Census Profile, 2016 Census
British Columbia [Province] and Alberta [Province]

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	British Columbia [Province]			Alberta [Province]
	Data quality , British Columbia [Province] Map : British Columbia [Province] Change geography 1			Data quality : Alberta [Province] Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	4,648,055	...	...	4,067,175	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	4,400,057	...	...	3,645,257	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	5.6	...	...	11.6	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	2,063,417	...	...	1,654,129	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	1,881,969	...	...	1,527,678	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	5.0	...	...	6.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	922,503.01	...	...	640,330.46	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	4,648,055	2,278,245	2,369,815	4,067,175	2,039,410	2,027,765
0 to 14 years	691,390	355,400	335,985	779,155	399,570	379,580
0 to 4 years	220,625	113,355	107,275	266,515	136,520	129,995
5 to 9 years	236,900	122,070	114,830	270,715	138,990	131,725
10 to 14 years	233,860	119,975	113,885	241,920	124,060	117,860
15 to 64 years	3,107,680	1,527,280	1,580,400	2,787,805	1,408,150	1,379,655
15 to 19 years	258,980	133,000	125,985	240,035	123,625	116,410
20 to 24 years	287,560	147,615	139,945	261,830	133,990	127,840
25 to 29 years	303,000	151,585	151,415	310,940	156,715	154,225
30 to 34 years	313,750	155,035	158,715	333,175	167,555	165,620
35 to 39 years	293,590	143,070	150,520	305,505	153,655	151,850
40 to 44 years	295,045	141,930	153,115	281,205	142,545	138,660
45 to 49 years	322,365	155,325	167,040	269,030	135,855	133,180
50 to 54 years	354,375	172,065	182,310	284,310	142,205	142,100
55 to 59 years	354,925	171,210	183,715	275,540	138,565	136,970
60 to 64 years	324,095	156,450	167,645	226,230	113,440	112,790
65 years and over	848,985	395,560	453,425	500,215	231,690	268,530
65 to 69 years	287,520	139,490	148,035	173,680	85,500	88,180
70 to 74 years	201,785	97,675	104,110	117,035	56,430	60,610
75 to 79 years	145,225	68,715	76,510	83,955	39,105	44,845
80 to 84 years	105,255	48,645	56,610	62,165	27,590	34,575
85 years and over	109,190	41,035	68,155	63,385	23,065	40,320
85 to 89 years	67,510	27,930	39,575	39,965	16,050	23,915
90 to 94 years	31,815	10,615	21,205	18,025	5,755	12,275
95 to 99 years	8,545	2,215	6,330	4,735	1,145	3,595
100 years and over	1,325	275	1,050	650	115	535
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.9	15.6	14.2	19.2	19.6	18.7
15 to 64 years	66.9	67.0	66.7	68.5	69.0	68.0
65 years and over	18.3	17.4	19.1	12.3	11.4	13.2
85 years and over	2.3	1.8	2.9	1.6	1.1	2.0
Average age of the population	42.3	41.5	43.1	37.8	37.2	38.4
Median age of the population	43.0	41.9	44.0	36.7	36.2	37.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	1,881,970	...	...	1,527,675	...	...
Single-detached house	830,660	...	...	946,225	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	177,830	...	...	62,395	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	824,190	...	...	471,090	...	...
Semi-detached house	57,395	...	...	86,765	...	...
Row house	147,830	...	...	116,625	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	230,075	...	...	43,090	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	385,140	...	...	223,360	...	...
Other single-attached house	3,755	...	...	1,245	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	49,290	...	...	47,970	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	1,881,970	...	...	1,527,675	...	...
1 person	541,910	...	...	366,080	...	...
2 persons	663,770	...	...	524,415	...	...
3 persons	277,690	...	...	245,075	...	...
4 persons	243,125	...	...	233,770	...	...
5 or more persons	155,470	...	...	158,335	...	...
Number of persons in private households	4,560,240	...	...	3,978,145	...	...
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	3,956,665	1,922,840	2,033,825	3,288,020	1,639,835	1,648,185
Married or living common law	2,297,325	1,146,175	1,151,150	1,969,300	988,410	980,895
Married	1,925,345	959,690	965,645	1,648,945	828,155	820,790
Living common law	371,985	186,485	185,505	320,350	160,250	160,100
Not married and not living common law	1,659,335	776,660	882,675	1,318,720	651,430	667,290
Never married	1,076,085	582,975	493,110	905,700	505,310	400,390
Separated	105,700	45,225	60,475	76,150	34,000	42,150
Divorced	263,870	103,475	160,395	195,850	82,040	113,815
Widowed	213,685	44,990	168,700	141,020	30,080	110,940
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	1,311,340	...	...	1,114,585	...	...
