Census Profile, 2016 Census
Ontario [Province] and British Columbia [Province]

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	Ontario [Province]			British Columbia [Province]
	Data quality , Ontario [Province] Map : Ontario [Province] Change geography 1			Data quality : British Columbia [Province] Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	13,448,494	...	...	4,648,055	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	12,851,821	...	...	4,400,057	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	4.6	...	...	5.6	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	5,598,391	...	...	2,063,417	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	5,169,174	...	...	1,881,969	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	14.8	...	...	5.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	908,699.33	...	...	922,503.01	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	13,448,495	6,559,390	6,889,105	4,648,055	2,278,245	2,369,815
0 to 14 years	2,207,970	1,131,615	1,076,350	691,390	355,400	335,985
0 to 4 years	697,360	357,300	340,055	220,625	113,355	107,275
5 to 9 years	756,085	387,320	368,765	236,900	122,070	114,830
10 to 14 years	754,530	387,000	367,530	233,860	119,975	113,885
15 to 64 years	8,988,865	4,412,115	4,576,750	3,107,680	1,527,280	1,580,400
15 to 19 years	811,670	416,730	394,945	258,980	133,000	125,985
20 to 24 years	894,390	457,815	436,570	287,560	147,615	139,945
25 to 29 years	874,350	436,345	438,010	303,000	151,585	151,415
30 to 34 years	864,765	420,800	443,965	313,750	155,035	158,715
35 to 39 years	842,485	402,900	439,585	293,590	143,070	150,520
40 to 44 years	871,875	418,465	453,415	295,045	141,930	153,115
45 to 49 years	937,385	453,105	484,275	322,365	155,325	167,040
50 to 54 years	1,056,345	517,170	539,175	354,375	172,065	182,310
55 to 59 years	989,460	482,280	507,180	354,925	171,210	183,715
60 to 64 years	846,145	406,505	439,640	324,095	156,450	167,645
65 years and over	2,251,655	1,015,655	1,236,000	848,985	395,560	453,425
65 to 69 years	737,745	352,475	385,270	287,520	139,490	148,035
70 to 74 years	528,645	250,455	278,185	201,785	97,675	104,110
75 to 79 years	393,010	179,810	213,195	145,225	68,715	76,510
80 to 84 years	291,185	126,825	164,360	105,255	48,645	56,610
85 years and over	301,075	106,090	194,985	109,190	41,035	68,155
85 to 89 years	188,470	73,045	115,425	67,510	27,930	39,575
90 to 94 years	88,390	27,400	60,990	31,815	10,615	21,205
95 to 99 years	21,210	5,150	16,060	8,545	2,215	6,330
100 years and over	3,005	495	2,520	1,325	275	1,050
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.4	17.3	15.6	14.9	15.6	14.2
15 to 64 years	66.8	67.3	66.4	66.9	67.0	66.7
65 years and over	16.7	15.5	17.9	18.3	17.4	19.1
85 years and over	2.2	1.6	2.8	2.3	1.8	2.9
Average age of the population	41.0	40.0	41.9	42.3	41.5	43.1
Median age of the population	41.3	40.2	42.4	43.0	41.9	44.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	5,169,175	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
Single-detached house	2,807,380	...	...	830,660	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	886,705	...	...	177,830	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	1,460,200	...	...	824,190	...	...
Semi-detached house	289,975	...	...	57,395	...	...
Row house	460,425	...	...	147,830	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	176,080	...	...	230,075	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	522,810	...	...	385,140	...	...
Other single-attached house	10,910	...	...	3,755	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	14,890	...	...	49,290	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	5,169,170	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
1 person	1,341,300	...	...	541,910	...	...
2 persons	1,693,525	...	...	663,770	...	...
3 persons	834,260	...	...	277,690	...	...
4 persons	796,320	...	...	243,125	...	...
5 or more persons	503,775	...	...	155,470	...	...
Number of persons in private households	13,242,160	...	...	4,560,240	...	...
Average household size	2.6	...	...	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	11,240,525	5,427,775	5,812,750	3,956,665	1,922,840	2,033,825
Married or living common law	6,438,085	3,219,290	3,218,795	2,297,325	1,146,175	1,151,150
Married	5,531,930	2,764,275	2,767,655	1,925,345	959,690	965,645
Living common law	906,155	455,015	451,145	371,985	186,485	185,505
Not married and not living common law	4,802,440	2,208,485	2,593,955	1,659,335	776,660	882,675
Never married	3,182,785	1,689,180	1,493,605	1,076,085	582,975	493,110
Separated	328,675	138,140	190,535	105,700	45,225	60,475
Divorced	653,835	252,900	400,935	263,870	103,475	160,395
Widowed	637,150	128,265	508,880	213,685	44,990	168,700
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	3,782,540	...	...	1,311,340	...	...
2 persons	1,815,000	...	...	703,685	...	...
3 persons	844,545	...	...	275,965	...	...
4 persons	792,435	...	...	243,960	...	...
5 or more persons	330,560	...	...	87,730	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	3,782,545	...	...	1,311,345	...	...
Total couple families	3,137,570	...	...	1,113,405	...	...
Married couples	2,684,735	...	...	927,440	...	...
Common-law couples	452,840	...	...	185,960	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	644,975	...	...	197,940	...	...
Female parent	518,480	...	...	155,670	...	...
Male parent	126,495	...	...	42,265	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	3,137,565	...	...	1,113,400	...	...
Couples without children	1,428,575	...	...	577,790	...	...
Couples with children	1,708,995	...	...	535,610	...	...
1 child	658,305	...	...	221,065	...	...
2 children	738,710	...	...	230,705	...	...
3 or more children	311,975	...	...	83,840	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	644,975	...	...	197,940	...	...
1 child	386,425	...	...	125,890	...	...
2 children	186,240	...	...	54,900	...	...
3 or more children	72,310	...	...	17,145	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	2,139,825	990,525	1,149,300	882,895	418,495	464,405
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	5,169,175	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
One-census-family households	3,481,885	...	...	1,195,735	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	1,311,575	...	...	527,700	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	2,170,315	...	...	668,035	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	145,615	...	...	55,620	...	...
Non-census-family households	1,541,665	...	...	630,620	...	...
One-person households	1,341,305	...	...	541,915	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	200,365	...	...	88,705	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	13,312,865	6,503,875	6,808,990	4,598,415	2,255,395	2,343,015
English only	11,455,500	5,689,830	5,765,665	4,127,770	2,050,130	2,077,645
French only	40,040	17,340	22,705	1,810	820	985
English and French	1,490,390	665,850	824,540	314,925	140,650	174,275
Neither English nor French	326,935	130,850	196,085	153,910	63,795	90,115
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	13,312,865	6,503,880	6,808,995	4,598,415	2,255,395	2,343,020
English	12,394,325	6,095,970	6,298,355	4,373,330	2,156,680	2,216,655
French	504,130	236,875	267,250	55,325	27,680	27,640
English and French	92,940	42,910	50,030	18,000	8,315	9,685
Neither English nor French	321,480	128,125	193,355	151,760	62,720	89,040
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	550,600	258,330	292,270	64,325	31,840	32,480
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	4.1	4.0	4.3	1.4	1.4	1.4
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	13,312,870	6,503,875	6,808,990	4,598,415	2,255,400	2,343,015
Single responses	12,946,960	6,327,630	6,619,330	4,494,995	2,205,775	2,289,220
Official languages	9,393,040	4,637,520	4,755,520	3,227,535	1,614,375	1,613,160
English	8,902,320	4,406,210	4,496,110	3,170,110	1,585,760	1,584,355
French	490,715	231,310	259,410	57,425	28,615	28,810
Non-official languages	3,553,920	1,690,110	1,863,810	1,267,460	591,400	676,060
Aboriginal languages	22,765	10,815	11,950	8,435	3,940	4,490
Algonquian languages	21,235	10,175	11,060	1,050	445	605
Blackfoot	10	5	5	40	5	35
Cree-Montagnais languages	5,080	2,485	2,595	840	375	465
Atikamekw	5	0	0	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	5	5	5	0	0	0
Moose Cree	85	40	45	5	5	0
Naskapi	10	5	5	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	55	25	30	10	0	10
Plains Cree	35	5	30	150	60	85
Southern East Cree	5	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	355	135	225	25	15	10
Woods Cree	15	10	5	60	25	35
Cree, n.o.s.	4,500	2,255	2,245	585	270	320
Eastern Algonquian languages	90	40	50	10	5	10
Malecite	10	5	0	5	0	0
Mi'kmaq	85	35	50	10	5	5
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	16,025	7,620	8,400	155	55	105
Algonquin	65	30	35	5	5	0
Ojibway	9,505	4,515	4,985	135	50	90
Oji-Cree	6,310	3,015	3,300	10	0	10
Ottawa (Odawa)	145	65	80	5	0	5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	60	20	40	2,310	1,045	1,260
Northern Athabaskan languages	55	20	35	2,295	1,045	1,250
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	110	55	55
Beaver	0	0	0	160	75	85
Carrier	5	0	5	1,005	460	550
Chilcotin	5	0	5	650	295	355
Dene	20	10	10	90	35	50
Dogrib (Tlicho)	5	5	5	5	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	15	5	10
Sarsi (Sarcee)	10	0	5	0	0	5
Sekani	0	0	0	85	40	45
Slavey-Hare languages	5	5	0	75	30	45
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	5	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	20	5	15
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	5	50	25	30
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	105	45	50
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	15	10	5
Tahltan	0	0	0	90	40	50
Tutchone languages	0	0	5	5	0	5
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	5	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	5	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	15	5	10
Haida	0	5	0	70	30	40
Inuit languages	475	165	305	80	30	55
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	5	5	5	10	0	10
Inuktitut	425	145	280	50	20	30
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	20	10	10
Iroquoian languages	710	300	410	15	10	5
Cayuga	40	20	20	0	0	0
Mohawk	590	255	335	10	5	5
Oneida	55	15	40	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	20	5	15	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	100	55	50
Michif	25	15	15	35	20	10
Salish languages	5	0	5	2,270	1,115	1,155
Comox	0	0	0	80	45	40
Halkomelem	0	0	0	475	230	245
Lillooet	0	0	0	315	155	160
Okanagan	0	0	0	270	135	135
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	5	0	0	435	220	215
Squamish	0	0	0	35	20	20
Straits	0	0	0	80	40	40
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	330	150	185
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	250	130	120
Siouan languages	10	5	5	45	25	20
Dakota	5	5	5	30	15	20
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	5
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	5	5	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	30	15	15
Tsimshian languages	5	5	0	1,460	715	740
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	5	875	435	445
Nisga'a	5	0	0	385	195	190
Tsimshian	0	5	0	195	90	110
Wakashan languages	0	0	5	795	365	435
Haisla	0	0	0	90	40	55
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	100	45	55
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	320	140	180
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	5	5	0	275	135	140
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	10	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	235	130	105	190	80	110
Non-Aboriginal languages	3,531,160	1,679,300	1,851,865	1,259,025	587,455	671,570
Afro-Asiatic languages	253,830	127,720	126,110	24,870	13,405	11,465
Berber languages	725	405	320	115	75	45
Kabyle	425	225	200	40	30	15
Berber languages, n.i.e.	305	180	120	80	45	30
Cushitic languages	24,605	10,730	13,870	1,505	765	740
Bilen	250	140	110	5	0	0
Oromo	1,445	720	730	205	115	95
Somali	22,680	9,755	12,925	1,270	640	640
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	225	115	110	20	10	15
Semitic languages	227,985	116,320	111,665	23,195	12,540	10,655
Amharic	10,720	4,960	5,760	1,370	670	700
Arabic	171,370	88,400	82,965	17,480	9,595	7,890
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	14,555	7,135	7,420	650	315	330
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	4,795	2,365	2,425	440	245	200
Harari	1,030	485	545	20	5	15
Hebrew	11,575	6,220	5,350	2,065	1,125	940
Maltese	5,175	2,575	2,600	215	100	115
Tigrigna	7,345	3,470	3,870	805	395	405
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	1,435	705	730	150	80	65
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	520	265	250	55	30	25
Austro-Asiatic languages	78,125	35,880	42,240	28,740	13,170	15,575
Khmer (Cambodian)	7,355	3,330	4,020	1,560	710	850
Vietnamese	70,690	32,520	38,165	27,150	12,440	14,710
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	85	30	50	30	15	15
Austronesian languages	194,380	76,060	118,315	96,535	38,765	57,770
Bikol	595	260	330	375	165	215
Cebuano	6,545	2,500	4,045	4,065	1,565	2,505
Fijian	80	45	40	470	240	230
Hiligaynon	2,750	1,030	1,725	1,470	550	920
Ilocano	11,285	4,430	6,860	5,240	2,055	3,190
Malagasy	100	45	55	20	10	15
Malay	5,760	2,520	3,240	3,895	1,675	2,220
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,505	670	840	700	320	380
Pangasinan	535	215	315	295	130	170
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	163,415	63,665	99,755	78,770	31,550	47,220
Waray-Waray	405	140	270	215	85	135
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,400	550	850	1,015	435	580
Creole languages	11,255	5,095	6,165	840	440	400
Haitian Creole	630	290	340	35	20	15
Creole, n.o.s.	8,025	3,580	4,440	500	255	245
Creole languages, n.i.e.	2,605	1,225	1,380	305	155	145
Dravidian languages	148,605	73,530	75,075	7,500	3,995	3,510
Kannada	2,670	1,365	1,305	280	150	135
Malayalam	17,140	8,795	8,350	2,385	1,260	1,130
Tamil	117,630	57,310	60,320	3,615	1,875	1,740
Telugu	10,820	5,895	4,925	1,175	695	480
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	340	165	175	45	20	25
Hmong-Mien languages	525	250	270	140	75	70
Indo-European languages	2,024,365	980,200	1,044,165	588,175	286,135	302,035
Albanian	19,045	9,535	9,510	1,465	765	705
Armenian	15,070	7,305	7,765	1,195	600	600
Balto-Slavic languages	410,725	188,695	222,025	83,110	38,595	44,515
Baltic languages	9,080	3,785	5,295	1,070	485	585
Latvian	3,910	1,650	2,260	565	255	300
Lithuanian	5,175	2,135	3,035	505	225	280
Slavic languages	401,645	184,915	216,730	82,040	38,110	43,930
Belarusan	515	230	280	95	45	50
Bosnian	6,370	3,125	3,245	1,360	675	685
Bulgarian	9,095	4,355	4,740	2,025	955	1,070
Croatian	31,875	15,460	16,410	7,475	3,655	3,820
Czech	10,670	4,930	5,740	5,920	2,850	3,070
Macedonian	15,635	7,470	8,165	325	160	165
Polish	121,075	54,675	66,405	16,910	7,875	9,035
Russian	101,100	45,630	55,470	25,955	11,640	14,310
Serbian	41,740	20,585	21,150	7,045	3,600	3,450
Serbo-Croatian	4,875	2,310	2,570	1,395	670	725
Slovak	10,280	4,710	5,565	3,400	1,525	1,870
Slovene (Slovenian)	6,740	2,995	3,745	1,160	545	615
Ukrainian	40,375	17,760	22,610	8,630	3,730	4,900
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	1,310	670	635	345	175	170
Celtic languages	1,110	505	605	615	325	290
Scottish Gaelic	450	210	240	240	130	110
Welsh	435	180	260	280	145	135
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	225	120	110	95	50	45
Germanic languages	200,640	94,475	106,165	101,725	48,350	53,380
Afrikaans	2,295	1,125	1,170	3,260	1,655	1,610
Danish	4,265	2,010	2,250	4,665	2,280	2,385
Dutch	51,720	24,875	26,840	21,020	10,130	10,895
Frisian	1,240	630	620	295	145	145
German	131,525	61,520	70,005	66,885	31,525	35,360
Icelandic	210	100	110	275	135	145
Norwegian	940	405	540	2,005	970	1,035
Swedish	2,395	1,040	1,350	2,520	1,100	1,420
Vlaams (Flemish)	2,150	925	1,225	445	220	225
Yiddish	3,735	1,765	1,970	290	150	140
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	170	80	85	65	45	25
Greek	55,415	27,305	28,110	6,115	3,245	2,870
Indo-Iranian languages	707,845	357,350	350,495	297,800	147,830	149,970
Indo-Aryan languages	565,600	285,720	279,875	251,000	124,260	126,740
Bengali	46,810	23,615	23,195	3,180	1,665	1,510
