005	47,170	61,830
Other places of birth in Americas	56,235	26,370	29,870	122,280	55,685	66,600
Europe	311,090	154,910	156,185	1,144,295	546,250	598,050
Bosnia and Herzegovina	3,785	1,890	1,895	21,300	10,655	10,645
Croatia	2,140	1,085	1,050	27,330	13,495	13,835
France	81,225	43,490	37,735	13,385	6,310	7,070
Germany	9,750	4,365	5,390	63,460	29,685	33,775
Greece	18,420	9,135	9,285	36,575	18,225	18,350
Hungary	3,325	1,620	1,700	22,085	10,495	11,590
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	820	485	330	15,275	7,415	7,860
Italy	51,025	25,370	25,655	157,815	78,510	79,305
Netherlands	1,990	1,035	955	47,400	23,910	23,490
Poland	10,735	4,675	6,060	96,000	43,155	52,845
Portugal	18,985	9,185	9,800	103,025	50,240	52,785
Romania	28,695	13,695	15,005	42,720	19,720	23,000
Russian Federation	11,355	4,975	6,375	42,980	18,540	24,440
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	1,790	830	960	23,695	11,610	12,085
Ukraine	8,670	3,800	4,870	39,945	18,150	21,795
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	12,905	6,645	6,260	264,125	125,730	138,390
Other places of birth in Europe	45,500	22,630	22,870	127,190	60,395	66,790
Africa	241,410	125,250	116,165	226,770	109,585	117,185
Algeria	59,465	31,180	28,280	2,925	1,480	1,450
Egypt	19,490	10,290	9,200	34,510	18,000	16,510
Ethiopia	995	495	495	15,570	7,230	8,340
Kenya	785	355	430	14,940	6,910	8,025
Morocco	60,700	31,435	29,270	5,485	2,690	2,795
Nigeria	1,340	740	600	20,630	10,285	10,345
Somalia	580	270	310	16,970	6,845	10,125
South Africa, Republic of	865	475	385	19,390	9,545	9,840
Other places of birth in Africa	97,200	50,005	47,190	96,355	46,610	49,745
Asia	289,825	136,175	153,655	1,869,805	886,570	983,240
Afghanistan	7,280	3,640	3,640	33,145	16,490	16,655
Bangladesh	7,940	3,990	3,950	39,410	19,970	19,440
China^{Census data footnote 59}	49,555	19,905	29,655	317,225	143,705	173,515
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	4,730	2,290	2,435	108,030	50,945	57,090
India	17,865	9,195	8,670	360,540	179,950	180,590
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	17,760	8,880	8,885	86,810	43,445	43,360
Iraq	3,735	1,960	1,775	50,390	25,280	25,115
Japan	1,725	395	1,330	8,145	2,550	5,585
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	4,230	1,995	2,230	57,085	26,660	30,425
Lebanon	39,135	20,800	18,340	34,545	18,145	16,405
Pakistan	10,010	5,260	4,750	142,265	71,925	70,345
Philippines	24,410	9,040	15,370	231,760	93,730	138,030
Sri Lanka	10,715	5,335	5,380	109,855	53,640	56,215
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	17,775	8,800	8,980	22,680	11,405	11,270
Taiwan	2,735	1,100	1,635	17,840	7,775	10,065
Viet Nam	25,440	11,765	13,675	80,525	36,545	43,985
Other places of birth in Asia	44,795	21,840	22,950	169,555	84,400	85,160
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	1,480	805	670	12,330	6,330	5,990
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	215,170	105,105	110,065	472,170	223,720	248,450
Americas	47,710	22,625	25,085	60,700	29,005	31,700
Brazil	3,010	1,495	1,520	3,180	1,505	1,675
Colombia	7,540	3,465	4,075	4,520	2,005	2,520
Cuba	2,565	1,260	1,315	1,950	910	1,045
Haiti	16,880	7,690	9,190	2,575	1,140	1,435
Jamaica	190	140	55	8,935	4,840	4,090
Mexico	4,210	1,955	2,255	5,670	2,745	2,925
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	3,990	2,265	1,720	14,635	7,225	7,405
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	1,955	935	1,020	2,460	1,120	1,340
Other places of birth in Americas	7,365	3,425	3,935	16,775	7,510	9,265
Europe	39,320	20,085	19,235	45,295	22,250	23,045
France	20,030	10,855	9,175	2,010	1,025	985
Germany	580	250	330	1,695	885	805
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	135	105	35	1,900	1,185	715
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	3,750	1,695	2,055	880	400	480
Romania	2,945	1,260	1,685	2,425	995	1,430
Russian Federation	1,970	865	1,105	4,905	1,790	3,115
Ukraine	2,460	1,110	1,350	4,455	2,005	2,445
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	860	565	290	7,780	4,515	3,265
Other places of birth in Europe	6,590	3,385	3,205	19,245	9,450	9,795
Africa	74,200	37,110	37,090	39,380	19,045	20,330
Algeria	16,380	8,060	8,320	415	180	240
Cameroon	7,550	3,705	3,845	1,390	640	750
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	3,370	1,655	1,715	1,835	845	990
Côte d'Ivoire	5,070	2,505	2,565	605	245	360
Egypt	4,360	2,260	2,095	8,220	4,290	3,935
Eritrea	50	30	20	2,055	1,010	1,045
Ethiopia	125	65	60	2,505	1,115	1,385
Morocco	13,475	6,675	6,805	655	275	375
Nigeria	540	280	260	5,910	2,895	3,015
Somalia	95	40	50	2,065	965	1,100
South Africa, Republic of	175	115	60	1,410	715	695
Tunisia	5,855	3,025	2,825	310	155	150
Other places of birth in Africa	17,155	8,690	8,470	12,010	5,715	6,295
Asia	53,595	25,070	28,525	324,820	152,205	172,615
Afghanistan	1,555	715	840	5,785	2,845	2,945
Bangladesh	860	455	405	8,180	4,055	4,125
China^{Census data footnote 59}	10,705	4,805	5,895	58,840	26,025	32,815
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	120	35	80	1,985	800	1,190
India	2,960	1,555	1,405	69,325	35,060	34,265
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	7,505	3,545	3,960	21,225	10,300	10,930
Iraq	985	465	515	14,645	7,315	7,330
Israel	645	390	255	2,050	1,085	970
Japan	330	30	295	1,385	370	1,015
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	825	370	455	6,320	2,855	3,470
Lebanon	3,955	2,100	1,860	3,230	1,685	1,545
Nepal	360	165	195	3,395	1,725	1,665
Pakistan	1,815	920	895	25,435	12,425	13,015
Philippines	5,635	2,345	3,290	53,190	21,740	31,450
Saudi Arabia	435	210	225	3,140	1,615	1,530
Sri Lanka	860	380	480	8,185	3,580	4,605
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	7,455	3,740	3,715	12,710	6,590	6,120
Taiwan	170	60	105	1,015	435	580
Turkey	585	300	285	2,590	1,440	1,145
United Arab Emirates	300	160	145	4,290	2,230	2,055
Viet Nam	1,505	560	945	3,885	1,520	2,365
Other places of birth in Asia	4,025	1,765	2,265	13,995	6,505	7,485
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	345	215	135	1,980	1,215	765
Australia	190	120	70	1,535	965	565
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	155	95	65	445	250	200
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	1,204,895	590,175	614,720	4,122,840	1,953,095	2,169,740
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	792,085	399,535	392,550	3,049,835	1,525,300	1,524,540
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	5,968,475	2,951,730	3,016,745	6,069,485	2,993,845	3,075,640
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	867,685	420,465	447,220	2,825,480	1,331,730	1,493,750
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	469,015	243,915	225,100	1,364,380	677,695	686,685
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	224,720	137,975	86,745	540,795	338,460	202,335
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	244,300	105,945	138,360	823,580	339,240	484,350
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	241,225	96,130	145,095	940,405	382,890	557,520
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	146,295	75,100	71,195	482,665	253,750	228,910
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	11,150	5,320	5,825	38,035	17,400	20,640
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,010	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	182,885	91,890	90,995	374,395	179,970	194,420
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	175,960	88,635	87,325	361,125	173,685	187,445
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	92,655	45,510	47,145	236,680	112,840	123,845
Métis	69,365	36,260	33,100	120,585	59,015	61,570
Inuk (Inuit)	13,940	6,865	7,075	3,860	1,835	2,030
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	2,760	1,330	1,430	5,730	2,680	3,045
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	4,170	1,930	2,245	7,540	3,615	3,930
Non-Aboriginal identity	7,782,560	3,849,550	3,933,015	12,867,765	6,292,265	6,575,500
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	7,965,455	3,941,440	4,024,015	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,925
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	77,490	38,580	38,915	170,895	81,560	89,335
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	7,887,960	3,902,860	3,985,100	13,071,265	6,390,680	6,680,585