2 persons	703,685	...	...	540,850	...	...
3 persons	275,965	...	...	235,245	...	...
4 persons	243,960	...	...	227,165	...	...
5 or more persons	87,730	...	...	111,330	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	1,311,345	...	...	1,114,585	...	...
Total couple families	1,113,405	...	...	953,325	...	...
Married couples	927,440	...	...	793,195	...	...
Common-law couples	185,960	...	...	160,130	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	197,940	...	...	161,260	...	...
Female parent	155,670	...	...	123,490	...	...
Male parent	42,265	...	...	37,770	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	1,113,400	...	...	953,325	...	...
Couples without children	577,790	...	...	443,665	...	...
Couples with children	535,610	...	...	509,655	...	...
1 child	221,065	...	...	190,010	...	...
2 children	230,705	...	...	213,910	...	...
3 or more children	83,840	...	...	105,735	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	197,940	...	...	161,260	...	...
1 child	125,890	...	...	97,180	...	...
2 children	54,900	...	...	45,235	...	...
3 or more children	17,145	...	...	18,845	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	882,895	418,495	464,405	678,535	356,875	321,655
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	1,881,970	...	...	1,527,675	...	...
One-census-family households	1,195,735	...	...	1,039,985	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	527,700	...	...	414,570	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	668,035	...	...	625,415	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	55,620	...	...	36,120	...	...
Non-census-family households	630,620	...	...	451,570	...	...
One-person households	541,915	...	...	366,080	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	88,705	...	...	85,490	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	4,598,415	2,255,395	2,343,015	4,026,650	2,020,510	2,006,140
English only	4,127,770	2,050,130	2,077,645	3,698,765	1,869,670	1,829,095
French only	1,810	820	985	3,895	1,725	2,165
English and French	314,925	140,650	174,275	264,720	124,400	140,315
Neither English nor French	153,910	63,795	90,115	59,280	24,715	34,565
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	4,598,415	2,255,395	2,343,020	4,026,650	2,020,510	2,006,140
English	4,373,330	2,156,680	2,216,655	3,880,685	1,950,980	1,929,705
French	55,325	27,680	27,640	71,535	37,205	34,330
English and French	18,000	8,315	9,685	16,605	8,350	8,255
Neither English nor French	151,760	62,720	89,040	57,830	23,970	33,860
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	64,325	31,840	32,480	79,840	41,380	38,455
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	1.4	1.4	1.4	2.0	2.0	1.9
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	4,598,415	2,255,400	2,343,015	4,026,650	2,020,510	2,006,140
Single responses	4,494,995	2,205,775	2,289,220	3,934,580	1,975,615	1,958,970
Official languages	3,227,535	1,614,375	1,613,160	3,063,640	1,552,475	1,511,165
English	3,170,110	1,585,760	1,584,355	2,991,485	1,515,025	1,476,460
French	57,425	28,615	28,810	72,150	37,450	34,705
Non-official languages	1,267,460	591,400	676,060	870,940	423,140	447,805
Aboriginal languages	8,435	3,940	4,490	23,835	11,290	12,550
Algonquian languages	1,050	445	605	18,295	8,665	9,630
Blackfoot	40	5	35	2,750	1,305	1,445
Cree-Montagnais languages	840	375	465	14,960	7,105	7,850
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	0	5	0
Moose Cree	5	5	0	10	0	5
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	10	0	10	50	15	35
Plains Cree	150	60	85	720	280	435
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	25	15	10	50	20	35
Woods Cree	60	25	35	910	430	480
Cree, n.o.s.	585	270	320	13,220	6,355	6,865
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	5	10	30	15	15
Malecite	5	0	0	0	5	0
Mi'kmaq	10	5	5	35	20	15
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	155	55	105	550	235	315
Algonquin	5	5	0	5	0	5