Gujarati	76,675	38,740	37,940	6,895	3,290	3,605
Hindi	58,735	29,805	28,930	26,720	12,910	13,810
Kashmiri	345	170	175	65	35	25
Konkani	2,510	1,195	1,315	255	130	125
Marathi	5,490	2,805	2,685	620	325	295
Nepali	7,870	3,915	3,960	1,155	620	540
Oriya (Odia)	715	380	335	70	35	35
Punjabi (Panjabi)	197,060	100,160	96,895	198,805	98,525	100,285
Sindhi	6,840	3,225	3,615	1,675	780	895
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10,165	4,925	5,235	1,675	845	830
Urdu	152,385	76,795	75,595	9,885	5,090	4,795
Iranian languages	139,675	70,270	69,405	46,390	23,355	23,035
Kurdish	6,665	3,615	3,050	1,765	945	825
Pashto	10,950	5,630	5,315	1,155	615	535
Persian (Farsi)	122,070	61,025	61,040	43,470	21,795	21,675
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	2,565	1,350	1,215	410	220	195
Italic (Romance) languages	614,525	295,030	319,490	96,135	46,430	49,710
Catalan	285	150	135	160	85	75
Italian	231,040	112,440	118,600	22,680	11,445	11,230
Portuguese	150,000	72,280	77,715	17,450	8,240	9,210
Romanian	41,755	19,565	22,190	8,730	4,250	4,480
Spanish	191,025	90,390	100,630	47,010	22,335	24,675
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	420	200	215	105	65	40
Japanese	13,260	4,590	8,670	21,350	7,195	14,150
Kartvelian languages	1,200	635	565	85	50	35
Georgian	1,200	635	565	85	50	40
Korean	69,775	32,035	37,740	52,160	23,495	28,670
Mongolic languages	405	180	220	360	150	205
Mongolian	405	180	225	360	155	210
Niger-Congo languages	35,760	16,705	19,050	3,725	1,875	1,850
Akan (Twi)	9,695	4,510	5,190	495	275	220
Bamanankan	140	60	80	10	5	5
Edo	1,140	475	670	85	50	35
Ewe	560	270	295	85	45	35
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	365	180	185	45	25	20
Ga	600	275	325	45	20	25
Ganda	760	360	400	90	45	45
Igbo	2,090	1,080	1,010	245	145	105
Lingala	850	365	485	80	30	45
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,430	640	785	115	50	60
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,330	545	785	155	70	80
Shona	1,455	660	790	215	100	115
Swahili	5,525	2,540	2,985	805	400	405
Wolof	290	145	150	50	25	25
Yoruba	4,365	2,260	2,105	330	185	150
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5,155	2,345	2,810	885	410	480
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,610	810	800	340	175	165
Dinka	345	170	175	105	60	45
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	1,260	635	625	240	115	125
Sign languages	3,030	1,570	1,455	1,155	610	545
American Sign Language	1,305	640	670	470	230	240
Quebec Sign Language	20	10	15	5	0	5
Sign languages, n.i.e	1,700	925	780	690	380	305
Sino-Tibetan languages	611,795	284,865	326,935	410,920	187,725	223,190
Chinese languages	602,610	280,340	322,270	408,415	186,455	221,960
Cantonese	275,315	128,090	147,220	193,530	89,325	104,210
Hakka	6,985	3,140	3,840	2,325	1,010	1,315
Mandarin	283,735	132,275	151,460	186,325	84,370	101,955
Min Dong	855	405	450	230	105	120
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	13,545	6,240	7,300	11,210	4,995	6,215
Wu (Shanghainese)	6,300	2,825	3,470	4,540	1,995	2,545
Chinese, n.o.s.	15,645	7,235	8,410	10,050	4,570	5,480
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	240	120	120	205	85	120
Tibeto-Burman languages	9,185	4,520	4,660	2,500	1,265	1,230
Burmese	1,640	775	865	1,125	580	545
Karenic languages	1,730	865	860	815	395	425
Tibetan	5,115	2,530	2,585	330	175	160
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	700	345	350	230	120	110
Tai-Kadai languages	8,485	3,535	4,945	3,985	1,335	2,650
Lao	5,190	2,480	2,710	1,100	550	550
Thai	3,270	1,045	2,220	2,865	775	2,090
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	25	10	15	20	10	15
Turkic languages	22,615	11,745	10,870	4,140	2,295	1,845
Azerbaijani	1,990	1,070	920	530	290	235
Turkish	18,415	9,610	8,810	3,145	1,790	1,360
Uyghur	515	255	260	170	85	85
Uzbek	1,055	515	545	105	50	55
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	640	295	345	190	80	110
Uralic languages	50,670	23,095	27,570	13,490	6,285	7,205
Estonian	4,205	1,810	2,400	705	295	410
Finnish	9,720	4,140	5,580	3,760	1,555	2,200
Hungarian	36,740	17,150	19,590	9,025	4,435	4,590
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	1,475	780	690	500	280	225
Multiple responses	365,910	176,250	189,660	103,415	49,625	53,795
English and French	54,045	25,165	28,880	10,065	4,815	5,250
English and non-official language	288,285	140,345	147,940	89,135	42,820	46,315
French and non-official language	12,565	5,735	6,830	2,100	1,040	1,065
English, French and non-official language	11,010	5,000	6,005	2,115	950	1,165
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	13,312,865	6,503,875	6,808,990	4,598,415	2,255,395	2,343,015
Single responses	12,522,045	6,123,955	6,398,085	4,365,875	2,145,020	2,220,855
Official languages	10,605,725	5,214,425	5,391,300	3,648,500	1,807,825	1,840,675
English	10,328,680	5,084,885	5,243,800	3,631,700	1,799,625	1,832,075
French	277,045	129,540	147,500	16,795	8,195	8,605
Non-official languages	1,916,315	909,530	1,006,780	717,375	337,200	380,180
Aboriginal languages	9,210	4,600	4,610	1,565	765	795
Algonquian languages	8,685	4,370	4,320	105	50	55
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	5	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	2,370	1,205	1,165	85	40	45
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	5	5	5	0	0	0
Moose Cree	10	10	5	0	0	0
Naskapi	10	5	5	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	20	10	15	0	0	0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	15	10	10
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	105	50	55	0	0	0
Woods Cree	5	5	0	0	0	5
Cree, n.o.s.	2,220	1,135	1,085	60	30	30
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	5	5	0	0
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	5	5	0	5	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	6,305	3,155	3,145	10	5	5
Algonquin	5	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway	3,315	1,695	1,620	15	5	5
Oji-Cree	2,905	1,420	1,490	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	75	40	35	5	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	20	10	10	610	290	320
Northern Athabaskan languages	15	10	10	605	290	315
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	20	10	10
Beaver	0	0	0	40	20	20
Carrier	0	5	0	245	110	130
Chilcotin	0	0	0	260	125	130
Dene	5	0	5	15	5	10
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	5	0	0	0
Gwich'in	5	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	5	5	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	15	10	5
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	10	5	5
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	10	5	5
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	5	0	5
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	5	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	5	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	5	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	10	5	5
Inuit languages	160	60	90	10	5	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	5	0	0	0
Inuktitut	140	60	80	10	0	5
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0	0	5
Iroquoian languages	210	90	120	0	0	0
Cayuga	5	5	5	0	0	0
Mohawk	185	80	100	0	0	0
Oneida	20	5	10	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	15	10	5
Michif	5	5	0	0	5	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	275	130	150
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	50	20	30
Lillooet	0	0	0	25	15	15
Okanagan	0	0	0	85	35	45
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	50	30	20
Squamish	0	0	0	5	5	0
Straits	0	0	0	25	10	15
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	20	10	10
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	10	10
Siouan languages	5	0	5	15	10	5
Dakota	5	5	0	10	10	5
Stoney	0	0	0	5	5	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	405	215	195
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	310	155	155
Nisga'a	0	0	0	70	45	25
Tsimshian	0	0	0	25	15	10
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	75	40	35
Haisla	0	0	0	20	10	15
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	5	5	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	25	10	10
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	5	0	0	30	15	10
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	120	55	65	45	15	25
Non-Aboriginal languages	1,907,105	904,930	1,002,170	715,815	336,435	379,380
Afro-Asiatic languages	138,460	66,865	71,590	13,990	7,065	6,920
Berber languages	345	175	170	45	25	20
Kabyle	255	125	130	20	10	15
Berber languages, n.i.e.	90	50	45	25	15	10
Cushitic languages	14,460	6,100	8,360	770	355	415
Bilen	170	80	85	0	0	0
Oromo	805	380	425	90	50	45
Somali	13,370	5,590	7,780	665	300	360
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	110	50	65	15	5	10
Semitic languages	123,410	60,475	62,940	13,155	6,680	6,475
Amharic	5,625	2,540	3,085	600	275	320
Arabic	94,195	46,505	47,695	10,415	5,335	5,080
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	9,515	4,595	4,920	405	195	210
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	2,915	1,410	1,500	310	165	145
Harari	555	250	305	10	5	5
Hebrew	4,850	2,505	2,345	900	465	440
Maltese	1,090	505	580	15	5	10
Tigrigna	3,920	1,805	2,115	410	190	225
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	755	360	395	95	45	50
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	245	115	125	20	10	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	50,245	23,105	27,140	17,870	8,305	9,560
Khmer (Cambodian)	3,770	1,650	2,120	800	375	420
Vietnamese	46,435	21,435	25,000	17,055	7,920	9,130
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	40	20	20	15	10	5
Austronesian languages	85,370	36,525	48,845	40,605	17,945	22,660
Bikol	90	35	55	75	30	35
Cebuano	2,325	1,020	1,315	1,305	585	715
Fijian	15	10	10	110	65	55
Hiligaynon	910	385	530	415	175	240
Ilocano	4,100	1,780	2,320	1,615	695	930
Malagasy	35	15	20	10	5	10
Malay	1,810	860	945	1,120	510	605
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	445	200	250	150	70	80
Pangasinan	90	40	50	55	25	30
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	75,070	31,965	43,105	35,375	15,600	19,770
Waray-Waray	90	35	55	55	25	35
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	380	175	200	310	150	160
Creole languages	5,325	2,355	2,970	335	150	180
Haitian Creole	355	165	190	0	0	5
Creole, n.o.s.	3,995	1,735	2,255	235	105	130
Creole languages, n.i.e.	975	455	520	95	50	45
Dravidian languages	96,250	46,575	49,680	3,940	1,995	1,940
Kannada	1,060	540	520	110	55	60
Malayalam	8,760	4,460	4,295	1,225	615	605
Tamil	80,600	38,460	42,140	2,055	1,025	1,030
Telugu	5,705	3,050	2,655	535	295	240
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	125	55	70	15	5	10
Hmong-Mien languages	200	95	105	55	25	30
Indo-European languages	978,300	469,640	508,670	282,090	137,135	144,955
Albanian	9,190	4,580	4,605	695	335	360
Armenian	8,630	4,065	4,560	545	240	305
Balto-Slavic languages	192,945	90,585	102,365	31,640	15,150	16,490
Baltic languages	2,305	950	1,355	210	90	115
Latvian	860	350	515	80	30	50
Lithuanian	1,440	600	840	125	60	65
Slavic languages	190,645	89,635	101,005	31,430	15,060	16,370
Belarusan	175	80	90	15	5	5
Bosnian	3,220	1,595	1,620	595	300	300
Bulgarian	4,830	2,350	2,480	1,035	485	550
Croatian	11,125	5,275	5,855	2,235	1,055	1,180
Czech	3,070	1,480	1,595	1,595	800	795
Macedonian	6,255	2,965	3,285	150	75	75
Polish	52,555	24,510	28,045	5,690	2,720	2,970
Russian	63,570	29,655	33,920	13,310	6,290	7,020
Serbian	23,175	11,335	11,840	3,695	1,870	1,825
Serbo-Croatian	1,925	920	1,010	500	235	265
Slovak	3,520	1,680	1,845	1,000	480	520
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,465	645	815	145	65	85
Ukrainian	15,415	6,995	8,420	1,430	665	765
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	355	160	190	40	20	20
Celtic languages	120	65	55	70	40	30
Scottish Gaelic	60	30	25	35	20	10
Welsh	30	10	15	25	10	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	5	5	5
Germanic languages	44,515	21,630	22,880	14,430	6,870	7,555
Afrikaans	755	365	390	1,475	715	760
Danish	280	135	150	305	145	160
Dutch	4,450	2,145	2,305	1,895	890	1,005
Frisian	90	45	45	10	5	5
German	37,255	18,140	19,120	10,085	4,795	5,295
Icelandic	45	20	30	75	35	35
Norwegian	70	30	40	140	60	80
Swedish	385	190	190	360	170	195
Vlaams (Flemish)	145	60	85	50	30	20
Yiddish	370	190	185	10	10	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	655	315	340	15	5	5
Greek	21,700	10,160	11,535	2,010	975	1,035
Indo-Iranian languages	435,835	215,755	220,080	194,590	95,380	99,215
Indo-Aryan languages	344,050	171,125	172,920	164,185	80,610	83,575
Bengali	29,590	14,595	14,995	1,815	895	920
Gujarati	45,445	22,410	23,035	2,970	1,320	1,645
Hindi	28,960	14,485	14,475	12,310	5,890	6,425
Kashmiri	65	30	35	10	5	5
Konkani	540	260	280	40	25	25
Marathi	2,420	1,230	1,190	270	140	130
Nepali	5,640	2,815	2,820	665	345	320
Oriya (Odia)	325	160	165	35	20	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	132,135	66,410	65,725	139,080	68,565	70,515
Sindhi	2,880	1,320	1,560	615	270	345
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	4,595	2,250	2,345	675	330	340
Urdu	91,450	45,160	46,295	5,705	2,825	2,880
Iranian languages	90,730	44,090	46,640	30,205	14,665	15,540
Kurdish	3,675	1,900	1,770	1,080	540	535
Pashto	6,750	3,360	3,395	700	350	350
Persian (Farsi)	80,305	38,830	41,475	28,420	13,765	14,660
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	1,050	540	515	200	100	100
Italic (Romance) languages	265,375	122,790	142,585	38,110	18,145	19,970
Catalan	135	60	75	65	35	35
Italian	72,960	31,195	41,770	5,200	2,245	2,955
Portuguese	67,415	32,065	35,355	6,725	3,140	3,580
Romanian	19,920	9,380	10,535	3,800	1,830	1,970
Spanish	104,820	50,035	54,785	22,310	10,900	11,410
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	110	50	60	20	5	10
Japanese	6,040	2,590	3,450	9,860	4,070	5,790
Kartvelian languages	770	420	355	30	15	10
Georgian	775	420	355	30	15	15
Korean	48,540	22,685	25,855	38,605	17,785	20,820
Mongolic languages	225	115	110	170	80	90
Mongolian	230	120	110	165	80	85
Niger-Congo languages	12,120	5,400	6,725	960	430	530
Akan (Twi)	4,415	1,915	2,495	150	80	65
Bamanankan	25	15	15	5	5	5
Edo	305	120	180	15	10	10
Ewe	135	60	80	20	5	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	110	55	55	20	5	10
Ga	175	80	100	5	5	0
Ganda	195	85	110	10	5	5
Igbo	540	265	275	40	20	15
Lingala	225	100	130	35	15	20
Rundi (Kirundi)	475	230	240	55	20	40
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	420	160	260	60	25	35
Shona	455	210	245	65	25	40
Swahili	2,085	925	1,160	200	90	115
Wolof	130	65	65	20	10	10
Yoruba	1,300	625	675	60	30	35
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,120	500	625	200	85	120
Nilo-Saharan languages	550	260	290	140	60	75
Dinka	120	60	65	55	30	20
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	425	195	225	85	30	55
Sign languages	4,425	2,485	1,940	1,535	850	685
American Sign Language	1,605	830	770	455	230	225
Quebec Sign Language	25	15	15	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	2,795	1,640	1,150	1,080	615	460
Sino-Tibetan languages	448,200	210,560	237,640	299,420	137,555	161,865
Chinese languages	441,615	207,305	234,310	297,675	136,670	161,000
Cantonese	198,745	91,545	107,200	137,075	62,545	74,525
Hakka	2,870	1,305	1,575	700	295	410
Mandarin	220,535	105,360	115,175	146,435	67,695	78,740
Min Dong	265	115	145	65	25	35
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5,775	2,635	3,140	4,820	2,185	2,630
Wu (Shanghainese)	3,690	1,735	1,955	2,595	1,195	1,400
Chinese, n.o.s.	9,630	4,565	5,070	5,885	2,680	3,205
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	100	45	55	105	45	55
Tibeto-Burman languages	6,580	3,250	3,330	1,745	885	865
Burmese	1,010	480	530	720	375	350
Karenic languages	1,360	685	675	725	355	370
Tibetan	3,875	1,925	1,945	205	110	90
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	335	165	170	90	45	45
Tai-Kadai languages	3,865	1,845	2,020	1,380	595	785
Lao	2,535	1,220	1,315	460	225	235
Thai	1,315	615	695	920	370	545
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	10	5	10	10	5	5
Turkic languages	12,435	6,200	6,230	1,695	880	815
Azerbaijani	770	385	380	195	105	95
Turkish	10,545	5,245	5,300	1,310	685	630
Uyghur	290	150	140	95	50	50
Uzbek	585	290	295	45	25	20
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	250	130	120	40	20	25
Uralic languages	15,330	6,990	8,340	3,005	1,415	1,590