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	7,965,455	3,941,440	4,024,015	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	118,780	58,535	60,245	112,875	54,840	58,035
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	115,480	56,930	58,550	111,575	54,180	57,395
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	87,700	42,730	44,965	97,430	47,130	50,305
Métis single ancestry	17,585	9,225	8,360	12,925	6,490	6,435
Inuit single ancestry	10,200	4,980	5,220	1,220	565	655
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	3,300	1,605	1,700	1,295	665	640
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	2,220	1,115	1,105	1,055	545	510
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	995	455	540	145	70	75
Métis and Inuit ancestries	65	25	40	65	25	40
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	20	10	15	30	20	10
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	240,650	113,905	126,740	405,425	192,320	213,100
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	235,365	111,205	124,165	395,205	187,695	207,510
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	193,625	90,650	102,975	276,920	130,810	146,110
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	37,080	18,320	18,760	113,785	54,830	58,955
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	4,660	2,230	2,425	4,500	2,050	2,450
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	5,280	2,700	2,575	10,215	4,620	5,590
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	4,040	2,105	1,940	9,305	4,205	5,100
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	990	475	515	595	290	305
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	225	110	115	300	125	170
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	25	15	10	15	0	10
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	7,606,025	3,769,000	3,837,030	12,723,865	6,225,080	6,498,785
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	1,032,365	505,180	527,185	3,885,585	1,878,075	2,007,505
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	90,335	46,750	43,585	1,150,415	582,010	568,400
Chinese	99,505	44,370	55,135	754,550	359,230	395,315
Black	319,230	154,110	165,120	627,715	296,270	331,445
Filipino	34,910	14,275	20,635	311,675	132,440	179,230
Latin American	133,920	64,655	69,260	195,950	93,645	102,310
Arab	213,740	113,420	100,320	210,435	109,585	100,850
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	62,820	29,960	32,865	133,855	63,255	70,605
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	32,405	16,200	16,210	154,670	77,385	77,280
Korean	8,055	3,865	4,190	88,935	42,445	46,495
Japanese	4,570	1,755	2,820	30,830	13,595	17,235
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	9,840	4,670	5,175	97,970	46,105	51,860
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	23,045	11,160	11,885	128,585	62,105	66,485
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	6,933,085	3,436,260	3,496,830	9,356,575	4,594,165	4,762,410
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	7,965,455	3,941,435	4,024,010	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
North American Aboriginal origins	359,430	172,440	186,985	518,300	247,160	271,135
First Nations (North American Indian)	289,610	137,550	152,065	385,505	183,075	202,430
Inuit	17,175	8,300	8,880	6,870	3,150	3,720
Métis	61,260	30,915	30,345	137,485	66,245	71,235
Other North American origins	4,850,145	2,390,545	2,459,605	3,220,595	1,585,255	1,635,340
Acadian	34,785	16,440	18,345	16,580	8,135	8,450
American	45,050	21,470	23,580	140,165	67,480	72,690
Canadian	4,647,840	2,288,280	2,359,555	3,109,770	1,531,645	1,578,125
New Brunswicker	750	370	380	320	190	125
Newfoundlander	570	280	295	10,850	5,520	5,325
Nova Scotian	365	155	215	1,485	685	800
Ontarian	1,345	660	685	2,165	1,085	1,075
Québécois	184,005	93,895	90,110	5,390	2,730	2,665
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	205	110	100	675	375	300
European origins	3,037,890	1,511,060	1,526,825	8,151,470	3,978,900	4,172,570
British Isles origins	745,715	360,135	385,575	4,900,430	2,380,595	2,519,835
Channel Islander	1,440	725	720	1,120	530	590
Cornish	70	35	40	755	370	385
English	228,520	111,855	116,670	2,808,805	1,357,650	1,451,160
Irish	446,215	211,545	234,665	2,095,460	991,625	1,103,835
Manx	200	105	95	2,450	1,320	1,130
Scottish	215,030	103,395	111,635	2,107,295	1,016,260	1,091,030
Welsh	10,765	5,075	5,690	198,475	94,555	103,920
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	32,525	15,440	17,080	323,185	152,525	170,660
French origins	1,878,795	941,770	937,025	1,350,520	643,360	707,160
Alsatian	1,050	520	525	1,235	495	740
Breton	11,140	5,410	5,725	290	175	120
Corsican	1,270	690	580	205	125	85
French	1,870,545	937,665	932,875	1,349,255	642,790	706,470
Western European origins (except French origins)	244,380	119,115	125,260	1,766,975	864,010	902,970
Austrian	12,710	6,285	6,430	72,475	35,415	37,065
Bavarian	40	30	20	450	225	230
Belgian	51,340	25,295	26,050	57,890	28,460	29,430
Dutch	26,000	12,805	13,190	527,750	259,585	268,165
Flemish	1,345	660	685	4,005	2,005	1,995
Frisian	15	20	0	2,705	1,400	1,305
German	142,225	68,250	73,975	1,189,670	579,315	610,355
Luxembourger	910	445	460	915	500	415
Swiss	24,500	12,615	11,885	59,835	29,395	30,440
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	125	80	50	1,095	560	530
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	25,460	12,490	12,975	266,085	127,885	138,195
Danish	5,700	2,815	2,885	53,555	26,355	27,195
Finnish	3,130	1,430	1,700	76,755	36,955	39,800
Icelandic	955	480	470	13,215	6,325	6,895
Norwegian	7,820	3,835	3,985	59,335	28,350	30,980
Swedish	6,840	3,275	3,565	71,035	32,705	38,325
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	2,500	1,265	1,230	12,540	6,400	6,140
Eastern European origins	249,940	121,660	128,285	1,339,610	644,610	695,000
Bulgarian	9,570	4,675	4,895	16,750	8,230	8,525
Byelorussian	2,530	1,235	1,295	11,690	5,645	6,045
Czech	6,295	2,965	3,330	42,340	20,815	21,530
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	2,150	1,100	1,050	14,810	6,820	7,990
Estonian	890	460	435	15,075	7,255	7,825
Hungarian	28,280	13,970	14,310	163,500	79,850	83,655
Latvian	1,740	835	905	18,095	8,615	9,480
Lithuanian	6,630	3,320	3,305	35,100	16,965	18,135
Moldovan	7,620	3,710	3,900	3,905	1,910	1,995
Polish	79,040	38,705	40,335	523,490	251,575	271,910
Romanian	53,060	25,935	27,125	98,235	46,825	51,410
Russian	55,230	26,405	28,830	220,850	103,650	117,200
Slovak	4,770	2,375	2,395	40,535	19,645	20,885
Ukrainian	42,550	20,575	21,975	376,440	181,725	194,715
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	2,900	1,505	1,400	10,330	4,940	5,390
Southern European origins	549,750	273,670	276,080	1,772,160	880,335	891,830
Albanian	3,760	1,950	1,805	25,980	13,085	12,895
Bosnian	2,970	1,485	1,490	14,680	7,255	7,425
Catalan	735	395	340	285	180	110
Croatian	6,745	3,375	3,370	82,220	41,350	40,875
Cypriot	480	240	245	4,400	2,170	2,230
Greek	71,330	36,235	35,090	148,555	74,830	73,720
Italian	326,700	162,650	164,045	931,805	467,100	464,705
Kosovar	505	295	210	1,305	655	650
Macedonian	775	400	370	39,440	19,820	19,625
Maltese	1,220	615	610	35,255	17,525	17,730
Montenegrin	450	250	200	2,545	1,295	1,250
Portuguese	69,805	34,825	34,980	324,930	160,970	163,960
Serbian	5,950	2,915	3,040	66,835	34,035	32,800
Sicilian	1,435	710	725	4,190	2,090	2,100
Slovenian	2,510	1,225	1,280	26,485	13,215	13,275
Spanish	85,360	41,745	43,615	171,145	78,880	92,265
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	3,270	1,595	1,670	20,245	9,785	10,460
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	300	155	145	965	425	540
Other European origins	38,670	19,875	18,800	105,865	53,050	52,820
Basque	3,620	1,930	1,690	1,585	805	780
Jewish	25,235	12,955	12,280	77,280	38,860	38,425
Roma (Gypsy)	475	270	205	2,295	1,050	1,245
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	360	180	185	2,065	1,110	955
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	9,215	4,690	4,530	23,290	11,540	11,750
Caribbean origins	201,625	93,935	107,690	462,600	213,660	248,940
Antiguan	380	170	205	3,275	1,480	1,800
Bahamian	430	205	225	2,305	1,190	1,115
Barbadian	5,570	2,585	2,985	26,625	12,375	14,250
Bermudan	115	50	65	2,010	925	1,085
Carib	405	150	255	2,295	855	1,440