Ojibway	135	50	90	525	230	300
Oji-Cree	10	0	10	15	5	15
Ottawa (Odawa)	5	0	5	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	5
Athabaskan languages	2,310	1,045	1,260	1,865	865	1,000
Northern Athabaskan languages	2,295	1,045	1,250	1,855	860	990
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	110	55	55	0	0	0
Beaver	160	75	85	35	15	15
Carrier	1,005	460	550	15	0	15
Chilcotin	650	295	355	5	0	0
Dene	90	35	50	1,470	710	760
Dogrib (Tlicho)	5	0	0	40	10	30
Gwich'in	15	5	10	15	5	10
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	5	70	20	45
Sekani	85	40	45	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	75	30	45	200	90	115
North Slavey (Hare)	5	0	0	10	5	10
South Slavey	20	5	15	155	70	80
Slavey, n.o.s.	50	25	30	35	15	25
Tahltan languages	105	45	50	5	0	5
Kaska (Nahani)	15	10	5	0	0	0
Tahltan	90	40	50	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	5	0	5	5	0	0
Northern Tutchone	5	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	5	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	10	0	10
Haida	70	30	40	0	0	0
Inuit languages	80	30	55	120	35	85
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	10	0	10	25	5	10
Inuktitut	50	20	30	60	20	45
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	35	10	30
Iroquoian languages	15	10	5	10	10	5
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	10	5	5	5	5	5
Oneida	0	0	0	0	5	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	5
Kutenai	100	55	50	5	0	0
Michif	35	20	10	80	45	35
Salish languages	2,270	1,115	1,155	15	5	10
Comox	80	45	40	0	0	0
Halkomelem	475	230	245	0	0	0
Lillooet	315	155	160	0	0	0
Okanagan	270	135	135	0	5	5
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	435	220	215	5	0	0
Squamish	35	20	20	5	0	0
Straits	80	40	40	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	330	150	185	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	250	130	120	5	0	5
Siouan languages	45	25	20	3,370	1,630	1,745
Dakota	30	15	20	350	165	185
Stoney	0	0	5	3,020	1,460	1,555
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	5	0	0
Tlingit	30	15	15	5	0	0
Tsimshian languages	1,460	715	740	15	5	5
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	875	435	445	0	0	0
Nisga'a	385	195	190	10	5	5
Tsimshian	195	90	110	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	795	365	435	5	5	5
Haisla	90	40	55	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	100	45	55	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	320	140	180	0	0	5
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	275	135	140	0	5	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	5	10	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	190	80	110	55	30	25
Non-Aboriginal languages	1,259,025	587,455	671,570	847,105	411,850	435,255
Afro-Asiatic languages	24,870	13,405	11,465	68,415	36,215	32,200
Berber languages	115	75	45	340	190	145
Kabyle	40	30	15	165	90	75
Berber languages, n.i.e.	80	45	30	175	100	75
Cushitic languages	1,505	765	740	12,525	6,495	6,030
Bilen	5	0	0	315	185	130
Oromo	205	115	95	2,650	1,375	1,275
Somali	1,270	640	640	9,520	4,915	4,605
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	40	20	20
Semitic languages	23,195	12,540	10,655	55,425	29,450	25,980
Amharic	1,370	670	700	7,320	3,605	3,720
Arabic	17,480	9,595	7,890	40,540	21,840	18,705
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	650	315	330	400	210	190
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	440	245	200	145	80	65
Harari	20	5	15	260	135	120
Hebrew	2,065	1,125	940	960	505	460
Maltese	215	100	115	75	30	40
Tigrigna	805	395	405	5,415	2,880	2,535
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	150	80	65	305	155	145
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	130	80	50
Austro-Asiatic languages	28,740	13,170	15,575	25,295	11,760	13,535
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,560	710	850	1,925	910	1,010
Vietnamese	27,150	12,440	14,710	23,350	10,840	12,505