Estonian	790	290	500	95	40	55
Finnish	1,835	780	1,050	725	325	400
Hungarian	12,700	5,915	6,790	2,185	1,050	1,130
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	465	245	225	145	70	75
Multiple responses	790,825	379,925	410,905	232,540	110,375	122,165
English and French	45,655	20,895	24,755	6,155	2,970	3,185
English and non-official language	719,595	347,730	371,865	222,670	105,750	116,920
French and non-official language	6,725	2,930	3,795	650	290	360
English, French and non-official language	18,855	8,365	10,490	3,065	1,365	1,700
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	13,312,865	6,503,875	6,808,990	4,598,415	2,255,400	2,343,015
None	11,071,665	5,436,665	5,635,000	3,931,210	1,940,390	1,990,820
English	896,170	437,015	459,155	274,535	132,990	141,545
French	243,970	108,390	135,580	41,020	18,435	22,590
Non-official language	1,056,960	501,315	555,645	340,930	158,590	182,345
Aboriginal	14,315	6,580	7,735	7,985	3,765	4,215
Non-Aboriginal	1,042,645	494,735	547,910	332,945	154,820	178,125
English and French	8,150	3,755	4,395	1,195	545	650
English and non-official language	19,105	9,370	9,735	5,660	2,655	3,005
French and non-official language	16,435	7,165	9,270	3,765	1,745	2,020
English, French and non-official language	415	205	215	100	45	50
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	11,038,440	5,342,850	5,695,590	3,870,330	1,882,865	1,987,460
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	10,556,935	5,115,460	5,441,475	3,727,360	1,815,500	1,911,860
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	33,539	39,889	28,676	33,012	40,370	27,543
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	10,559,805	5,115,825	5,443,975	3,731,980	1,819,375	1,912,600
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	30,641	35,753	26,585	29,783	35,383	25,659
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	9,391,800	4,650,130	4,741,675	3,363,310	1,665,225	1,698,085
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	32,871	39,831	27,012	31,585	39,557	25,304
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	7,632,575	3,402,810	4,229,770	2,628,215	1,140,195	1,488,025
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	4,206	2,034	5,463	4,592	3,717	4,920
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	7,790,680	3,998,335	3,792,350	2,775,010	1,415,295	1,359,715
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	33,946	39,490	29,413	31,713	39,186	26,034
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,605
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	10,556,925	5,114,340	5,442,580	3,727,715	1,815,380	1,912,335
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	47,915	56,780	39,585	45,616	54,797	36,901
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	10,559,935	5,114,725	5,445,210	3,732,420	1,819,290	1,913,130
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	39,318	45,443	33,564	37,922	44,282	31,874
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	9,391,645	4,649,230	4,742,415	3,362,835	1,664,850	1,697,985
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	47,890	57,511	38,459	44,933	54,787	35,271
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	7,632,220	3,402,745	4,229,475	2,628,230	1,139,390	1,488,840
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,346	6,763	7,815	7,207	7,255	7,171
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	7,790,680	3,995,700	3,794,985	2,775,010	1,415,100	1,359,910
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	47,369	55,263	39,057	43,339	52,171	34,149
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,605
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	3,737,385	2,082,480	1,654,900	1,147,070	652,115	494,950
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	55,121	60,345	49,713	53,940	61,004	47,039
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	68,628	76,536	58,676	64,625	72,840	53,801
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	88.9	92.1	84.7	88.9	91.7	84.9
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	72.9	76.0	68.7	70.8	74.4	65.8
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	11.1	7.9	15.3	11.1	8.3	15.1
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	11,038,440	5,342,850	5,695,590	3,870,330	1,882,865	1,987,460
Without total income	481,500	227,390	254,115	142,970	67,370	75,600
With total income	10,556,940	5,115,460	5,441,475	3,727,360	1,815,505	1,911,860
Percentage with total income	95.6	95.7	95.5	96.3	96.4	96.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	1,615,790	711,105	904,685	573,315	240,120	333,195
$10,000 to $19,999	1,829,355	742,710	1,086,645	653,915	262,225	391,685
$20,000 to $29,999	1,410,760	589,975	820,785	503,290	209,095	294,195
$30,000 to $39,999	1,147,510	519,550	627,955	424,330	188,860	235,470
$40,000 to $49,999	1,021,880	489,595	532,285	366,220	173,020	193,200
$50,000 to $59,999	809,115	415,950	393,165	286,310	148,095	138,215
$60,000 to $69,999	630,635	348,525	282,110	222,975	129,400	93,580
$70,000 to $79,999	479,890	277,725	202,165	171,625	103,795	67,830
$80,000 to $89,999	378,185	222,095	156,095	134,090	83,100	50,990
$90,000 to $99,999	324,810	181,815	142,995	96,825	62,825	34,005
$100,000 and over	909,005	616,420	292,585	294,475	214,980	79,500
$100,000 to $149,999	600,995	394,410	206,590	198,355	142,260	56,095
$150,000 and over	308,010	222,010	86,000	96,115	72,715	23,405
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	11,038,440	5,342,850	5,695,590	3,870,330	1,882,870	1,987,460
Without after-tax income	478,635	227,025	251,610	138,350	63,495	74,855
With after-tax income	10,559,805	5,115,825	5,443,980	3,731,980	1,819,375	1,912,605
Percentage with after-tax income	95.7	95.8	95.6	96.4	96.6	96.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	1,659,280	722,040	937,235	597,310	253,480	343,835
$10,000 to $19,999	1,906,875	777,330	1,129,540	686,510	280,490	406,015
$20,000 to $29,999	1,623,230	690,290	932,940	593,490	252,075	341,415
$30,000 to $39,999	1,377,100	642,645	734,450	495,200	226,080	269,120
$40,000 to $49,999	1,166,040	585,490	580,555	402,535	200,565	201,965
$50,000 to $59,999	845,305	464,610	380,700	293,450	167,870	125,585
$60,000 to $69,999	604,005	354,015	249,985	210,085	128,000	82,080
$70,000 to $79,999	465,485	268,140	197,345	151,775	95,230	56,545
$80,000 and over	912,490	611,260	301,230	301,635	215,590	86,045
$80,000 to $89,999	299,315	183,410	115,905	94,700	64,330	30,370
$90,000 to $99,999	174,110	116,330	57,785	59,050	42,050	17,000
$100,000 and over	439,070	311,525	127,540	147,885	109,215	38,670
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	11,038,440	5,342,850	5,695,590	3,870,330	1,882,865	1,987,460
Without employment income	3,247,760	1,344,515	1,903,245	1,095,320	467,570	627,745
With employment income	7,790,680	3,998,335	3,792,350	2,775,010	1,415,295	1,359,715
Percentage with employment income	70.6	74.8	66.6	71.7	75.2	68.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	1,094,860	546,920	547,940	441,080	204,275	236,810
$5,000 to $9,999	635,305	281,135	354,165	212,715	90,015	122,705
$10,000 to $19,999	1,027,910	464,445	563,465	371,875	160,350	211,525
$20,000 to $29,999	827,805	372,185	455,625	309,470	135,945	173,525
$30,000 to $39,999	767,840	351,925	415,910	282,045	126,870	155,180
$40,000 to $49,999	709,775	341,320	368,450	253,810	118,870	134,935
$50,000 to $59,999	588,220	310,155	278,065	203,885	107,605	96,280
$60,000 to $69,999	465,670	263,430	202,240	163,740	98,205	65,535
$70,000 to $79,999	369,085	218,570	150,515	132,340	82,120	50,220
$80,000 and over	1,304,210	848,245	455,970	404,040	291,050	112,990
$80,000 to $89,999	307,660	182,660	125,005	106,680	67,815	38,860
$90,000 to $99,999	280,530	156,440	124,090	76,470	51,990	24,480
$100,000 and over	716,015	509,140	206,875	220,890	171,245	49,645
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	5,169,175	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	74,287	...	...	69,995	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	65,285	...	...	61,280	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	1,341,300	...	...	541,915	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	36,900	...	...	35,701	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	33,219	...	...	31,899	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	3,827,875	...	...	1,340,055	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	90,967	...	...	88,466	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	79,528	...	...	77,108	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	5,169,175	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	97,856	...	...	90,354	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	80,322	...	...	75,209	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	1,341,115	...	...	541,925	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	49,571	...	...	46,696	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	40,830	...	...	39,091	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	3,828,060	...	...	1,340,045	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	114,773	...	...	108,010	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	94,157	...	...	89,816	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	5,169,175	...	...	1,881,965	...	...
Under $5,000	86,720	...	...	43,415	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	70,245	...	...	27,140	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	134,395	...	...	55,745	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	185,245	...	...	77,565	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	200,770	...	...	78,695	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	189,450	...	...	72,985	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	202,580	...	...	78,080	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	207,180	...	...	78,395	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	206,605	...	...	76,775	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	202,015	...	...	75,860	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	388,820	...	...	143,475	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	363,580	...	...	132,845	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	335,770	...	...	122,350	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	309,105	...	...	111,350	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	282,740	...	...	99,420	...	...
$100,000 and over	1,803,955	...	...	607,855	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	560,090	...	...	198,140	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	394,570	...	...	138,420	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	449,885	...	...	149,210	...	...
$200,000 and over	399,410	...	...	122,080	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	5,169,175	...	...	1,881,965	...	...
Under $5,000	92,220	...	...	46,350	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	71,480	...	...	27,605	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	136,550	...	...	56,780	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	192,920	...	...	80,315	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	222,605	...	...	89,795	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	211,440	...	...	88,035	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	232,755	...	...	93,640	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	244,335	...	...	92,220	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	247,645	...	...	91,635	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	241,965	...	...	88,520	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	463,170	...	...	165,685	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	422,695	...	...	150,650	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	388,720	...	...	136,430	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	342,330	...	...	118,520	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	290,720	...	...	101,185	...	...
$100,000 and over	1,367,630	...	...	454,595	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	539,915	...	...	187,490	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	334,420	...	...	111,260	...	...
$150,000 and over	493,295	...	...	155,845	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	3,689,580	...	...	1,276,275	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	91,089	...	...	88,451	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	79,531	...	...	77,002	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	1,280,890	...	...	519,030	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	81,459	...	...	80,788	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	71,237	...	...	70,464	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	1,716,115	...	...	536,175	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	115,381	...	...	111,736	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	99,205	...	...	96,176	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	4.1	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	584,180	...	...	179,945	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	54,363	...	...	51,056	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	50,317	...	...	46,668	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	3,689,080	...	...	1,275,865	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	115,328	...	...	108,241	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	94,410	...	...	89,792	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	1,280,580	...	...	518,295	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	104,425	...	...	100,772	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	84,952	...	...	83,021	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	1,717,295	...	...	536,580	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	140,590	...	...	131,213	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	114,144	...	...	108,407	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	581,945	...	...	179,615	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	67,748	...	...	63,004	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	58,742	...	...	54,655	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	1,818,815	867,175	951,640	768,855	373,390	395,465
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	32,097	33,925	30,753	31,255	33,342	29,674
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	29,417	30,678	28,442	28,320	29,815	27,221
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	1,814,575	864,020	950,555	766,660	371,595	395,060
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	44,298	46,765	42,057	41,666	44,615	38,892
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	36,874	38,228	35,644	35,191	37,100	33,395
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	13,242,160	6,472,205	6,769,955	4,560,235	2,237,490	2,322,745
In the bottom half of the distribution	6,335,170	3,016,275	3,318,895	2,265,245	1,078,695	1,186,555
In the bottom decile	1,346,645	651,310	695,335	537,405	258,275	279,140
In the second decile	1,280,675	581,380	699,290	449,395	205,320	244,075
In the third decile	1,237,415	583,840	653,575	420,355	198,845	221,510
In the fourth decile	1,223,510	589,740	633,770	422,805	203,710	219,095
In the fifth decile	1,246,925	610,000	636,930	435,290	212,555	222,735
In the top half of the distribution	6,906,990	3,455,930	3,451,060	2,294,990	1,158,795	1,136,195
In the sixth decile	1,279,095	629,635	649,465	442,070	218,225	223,845
In the seventh decile	1,321,220	655,840	665,375	451,795	226,240	225,555
In the eighth decile	1,382,795	691,630	691,165	462,900	233,935	228,970
In the ninth decile	1,464,415	736,030	728,385	473,535	241,165	232,375
In the top decile	1,459,465	742,795	716,670	464,685	239,235	225,450
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	13,184,055	6,442,930	6,741,130	4,477,875	2,196,415	2,281,460
0 to 17 years	2,656,535	1,361,905	1,294,630	822,390	422,685	399,710
0 to 5 years	835,000	428,025	406,975	260,110	133,670	126,445
18 to 64 years	8,418,960	4,110,615	4,308,345	2,876,495	1,404,390	1,472,105
65 years and over	2,108,560	970,405	1,138,155	778,990	369,345	409,645
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	1,898,975	886,530	1,012,445	694,960	325,015	369,940
0 to 17 years	489,905	251,830	238,080	151,880	78,110	73,770