Cuban	9,830	4,800	5,035	14,490	6,625	7,865
Dominican	11,560	5,320	6,235	9,180	4,420	4,760
Grenadian	1,965	790	1,175	14,690	6,420	8,275
Guadeloupean	1,010	475	535	70	20	50
Haitian	143,165	66,245	76,925	17,715	8,085	9,630
Jamaican	14,100	6,785	7,315	257,060	119,100	137,955
Kittitian/Nevisian	360	200	160	2,260	1,090	1,175
Martinican	1,775	820	950	195	65	125
Montserratan	240	140	105	620	300	325
Puerto Rican	530	270	255	1,495	755	740
St. Lucian	860	450	405	7,170	3,195	3,985
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	6,585	2,925	3,660	59,560	27,850	31,710
Vincentian/Grenadinian	4,020	1,695	2,325	12,155	5,250	6,905
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	5,635	2,610	3,025	56,865	25,380	31,480
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	4,195	1,995	2,205	16,970	7,770	9,195
Latin, Central and South American origins	167,275	81,215	86,065	322,210	153,045	169,165
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	6,100	2,885	3,210	10,795	5,040	5,750
Arawak	180	60	120	1,055	470	585
Argentinian	4,950	2,490	2,460	11,460	5,620	5,840
Belizean	80	40	40	810	395	415
Bolivian	1,730	815	915	1,885	935	955
Brazilian	8,345	4,075	4,275	18,395	8,760	9,635
Chilean	14,060	7,055	7,005	14,625	7,015	7,610
Colombian	33,965	15,915	18,050	40,820	19,345	21,480
Costa Rican	1,180	570	610	2,790	1,380	1,410
Ecuadorian	2,720	1,255	1,470	20,385	9,650	10,735
Guatemalan	10,175	5,380	4,795	10,040	4,870	5,170
Guyanese	3,670	1,810	1,860	73,360	34,050	39,315
Hispanic	1,155	570	585	5,805	2,790	3,015
Honduran	4,335	2,135	2,200	3,360	1,590	1,765
Maya	1,670	935	735	2,500	1,285	1,215
Mexican	26,930	13,185	13,745	43,120	20,735	22,380
Nicaraguan	2,805	1,360	1,445	7,100	3,440	3,665
Panamanian	1,460	755	710	2,475	1,125	1,355
Paraguayan	365	155	205	600	280	320
Peruvian	19,735	9,240	10,495	14,780	6,985	7,800
Salvadorean	19,200	9,535	9,665	27,595	13,530	14,070
Uruguayan	1,755	815	940	4,200	2,150	2,050
Venezuelan	7,475	3,430	4,045	11,750	5,320	6,430
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	5,845	2,965	2,880	14,095	6,745	7,350
African origins	382,665	196,910	185,755	414,095	203,260	210,835
Central and West African origins	86,695	44,720	41,975	85,735	42,745	42,990
Akan	630	325	310	965	540	425
Angolan	875	425	450	1,635	815	820
Ashanti	120	90	35	1,205	620	585
Beninese	4,125	2,220	1,915	555	280	270
Burkinabe	2,465	1,325	1,145	415	190	225
Cameroonian	17,095	8,635	8,465	4,700	2,330	2,370
Chadian	1,045	525	520	645	320	325
Congolese	20,210	9,960	10,250	10,425	4,960	5,460
Edo	110	60	45	1,025	545	480
Ewe	460	265	200	180	95	80
Gabonese	1,165	545	620	170	80	90
Gambian	150	95	55	630	305	330
Ghanaian	3,235	1,660	1,575	24,850	12,060	12,790
Guinean	5,255	2,765	2,485	1,105	550	560
Ibo	185	95	95	1,940	1,035	905
Ivorian	8,545	4,350	4,200	1,350	600	745
Liberian	150	60	90	770	365	405
Malian	3,535	1,755	1,775	490	250	240
Malinké	635	340	295	345	160	185
Nigerian	2,820	1,510	1,310	26,560	13,620	12,940
Peulh	2,110	1,080	1,030	135	80	55
Senegalese	8,250	4,420	3,835	1,000	500	495
Sierra Leonean	110	55	55	1,175	585	585
Togolese	4,080	2,210	1,870	670	370	300
Wolof	660	390	270	80	45	35
Yoruba	460	225	235	4,055	2,155	1,900
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	6,955	3,690	3,275	4,745	2,340	2,410
North African origins	225,125	117,725	107,410	86,665	44,970	41,695
Algerian	60,375	31,185	29,190	4,065	2,035	2,030
Berber	33,825	17,840	15,985	1,845	985	860
Coptic	685	385	305	2,305	1,185	1,120
Dinka	15	10	10	205	110	95
Egyptian	29,400	15,295	14,100	52,845	27,465	25,375
Libyan	1,075	590	485	3,785	2,015	1,760
Maure	530	290	240	290	160	125
Moroccan	85,940	44,520	41,420	12,305	6,310	6,000
Sudanese	370	220	150	8,975	4,600	4,375
Tunisian	21,475	11,775	9,695	2,295	1,210	1,085
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	3,340	1,845	1,490	1,755	920	830
Southern and East African origins	28,925	14,225	14,705	128,910	61,680	67,230
Afrikaner	115	75	40	560	285	275
Amhara	65	30	35	720	360	360
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	1,905	1,040	870	870	455	415
Burundian	6,015	2,945	3,070	3,105	1,465	1,640
Djiboutian	450	205	245	1,035	460	575
Eritrean	580	290	290	11,870	5,740	6,125
Ethiopian	1,575	785	785	22,560	10,755	11,800
Harari	20	10	10	475	255	215
Kenyan	530	270	260	5,860	2,780	3,080
Malagasy	3,735	1,815	1,920	430	200	230
Mauritian	3,695	1,735	1,960	3,600	1,830	1,770
Oromo	20	15	10	1,290	610	685
Rwandan	5,130	2,445	2,685	3,215	1,380	1,830
Seychellois	775	345	425	350	140	205
Somali	1,785	865	915	40,995	19,200	21,795
South African	900	490	420	19,760	9,790	9,970
Tanzanian	325	190	140	2,610	1,300	1,315
Tigrian	95	35	55	770	395	375
Ugandan	290	135	160	2,950	1,445	1,505
Zambian	45	20	25	805	410	395
Zimbabwean	300	150	145	3,425	1,595	1,830
Zulu	70	35	35	440	225	215
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	1,790	915	875	8,475	3,900	4,570
Other African origins	46,805	22,845	23,965	119,670	57,245	62,420
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	3,800	1,845	1,950	17,380	7,720	9,660
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	43,785	21,415	22,370	103,560	50,150	53,410
Asian origins	563,150	275,170	287,980	3,100,450	1,506,795	1,593,655
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	240,795	123,985	116,810	523,340	265,615	257,730
Afghan	10,945	5,550	5,395	54,535	27,255	27,280
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	44,875	23,680	21,195	44,705	23,345	21,360
Armenian	27,380	13,515	13,865	29,675	14,570	15,105
Assyrian	370	205	165	12,075	6,140	5,935
Azerbaijani	555	295	255	4,105	1,995	2,110
Georgian	635	295	345	2,815	1,415	1,395
Hazara	385	190	200	680	390	290
Iranian	25,530	12,845	12,685	117,065	58,995	58,065
Iraqi	5,520	2,780	2,740	50,460	25,420	25,035
Israeli	6,060	3,235	2,830	17,080	8,890	8,185
Jordanian	1,610	840	770	9,660	5,110	4,545
Kazakh	620	295	325	1,325	610	715
Kurd	2,135	1,180	960	9,210	4,880	4,330
Kuwaiti	95	50	50	1,510	795	715
Kyrgyz	260	140	120	340	130	210
Lebanese	78,140	40,695	37,450	86,245	43,700	42,545
Palestinian	6,865	3,520	3,345	28,480	15,215	13,270
Pashtun	515	280	235	3,010	1,635	1,375
Saudi Arabian	645	390	255	3,660	1,975	1,685
Syrian	27,465	13,845	13,620	31,440	15,570	15,870
Tajik	390	180	210	1,850	880	970
Tatar	910	430	485	2,135	930	1,205
Turk	15,060	7,520	7,545	34,165	17,340	16,825
Turkmen	65	45	25	695	345	355
Uighur	375	185	190	755	385	375
Uzbek	465	210	255	2,400	1,155	1,240
Yemeni	805	450	355	4,225	2,065	2,155
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	2,465	1,385	1,075	16,270	8,395	7,875
South Asian origins	95,670	48,925	46,745	1,182,845	595,480	587,370
Bangladeshi	7,075	3,625	3,450	29,195	14,965	14,230
Bengali	4,125	2,035	2,090	15,235	7,795	7,445
Bhutanese	420	205	215	1,450	710	735
East Indian	51,650	26,505	25,140	774,500	390,015	384,480
Goan	210	105	110	4,775	2,245	2,525
Gujarati	420	205	215	5,915	3,055	2,860
Kashmiri	260	155	105	1,795	900	895
Nepali	930	460	470	8,150	4,070	4,080
Pakistani	13,535	7,000	6,535	149,060	75,860	73,200
Punjabi	2,970	1,675	1,295	55,455	28,580	26,875
Sinhalese	310	135	175	5,195	2,545	2,645
Sri Lankan	14,750	7,300	7,450	124,270	60,685	63,585
Tamil	3,100	1,610	1,495	42,760	21,705	21,050
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	2,135	1,190	945	58,705	29,705	29,005
East and Southeast Asian origins	229,985	103,805	126,180	1,422,890	659,650	763,245
Burmese	530	270	255	4,420	2,105	2,315
Cambodian (Khmer)	15,345	7,360	7,985	14,655	6,810	7,845
Chinese	121,445	54,595	66,850	849,345	403,280	446,065
Filipino	37,910	15,590	22,320	337,760	144,830	192,930
Hmong	35	10	20	650	340	305
Indonesian	1,320	570	755	9,325	4,305	5,025
Japanese	6,495	2,615	3,875	41,620	18,530	23,090
Karen	95	55	40	1,645	830	815
Korean	8,740	4,155	4,580	93,420	44,585	48,835
Laotian	7,625	3,860	3,770	9,875	4,865	5,015
Malaysian	645	300	340	7,310	3,370	3,935
Mongolian	960	470	485	2,940	1,390	1,545
Singaporean	105	65	40	1,260	565	700
Taiwanese	2,205	940	1,265	10,060	4,595	5,465
Thai	2,695	1,065	1,635	6,865	2,725	4,135
Tibetan	80	45	30	6,365	3,175	3,185
Vietnamese	43,080	20,790	22,290	107,640	51,350	56,290
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	275	125	155	4,375	2,165	2,210
Other Asian origins	1,765	905	865	13,430	6,575	6,855