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	30	15	15	25	10	15
Austronesian languages	96,535	38,765	57,770	115,405	50,190	65,210
Bikol	375	165	215	425	205	225
Cebuano	4,065	1,565	2,505	5,135	2,155	2,980
Fijian	470	240	230	125	75	50
Hiligaynon	1,470	550	920	1,500	640	855
Ilocano	5,240	2,055	3,190	5,350	2,310	3,040
Malagasy	20	10	15	35	10	25
Malay	3,895	1,675	2,220	1,460	615	845
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	700	320	380	765	370	390
Pangasinan	295	130	170	290	115	175
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	78,770	31,550	47,220	99,035	43,120	55,920
Waray-Waray	215	85	135	305	145	160
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,015	435	580	980	430	550
Creole languages	840	440	400	1,895	990	910
Haitian Creole	35	20	15	95	45	50
Creole, n.o.s.	500	255	245	1,175	640	540
Creole languages, n.i.e.	305	155	145	625	305	325
Dravidian languages	7,500	3,995	3,510	13,490	7,075	6,415
Kannada	280	150	135	535	270	265
Malayalam	2,385	1,260	1,130	6,345	3,285	3,060
Tamil	3,615	1,875	1,740	4,430	2,360	2,070
Telugu	1,175	695	480	2,130	1,135	995
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	50	25	25
Hmong-Mien languages	140	75	70	105	55	45
Indo-European languages	588,175	286,135	302,035	442,685	220,330	222,355
Albanian	1,465	765	705	2,345	1,270	1,075
Armenian	1,195	600	600	500	250	245
Balto-Slavic languages	83,110	38,595	44,515	80,330	37,750	42,580
Baltic languages	1,070	485	585	1,010	475	535
Latvian	565	255	300	415	195	220
Lithuanian	505	225	280	600	285	315
Slavic languages	82,040	38,110	43,930	79,325	37,275	42,050
Belarusan	95	45	50	65	30	30
Bosnian	1,360	675	685	1,835	915	920
Bulgarian	2,025	955	1,070	1,545	790	755
Croatian	7,475	3,655	3,820	4,655	2,340	2,320
Czech	5,920	2,850	3,070	3,000	1,430	1,575
Macedonian	325	160	165	360	185	175
Polish	16,910	7,875	9,035	20,130	9,425	10,705
Russian	25,955	11,640	14,310	17,810	8,150	9,665
Serbian	7,045	3,600	3,450	4,020	2,035	1,985
Serbo-Croatian	1,395	670	725	970	480	485
Slovak	3,400	1,525	1,870	2,185	1,070	1,115
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,160	545	615	695	320	370
Ukrainian	8,630	3,730	4,900	21,835	9,985	11,850
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	345	175	170	215	120	100
Celtic languages	615	325	290	370	200	170
Scottish Gaelic	240	130	110	135	70	65
Welsh	280	145	135	175	85	80
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	95	50	45	65	40	25
Germanic languages	101,725	48,350	53,380	104,260	51,525	52,735
Afrikaans	3,260	1,655	1,610	3,010	1,475	1,535
Danish	4,665	2,280	2,385	2,380	1,245	1,135
Dutch	21,020	10,130	10,895	16,135	8,095	8,045
Frisian	295	145	145	360	200	160
German	66,885	31,525	35,360	80,050	39,435	40,615
Icelandic	275	135	145	115	55	60
Norwegian	2,005	970	1,035	815	370	445
Swedish	2,520	1,100	1,420	875	405	470
Vlaams (Flemish)	445	220	225	320	150	170
Yiddish	290	150	140	140	70	70
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	65	45	25	55	30	25
Greek	6,115	3,245	2,870	3,130	1,655	1,475
Indo-Iranian languages	297,800	147,830	149,970	166,805	85,250	81,560
Indo-Aryan languages	251,000	124,260	126,740	145,900	74,320	71,580
Bengali	3,180	1,665	1,510	7,000	3,630	3,370
Gujarati	6,895	3,290	3,605	13,140	6,785	6,355
Hindi	26,720	12,910	13,810	17,055	8,675	8,385
Kashmiri	65	35	25	105	60	50
Konkani	255	130	125	370	190	185
Marathi	620	325	295	1,510	775	730
Nepali	1,155	620	540	5,175	2,690	2,490
Oriya (Odia)	70	35	35	190	100	90
Punjabi (Panjabi)	198,805	98,525	100,285	68,695	34,935	33,760
Sindhi	1,675	780	895	2,770	1,300	1,475
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,675	845	830	2,590	1,320	1,265
Urdu	9,885	5,090	4,795	27,295	13,865	13,430
Iranian languages	46,390	23,355	23,035	19,600	10,235	9,365
Kurdish	1,765	945	825	1,550	845	705
Pashto	1,155	615	535	2,560	1,320	1,235
Persian (Farsi)	43,470	21,795	21,675	15,490	8,070	7,425
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	410	220	195	1,310	695	615