0 to 5 years	165,140	84,825	80,310	46,920	24,035	22,885
18 to 64 years	1,155,315	538,535	616,780	427,085	198,475	228,615
65 years and over	253,755	96,170	157,585	115,990	48,430	67,560
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.4	13.8	15.0	15.5	14.8	16.2
0 to 17 years (%)	18.4	18.5	18.4	18.5	18.5	18.5
0 to 5 years (%)	19.8	19.8	19.7	18.0	18.0	18.1
18 to 64 years (%)	13.7	13.1	14.3	14.8	14.1	15.5
65 years and over (%)	12.0	9.9	13.8	14.9	13.1	16.5
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	1,298,590	627,935	670,650	491,645	236,430	255,215
0 to 17 years	304,390	156,575	147,815	99,330	50,890	48,450
0 to 5 years	102,750	52,810	49,935	29,250	14,930	14,315
18 to 64 years	887,640	430,545	457,095	345,345	165,740	179,605
65 years and over	106,555	40,815	65,740	46,965	19,805	27,165
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.8	9.7	9.9	11.0	10.8	11.2
0 to 17 years (%)	11.5	11.5	11.4	12.1	12.0	12.1
0 to 5 years (%)	12.3	12.3	12.3	11.2	11.2	11.3
18 to 64 years (%)	10.5	10.5	10.6	12.0	11.8	12.2
65 years and over (%)	5.1	4.2	5.8	6.0	5.4	6.6
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,925	4,560,235	2,237,490	2,322,745
Official languages	12,918,075	6,342,930	6,575,145	4,407,125	2,173,840	2,233,285
English	12,879,045	6,326,225	6,552,825	4,405,380	2,173,040	2,232,340
French	1,521,020	677,505	843,510	314,225	140,085	174,140
Non-official languages	4,431,270	2,115,510	2,315,760	1,546,550	727,200	819,355
Aboriginal languages	33,855	15,815	18,035	17,190	8,115	9,075
Algonquian languages	30,630	14,505	16,125	1,950	905	1,045
Blackfoot	15	15	0	35	0	35
Cree-Montagnais languages	6,560	3,160	3,395	1,600	795	805
Atikamekw	10	0	0	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	10	0	10	0	0	0
Moose Cree	145	70	75	15	0	10
Naskapi	25	10	10	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	65	25	45	10	0	10
Plains Cree	105	50	50	345	160	180
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	605	255	350	55	25	30
Woods Cree	45	25	25	80	45	40
Cree, n.o.s.	5,620	2,760	2,865	1,090	560	525
Eastern Algonquian languages	180	95	85	30	20	10
Malecite	20	20	0	10	10	0
Mi'kmaq	160	75	85	25	15	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	23,980	11,285	12,690	310	100	205
Algonquin	205	95	105	20	0	15
Ojibway	16,220	7,600	8,630	275	95	180
Oji-Cree	7,515	3,585	3,935	15	0	15
Ottawa (Odawa)	200	105	100	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	85	40	50	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	85	25	65	4,375	2,050	2,330
Northern Athabaskan languages	80	25	55	4,345	2,035	2,315
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	10	0	0	200	100	95
Beaver	0	0	0	255	130	130
Carrier	10	0	10	2,045	940	1,110
Chilcotin	10	0	10	1,130	525	605
Dene	45	20	30	130	55	80
Dogrib (Tlicho)	10	0	10	0	0	0
Gwich'in	10	0	10	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	185	85	100
Slavey-Hare languages	10	0	0	125	60	75
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	10	0	10
South Slavey	0	0	10	25	15	10
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	105	45	60
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	290	155	130
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	35	20	15
Tahltan	0	0	0	250	135	120
Tutchone languages	10	0	0	10	0	10
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	10
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	10	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	30	15	10
Haida	0	0	0	455	195	255
Inuit languages	840	320	525	170	70	95
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	10	0	10	20	10	10
Inuktitut	730	285	445	120	50	70
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	105	35	70	35	15	25
Iroquoian languages	1,940	810	1,125	30	10	15
Cayuga	120	35	85	0	0	0
Mohawk	1,625	710	915	25	10	15
Oneida	180	55	125	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0	10	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	170	95	80
Michif	180	65	110	110	50	60
Salish languages	10	0	10	5,660	2,690	2,970
Comox	0	0	0	185	75	105
Halkomelem	0	0	0	1,045	470	570
Lillooet	0	0	0	790	405	385
Okanagan	0	10	0	805	360	445
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	1,280	630	650
Squamish	0	0	0	280	125	155
Straits	0	0	0	360	160	200
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	440	220	220
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	540	280	260
Siouan languages	40	10	30	55	20	35
Dakota	20	10	10	30	15	15
Stoney	0	0	0	10	10	10
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15	15	10	10
Tlingit	0	0	0	60	40	20
Tsimshian languages	10	0	10	2,685	1,330	1,350
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	10	0	10	1,275	635	645
Nisga'a	0	0	0	1,035	535	500
Tsimshian	10	0	10	405	180	230
Wakashan languages	10	10	0	1,460	670	795
Haisla	0	0	0	175	65	105
Heiltsuk	0	0	10	120	50	70
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	10	0	0	590	275	315
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	560	265	295
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	15	10
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	210	100	110	240	105	135
Non-Aboriginal languages	4,397,690	2,099,820	2,297,865	1,529,635	719,190	810,440
Afro-Asiatic languages	362,645	183,050	179,595	35,115	18,585	16,530
Berber languages	925	505	415	145	95	45
Kabyle	530	280	255	65	40	25
Berber languages, n.i.e.	390	225	165	80	60	20
Cushitic languages	34,160	15,155	19,000	2,070	955	1,120
Bilen	355	200	160	20	10	15
Oromo	2,075	905	1,175	245	140	110
Somali	31,535	13,925	17,610	1,800	815	985
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	370	170	205	10	0	10
Semitic languages	330,315	168,750	161,570	33,110	17,660	15,460
Amharic	16,010	7,565	8,445	2,095	1,050	1,045
Arabic	246,015	127,015	119,000	24,230	13,180	11,050
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	17,825	8,775	9,050	760	370	390
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	6,185	3,045	3,140	570	285	285
Harari	1,310	660	645	55	35	20
Hebrew	43,255	22,165	21,090	5,450	2,805	2,645
Maltese	7,020	3,455	3,570	315	155	155
Tigrigna	9,385	4,320	5,065	1,055	560	495
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	1,985	1,010	975	300	160	140
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	1,125	535	590	170	85	85
Austro-Asiatic languages	99,830	46,210	53,620	35,915	17,130	18,785
Khmer (Cambodian)	10,045	4,490	5,550	1,875	850	1,020
Vietnamese	90,265	41,965	48,300	34,140	16,295	17,840
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	60	10	50	55	30	25
Austronesian languages	249,435	98,295	151,150	125,425	51,215	74,210
Bikol	755	340	425	530	215	310
Cebuano	9,475	3,650	5,830	5,365	2,000	3,370
Fijian	110	40	65	1,095	655	440
Hiligaynon	3,110	1,205	1,910	1,685	710	975
Ilocano	15,235	5,940	9,295	6,450	2,480	3,970
Malagasy	215	115	100	25	15	10
Malay	9,780	4,500	5,280	7,495	3,480	4,010
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,935	855	1,080	855	365	495
Pangasinan	565	245	320	480	205	275
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	232,935	91,110	141,820	113,265	45,455	67,805
Waray-Waray	410	125	285	320	130	195
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,785	755	1,030	1,515	740	775
Creole languages	30,260	13,525	16,735	2,485	1,320	1,165
Haitian Creole	1,430	605	830	135	55	75
Creole, n.o.s.	19,375	8,480	10,895	1,310	730	585
Creole languages, n.i.e.	9,685	4,525	5,155	1,055	540	515
Dravidian languages	196,315	97,975	98,335	10,390	5,485	4,905
Kannada	5,775	2,930	2,845	510	250	265
Malayalam	22,880	11,535	11,345	3,350	1,795	1,550
Tamil	157,700	77,975	79,730	5,445	2,830	2,610
Telugu	16,315	8,925	7,390	1,720	970	750
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	495	250	240	85	30	55
Hmong-Mien languages	545	265	280	165	85	80
Indo-European languages	2,608,060	1,265,535	1,342,525	764,815	371,760	393,060
Albanian	22,375	11,180	11,195	1,640	840	795
Armenian	18,435	8,860	9,575	1,680	845	835
Balto-Slavic languages	473,565	221,450	252,120	94,050	44,710	49,340
Baltic languages	10,545	4,495	6,050	1,030	515	520
Latvian	4,675	2,070	2,610	555	290	265
Lithuanian	5,875	2,430	3,445	475	220	250
Slavic languages	465,170	217,885	247,285	93,235	44,305	48,940
Belarusan	1,360	680	680	245	115	125
Bosnian	9,915	4,905	5,010	2,075	1,020	1,050
Bulgarian	10,410	5,060	5,350	2,430	1,105	1,325
Croatian	46,580	22,880	23,700	10,685	5,255	5,430
Czech	14,045	6,615	7,430	7,480	3,665	3,815
Macedonian	21,505	10,365	11,140	400	220	185
Polish	142,985	65,415	77,575	19,175	8,980	10,190
Russian	138,735	64,355	74,380	33,990	15,850	18,135
Serbian	53,250	26,725	26,525	9,110	4,625	4,485
Serbo-Croatian	5,815	2,845	2,965	1,525	770	750
Slovak	12,035	5,550	6,490	4,270	2,045	2,225
Slovene (Slovenian)	7,935	3,550	4,390	1,375	610	760
Ukrainian	54,615	24,125	30,490	10,740	4,835	5,905
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	1,750	935	815	420	215	205
Celtic languages	3,800	1,880	1,920	1,855	990	865
Scottish Gaelic	1,480	720	765	660	395	265
Welsh	685	300	390	345	145	195
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	1,650	870	785	860	450	410
Germanic languages	274,305	130,610	143,700	136,685	65,350	71,335
Afrikaans	7,360	3,625	3,735	7,670	3,875	3,800
Danish	5,440	2,455	2,980	5,510	2,490	3,020
Dutch	63,410	29,875	33,535	24,060	11,520	12,550
Frisian	1,655	820	835	465	230	240
German	189,035	90,730	98,305	95,005	45,840	49,165
Icelandic	285	130	155	405	210	195
Norwegian	2,140	975	1,165	2,845	1,425	1,415
Swedish	5,125	2,345	2,785	4,825	2,125	2,695
Vlaams (Flemish)	2,275	1,050	1,225	545	270	275
Yiddish	7,175	3,535	3,640	505	225	280
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	3,290	1,645	1,645	155	95	60
Greek	80,690	40,105	40,590	9,095	4,725	4,370
Indo-Iranian languages	915,765	463,175	452,585	363,205	181,340	181,865
Indo-Aryan languages	759,390	384,940	374,450	311,955	155,465	156,490
Bengali	59,685	30,420	29,265	3,670	1,885	1,785
Gujarati	103,890	52,380	51,510	11,500	5,455	6,050
Hindi	250,095	127,765	122,335	81,330	39,950	41,380
Kashmiri	600	300	300	60	30	25
Konkani	5,490	2,515	2,975	415	215	200
Marathi	10,360	5,380	4,980	1,475	780	695
Nepali	10,245	5,115	5,135	1,485	725	760
Oriya (Odia)	1,090	515	570	70	40	30
Punjabi (Panjabi)	282,065	145,050	137,015	244,485	122,450	122,035
Sindhi	11,515	5,385	6,130	3,300	1,415	1,885
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	18,555	9,230	9,330	2,430	1,265	1,170
Urdu	231,500	117,305	114,190	16,750	8,840	7,915
Iranian languages	163,490	81,710	81,785	52,300	26,435	25,870
Kurdish	8,795	4,755	4,040	2,225	1,185	1,040
Pashto	15,315	8,145	7,170	1,660	940	725
Persian (Farsi)	145,465	72,275	73,190	49,835	25,135	24,690
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	4,665	2,495	2,175	935	490	450
Italic (Romance) languages	880,330	418,225	462,105	177,685	83,505	94,185
Catalan	515	275	240	395	210	180
Italian	333,645	161,190	172,455	37,475	18,075	19,400
Portuguese	193,520	93,885	99,635	23,260	11,060	12,200
Romanian	49,635	23,205	26,430	10,045	4,945	5,105
Spanish	337,615	156,040	181,580	115,115	53,215	61,900
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	1,355	745	605	380	245	140
Japanese	25,675	11,535	14,140	36,990	15,955	21,040
Kartvelian languages	1,555	775	780	115	55	60
Georgian	1,555	770	785	115	55	55
Korean	79,175	36,930	42,245	57,490	26,310	31,180
Mongolic languages	515	225	285	370	170	200
Mongolian	515	225	285	370	165	195
Niger-Congo languages	70,570	33,620	36,945	8,025	4,130	3,895
Akan (Twi)	15,950	7,520	8,435	630	350	280
Bamanankan	385	195	185	30	20	15
Edo	2,130	930	1,195	145	80	60
Ewe	880	435	445	135	90	45
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	700	320	375	105	30	70
Ga	1,340	645	695	150	95	50
Ganda	1,225	550	675	165	80	85
Igbo	4,025	2,105	1,920	425	240	185
Lingala	4,885	2,165	2,720	280	125	150
Rundi (Kirundi)	2,555	1,080	1,475	125	45	75
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	2,220	885	1,330	290	125	165
Shona	2,350	1,055	1,300	415	220	195
Swahili	16,750	8,110	8,640	3,365	1,785	1,575
Wolof	730	355	375	50	25	30
Yoruba	10,495	5,345	5,150	885	455	435
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	11,210	5,255	5,950	1,835	840	1,000
Nilo-Saharan languages	2,025	1,020	1,010	405	210	200
Dinka	415	220	200	85	50	35
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	1,615	805	810	325	155	165
Sign languages	18,865	7,645	11,220	7,545	2,865	4,680
American Sign Language	10,220	3,695	6,525	3,860	1,280	2,575
Quebec Sign Language	235	60	180	10	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	8,690	4,005	4,680	3,780	1,615	2,160
Sino-Tibetan languages	689,145	324,575	364,565	457,595	211,220	246,375
Chinese languages	679,170	319,635	359,530	454,885	209,850	245,030
Cantonese	341,875	159,280	182,600	234,445	108,485	125,960
Hakka	7,865	3,445	4,420	2,715	1,290	1,430
Mandarin	385,395	179,890	205,510	265,635	119,995	145,640
Min Dong	810	330	480	130	55	75
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	16,980	7,650	9,330	16,410	7,230	9,185
Wu (Shanghainese)	8,305	3,860	4,440	5,600	2,445	3,155
Chinese, n.o.s.	16,455	7,710	8,745	10,380	4,725	5,650
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	185	95	90	200	75	120
Tibeto-Burman languages	10,460	5,200	5,260	3,000	1,500	1,505
Burmese	2,215	1,055	1,165	1,490	730	755
Karenic languages	1,820	905	920	955	485	465
Tibetan	5,695	2,845	2,850	375	205	165
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	1,245	645	605	330	150	180
Tai-Kadai languages	11,120	4,945	6,180	5,635	2,190	3,450
Lao	6,740	3,215	3,520	1,630	735	890
Thai	5,195	2,065	3,135	4,275	1,535	2,740
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	10	10	0
Turkic languages	33,335	17,310	16,025	6,785	3,685	3,095
Azerbaijani	3,260	1,710	1,550	945	510	435
Turkish	27,850	14,510	13,340	5,585	3,025	2,555
Uyghur	700	350	345	115	60	55
Uzbek	1,405	700	705	170	95	75
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	915	450	465	275	140	130
Uralic languages	58,370	27,060	31,310	15,280	7,095	8,185
Estonian	4,785	2,155	2,625	780	350	425
Finnish	11,145	4,865	6,280	4,030	1,640	2,385
Hungarian	42,545	20,070	22,480	10,495	5,100	5,395
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	10
Other languages, n.i.e.	3,675	1,950	1,725	1,045	575	470
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920	4,560,235	2,237,485	2,322,750
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	12,223,065	5,987,360	6,235,705	4,138,300	2,038,285	2,100,015
Canadian citizens aged under 18	2,546,075	1,305,820	1,240,255	790,485	406,970	383,510
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	9,676,990	4,681,540	4,995,445	3,347,820	1,631,310	1,716,505
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	1,019,095	484,880	534,215	421,935	199,205	222,735
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	9,188,815	4,555,270	4,633,545	3,167,155	1,584,305	1,582,855
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	3,852,145	1,814,665	2,037,480	1,292,675	603,800	688,875
Before 1981	1,077,745	507,500	570,240	356,155	171,330	184,825
1981 to 1990	513,995	246,235	267,755	152,220	70,475	81,750
1991 to 2000	834,510	390,315	444,195	287,505	132,190	155,315
2001 to 2010	953,730	446,895	506,835	321,240	147,250	173,985
2001 to 2005	490,560	230,950	259,610	147,735	67,425	80,305
2006 to 2010	463,170	215,945	247,225	173,505	79,825	93,680
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	472,170	223,715	248,450	175,555	82,555	92,995
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	201,200	102,305	98,895	100,405	49,385	51,020
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	3,852,145	1,814,665	2,037,485	1,292,670	603,800	688,875
Under 5 years	369,955	184,255	185,705	112,665	56,495	56,175
5 to 14 years	685,085	345,865	339,225	212,710	108,975	103,730
15 to 24 years	855,475	381,025	474,450	279,495	126,690	152,805
25 to 44 years	1,579,500	741,340	838,160	537,500	242,185	295,310
45 years and over	362,130	162,180	199,945	150,305	69,455	80,845
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	3,852,145	1,814,665	2,037,480	1,292,675	603,800	688,875
Americas	598,950	265,930	333,025	110,850	50,515	60,330
Brazil	14,705	6,700	8,010	3,800	1,545	2,260
Colombia	28,815	13,085	15,730	3,915	1,720	2,195
El Salvador	20,920	10,165	10,750	5,425	2,710	2,715
Guyana	79,745	35,325	44,420	1,305	600	710
Haiti	10,195	4,410	5,785	570	250	315
Jamaica	119,840	51,320	68,525	3,505	1,770	1,735