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	1,770	905	860	13,430	6,575	6,855
Oceania origins	3,250	1,730	1,515	20,680	10,435	10,240
Australian	2,055	1,125	935	13,315	6,780	6,530
New Zealander	490	245	245	4,250	2,255	2,000
Pacific Islands origins	785	410	380	3,490	1,625	1,860
Fijian	70	25	40	1,610	665	945
Hawaiian	60	40	20	470	235	240
Maori	90	55	35	485	255	230
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	290	145	145	275	115	165
Samoan	15	15	0	225	140	85
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	295	155	145	555	265	290
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	3,531,665	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Owner	2,163,735	...	...	3,601,825	...	...
Renter	1,362,010	...	...	1,559,720	...	...
Band housing	5,915	...	...	7,635	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	3,531,660	...	...	5,169,170	...	...
Condominium	413,325	...	...	680,495	...	...
Not condominium	3,118,340	...	...	4,488,680	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	3,531,665	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
No bedrooms	23,725	...	...	33,950	...	...
1 bedroom	573,370	...	...	699,980	...	...
2 bedrooms	1,100,310	...	...	1,122,145	...	...
3 bedrooms	1,157,300	...	...	1,876,905	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	676,955	...	...	1,436,185	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	3,531,665	...	...	5,169,170	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	1,258,215	...	...	1,369,660	...	...
5 rooms	620,935	...	...	718,020	...	...
6 rooms	432,090	...	...	770,730	...	...
7 rooms	403,255	...	...	713,595	...	...
8 or more rooms	817,165	...	...	1,597,165	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.8	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	3,531,665	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
One person or fewer per room	3,492,135	...	...	5,046,810	...	...
More than 1 person per room	39,530	...	...	122,360	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	3,531,660	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Suitable	3,398,910	...	...	4,858,170	...	...
Not suitable	132,755	...	...	311,005	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	3,531,660	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
1960 or before	894,495	...	...	1,293,135	...	...
1961 to 1980	1,116,760	...	...	1,449,585	...	...
1981 to 1990	503,495	...	...	709,135	...	...
1991 to 2000	369,020	...	...	622,565	...	...
2001 to 2005	196,830	...	...	396,130	...	...
2006 to 2010	241,545	...	...	368,235	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	209,515	...	...	330,390	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	3,531,665	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	3,304,625	...	...	4,851,335	...	...
Major repairs needed	227,040	...	...	317,840	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	3,531,665	...	...	5,169,170	...	...
1 household maintainer	2,221,970	...	...	2,962,065	...	...
2 household maintainers	1,264,195	...	...	2,059,710	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	45,500	...	...	147,400	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	3,531,665	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
15 to 24 years	119,495	...	...	135,835	...	...
25 to 34 years	498,070	...	...	681,685	...	...
35 to 44 years	603,840	...	...	880,070	...	...
45 to 54 years	682,290	...	...	1,113,885	...	...
55 to 64 years	731,390	...	...	1,047,185	...	...
65 to 74 years	541,630	...	...	738,445	...	...
75 to 84 years	270,280	...	...	414,210	...	...
85 years and over	84,680	...	...	157,860	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	3,496,460	...	...	5,106,290	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	2,763,105	...	...	3,694,385	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	733,355	...	...	1,411,900	...	...
30% to less than 100%	647,975	...	...	1,208,010	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	2,141,690	...	...	3,557,485	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	61.9	...	...	61.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	12.9	...	...	19.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	983	...	...	1,299	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,085	...	...	1,463	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	250,302	...	...	400,496	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	290,484	...	...	506,409	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,358,265	...	...	1,554,940	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	9.3	...	...	15.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	33.7	...	...	45.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	720	...	...	1,045	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	775	...	...	1,109	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	6,634,280	3,260,035	3,374,240	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
No certificate, diploma or degree	1,323,070	674,955	648,115	1,935,355	961,690	973,670
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	1,426,980	674,820	752,155	3,026,100	1,485,320	1,540,770
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	3,884,235	1,910,260	1,973,970	6,076,985	2,895,745	3,181,235
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	1,120,730	681,515	439,215	664,180	471,055	193,120
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	806,585	435,090	371,495	324,370	199,510	124,855
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	314,145	246,425	67,720	339,810	271,545	68,260
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	1,165,515	506,775	658,740	2,298,715	981,785	1,316,930
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	236,255	93,680	142,575	242,005	107,065	134,945
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	1,361,730	628,290	733,440	2,872,085	1,335,845	1,536,250
Bachelor's degree	872,060	384,275	487,790	1,911,530	854,135	1,057,395
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	118,955	54,255	64,695	189,370	83,670	105,695
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	39,045	19,865	19,185	79,760	42,295	37,460
Master's degree	281,215	139,280	141,935	593,645	294,180	299,470
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	50,455	30,615	19,840	97,790	61,560	36,230
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	4,371,935	2,167,810	2,204,125	7,229,120	3,498,620	3,730,495
No certificate, diploma or degree	580,635	323,880	256,750	752,995	404,770	348,225
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	808,955	396,620	412,330	1,768,955	895,020	873,935
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,982,345	1,447,305	1,535,040	4,707,165	2,198,830	2,508,335
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	866,595	513,575	353,015	446,390	315,975	130,420
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	631,795	330,140	301,655	218,980	134,685	84,295
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	234,800	183,440	51,360	227,410	181,290	46,120
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	832,430	367,185	465,245	1,782,530	762,505	1,020,030
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	167,025	67,530	99,495	170,925	75,935	94,995
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	1,116,300	499,010	617,290	2,307,320	1,044,420	1,262,895
Bachelor's degree	712,935	308,760	404,175	1,519,850	668,450	851,400
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	94,240	40,085	54,160	148,960	62,370	86,590
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	30,775	13,505	17,270	63,790	30,895	32,895
Master's degree	238,300	113,895	124,410	500,415	239,160	261,255
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	40,050	22,780	17,270	74,310	43,545	30,765
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	2,750,050	1,349,775	1,400,270	4,961,455	2,447,010	2,514,445
Education	273,320	62,470	210,845	349,745	79,245	270,505
13. Education	273,320	62,470	210,845	349,750	79,245	270,505
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	156,720	71,485	85,240	246,075	109,955	136,120
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	25,380	18,280	7,100	38,745	28,735	10,010
50. Visual and performing arts	131,340	53,200	78,140	207,325	81,220	126,110