Mexico	30,075	13,895	16,185	10,375	4,425	5,945
Peru	10,550	4,660	5,895	3,265	1,330	1,930
Trinidad and Tobago	52,810	23,515	29,300	2,620	1,205	1,415
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	109,005	47,170	61,830	57,780	26,425	31,355
Other places of birth in Americas	122,280	55,685	66,600	18,295	8,530	9,765
Europe	1,144,295	546,250	598,050	319,885	156,975	162,915
Bosnia and Herzegovina	21,300	10,655	10,645	4,570	2,230	2,345
Croatia	27,330	13,495	13,835	5,780	2,945	2,830
France	13,385	6,310	7,070	5,700	2,895	2,805
Germany	63,460	29,685	33,775	35,045	16,835	18,210
Greece	36,575	18,225	18,350	3,630	1,965	1,670
Hungary	22,085	10,495	11,590	6,175	3,145	3,030
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	15,275	7,415	7,860	5,890	3,090	2,795
Italy	157,815	78,510	79,305	15,405	8,050	7,355
Netherlands	47,400	23,910	23,490	18,225	9,365	8,855
Poland	96,000	43,155	52,845	15,115	6,965	8,145
Portugal	103,025	50,240	52,785	8,215	4,125	4,090
Romania	42,720	19,720	23,000	8,995	4,400	4,595
Russian Federation	42,980	18,540	24,440	10,920	4,700	6,215
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	23,695	11,610	12,085	4,480	2,225	2,260
Ukraine	39,945	18,150	21,795	7,500	3,520	3,980
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	264,125	125,730	138,390	123,810	60,975	62,835
Other places of birth in Europe	127,190	60,395	66,790	40,425	19,545	20,880
Africa	226,770	109,585	117,185	42,805	21,500	21,310
Algeria	2,925	1,480	1,450	485	310	175
Egypt	34,510	18,000	16,510	2,705	1,480	1,225
Ethiopia	15,570	7,230	8,340	2,070	1,015	1,060
Kenya	14,940	6,910	8,025	4,705	2,175	2,535
Morocco	5,485	2,690	2,795	985	535	455
Nigeria	20,630	10,285	10,345	1,740	925	815
Somalia	16,970	6,845	10,125	1,080	515	570
South Africa, Republic of	19,390	9,545	9,840	13,375	6,700	6,675
Other places of birth in Africa	96,355	46,610	49,745	15,645	7,840	7,800
Asia	1,869,805	886,570	983,240	788,055	359,835	428,220
Afghanistan	33,145	16,490	16,655	5,040	2,550	2,490
Bangladesh	39,410	19,970	19,440	2,125	1,080	1,040
China^{Census data footnote 59}	317,225	143,705	173,515	199,990	89,145	110,845
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	108,030	50,945	57,090	74,210	34,120	40,090
India	360,540	179,950	180,590	162,650	79,395	83,245
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	86,810	43,445	43,360	37,160	18,890	18,270
Iraq	50,390	25,280	25,115	5,550	2,855	2,690
Japan	8,145	2,550	5,585	13,365	3,840	9,520
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	57,085	26,660	30,425	41,515	18,870	22,645
Lebanon	34,545	18,145	16,405	2,235	1,290	950
Pakistan	142,265	71,925	70,345	10,665	5,470	5,190
Philippines	231,760	93,730	138,030	112,100	45,890	66,210
Sri Lanka	109,855	53,640	56,215	4,585	2,360	2,230
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	22,680	11,405	11,270	2,845	1,450	1,400
Taiwan	17,840	7,775	10,065	38,900	17,450	21,450
Viet Nam	80,525	36,545	43,985	27,875	12,970	14,905
Other places of birth in Asia	169,555	84,400	85,160	47,255	22,215	25,045
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	12,330	6,330	5,990	31,075	14,975	16,100
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	472,170	223,720	248,450	175,555	82,555	92,995
Americas	60,700	29,005	31,700	14,550	7,160	7,385
Brazil	3,180	1,505	1,675	1,145	525	615
Colombia	4,520	2,005	2,520	580	250	325
Cuba	1,950	910	1,045	140	60	80
Haiti	2,575	1,140	1,435	35	35	10
Jamaica	8,935	4,840	4,090	625	355	265
Mexico	5,670	2,745	2,925	2,885	1,420	1,460
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	14,635	7,225	7,405	6,485	3,290	3,190
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	2,460	1,120	1,340	270	115	155
Other places of birth in Americas	16,775	7,510	9,265	2,380	1,105	1,275
Europe	45,295	22,250	23,045	19,735	10,260	9,475
France	2,010	1,025	985	970	510	460
Germany	1,695	885	805	1,450	775	675
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	1,900	1,185	715	1,430	900	530
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	880	400	480	245	120	125
Romania	2,425	995	1,430	690	310	380
Russian Federation	4,905	1,790	3,115	1,735	620	1,110
Ukraine	4,455	2,005	2,445	1,230	495	735
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	7,780	4,515	3,265	6,540	3,840	2,695
Other places of birth in Europe	19,245	9,450	9,795	5,455	2,685	2,765
Africa	39,380	19,045	20,330	6,200	3,150	3,050
Algeria	415	180	240	65	40	20
Cameroon	1,390	640	750	65	25	35
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,835	845	990	150	80	75
Côte d'Ivoire	605	245	360	20	10	10
Egypt	8,220	4,290	3,935	625	340	290
Eritrea	2,055	1,010	1,045	320	175	145
Ethiopia	2,505	1,115	1,385	305	170	140
Morocco	655	275	375	205	115	95
Nigeria	5,910	2,895	3,015	645	325	315
Somalia	2,065	965	1,100	355	145	215
South Africa, Republic of	1,410	715	695	1,625	815	810
Tunisia	310	155	150	80	30	45
Other places of birth in Africa	12,010	5,715	6,295	1,745	890	860
Asia	324,820	152,205	172,615	131,880	60,140	71,735
Afghanistan	5,785	2,845	2,945	870	455	415
Bangladesh	8,180	4,055	4,125	470	230	245
China^{Census data footnote 59}	58,840	26,025	32,815	38,105	16,965	21,140
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	1,985	800	1,190	1,800	770	1,030
India	69,325	35,060	34,265	27,460	13,780	13,680
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	21,225	10,300	10,930	8,645	4,315	4,330
Iraq	14,645	7,315	7,330	1,910	940	965
Israel	2,050	1,085	970	365	205	160
Japan	1,385	370	1,015	2,285	570	1,715
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	6,320	2,855	3,470	8,025	3,430	4,595
Lebanon	3,230	1,685	1,545	265	155	110
Nepal	3,395	1,725	1,665	310	115	195
Pakistan	25,435	12,425	13,015	1,965	990	975
Philippines	53,190	21,740	31,450	26,680	11,615	15,065
Saudi Arabia	3,140	1,615	1,530	400	180	215
Sri Lanka	8,185	3,580	4,605	535	265	265
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	12,710	6,590	6,120	2,185	1,095	1,085
Taiwan	1,015	435	580	2,505	970	1,530
Turkey	2,590	1,440	1,145	395	220	170
United Arab Emirates	4,290	2,230	2,055	385	195	195
Viet Nam	3,885	1,520	2,365	1,780	685	1,090
Other places of birth in Asia	13,995	6,505	7,485	4,545	1,980	2,560
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	1,980	1,215	765	3,185	1,845	1,340
Australia	1,535	965	565	1,920	1,130	790
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	445	250	200	1,265	715	550
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	4,122,840	1,953,095	2,169,740	1,426,450	670,440	756,010
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	3,049,835	1,525,300	1,524,540	1,043,860	523,340	520,520
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	6,069,485	2,993,845	3,075,640	2,089,925	1,043,705	1,046,225
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	2,825,480	1,331,730	1,493,750	955,955	442,040	513,915
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	1,364,380	677,695	686,685	537,875	258,560	279,315
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	540,795	338,460	202,335	209,685	123,645	86,040
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	823,580	339,240	484,350	328,185	134,915	193,275
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	940,405	382,890	557,520	323,440	133,775	189,670
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	482,665	253,750	228,910	82,360	44,250	38,110
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	38,035	17,400	20,640	12,285	5,455	6,825
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	374,395	179,970	194,420	270,585	130,265	140,320
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	361,125	173,685	187,445	263,540	127,115	136,425
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	236,680	112,840	123,845	172,520	83,645	88,880
Métis	120,585	59,015	61,570	89,405	42,715	46,690
Inuk (Inuit)	3,860	1,835	2,030	1,610	760	855
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	5,730	2,680	3,045	4,350	2,090	2,260
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	7,540	3,615	3,930	2,695	1,060	1,635
Non-Aboriginal identity	12,867,765	6,292,265	6,575,500	4,289,655	2,107,225	2,182,430
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,925	4,560,240	2,237,485	2,322,750
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	170,895	81,560	89,335	135,835	65,560	70,280
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	13,071,265	6,390,680	6,680,585	4,424,400	2,171,930	2,252,470
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	112,875	54,840	58,035	91,710	45,690	46,020
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	111,575	54,180	57,395	90,390	45,100	45,295
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	97,430	47,130	50,305	79,875	39,685	40,190
Métis single ancestry	12,925	6,490	6,435	10,080	5,215	4,865
Inuit single ancestry	1,220	565	655	430	200	235
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	1,295	665	640	1,325	595	725
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	1,055	545	510	1,175	535	635
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	145	70	75	100	50	50
Métis and Inuit ancestries	65	25	40	45	10	45
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	30	20	10	0	0	0
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	405,425	192,320	213,100	211,100	100,835	110,260
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	395,205	187,695	207,510	201,895	96,650	105,245
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	276,920	130,810	146,110	130,020	62,170	67,850
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	113,785	54,830	58,955	70,180	33,595	36,585
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	4,500	2,050	2,450	1,700	890	815
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	10,215	4,620	5,590	9,200	4,185	5,015
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	9,305	4,205	5,100	8,865	4,050	4,810
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	595	290	305	165	75	90
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	300	125	170	125	35	90
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	15	0	10	45	20	20
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	12,723,865	6,225,080	6,498,785	4,257,430	2,090,960	2,166,465
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	3,885,585	1,878,075	2,007,505	1,381,235	658,260	722,975
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	1,150,415	582,010	568,400	365,705	183,650	182,055
Chinese	754,550	359,230	395,315	508,480	237,805	270,670
Black	627,715	296,270	331,445	43,500	22,455	21,045
Filipino	311,675	132,440	179,230	145,025	62,505	82,520
Latin American	195,950	93,645	102,310	44,115	20,600	23,515
Arab	210,435	109,585	100,850	19,840	10,865	8,980
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	133,855	63,255	70,605	54,920	25,975	28,950
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	154,670	77,385	77,280	48,695	24,880	23,810
Korean	88,935	42,445	46,495	60,495	27,915	32,580
Japanese	30,830	13,595	17,235	41,230	17,435	23,800
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	97,970	46,105	51,860	8,760	4,280	4,485
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	128,585	62,105	66,485	40,465	19,900	20,565
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	9,356,575	4,594,165	4,762,410	3,179,005	1,579,230	1,599,775
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750
North American Aboriginal origins	518,300	247,160	271,135	302,810	146,530	156,280
First Nations (North American Indian)	385,505	183,075	202,430	220,245	106,595	113,650
Inuit	6,870	3,150	3,720	2,615	1,280	1,340
Métis	137,485	66,245	71,235	90,515	43,460	47,050
Other North American origins	3,220,595	1,585,255	1,635,340	922,690	460,355	462,335
Acadian	16,580	8,135	8,450	3,940	1,960	1,980
American	140,165	67,480	72,690	78,170	37,765	40,405
Canadian	3,109,770	1,531,645	1,578,125	866,530	432,975	433,560
New Brunswicker	320	190	125	60	45	15
Newfoundlander	10,850	5,520	5,325	1,875	995	880
Nova Scotian	1,485	685	800	185	95	85
Ontarian	2,165	1,085	1,075	130	55	75
Québécois	5,390	2,730	2,665	1,830	945	880
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	675	375	300	405	175	230
European origins	8,151,470	3,978,900	4,172,570	2,857,080	1,408,510	1,448,575
British Isles origins	4,900,430	2,380,595	2,519,835	1,926,040	945,580	980,460
Channel Islander	1,120	530	590	455	230	220
Cornish	755	370	385	610	340	265
English	2,808,805	1,357,650	1,451,160	1,203,540	585,700	617,845
Irish	2,095,460	991,625	1,103,835	675,135	318,455	356,675
Manx	2,450	1,320	1,130	1,810	835	975
Scottish	2,107,295	1,016,260	1,091,030	860,775	417,080	443,700
Welsh	198,475	94,555	103,920	113,905	54,260	59,645
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	323,185	152,525	170,660	122,700	59,225	63,475
French origins	1,350,520	643,360	707,160	388,815	184,705	204,110
Alsatian	1,235	495	740	210	95	115
Breton	290	175	120	110	45	65
Corsican	205	125	85	105	40	65
French	1,349,255	642,790	706,470	388,580	184,595	203,980
Western European origins (except French origins)	1,766,975	864,010	902,970	839,860	411,165	428,695
Austrian	72,475	35,415	37,065	48,510	23,030	25,485
Bavarian	450	225	230	225	105	120
Belgian	57,890	28,460	29,430	19,980	9,615	10,360
Dutch	527,750	259,585	268,165	213,670	105,040	108,630
Flemish	4,005	2,005	1,995	2,215	1,145	1,075
Frisian	2,705	1,400	1,305	850	425	425
German	1,189,670	579,315	610,355	603,265	294,860	308,410
Luxembourger	915	500	415	695	340	355
Swiss	59,835	29,395	30,440	31,390	15,510	15,880
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	1,095	560	530	905	425	485
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	266,085	127,885	138,195	346,525	166,100	180,425
Danish	53,555	26,355	27,195	58,205	27,985	30,220
Finnish	76,755	36,955	39,800	34,150	16,285	17,870
Icelandic	13,215	6,325	6,895	26,410	12,860	13,545
Norwegian	59,335	28,350	30,980	138,430	66,870	71,565
Swedish	71,035	32,705	38,325	110,030	51,000	59,030
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	12,540	6,400	6,140	15,080	7,610	7,470
Eastern European origins	1,339,610	644,610	695,000	569,260	275,900	293,360
Bulgarian	16,750	8,230	8,525	4,015	1,875	2,140
Byelorussian	11,690	5,645	6,045	2,760	1,400	1,365
Czech	42,340	20,815	21,530	23,375	11,500	11,875
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	14,810	6,820	7,990	7,970	3,795	4,175
Estonian	15,075	7,255	7,825	4,840	2,250	2,590
Hungarian	163,500	79,850	83,655	56,535	27,450	29,090
Latvian	18,095	8,615	9,480	4,935	2,565	2,370
Lithuanian	35,100	16,965	18,135	7,225	3,465	3,755
Moldovan	3,905	1,910	1,995	1,085	510	580
Polish	523,490	251,575	271,910	149,635	71,605	78,030
Romanian	98,235	46,825	51,410	31,250	15,125	16,125
Russian	220,850	103,650	117,200	131,060	62,880	68,180
Slovak	40,535	19,645	20,885	11,220	5,440	5,780
Ukrainian	376,440	181,725	194,715	229,205	111,285	117,915
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	10,330	4,940	5,390	3,555	1,645	1,915
Southern European origins	1,772,160	880,335	891,830	334,740	164,780	169,960
Albanian	25,980	13,085	12,895	1,925	975	950
Bosnian	14,680	7,255	7,425	3,290	1,635	1,655
Catalan	285	180	110	120	85	30
Croatian	82,220	41,350	40,875	23,845	12,180	11,660
Cypriot	4,400	2,170	2,230	440	230	205
Greek	148,555	74,830	73,720	24,460	12,410	12,050
Italian	931,805	467,100	464,705	166,095	83,095	83,000
Kosovar	1,305	655	650	280	135	145
Macedonian	39,440	19,820	19,625	1,205	620	580
Maltese	35,255	17,525	17,730	2,645	1,350	1,295
Montenegrin	2,545	1,295	1,250	710	360	350
Portuguese	324,930	160,970	163,960	41,770	20,620	21,145
Serbian	66,835	34,035	32,800	12,895	6,625	6,270
Sicilian	4,190	2,090	2,100	545	295	255
Slovenian	26,485	13,215	13,275	5,555	2,725	2,825
Spanish	171,145	78,880	92,265	64,470	29,245	35,225
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	20,245	9,785	10,460	7,080	3,360	3,725
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	965	425	540	395	200	195
Other European origins	105,865	53,050	52,820	34,700	17,800	16,900
Basque	1,585	805	780	840	470	375
Jewish	77,280	38,860	38,425	17,580	8,950	8,635
Roma (Gypsy)	2,295	1,050	1,245	805	320	485
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	2,065	1,110	955	965	520	450
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	23,290	11,540	11,750	14,715	7,635	7,080
Caribbean origins	462,600	213,660	248,940	25,010	12,350	12,660
Antiguan	3,275	1,480	1,800	220	115	105
Bahamian	2,305	1,190	1,115	255	140	110