Humanities	215,735	86,065	129,675	359,560	133,350	226,210
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	32,180	7,165	25,020	37,900	8,170	29,730
23. English language and literature/letters	12,900	4,060	8,835	98,440	28,290	70,145
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	103,120	42,685	60,435	95,345	32,940	62,410
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	880	395	485	2,165	805	1,365
38. Philosophy and religious studies	10,400	6,650	3,755	24,255	13,425	10,830
39. Theology and religious vocations	10,125	6,200	3,930	28,175	17,120	11,055
54. History	17,055	9,990	7,065	57,295	30,015	27,280
55. French language and literature/letters	29,070	8,920	20,155	15,990	2,590	13,400
Social and behavioural sciences and law	380,995	125,025	255,975	810,410	269,735	540,670
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	4,315	1,165	3,150	10,765	2,210	8,560
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	48,530	16,690	31,845	81,500	31,825	49,675
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	77,470	6,070	71,400	141,750	11,775	129,975
22. Legal professions and studies	67,185	25,785	41,395	128,860	45,275	83,590
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	9,905	2,035	7,870	16,210	3,400	12,815
42. Psychology	57,335	14,030	43,305	122,545	29,640	92,905
45. Social sciences	116,255	59,245	57,015	308,775	145,620	163,155
Business, management and public administration	879,190	321,450	557,740	1,279,665	527,085	752,580
30.16 Accounting and computer science	815	300	520	2,725	895	1,830
44. Public administration and social service professions	47,715	10,490	37,225	108,935	21,405	87,530
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	830,660	310,665	519,990	1,168,005	504,780	663,225
Physical and life sciences and technologies	140,990	76,780	64,215	253,905	124,050	129,850
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	49,705	20,900	28,805	110,950	45,120	65,835
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	23,210	13,865	9,350	54,745	24,800	29,945
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	21,890	10,810	11,080	3,830	1,190	2,640
40. Physical sciences	39,060	27,545	11,515	72,355	48,145	24,205
41. Science technologies/technicians	7,120	3,660	3,465	12,025	4,795	7,235
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	152,105	104,850	47,255	290,045	185,310	104,730
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	125,480	92,730	32,750	220,550	150,765	69,790
25. Library science	11,110	2,145	8,965	15,220	2,450	12,770
27. Mathematics and statistics	13,415	8,365	5,045	49,025	28,515	20,515
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	2,100	1,605	495	5,235	3,580	1,655
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	828,400	758,350	70,055	1,173,030	1,055,050	117,985
04. Architecture and related services	29,015	17,055	11,960	51,845	34,590	17,265
14. Engineering	150,450	124,585	25,865	334,085	271,010	63,070
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	150,640	135,445	15,195	237,775	214,500	23,275
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	60	20	40	160	30	125
46. Construction trades	185,385	179,995	5,390	198,790	194,555	4,235
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	184,280	178,510	5,770	225,860	220,545	5,315
48. Precision production	128,580	122,750	5,830	124,515	119,820	4,695
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	85,485	56,900	28,585	106,895	67,015	39,880
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	51,770	30,870	20,900	66,035	41,790	24,240
03. Natural resources and conservation	33,715	26,025	7,690	40,860	25,230	15,635
Health and related fields	480,230	95,450	384,780	865,970	173,780	692,185
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	27,955	14,675	13,280	75,715	37,005	38,705
51. Health professions and related programs	441,105	74,630	366,470	767,680	124,280	643,400
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	11,160	6,140	5,020	22,575	12,490	10,075
Personal, protective and transportation services	290,005	151,070	138,935	340,285	170,915	169,375
12. Personal and culinary services	164,595	43,720	120,875	183,925	49,390	134,535
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	290	270	20	2,135	1,815	320
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	1,345	1,245	100	2,610	2,385	225
43. Security and protective services	54,625	42,415	12,210	98,325	68,625	29,695
49. Transportation and materials moving	69,160	63,425	5,740	53,290	48,695	4,595
Other	1,055	375	680	1,405	260	1,145
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	1,055	375	675	1,405	255	1,145
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	4,371,935	2,167,805	2,204,130	7,229,120	3,498,625	3,730,500
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	1,389,585	720,500	669,085	2,521,950	1,299,790	1,222,160
Education	180,615	37,990	142,625	243,635	52,670	190,965
13. Education	180,615	37,990	142,625	243,635	52,670	190,965
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	122,045	55,575	66,475	192,630	85,175	107,450
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	19,510	13,740	5,770	28,705	21,070	7,635
50. Visual and performing arts	102,535	41,830	60,705	163,925	64,105	99,815
Humanities	138,330	54,580	83,750	266,665	95,805	170,855
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	25,220	5,455	19,765	29,210	5,775	23,435
23. English language and literature/letters	9,585	2,990	6,595	73,110	20,225	52,885
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	57,730	25,305	32,430	72,145	24,330	47,815
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	600	255	350	1,665	615	1,045
38. Philosophy and religious studies	6,980	4,415	2,570	17,755	9,925	7,830
39. Theology and religious vocations	5,415	3,380	2,035	19,390	11,790	7,605
54. History	12,235	7,140	5,095	42,315	21,735	20,585
55. French language and literature/letters	20,555	5,640	14,915	11,075	1,415	9,655
Social and behavioural sciences and law	301,550	95,120	206,430	648,285	207,200	441,085
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	3,550	925	2,620	8,630	1,785	6,845
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	40,275	13,900	26,370	67,115	26,015	41,105
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	63,120	4,295	58,825	111,550	8,405	103,145
22. Legal professions and studies	53,620	18,830	34,790	108,895	34,250	74,650
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	6,840	1,420	5,420	12,875	2,705	10,170
42. Psychology	44,540	10,255	34,285	93,770	21,045	72,725
45. Social sciences	89,610	45,495	44,110	245,445	113,000	132,445
Business, management and public administration	706,400	248,920	457,480	1,026,975	414,425	612,550
30.16 Accounting and computer science	615	215	400	2,225	715	1,510
44. Public administration and social service professions	38,320	7,835	30,485	88,130	16,590	71,540
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	667,470	240,870	426,600	936,620	397,120	539,500
Physical and life sciences and technologies	92,480	49,390	43,090	190,235	88,535	101,700
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	40,895	16,635	24,260	84,580	33,150	51,425
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	12,450	7,435	5,015	41,255	18,020	23,240
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	4,175	2,385	1,785	3,135	975	2,165
40. Physical sciences	29,705	20,255	9,445	52,490	33,175	19,310
41. Science technologies/technicians	5,255	2,675	2,580	8,775	3,215	5,555
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	132,750	91,865	40,885	252,275	162,360	89,915
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	112,715	83,240	29,470	198,775	136,120	62,655
25. Library science	8,720	1,665	7,055	10,755	1,765	8,995
27. Mathematics and statistics	9,725	5,815	3,915	38,160	21,440	16,720
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	1,585	1,150	440	4,580	3,030	1,550
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	639,185	577,845	61,335	878,300	779,075	99,225
04. Architecture and related services	24,260	13,870	10,385	42,115	27,365	14,745
14. Engineering	126,835	103,165	23,665	266,040	211,240	54,800
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	116,595	103,710	12,885	178,830	160,160	18,675
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	50	15	30	140	25	115
46. Construction trades	134,865	130,350	4,510	141,515	138,160	3,360
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	139,935	135,155	4,780	162,855	158,770	4,080
48. Precision production	96,655	91,580	5,075	86,805	83,355	3,450
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	69,865	45,215	24,655	82,775	49,710	33,065
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	41,755	23,965	17,795	50,160	30,065	20,095
03. Natural resources and conservation	28,110	21,250	6,860	32,615	19,650	12,965
Health and related fields	368,600	72,245	296,355	664,880	133,665	531,220
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	22,660	11,635	11,030	58,160	27,950	30,205
51. Health professions and related programs	337,320	56,510	280,810	589,085	96,720	492,365
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	8,620	4,110	4,510	17,640	8,990	8,645
Personal, protective and transportation services	229,640	118,260	111,375	259,400	129,985	129,415
12. Personal and culinary services	129,245	32,830	96,410	137,250	36,225	101,030
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	225	200	25	1,685	1,405	280
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	875	795	80	1,415	1,270	145
43. Security and protective services	42,550	32,575	9,975	77,190	52,840	24,345
49. Transportation and materials moving	56,750	51,860	4,890	41,855	38,245	3,610
Other	890	300	595	1,125	220	900
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	890	300	595	1,125	225	900
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,240	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,750,045	1,349,775	1,400,270	4,961,460	2,447,010	2,514,445
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	3,884,235	1,910,265	1,973,970	6,076,985	2,895,745	3,181,240
Location of study inside Canada	3,509,610	1,716,730	1,792,880	4,786,950	2,261,260	2,525,690
Same as province or territory of residence	3,367,195	1,642,930	1,724,270	4,414,485	2,081,525	2,332,960
Different than province or territory of residence	142,415	73,800	68,610	372,470	179,735	192,730
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	374,620	193,530	181,090	1,290,035	634,485	655,545
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	28,320	16,915	11,410	167,260	89,350	77,910
Philippines	12,515	3,600	8,920	115,410	39,750	75,655
India	6,805	3,660	3,150	169,340	85,500	83,840
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	11,250	6,535	4,715	115,690	66,215	49,470
China^{Census data footnote 162}	17,155	7,755	9,395	98,415	46,230	52,185
France	69,665	39,885	29,780	10,775	5,800	4,975
Other	228,905	115,185	113,725	613,145	301,635	311,510
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	4,371,935	2,167,810	2,204,130	7,229,120	3,498,620	3,730,500
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,389,590	720,505	669,085	2,521,955	1,299,795	1,222,160
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	2,982,350	1,447,305	1,535,045	4,707,170	2,198,830	2,508,335
Location of study inside Canada	2,676,230	1,293,455	1,382,780	3,713,145	1,728,610	1,984,540
Same as province or territory of residence	2,567,605	1,238,320	1,329,280	3,432,015	1,593,170	1,838,850
Different than province or territory of residence	108,630	55,125	53,500	281,130	135,440	145,690
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	306,115	153,850	152,265	994,025	470,225	523,800
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	19,655	11,145	8,505	127,005	65,045	61,960
Philippines	10,545	2,935	7,610	97,230	32,925	64,300
India	4,865	2,465	2,400	143,205	70,040	73,175
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	7,390	4,245	3,145	62,325	34,315	28,010
China^{Census data footnote 162}	15,420	6,865	8,550	82,020	37,900	44,125
France	57,315	32,115	25,205	8,705	4,630	4,070
Other	190,930	94,085	96,850	473,530	225,365	248,160
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,680
In the labour force	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765	7,141,675	3,689,625	3,452,055
Employed	3,949,325	2,037,105	1,912,220	6,612,150	3,414,255	3,197,895
Unemployed	306,170	177,630	128,540	529,525	275,370	254,160
Not in the labour force	2,378,780	1,045,300	1,333,480	3,896,765	1,653,130	2,243,630
Participation rate	64.1	67.9	60.5	64.7	69.1	60.6
Employment rate	59.5	62.5	56.7	59.9	63.9	56.1
Unemployment rate	7.2	8.0	6.3	7.4	7.5	7.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	6,634,280	3,260,035	3,374,240	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	2,228,315	967,660	1,260,655	3,696,235	1,561,475	2,134,755
Worked	4,405,965	2,292,375	2,113,585	7,342,205	3,781,280	3,560,925
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	2,084,020	1,145,805	938,215	3,837,565	2,148,635	1,688,935
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	2,321,945	1,146,575	1,175,375	3,504,645	1,632,645	1,871,995
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.5	42.7	42.3	42.9	43.4	42.3
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765	7,141,675	3,689,625	3,452,055
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	101,485	51,640	49,850	171,050	81,735	89,315
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	4,154,015	2,163,095	1,990,915	6,970,625	3,607,890	3,362,735
Employee	3,664,920	1,863,740	1,801,185	6,146,035	3,084,740	3,061,295
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	489,090	299,355	189,730	824,595	523,145	301,445
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765	7,141,675	3,689,625	3,452,050
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	101,490	51,640	49,850	171,045	81,735	89,315
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	4,154,010	2,163,095	1,990,915	6,970,625	3,607,890	3,362,735
0 Management occupations	418,450	263,585	154,875	790,880	483,240	307,635
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	677,390	210,525	466,865	1,124,770	357,215	767,555
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	286,270	222,375	63,895	516,110	399,195	116,915
3 Health occupations	295,765	57,160	238,610	447,045	90,495	356,550
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	502,945	147,145	355,795	831,340	265,075	566,265
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	135,730	64,370	71,365	225,720	104,445	121,275
6 Sales and service occupations	988,610	449,820	538,790	1,632,085	709,375	922,710
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	574,675	544,100	30,570	927,820	866,870	60,950
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	67,290	55,610	11,685	113,405	88,150	25,260
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	206,875	148,405	58,475	361,455	243,835	117,620
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	4,255,495	2,214,735	2,040,765	7,141,675	3,689,625	3,452,050
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	101,490	51,635	49,850	171,050	81,730	89,315
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	4,154,010	2,163,095	1,990,915	6,970,625	3,607,890	3,362,735
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	84,060	60,460	23,595	102,070	67,005	35,070
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	20,920	18,175	2,745	32,340	27,920	4,415
22 Utilities	28,410	20,650	7,755	50,820	38,195	12,630
23 Construction	254,055	223,770	30,285	476,835	419,600	57,230
31-33 Manufacturing	458,315	332,080	126,240	683,335	482,800	200,530
41 Wholesale trade	157,365	104,885	52,475	270,745	178,945	91,800
44-45 Retail trade	508,170	239,625	268,545	783,540	367,175	416,365
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	187,550	142,550	45,000	329,240	242,045	87,190
51 Information and cultural industries	100,775	59,705	41,070	176,715	101,045	75,670
52 Finance and insurance	165,140	66,175	98,965	380,765	169,590	211,180
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	61,380	36,505	24,875	144,275	77,385	66,890
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	288,715	161,030	127,685	567,825	316,685	251,140
55 Management of companies and enterprises	3,305	1,270	2,035	12,365	5,290	7,075
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	176,185	108,280	67,905	338,640	190,210	148,430
61 Educational services	306,575	96,170	210,405	528,470	163,680	364,795
62 Health care and social assistance	532,680	99,380	433,295	754,555	134,270	620,275