Barbadian	26,625	12,375	14,250	1,870	945	930
Bermudan	2,010	925	1,085	335	155	175
Carib	2,295	855	1,440	70	50	25
Cuban	14,490	6,625	7,865	1,320	615	700
Dominican	9,180	4,420	4,760	735	330	410
Grenadian	14,690	6,420	8,275	380	195	185
Guadeloupean	70	20	50	15	0	15
Haitian	17,715	8,085	9,630	1,140	530	615
Jamaican	257,060	119,100	137,955	10,545	5,425	5,120
Kittitian/Nevisian	2,260	1,090	1,175	130	70	55
Martinican	195	65	125	25	0	20
Montserratan	620	300	325	25	15	10
Puerto Rican	1,495	755	740	570	260	310
St. Lucian	7,170	3,195	3,985	190	85	110
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	59,560	27,850	31,710	4,170	2,085	2,085
Vincentian/Grenadinian	12,155	5,250	6,905	415	180	230
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	56,865	25,380	31,480	2,120	930	1,190
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	16,970	7,770	9,195	1,920	945	975
Latin, Central and South American origins	322,210	153,045	169,165	69,920	33,580	36,335
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	10,795	5,040	5,750	2,625	1,350	1,275
Arawak	1,055	470	585	90	45	45
Argentinian	11,460	5,620	5,840	2,025	910	1,120
Belizean	810	395	415	125	60	65
Bolivian	1,885	935	955	375	145	230
Brazilian	18,395	8,760	9,635	5,455	2,465	2,990
Chilean	14,625	7,015	7,610	5,700	2,740	2,955
Colombian	40,820	19,345	21,480	5,860	2,805	3,055
Costa Rican	2,790	1,380	1,410	810	385	425
Ecuadorian	20,385	9,650	10,735	1,040	490	550
Guatemalan	10,040	4,870	5,170	2,575	1,310	1,265
Guyanese	73,360	34,050	39,315	1,925	995	935
Hispanic	5,805	2,790	3,015	1,535	720	810
Honduran	3,360	1,590	1,765	1,445	750	695
Maya	2,500	1,285	1,215	930	475	455
Mexican	43,120	20,735	22,380	23,055	11,025	12,035
Nicaraguan	7,100	3,440	3,665	1,520	735	785
Panamanian	2,475	1,125	1,355	325	140	185
Paraguayan	600	280	320	895	475	420
Peruvian	14,780	6,985	7,800	3,905	1,775	2,135
Salvadorean	27,595	13,530	14,070	6,815	3,390	3,425
Uruguayan	4,200	2,150	2,050	410	205	205
Venezuelan	11,750	5,320	6,430	1,900	915	980
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	14,095	6,745	7,350	3,310	1,605	1,705
African origins	414,095	203,260	210,835	59,985	30,635	29,345
Central and West African origins	85,735	42,745	42,990	7,075	3,810	3,265
Akan	965	540	425	40	30	10
Angolan	1,635	815	820	90	55	35
Ashanti	1,205	620	585	85	30	50
Beninese	555	280	270	35	20	15
Burkinabe	415	190	225	45	30	15
Cameroonian	4,700	2,330	2,370	150	85	70
Chadian	645	320	325	70	50	25
Congolese	10,425	4,960	5,460	810	405	400
Edo	1,025	545	480	85	55	30
Ewe	180	95	80	55	25	30
Gabonese	170	80	90	10	0	10
Gambian	630	305	330	25	10	15
Ghanaian	24,850	12,060	12,790	1,600	865	730
Guinean	1,105	550	560	130	45	80
Ibo	1,940	1,035	905	280	160	115
Ivorian	1,350	600	745	100	55	50
Liberian	770	365	405	250	95	150
Malian	490	250	240	80	55	25
Malinké	345	160	185	10	0	0
Nigerian	26,560	13,620	12,940	2,615	1,430	1,185
Peulh	135	80	55	20	0	15
Senegalese	1,000	500	495	95	75	25
Sierra Leonean	1,175	585	585	130	60	65
Togolese	670	370	300	100	70	40
Wolof	80	45	35	0	0	0
Yoruba	4,055	2,155	1,900	255	135	125
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	4,745	2,340	2,410	620	305	315
North African origins	86,665	44,970	41,695	9,840	5,210	4,630
Algerian	4,065	2,035	2,030	770	465	305
Berber	1,845	985	860	210	130	80
Coptic	2,305	1,185	1,120	150	90	65
Dinka	205	110	95	45	25	15
Egyptian	52,845	27,465	25,375	4,520	2,340	2,180
Libyan	3,785	2,015	1,760	420	275	140
Maure	290	160	125	150	60	90
Moroccan	12,305	6,310	6,000	2,005	1,105	895
Sudanese	8,975	4,600	4,375	1,225	535	695
Tunisian	2,295	1,210	1,085	500	290	215
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	1,755	920	830	215	115	105
Southern and East African origins	128,910	61,680	67,230	24,800	12,345	12,450
Afrikaner	560	285	275	705	355	355
Amhara	720	360	360	115	60	50
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	870	455	415	255	140	120
Burundian	3,105	1,465	1,640	215	95	120
Djiboutian	1,035	460	575	0	0	0
Eritrean	11,870	5,740	6,125	1,055	550	505
Ethiopian	22,560	10,755	11,800	2,550	1,280	1,270
Harari	475	255	215	0	0	0
Kenyan	5,860	2,780	3,080	1,615	775	845
Malagasy	430	200	230	105	65	40
Mauritian	3,600	1,830	1,770	975	520	450
Oromo	1,290	610	685	140	75	65
Rwandan	3,215	1,380	1,830	420	225	195
Seychellois	350	140	205	25	15	15
Somali	40,995	19,200	21,795	2,295	1,115	1,180
South African	19,760	9,790	9,970	11,060	5,510	5,550
Tanzanian	2,610	1,300	1,315	490	220	275
Tigrian	770	395	375	205	110	95
Ugandan	2,950	1,445	1,505	775	390	380
Zambian	805	410	395	210	95	110
Zimbabwean	3,425	1,595	1,830	855	445	405
Zulu	440	225	215	75	25	45
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	8,475	3,900	4,570	1,840	910	930
Other African origins	119,670	57,245	62,420	19,215	9,745	9,465
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	17,380	7,720	9,660	2,660	1,315	1,340
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	103,560	50,150	53,410	16,740	8,515	8,225
Asian origins	3,100,450	1,506,795	1,593,655	1,312,445	624,270	688,175
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	523,340	265,615	257,730	99,560	51,315	48,245
Afghan	54,535	27,255	27,280	7,895	4,005	3,885
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	44,705	23,345	21,360	5,660	3,125	2,540
Armenian	29,675	14,570	15,105	3,715	1,905	1,815
Assyrian	12,075	6,140	5,935	545	295	250
Azerbaijani	4,105	1,995	2,110	990	570	425
Georgian	2,815	1,415	1,395	740	380	355
Hazara	680	390	290	55	30	20
Iranian	117,065	58,995	58,065	47,985	24,290	23,695
Iraqi	50,460	25,420	25,035	5,575	2,860	2,715
Israeli	17,080	8,890	8,185	2,655	1,370	1,285
Jordanian	9,660	5,110	4,545	785	425	355
Kazakh	1,325	610	715	385	205	175
Kurd	9,210	4,880	4,330	2,120	1,165	950
Kuwaiti	1,510	795	715	125	85	40
Kyrgyz	340	130	210	175	90	85
Lebanese	86,245	43,700	42,545	7,980	4,175	3,805
Palestinian	28,480	15,215	13,270	2,625	1,410	1,210
Pashtun	3,010	1,635	1,375	360	200	160
Saudi Arabian	3,660	1,975	1,685	975	615	360
Syrian	31,440	15,570	15,870	3,955	1,905	2,055
Tajik	1,850	880	970	260	135	125
Tatar	2,135	930	1,205	790	365	425
Turk	34,165	17,340	16,825	6,355	3,485	2,865
Turkmen	695	345	355	120	70	55
Uighur	755	385	375	130	65	60
Uzbek	2,400	1,155	1,240	270	150	120
Yemeni	4,225	2,065	2,155	300	185	115
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	16,270	8,395	7,875	2,635	1,340	1,295
South Asian origins	1,182,845	595,480	587,370	363,885	182,650	181,235
Bangladeshi	29,195	14,965	14,230	1,840	925	920
Bengali	15,235	7,795	7,445	850	405	445
Bhutanese	1,450	710	735	120	65	55
East Indian	774,500	390,015	384,480	309,315	154,795	154,520
Goan	4,775	2,245	2,525	485	245	240
Gujarati	5,915	3,055	2,860	700	335	365
Kashmiri	1,795	900	895	185	100	85
Nepali	8,150	4,070	4,080	1,495	690	805
Pakistani	149,060	75,860	73,200	12,585	6,565	6,015
Punjabi	55,455	28,580	26,875	38,725	19,700	19,025
Sinhalese	5,195	2,545	2,645	620	325	300
Sri Lankan	124,270	60,685	63,585	5,710	2,970	2,740
Tamil	42,760	21,705	21,050	1,235	670	560
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	58,705	29,705	29,005	8,245	4,070	4,170
East and Southeast Asian origins	1,422,890	659,650	763,245	855,345	393,475	461,875
Burmese	4,420	2,105	2,315	2,310	1,135	1,175
Cambodian (Khmer)	14,655	6,810	7,845	3,235	1,580	1,655
Chinese	849,345	403,280	446,065	540,155	253,065	287,090
Filipino	337,760	144,830	192,930	158,215	68,710	89,505
Hmong	650	340	305	130	70	60
Indonesian	9,325	4,305	5,025	6,625	3,115	3,510
Japanese	41,620	18,530	23,090	51,150	22,200	28,945
Karen	1,645	830	815	895	450	445
Korean	93,420	44,585	48,835	63,300	29,330	33,975
Laotian	9,875	4,865	5,015	2,530	1,275	1,255
Malaysian	7,310	3,370	3,935	5,060	2,260	2,800
Mongolian	2,940	1,390	1,545	1,495	740	760
Singaporean	1,260	565	700	1,055	490	560
Taiwanese	10,060	4,595	5,465	21,455	9,810	11,650
Thai	6,865	2,725	4,135	5,065	1,870	3,195
Tibetan	6,365	3,175	3,185	550	290	260
Vietnamese	107,640	51,350	56,290	41,435	20,205	21,230
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	4,375	2,165	2,210	785	310	470
Other Asian origins	13,430	6,575	6,855	2,500	1,250	1,250
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	13,430	6,575	6,855	2,500	1,250	1,255
Oceania origins	20,680	10,435	10,240	41,125	20,605	20,520
Australian	13,315	6,780	6,530	16,240	8,385	7,855
New Zealander	4,250	2,255	2,000	6,565	3,405	3,155
Pacific Islands origins	3,490	1,625	1,860	19,135	9,240	9,890
Fijian	1,610	665	945	14,145	6,895	7,250
Hawaiian	470	235	240	2,200	970	1,235
Maori	485	255	230	1,120	595	530
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	275	115	165	600	275	325
Samoan	225	140	85	485	255	230
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	555	265	290	905	440	465
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	5,169,175	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
Owner	3,601,825	...	...	1,279,020	...	...
Renter	1,559,720	...	...	599,360	...	...
Band housing	7,635	...	...	3,590	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	5,169,170	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
Condominium	680,495	...	...	416,770	...	...
Not condominium	4,488,680	...	...	1,465,200	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	5,169,175	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
No bedrooms	33,950	...	...	22,705	...	...
1 bedroom	699,980	...	...	311,035	...	...
2 bedrooms	1,122,145	...	...	514,015	...	...
3 bedrooms	1,876,905	...	...	513,135	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	1,436,185	...	...	521,075	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	5,169,170	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	1,369,660	...	...	642,910	...	...
5 rooms	718,020	...	...	274,780	...	...
6 rooms	770,730	...	...	235,845	...	...
7 rooms	713,595	...	...	199,715	...	...
8 or more rooms	1,597,165	...	...	528,720	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	5,169,175	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
One person or fewer per room	5,046,810	...	...	1,839,850	...	...
More than 1 person per room	122,360	...	...	42,120	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	5,169,175	...	...	1,881,965	...	...
Suitable	4,858,170	...	...	1,781,905	...	...
Not suitable	311,005	...	...	100,060	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	5,169,175	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
1960 or before	1,293,135	...	...	267,560	...	...
1961 to 1980	1,449,585	...	...	559,485	...	...
1981 to 1990	709,135	...	...	289,565	...	...
1991 to 2000	622,565	...	...	331,865	...	...
2001 to 2005	396,130	...	...	125,335	...	...
2006 to 2010	368,235	...	...	171,945	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	330,390	...	...	136,210	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	5,169,175	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	4,851,335	...	...	1,763,105	...	...
Major repairs needed	317,840	...	...	118,865	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	5,169,170	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
1 household maintainer	2,962,065	...	...	1,091,500	...	...
2 household maintainers	2,059,710	...	...	725,675	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	147,400	...	...	64,790	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	5,169,175	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
15 to 24 years	135,835	...	...	58,620	...	...
25 to 34 years	681,685	...	...	253,950	...	...
35 to 44 years	880,070	...	...	304,185	...	...
45 to 54 years	1,113,885	...	...	378,545	...	...
55 to 64 years	1,047,185	...	...	390,185	...	...
65 to 74 years	738,445	...	...	288,165	...	...
75 to 84 years	414,210	...	...	152,225	...	...
85 years and over	157,860	...	...	56,085	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	5,106,290	...	...	1,832,420	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	3,694,385	...	...	1,320,210	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	1,411,900	...	...	512,210	...	...
30% to less than 100%	1,208,010	...	...	420,705	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	3,557,485	...	...	1,242,600	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	61.0	...	...	58.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	19.8	...	...	20.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,299	...	...	1,149	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,463	...	...	1,387	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	400,496	...	...	500,874	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	506,409	...	...	720,689	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,554,940	...	...	592,825	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	15.0	...	...	12.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	45.7	...	...	43.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,045	...	...	1,036	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,109	...	...	1,149	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,605
No certificate, diploma or degree	1,935,355	961,690	973,670	601,640	305,320	296,315
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	3,026,100	1,485,320	1,540,770	1,138,565	549,580	588,985
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	6,076,985	2,895,745	3,181,235	2,130,175	1,027,870	1,102,310
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	664,180	471,055	193,120	338,980	250,270	88,720
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	324,370	199,510	124,855	142,935	83,055	59,880
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	339,810	271,545	68,260	196,045	167,210	28,840
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	2,298,715	981,785	1,316,930	700,945	280,300	420,645
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	242,005	107,065	134,945	138,010	54,420	83,585
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	2,872,085	1,335,845	1,536,250	952,240	442,880	509,360
Bachelor's degree	1,911,530	854,135	1,057,395	622,670	281,020	341,655
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	189,370	83,670	105,695	69,005	28,575	40,430
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	79,760	42,295	37,460	29,110	16,690	12,420
Master's degree	593,645	294,180	299,470	195,825	94,360	101,465
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	97,790	61,560	36,230	35,625	22,240	13,390
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	7,229,120	3,498,620	3,730,495	2,532,975	1,227,040	1,305,940
No certificate, diploma or degree	752,995	404,770	348,225	244,000	134,410	109,585
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	1,768,955	895,020	873,935	671,010	330,835	340,175
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	4,707,165	2,198,830	2,508,335	1,617,965	761,790	856,175
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	446,390	315,975	130,420	231,445	172,290	59,155
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	218,980	134,685	84,295	97,350	56,920	40,435
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	227,410	181,290	46,120	134,095	115,370	18,725
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	1,782,530	762,505	1,020,030	528,805	210,880	317,925
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	170,925	75,935	94,995	99,695	39,205	60,490
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	2,307,320	1,044,420	1,262,895	758,015	339,415	418,605
Bachelor's degree	1,519,850	668,450	851,400	497,845	219,005	278,840
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	148,960	62,370	86,590	52,955	20,995	31,965
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	63,790	30,895	32,895	22,440	11,665	10,775
Master's degree	500,415	239,160	261,255	159,740	73,335	86,405
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	74,310	43,545	30,765	25,030	14,420	10,615
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685	3,870,380	1,882,770	1,987,610
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	4,961,455	2,447,010	2,514,445	1,740,205	854,900	885,300
Education	349,745	79,245	270,505	144,100	34,915	109,185
13. Education	349,750	79,245	270,505	144,100	34,910	109,185
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	246,075	109,955	136,120	98,735	44,465	54,275
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	38,745	28,735	10,010	16,970	12,880	4,090
50. Visual and performing arts	207,325	81,220	126,110	81,765	31,580	50,185
Humanities	359,560	133,350	226,210	124,600	49,025	75,575
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	37,900	8,170	29,730	15,235	3,675	11,555
23. English language and literature/letters	98,440	28,290	70,145	34,710	10,845	23,865
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	95,345	32,940	62,410	35,720	13,670	22,050
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	2,165	805	1,365	585	210	375
38. Philosophy and religious studies	24,255	13,425	10,830	6,710	4,050	2,660
39. Theology and religious vocations	28,175	17,120	11,055	12,275	7,400	4,880
54. History	57,295	30,015	27,280	15,780	8,475	7,300
55. French language and literature/letters	15,990	2,590	13,400	3,580	705	2,880
Social and behavioural sciences and law	810,410	269,735	540,670	245,990	87,960	158,025
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	10,765	2,210	8,560	4,120	1,060	3,060
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	81,500	31,825	49,675	23,180	8,505	14,680
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	141,750	11,775	129,975	38,070	3,285	34,785
22. Legal professions and studies	128,860	45,275	83,590	38,505	13,545	24,955
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	16,210	3,400	12,815	4,325	1,345	2,985
42. Psychology	122,545	29,640	92,905	43,230	12,480	30,750
45. Social sciences	308,775	145,620	163,155	94,560	47,755	46,810
Business, management and public administration	1,279,665	527,085	752,580	426,460	166,470	259,990
30.16 Accounting and computer science	2,725	895	1,830	775	215	560
44. Public administration and social service professions	108,935	21,405	87,530	26,520	5,960	20,565
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	1,168,005	504,780	663,225	399,160	160,295	238,865
Physical and life sciences and technologies	253,905	124,050	129,850	86,425	46,070	40,355
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	110,950	45,120	65,835	36,760	16,800	19,960
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	54,745	24,800	29,945	19,025	9,400	9,620
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	3,830	1,190	2,640	835	225	610
40. Physical sciences	72,355	48,145	24,205	26,370	18,395	7,975
41. Science technologies/technicians	12,025	4,795	7,235	3,440	1,255	2,185
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	290,045	185,310	104,730	80,070	51,490	28,575
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	220,550	150,765	69,790	62,795	43,900	18,890
25. Library science	15,220	2,450	12,770	5,560	755	4,805
27. Mathematics and statistics	49,025	28,515	20,515	10,875	6,295	4,580
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	5,235	3,580	1,655	835	540	300
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	1,173,030	1,055,050	117,985	427,670	388,335	39,340
04. Architecture and related services	51,845	34,590	17,265	15,490	9,985	5,505
14. Engineering	334,085	271,010	63,070	98,455	81,055	17,395
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	237,775	214,500	23,275	68,500	60,490	8,010
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	160	30	125	90	25	65
46. Construction trades	198,790	194,555	4,235	100,765	97,615	3,150
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	225,860	220,545	5,315	97,720	94,520	3,200
48. Precision production	124,515	119,820	4,695	46,660	44,650	2,015
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	106,895	67,015	39,880	50,210	31,680	18,525
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	66,035	41,790	24,240	24,950	13,670	11,275
03. Natural resources and conservation	40,860	25,230	15,635	25,260	18,010	7,250
Health and related fields	865,970	173,780	692,185	322,715	65,735	256,975
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	75,715	37,005	38,705	23,740	11,920	11,820
51. Health professions and related programs	767,680	124,280	643,400	290,645	48,985	241,655
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	22,575	12,490	10,075	8,330	4,835	3,495
Personal, protective and transportation services	340,285	170,915	169,375	122,855	61,605	61,250
12. Personal and culinary services	183,925	49,390	134,535	79,740	24,860	54,885
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	2,135	1,815	320	320	290	30
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	2,610	2,385	225	1,235	1,120	115
43. Security and protective services	98,325	68,625	29,695	13,935	10,390	3,545
49. Transportation and materials moving	53,290	48,695	4,595	27,620	24,945	2,680
Other	1,405	260	1,145	355	115	240
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	1,405	255	1,145	350	115	240
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	7,229,120	3,498,625	3,730,500	2,532,980	1,227,040	1,305,935
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	2,521,950	1,299,790	1,222,160	915,015	465,250	449,765
Education	243,635	52,670	190,965	96,005	21,035	74,970
13. Education	243,635	52,670	190,965	96,010	21,035	74,975
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	192,630	85,175	107,450	77,655	34,430	43,225
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	28,705	21,070	7,635	12,710	9,580	3,130
50. Visual and performing arts	163,925	64,105	99,815	64,940	24,845	40,090
Humanities	266,665	95,805	170,855	93,605	35,490	58,115
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	29,210	5,775	23,435	11,710	2,510	9,195
23. English language and literature/letters	73,110	20,225	52,885	25,665	7,810	17,850
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	72,145	24,330	47,815	28,260	10,505	17,750
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	1,665	615	1,045	425	170	255
38. Philosophy and religious studies	17,755	9,925	7,830	4,970	2,960	2,010
39. Theology and religious vocations	19,390	11,790	7,605	8,330	4,945	3,385
54. History	42,315	21,735	20,585	11,805	6,140	5,665
55. French language and literature/letters	11,075	1,415	9,655	2,445	455	2,000
Social and behavioural sciences and law	648,285	207,200	441,085	196,450	67,000	129,450
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	8,630	1,785	6,845	3,460	845	2,615
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	67,115	26,015	41,105	19,685	6,940	12,750
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	111,550	8,405	103,145	29,855	2,505	27,350
22. Legal professions and studies	108,895	34,250	74,650	31,190	9,665	21,525
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	12,875	2,705	10,170	3,540	1,110	2,425
42. Psychology	93,770	21,045	72,725	33,055	8,845	24,210
45. Social sciences	245,445	113,000	132,445	75,665	37,095	38,575
Business, management and public administration	1,026,975	414,425	612,550	335,220	128,975	206,245
30.16 Accounting and computer science	2,225	715	1,510	540	170	365
44. Public administration and social service professions	88,130	16,590	71,540	20,695	4,240	16,455
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	936,620	397,120	539,500	313,985	124,565	189,425
Physical and life sciences and technologies	190,235	88,535	101,700	63,705	32,325	31,385
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	84,580	33,150	51,425	28,505	12,595	15,915
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	41,255	18,020	23,240	13,825	6,570	7,260
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	3,135	975	2,165	645	160	485
40. Physical sciences	52,490	33,175	19,310	18,525	12,250	6,270
41. Science technologies/technicians	8,775	3,215	5,555	2,210	750	1,460
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	252,275	162,360	89,915	68,660	44,820	23,840
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	198,775	136,120	62,655	56,390	39,660	16,725
25. Library science	10,755	1,765	8,995	3,830	545	3,290
27. Mathematics and statistics	38,160	21,440	16,720	7,760	4,185	3,570
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	4,580	3,030	1,550	680	430	250
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	878,300	779,075	99,225	310,855	277,375	33,475
04. Architecture and related services	42,115	27,365	14,745	12,110	7,240	4,875
14. Engineering	266,040	211,240	54,800	76,935	61,380	15,560
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	178,830	160,160	18,675	48,690	42,285	6,405
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	140	25	115	65	20	45
46. Construction trades	141,515	138,160	3,360	72,800	70,225	2,570
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	162,855	158,770	4,080	69,025	66,545	2,480
48. Precision production	86,805	83,355	3,450	31,225	29,690	1,535
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	82,775	49,710	33,065	39,360	23,810	15,555
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	50,160	30,065	20,095	18,965	9,875	9,090
03. Natural resources and conservation	32,615	19,650	12,965	20,395	13,930	6,470
Health and related fields	664,880	133,665	531,220	244,975	50,520	194,460
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	58,160	27,950	30,205	18,900	9,380	9,520
51. Health professions and related programs	589,085	96,720	492,365	219,800	37,800	182,000
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	17,640	8,990	8,645	6,285	3,340	2,940
Personal, protective and transportation services	259,400	129,985	129,415	91,185	45,925	45,265
12. Personal and culinary services	137,250	36,225	101,030	58,820	18,880	39,945
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	1,685	1,405	280	195	165	30
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	1,415	1,270	145	570	505	65
43. Security and protective services	77,190	52,840	24,345	11,175	8,110	3,060
49. Transportation and materials moving	41,855	38,245	3,610	20,430	18,265	2,165
Other	1,125	220	900	275	85	185
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	1,125	225	900	270	85	185
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685	3,870,380	1,882,770	1,987,610
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	4,961,460	2,447,010	2,514,445	1,740,205	854,900	885,300
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	6,076,985	2,895,745	3,181,240	2,130,175	1,027,870	1,102,305
Location of study inside Canada	4,786,950	2,261,260	2,525,690	1,625,550	785,340	840,205
Same as province or territory of residence	4,414,485	2,081,525	2,332,960	1,243,905	593,275	650,635
Different than province or territory of residence	372,470	179,735	192,730	381,645	192,070	189,575
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	1,290,035	634,485	655,545	504,630	242,530	262,100
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	167,260	89,350	77,910	74,030	40,425	33,610
Philippines	115,410	39,750	75,655	56,845	20,455	36,395
India	169,340	85,500	83,840	44,115	22,045	22,065
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	115,690	66,215	49,470	58,825	31,920	26,910
China^{Census data footnote 162}	98,415	46,230	52,185	61,840	27,630	34,210
France	10,775	5,800	4,975	4,385	2,360	2,025
Other	613,145	301,635	311,510	204,580	97,700	106,885
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	7,229,120	3,498,620	3,730,500	2,532,975	1,227,040	1,305,935
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,521,955	1,299,795	1,222,160	915,015	465,250	449,765
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	4,707,170	2,198,830	2,508,335	1,617,960	761,790	856,170
Location of study inside Canada	3,713,145	1,728,610	1,984,540	1,239,640	589,155	650,490
Same as province or territory of residence	3,432,015	1,593,170	1,838,850	970,485	454,780	515,700
Different than province or territory of residence	281,130	135,440	145,690	269,155	134,375	134,785
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	994,025	470,225	523,800	378,325	172,640	205,685
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	127,005	65,045	61,960	50,095	26,175	23,920
Philippines	97,230	32,925	64,300	48,935	17,385	31,555
India	143,205	70,040	73,175	36,800	17,455	19,345
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	62,325	34,315	28,010	32,890	17,360	15,530
China^{Census data footnote 162}	82,020	37,900	44,125	53,570	23,445	30,125
France	8,705	4,630	4,070	3,505	1,885	1,615
Other	473,530	225,365	248,160	152,530	68,935	83,595
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,680	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,610
In the labour force	7,141,675	3,689,625	3,452,055	2,471,665	1,285,835	1,185,830
Employed	6,612,150	3,414,255	3,197,895	2,305,690	1,194,455	1,111,240
Unemployed	529,525	275,370	254,160	165,975	91,385	74,590
Not in the labour force	3,896,765	1,653,130	2,243,630	1,398,710	596,935	801,775
Participation rate	64.7	69.1	60.6	63.9	68.3	59.7
Employment rate	59.9	63.9	56.1	59.6	63.4	55.9
Unemployment rate	7.4	7.5	7.4	6.7	7.1	6.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,605
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	3,696,235	1,561,475	2,134,755	1,290,235	547,350	742,885
Worked	7,342,205	3,781,280	3,560,925	2,580,140	1,335,420	1,244,720
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	3,837,565	2,148,635	1,688,935	1,183,405	675,950	507,460
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	3,504,645	1,632,645	1,871,995	1,396,735	659,470	737,260
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.9	43.4	42.3	41.8	42.4	41.1
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	7,141,675	3,689,625	3,452,055	2,471,670	1,285,840	1,185,835
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	171,050	81,735	89,315	43,805	21,245	22,555
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	6,970,625	3,607,890	3,362,735	2,427,860	1,264,585	1,163,275
Employee	6,146,035	3,084,740	3,061,295	2,084,470	1,054,630	1,029,840
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	824,595	523,145	301,445	343,395	209,955	133,430
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	7,141,675	3,689,625	3,452,050	2,471,665	1,285,835	1,185,830
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	171,045	81,735	89,315	43,805	21,245	22,560
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	6,970,625	3,607,890	3,362,735	2,427,860	1,264,585	1,163,270
0 Management occupations	790,880	483,240	307,635	275,000	168,820	106,180
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	1,124,770	357,215	767,555	368,940	106,205	262,740
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	516,110	399,195	116,915	161,520	127,060	34,460
3 Health occupations	447,045	90,495	356,550	162,865	35,775	127,095
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	831,340	265,075	566,265	269,255	87,765	181,485
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	225,720	104,445	121,275	93,100	44,855	48,245
6 Sales and service occupations	1,632,085	709,375	922,710	595,225	251,490	343,735
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	927,820	866,870	60,950	360,970	339,660	21,315
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	113,405	88,150	25,260	64,235	47,530	16,700
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	361,455	243,835	117,620	76,745	55,430	21,315
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	7,141,675	3,689,625	3,452,050	2,471,665	1,285,835	1,185,830
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	171,050	81,730	89,315	43,805	21,250	22,555
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	6,970,625	3,607,890	3,362,735	2,427,865	1,264,590	1,163,270
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	102,070	67,005	35,070	65,205	42,840	22,360
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	32,340	27,920	4,415	25,920	21,810	4,115
22 Utilities	50,820	38,195	12,630	12,445	8,915	3,535
23 Construction	476,835	419,600	57,230	199,985	175,195	24,790
31-33 Manufacturing	683,335	482,800	200,530	157,560	113,945	43,615
41 Wholesale trade	270,745	178,945	91,800	82,105	55,530	26,580
44-45 Retail trade	783,540	367,175	416,365	283,135	129,985	153,150
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	329,240	242,045	87,190	128,400	98,580	29,815
51 Information and cultural industries	176,715	101,045	75,670	67,225	41,065	26,155
52 Finance and insurance	380,765	169,590	211,180	93,805	38,430	55,380
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	144,275	77,385	66,890	54,995	29,515	25,475
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	567,825	316,685	251,140	196,670	107,680	88,990
55 Management of companies and enterprises	12,365	5,290	7,075	4,320	1,975	2,345
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	338,640	190,210	148,430	109,095	62,325	46,775