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	84,130	44,235	39,895	147,425	75,330	72,095
72 Accommodation and food services	278,500	123,235	155,265	478,070	201,260	276,805
81 Other services (except public administration)	193,700	89,455	104,245	296,960	133,220	163,745
91 Public administration	264,085	135,455	128,630	415,635	216,250	199,385
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	3,949,325	2,037,105	1,912,220	6,612,150	3,414,255	3,197,900
Worked at home	266,285	134,325	131,960	480,290	242,495	237,795
Worked outside Canada	10,600	7,580	3,020	39,145	25,995	13,150
No fixed workplace address	351,595	265,405	86,185	736,715	536,140	200,570
Worked at usual place	3,320,850	1,629,795	1,691,050	5,355,995	2,609,620	2,746,375
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	3,320,845	1,629,795	1,691,050	5,356,000	2,609,625	2,746,375
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	1,732,155	810,895	921,260	3,109,070	1,418,260	1,690,810
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	485,450	234,700	250,750	857,565	419,960	437,605
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	1,037,125	549,095	488,030	1,350,375	749,770	600,605
Commute to a different province or territory	66,125	35,110	31,015	38,990	21,630	17,355
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	3,672,445	1,895,200	1,777,240	6,092,710	3,145,765	2,946,945
Car, truck, van - as a driver	2,739,405	1,475,775	1,263,625	4,375,215	2,392,270	1,982,945
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	133,760	51,045	82,715	372,480	151,880	220,600
Public transit	503,285	217,465	285,820	888,920	376,690	512,235
Walked	205,350	93,595	111,760	320,015	143,885	176,130
Bicycle	54,625	36,470	18,155	75,460	50,200	25,260
Other method	36,010	20,845	15,170	60,620	30,835	29,785
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	3,672,440	1,895,200	1,777,240	6,092,715	3,145,765	2,946,950
Less than 15 minutes	1,035,455	493,225	542,235	1,463,845	675,540	788,310
15 to 29 minutes	1,200,455	617,010	583,445	1,964,690	991,525	973,165
30 to 44 minutes	777,955	425,640	352,310	1,295,375	706,155	589,225
45 to 59 minutes	343,540	184,440	159,100	612,415	336,090	276,325
60 minutes and over	315,035	174,875	140,160	756,385	436,455	319,930
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	3,672,440	1,895,205	1,777,240	6,092,715	3,145,765	2,946,950
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	256,150	192,835	63,315	413,515	296,265	117,245
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	675,585	420,120	255,465	1,039,255	640,810	398,445
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	1,133,510	527,925	605,580	1,571,230	778,100	793,130
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	714,935	296,300	418,630	1,354,870	577,565	777,310
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	349,845	148,715	201,125	740,330	328,410	411,920
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	542,425	309,295	233,125	973,515	524,620	448,895
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	4,529,770	2,352,115	2,177,655	7,579,085	3,895,880	3,683,200
Single responses	4,187,865	2,169,480	2,018,385	7,434,675	3,828,665	3,606,015
Official languages	4,153,710	2,152,290	2,001,420	7,319,360	3,767,405	3,551,955
English	541,720	294,935	246,780	7,225,210	3,732,550	3,492,655
French	3,611,990	1,857,350	1,754,640	94,145	34,850	59,295
Non-official languages	34,160	17,190	16,970	115,320	61,255	54,060
Aboriginal languages	12,670	6,180	6,490	1,485	765	715
Algonquian languages	8,350	4,095	4,260	1,420	745	675
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	8,285	4,060	4,220	370	220	150
Atikamekw	1,100	580	515	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	1,800	840	960	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	210	105	100	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	35	20	15	0	0	0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Woods Cree	0	0	0	0	0	10
Cree, n.o.s.	5,145	2,515	2,630	360	215	145
Eastern Algonquian languages	30	20	10	0	0	0
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	25	20	10	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	45	15	25	1,050	525	525
Algonquin	45	20	30	0	0	0
Ojibway	0	0	0	495	235	265
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	545	290	260
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	10	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	4,305	2,080	2,220	25	0	20
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	4,290	2,075	2,215	25	10	20
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	15	0	15	25	10	20
Cayuga	0	0	0	10	0	10
Mohawk	10	0	15	20	10	10
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	10	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	0	0	10	10	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	21,490	11,005	10,480	113,835	60,490	53,340
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,895	1,125	775	3,305	1,995	1,310
Berber languages	35	10	30	0	0	0
Kabyle	15	0	20	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	125	45	80
Bilen	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0	15	10	10
Somali	0	0	0	110	35	70
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,860	1,110	745	3,175	1,955	1,225
Amharic	0	0	0	75	30	45
Arabic	1,715	1,045	665	2,430	1,605	825
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	0	10	145	110	40
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	35	20	15
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	140	70	70	395	140	260
Maltese	0	0	0	20	15	10
Tigrigna	0	0	0	60	30	25
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	10	0	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,725	850	870	2,575	1,065	1,510
Khmer (Cambodian)	315	140	175	95	50	50
Vietnamese	1,410	710	695	2,480	1,015	1,465
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	135	65	70	1,280	495	790
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0	25	10	15
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	10	10	0
Ilocano	10	0	0	40	20	20
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0	55	20	30
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	10	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	115	50	60	1,145	435	705
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	10
Creole languages	275	90	190	60	35	30
Haitian Creole	10	0	10	15	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	265	90	175	50	25	20
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	10	10	0
Dravidian languages	150	75	75	1,980	945	1,035
Kannada	0	0	0	10	0	10
Malayalam	0	0	0	75	45	30
Tamil	145	75	70	1,870	900	975
Telugu	0	0	10	35	10	20
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	0	10	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	10,165	5,255	4,910	38,960	21,375	17,580
Albanian	30	20	10	275	170	105
Armenian	275	130	145	145	75	75
Balto-Slavic languages	1,130	500	635	6,655	3,165	3,495
Baltic languages	15	0	10	70	25	40
Latvian	15	10	10	20	10	10
Lithuanian	0	10	0	45	20	25
Slavic languages	1,115	495	625	6,595	3,135	3,455
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	10	0	0	100	55	40
Bulgarian	55	20	30	120	85	40
Croatian	10	0	10	155	100	50
Czech	10	0	10	25	20	10
Macedonian	0	0	0	85	35	45
Polish	170	65	105	1,925	960	960
Russian	735	340	395	2,905	1,240	1,670
Serbian	10	15	0	390	240	145
Serbo-Croatian	10	10	0	20	10	10
Slovak	0	0	0	55	40	20
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	15	0	10
Ukrainian	110	35	75	780	320	460
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	15	10	10
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	10	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Germanic languages	1,285	575	715	6,905	3,655	3,250
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0	0	0
Danish	15	10	0	30	15	20
Dutch	25	10	15	790	425	365
Frisian	0	0	0	25	20	10
German	370	170	195	5,690	3,005	2,690
Icelandic	0	0	0	0	10	0
Norwegian	0	0	0	30	10	20
Swedish	15	10	10	55	15	35
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	10	10	10
Yiddish	860	375	485	20	0	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	240	155	80
Greek	525	260	270	405	240	165
Indo-Iranian languages	1,385	780	600	11,880	6,560	5,315
Indo-Aryan languages	680	390	295	9,205	4,900	4,310
Bengali	110	70	35	335	160	170