61 Educational services	528,470	163,680	364,795	173,820	56,455	117,365
62 Health care and social assistance	754,555	134,270	620,275	270,855	52,320	218,530
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	147,425	75,330	72,095	57,940	29,050	28,895
72 Accommodation and food services	478,070	201,260	276,805	207,045	86,555	120,490
81 Other services (except public administration)	296,960	133,220	163,745	112,335	47,960	64,375
91 Public administration	415,635	216,250	199,385	125,000	64,450	60,545
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	6,612,150	3,414,255	3,197,900	2,305,690	1,194,455	1,111,240
Worked at home	480,290	242,495	237,795	196,510	95,515	100,990
Worked outside Canada	39,145	25,995	13,150	16,040	11,285	4,760
No fixed workplace address	736,715	536,140	200,570	326,180	243,130	83,050
Worked at usual place	5,355,995	2,609,620	2,746,375	1,766,965	844,520	922,440
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	5,356,000	2,609,625	2,746,375	1,766,965	844,520	922,440
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	3,109,070	1,418,260	1,690,810	864,410	382,105	482,305
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	857,565	419,960	437,605	807,840	405,435	402,400
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	1,350,375	749,770	600,605	81,750	47,820	33,930
Commute to a different province or territory	38,990	21,630	17,355	12,965	9,160	3,805
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	6,092,710	3,145,765	2,946,945	2,093,145	1,087,655	1,005,490
Car, truck, van - as a driver	4,375,215	2,392,270	1,982,945	1,475,585	803,485	672,095
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	372,480	151,880	220,600	114,580	49,075	65,500
Public transit	888,920	376,690	512,235	274,205	117,830	156,375
Walked	320,015	143,885	176,130	142,310	62,395	79,920
Bicycle	75,460	50,200	25,260	51,350	32,665	18,680
Other method	60,620	30,835	29,785	35,115	22,195	12,915
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	6,092,715	3,145,765	2,946,950	2,093,140	1,087,650	1,005,490
Less than 15 minutes	1,463,845	675,540	788,310	601,950	276,005	325,950
15 to 29 minutes	1,964,690	991,525	973,165	689,520	353,590	335,925
30 to 44 minutes	1,295,375	706,155	589,225	425,680	237,995	187,685
45 to 59 minutes	612,415	336,090	276,325	184,690	104,220	80,465
60 minutes and over	756,385	436,455	319,930	191,305	115,840	75,470
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	6,092,715	3,145,765	2,946,950	2,093,140	1,087,650	1,005,490
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	413,515	296,265	117,245	142,370	101,315	41,050
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	1,039,255	640,810	398,445	342,500	214,795	127,700
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	1,571,230	778,100	793,130	526,485	271,110	255,375
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	1,354,870	577,565	777,310	470,210	202,910	267,295
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	740,330	328,410	411,920	292,185	125,470	166,715
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	973,515	524,620	448,895	319,400	172,045	147,355
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	7,579,085	3,895,880	3,683,200	2,670,700	1,378,580	1,292,120
Single responses	7,434,675	3,828,665	3,606,015	2,622,495	1,354,780	1,267,710
Official languages	7,319,360	3,767,405	3,551,955	2,537,990	1,309,980	1,228,015
English	7,225,210	3,732,550	3,492,655	2,531,850	1,308,325	1,223,530
French	94,145	34,850	59,295	6,140	1,660	4,485
Non-official languages	115,320	61,255	54,060	84,500	44,805	39,705
Aboriginal languages	1,485	765	715	260	75	180
Algonquian languages	1,420	745	675	15	0	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	10
Cree-Montagnais languages	370	220	150	10	0	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Woods Cree	0	0	10	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	360	215	145	10	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,050	525	525	0	0	0
Algonquin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway	495	235	265	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	545	290	260	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	10	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	45	15	30
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	45	15	30
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	20	0	15
Chilcotin	0	0	0	20	10	10
Dene	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	10	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	10	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	10
Inuit languages	25	0	20	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	25	10	20	0	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	25	10	20	0	0	0
Cayuga	10	0	10	0	0	0
Mohawk	20	10	10	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	110	30	85
Comox	0	0	0	10	0	10
Halkomelem	0	0	0	15	0	15
Lillooet	0	0	0	15	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	20	0	20
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	30	10	25
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	15	0	10
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	10
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	25	10	20
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	15	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	10	10	10
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	30	10	20
Haisla	0	0	0	10	0	10
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	10	10	10
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	10	0	10	10	10
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	10	0	0	15	10	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	113,835	60,490	53,340	84,245	44,730	39,520
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,305	1,995	1,310	440	295	145
Berber languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	125	45	80	0	0	10
Bilen	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oromo	15	10	10	0	0	0
Somali	110	35	70	10	0	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	3,175	1,955	1,225	435	295	135
Amharic	75	30	45	15	15	0
Arabic	2,430	1,605	825	320	235	85
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	145	110	40	25	20	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35	20	15	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	395	140	260	75	30	50
Maltese	20	15	10	0	0	0
Tigrigna	60	30	25	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,575	1,065	1,510	2,505	1,165	1,345
Khmer (Cambodian)	95	50	50	45	30	20
Vietnamese	2,480	1,015	1,465	2,460	1,140	1,325
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,280	495	790	825	385	440
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	25	10	15	20	0	20
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	10	0	0	0	0
Ilocano	40	20	20	30	15	20
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	55	20	30	65	35	20
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,145	435	705	695	320	375
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	20	15	10
Creole languages	60	35	30	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	15	0	0	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	50	25	20	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	1,980	945	1,035	30	15	20
Kannada	10	0	10	0	0	0
Malayalam	75	45	30	0	0	0
Tamil	1,870	900	975	30	10	15
Telugu	35	10	20	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	38,960	21,375	17,580	23,765	13,305	10,460
Albanian	275	170	105	15	15	0
Armenian	145	75	75	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	6,655	3,165	3,495	950	440	510
Baltic languages	70	25	40	10	10	0
Latvian	20	10	10	0	0	0
Lithuanian	45	20	25	10	0	0
Slavic languages	6,595	3,135	3,455	935	435	500
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	100	55	40	15	0	10
Bulgarian	120	85	40	10	0	10
Croatian	155	100	50	30	10	25
Czech	25	20	10	40	20	10
Macedonian	85	35	45	0	0	10
Polish	1,925	960	960	115	50	70
Russian	2,905	1,240	1,670	565	255	315
Serbian	390	240	145	95	55	40
Serbo-Croatian	20	10	10	0	0	0
Slovak	55	40	20	15	10	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	0	10	0	0	0
Ukrainian	780	320	460	40	25	15
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	15	10	10	10	10	0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	0	10	10	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Germanic languages	6,905	3,655	3,250	805	465	335
Afrikaans	0	0	0	15	10	0
Danish	30	15	20	15	15	0
Dutch	790	425	365	120	70	45
Frisian	25	20	10	0	0	0
German	5,690	3,005	2,690	590	330	260
Icelandic	0	10	0	0	0	0
Norwegian	30	10	20	15	10	10
Swedish	55	15	35	25	20	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	10	10	0	0	0
Yiddish	20	0	20	10	10	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	240	155	80	0	0	0
Greek	405	240	165	55	25	30
Indo-Iranian languages	11,880	6,560	5,315	19,805	11,280	8,535
Indo-Aryan languages	9,205	4,900	4,310	18,715	10,560	8,160
Bengali	335	160	170	15	15	0
Gujarati	730	255	475	35	15	25
Hindi	800	380	415	300	185	110
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Marathi	30	10	20	0	0	0
Nepali	80	30	50	20	10	10
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,025	3,480	2,550	18,295	10,310	7,985
Sindhi	20	10	15	0	0	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	30	15	10	0	0	0
Urdu	1,150	555	600	45	25	25
Iranian languages	2,660	1,655	1,005	1,085	720	365
Kurdish	105	95	15	25	25	0
Pashto	20	10	15	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi)	2,530	1,555	975	1,060	700	360
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	12,680	7,505	5,170	2,140	1,085	1,060
Catalan	10	0	10	10	10	0
Italian	945	505	445	110	50	60
Portuguese	5,815	3,865	1,950	515	255	260
Romanian	300	140	160	70	45	25
Spanish	5,590	2,985	2,605	1,435	725	710
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	10	0	0
Japanese	1,010	360	655	1,730	650	1,080
Kartvelian languages	15	0	10	0	0	0
Georgian	15	0	10	10	10	0
Korean	4,945	2,505	2,445	5,585	3,005	2,585
Mongolic languages	0	0	0	10	10	0
Mongolian	0	0	0	10	10	0
Niger-Congo languages	120	55	65	10	15	0
Akan (Twi)	20	0	20	10	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0	10	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	0	10	0	0	0	0
Ganda	25	15	15	0	0	0
Igbo	10	0	0	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	0	10	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	20	10	0	0	0	0
Wolof	10	0	0	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	0	10	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	20	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	810	295	515	280	90	190
American Sign Language	575	170	410	215	45	165
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	10	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	225	130	100	70	45	25
Sino-Tibetan languages	57,620	30,735	26,890	48,735	25,645	23,085
Chinese languages	57,535	30,690	26,840	48,645	25,595	23,055
Cantonese	26,955	14,190	12,770	23,555	12,020	11,535
Hakka	30	10	25	15	0	10
Mandarin	29,090	15,730	13,360	23,835	12,935	10,900
Min Dong	30	15	10	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	250	155	90	210	120	85
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	20	10	50	25	20
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,145	565	580	985	485	500
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	90	50	45	85	50	30
Burmese	10	10	10	25	15	15
Karenic languages	30	10	20	55	35	15
Tibetan	45	30	15	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	235	95	145	170	65	110
Lao	80	40	35	10	0	10
Thai	160	55	105	165	65	105
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	465	315	150	65	50	15
Azerbaijani	15	15	0	0	10	0
Turkish	440	295	140	55	40	15
Uyghur	10	10	0	0	10	0
Uzbek	10	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	420	205	220	45	20	25
Estonian	45	10	35	0	0	0
Finnish	75	25	50	25	10	15
Hungarian	295	165	130	25	10	15
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	35	20	20
Multiple responses	144,405	67,215	77,185	48,205	23,795	24,410
English and French	63,665	26,760	36,900	4,210	1,865	2,345
English and non-official language	78,240	39,330	38,910	43,480	21,760	21,720
French and non-official language	175	75	100	55	30	25
English, French and non-official language	2,325	1,055	1,270	465	145	320
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	7,579,080	3,895,880	3,683,200	2,670,700	1,378,580	1,292,120
None	6,975,415	3,605,485	3,369,930	2,498,070	1,293,650	1,204,420
English	109,150	48,930	60,220	36,505	18,270	18,235
French	260,050	118,655	141,395	22,465	10,170	12,300
Non-official language	226,490	119,130	107,360	110,375	54,925	55,455
Aboriginal	5,970	2,480	3,490	1,860	630	1,225
Non-Aboriginal	220,520	116,650	103,870	108,515	54,295	54,225
English and French	245	100	150	60	40	15
English and non-official language	1,620	780	845	1,155	545	610
French and non-official language	6,080	2,780	3,300	2,070	980	1,090
English, French and non-official language	35	25	10	10	0	0
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	13,106,990	6,403,470	6,703,520	4,516,810	2,215,515	2,301,295
Non-movers	11,475,985	5,603,290	5,872,695	3,811,375	1,868,420	1,942,945
Movers	1,631,005	800,180	830,820	705,440	347,095	358,345
Non-migrants	941,380	460,170	481,210	386,620	189,765	196,855
Migrants	689,625	340,015	349,610	318,825	157,335	161,490
Internal migrants	535,180	263,055	272,120	249,960	123,425	126,540
Intraprovincial migrants	467,890	229,080	238,810	188,225	92,150	96,070
Interprovincial migrants	67,290	33,980	33,315	61,740	31,275	30,465
External migrants	154,445	76,955	77,490	68,860	33,910	34,950
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	12,546,040	6,116,715	6,429,325	4,339,960	2,124,780	2,215,180
Non-movers	7,887,825	3,845,945	4,041,880	2,490,535	1,220,635	1,269,905
Movers	4,658,215	2,270,770	2,387,445	1,849,425	904,145	945,275
Non-migrants	2,545,875	1,238,055	1,307,820	940,895	460,185	480,710
Migrants	2,112,340	1,032,710	1,079,630	908,535	443,965	464,570
Internal migrants	1,562,375	761,630	800,740	672,805	329,700	343,105
Intraprovincial migrants	1,380,900	672,540	708,360	503,685	245,895	257,795
Interprovincial migrants	181,480	89,090	92,390	169,115	83,805	85,310
External migrants	549,965	271,080	278,885	235,730	114,265	121,465

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

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Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

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Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

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Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

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Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

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Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

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Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

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Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 22 referrer

Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 32 referrer

Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 34 referrer

Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 35 referrer

Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 36 referrer

Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 37 referrer

Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 38 referrer

Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 39 referrer

Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 40 referrer

Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 41 referrer

Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

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Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

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Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

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Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. Ontario [Province] and British Columbia [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 2, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Ontario [Province] and British Columbia [Province]

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Ontario [Province] and British Columbia [Province]