Gujarati	20	0	10	730	255	475
Hindi	35	20	15	800	380	415
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0	30	10	20
Nepali	20	0	10	80	30	50
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	415	225	190	6,025	3,480	2,550
Sindhi	0	0	0	20	10	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	30	15	10
Urdu	85	50	35	1,150	555	600
Iranian languages	700	395	305	2,660	1,655	1,005
Kurdish	15	0	15	105	95	15
Pashto	10	0	15	20	10	15
Persian (Farsi)	675	385	285	2,530	1,555	975
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	10	0	10
Italic (Romance) languages	5,525	2,990	2,540	12,680	7,505	5,170
Catalan	15	0	15	10	0	10
Italian	590	315	275	945	505	445
Portuguese	635	365	270	5,815	3,865	1,950
Romanian	320	140	175	300	140	160
Spanish	3,975	2,165	1,810	5,590	2,985	2,605
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	20	10	10
Japanese	235	80	150	1,010	360	655
Kartvelian languages	10	0	10	15	0	10
Georgian	10	0	0	15	0	10
Korean	300	150	150	4,945	2,505	2,445
Mongolic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	45	25	20	120	55	65
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	20	0	20
Bamanankan	0	10	0	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0	0	10	0
Ganda	0	0	0	25	15	15
Igbo	0	0	0	10	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	10	0	15	0	10
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	25	20	0	20	10	0
Wolof	0	0	0	10	0	0
Yoruba	10	0	0	10	0	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	10	20	20	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	205	60	140	810	295	515
American Sign Language	0	0	0	575	170	410
Quebec Sign Language	125	20	110	10	0	10
Sign languages, n.i.e	70	45	30	225	130	100
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,070	3,125	2,945	57,620	30,735	26,890
Chinese languages	6,075	3,130	2,950	57,535	30,690	26,840
Cantonese	2,655	1,325	1,330	26,955	14,190	12,770
Hakka	0	0	0	30	10	25
Mandarin	3,100	1,630	1,465	29,090	15,730	13,360
Min Dong	0	0	0	30	15	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	70	40	30	250	155	90
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	10	10	35	20	10
Chinese, n.o.s.	235	130	110	1,145	565	580
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	90	50	45
Burmese	0	0	0	10	10	10
Karenic languages	0	0	0	30	10	20
Tibetan	0	0	0	45	30	15
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	110	40	75	235	95	145
Lao	55	25	30	80	40	35
Thai	55	10	40	160	55	105
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	110	60	50	465	315	150
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	15	15	0
Turkish	110	55	55	440	295	140
Uyghur	0	0	0	10	10	0
Uzbek	0	0	0	10	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	40	10	40	420	205	220
Estonian	10	0	0	45	10	35
Finnish	0	0	0	75	25	50
Hungarian	35	0	35	295	165	130
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	10	0	10
Multiple responses	341,900	182,635	159,265	144,405	67,215	77,185
English and French	315,620	169,365	146,255	63,665	26,760	36,900
English and non-official language	6,545	3,655	2,890	78,240	39,330	38,910
French and non-official language	7,525	3,460	4,065	175	75	100
English, French and non-official language	12,205	6,160	6,055	2,325	1,055	1,270
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	4,529,770	2,352,110	2,177,655	7,579,080	3,895,880	3,683,200
None	3,107,035	1,588,345	1,518,690	6,975,415	3,605,485	3,369,930
English	1,031,380	555,940	475,440	109,150	48,930	60,220
French	317,490	169,785	147,705	260,050	118,655	141,395
Non-official language	49,850	25,900	23,950	226,490	119,130	107,360
Aboriginal	4,985	2,285	2,705	5,970	2,480	3,490
Non-Aboriginal	44,865	23,620	21,245	220,520	116,650	103,870
English and French	2,185	1,040	1,140	245	100	150
English and non-official language	14,910	7,255	7,655	1,620	780	845
French and non-official language	6,855	3,795	3,055	6,080	2,780	3,300
English, French and non-official language	65	50	20	35	25	10
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	7,880,315	3,897,740	3,982,575	13,106,990	6,403,470	6,703,520
Non-movers	6,965,520	3,447,320	3,518,195	11,475,985	5,603,290	5,872,695
Movers	914,800	450,420	464,380	1,631,005	800,180	830,820
Non-migrants	547,410	269,850	277,560	941,380	460,170	481,210
Migrants	367,385	180,565	186,820	689,625	340,015	349,610
Internal migrants	305,465	149,335	156,135	535,180	263,055	272,120
Intraprovincial migrants	284,280	137,945	146,330	467,890	229,080	238,810
Interprovincial migrants	21,190	11,385	9,805	67,290	33,980	33,315
External migrants	61,920	31,235	30,685	154,445	76,955	77,490
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	7,520,960	3,714,155	3,806,805	12,546,040	6,116,715	6,429,325
Non-movers	4,825,870	2,388,805	2,437,065	7,887,825	3,845,945	4,041,880
Movers	2,695,090	1,325,345	1,369,740	4,658,215	2,270,770	2,387,445
Non-migrants	1,507,665	741,220	766,440	2,545,875	1,238,055	1,307,820
Migrants	1,187,425	584,125	603,295	2,112,340	1,032,710	1,079,630
Internal migrants	949,170	464,830	484,340	1,562,375	761,630	800,740
Intraprovincial migrants	893,800	436,525	457,270	1,380,900	672,540	708,360
Interprovincial migrants	55,370	28,300	27,070	181,480	89,090	92,390
External migrants	238,250	119,295	118,960	549,965	271,080	278,885

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

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Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

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Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

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Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

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Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

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Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

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Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

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Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

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Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

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Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

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Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

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Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

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Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

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Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

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Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

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Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

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Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

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Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

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Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

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Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

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Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

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Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

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Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

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Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

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Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

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Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. Quebec [Province] and Ontario [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 10, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Quebec [Province] and Ontario [Province]

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Quebec [Province] and Ontario [Province]