Italic (Romance) languages	96,135	46,430	49,710	84,940	42,425	42,515
Catalan	160	85	75	75	30	45
Italian	22,680	11,445	11,230	11,375	5,760	5,615
Portuguese	17,450	8,240	9,210	9,050	4,380	4,670
Romanian	8,730	4,250	4,480	8,035	4,080	3,955
Spanish	47,010	22,335	24,675	56,370	28,160	28,205
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	105	65	40	35	20	15
Japanese	21,350	7,195	14,150	4,875	1,715	3,160
Kartvelian languages	85	50	35	230	130	105
Georgian	85	50	40	230	130	100
Korean	52,160	23,495	28,670	17,920	8,485	9,435
Mongolic languages	360	150	205	545	255	290
Mongolian	360	155	210	540	255	290
Niger-Congo languages	3,725	1,875	1,850	15,360	7,870	7,495
Akan (Twi)	495	275	220	1,755	915	835
Bamanankan	10	5	5	35	20	15
Edo	85	50	35	275	155	120
Ewe	85	45	35	245	145	100
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	45	25	20	230	120	100
Ga	45	20	25	145	80	65
Ganda	90	45	45	280	145	135
Igbo	245	145	105	1,165	625	540
Lingala	80	30	45	270	130	140
Rundi (Kirundi)	115	50	60	605	305	295
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	155	70	80	805	405	400
Shona	215	100	115	1,100	545	555
Swahili	805	400	405	2,380	1,160	1,215
Wolof	50	25	25	280	165	110
Yoruba	330	185	150	2,435	1,305	1,125
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	885	410	480	3,370	1,640	1,735
Nilo-Saharan languages	340	175	165	2,720	1,395	1,330
Dinka	105	60	45	1,345	705	640
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	240	115	125	1,375	685	690
Sign languages	1,155	610	545	830	440	390
American Sign Language	470	230	240	335	165	165
Quebec Sign Language	5	0	5	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	690	380	305	495	275	225
Sino-Tibetan languages	410,920	187,725	223,190	122,450	57,740	64,705
Chinese languages	408,415	186,455	221,960	120,375	56,675	63,700
Cantonese	193,530	89,325	104,210	59,145	27,755	31,385
Hakka	2,325	1,010	1,315	990	465	530
Mandarin	186,325	84,370	101,955	50,660	23,940	26,720
Min Dong	230	105	120	115	50	65
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	11,210	4,995	6,215	3,060	1,375	1,695
Wu (Shanghainese)	4,540	1,995	2,545	630	305	330
Chinese, n.o.s.	10,050	4,570	5,480	5,725	2,770	2,955
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	205	85	120	40	15	25
Tibeto-Burman languages	2,500	1,265	1,230	2,075	1,065	1,005
Burmese	1,125	580	545	430	230	200
Karenic languages	815	395	425	795	415	380
Tibetan	330	175	160	575	295	275
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	230	120	110	275	130	140
Tai-Kadai languages	3,985	1,335	2,650	2,670	955	1,710
Lao	1,100	550	550	1,020	485	535
Thai	2,865	775	2,090	1,630	465	1,165
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	20	10	15	20	10	15
Turkic languages	4,140	2,295	1,845	4,050	2,250	1,800
Azerbaijani	530	290	235	365	215	155
Turkish	3,145	1,790	1,360	3,140	1,760	1,375
Uyghur	170	85	85	130	70	60
Uzbek	105	50	55	205	115	90
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	190	80	110	215	95	120
Uralic languages	13,490	6,285	7,205	7,470	3,600	3,870
Estonian	705	295	410	190	90	105
Finnish	3,760	1,555	2,200	810	330	480
Hungarian	9,025	4,435	4,590	6,470	3,185	3,285
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	500	280	225	690	415	280
Multiple responses	103,415	49,625	53,795	92,070	44,900	47,175
English and French	10,065	4,815	5,250	10,230	4,950	5,280
English and non-official language	89,135	42,820	46,315	77,520	37,815	39,705
French and non-official language	2,100	1,040	1,065	2,685	1,375	1,305
English, French and non-official language	2,115	950	1,165	1,640	760	880
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	4,598,415	2,255,395	2,343,015	4,026,655	2,020,510	2,006,145
Single responses	4,365,875	2,145,020	2,220,855	3,837,615	1,928,230	1,909,385
Official languages	3,648,500	1,807,825	1,840,675	3,354,885	1,690,490	1,664,395
English	3,631,700	1,799,625	1,832,075	3,327,255	1,676,360	1,650,895
French	16,795	8,195	8,605	27,630	14,130	13,500
Non-official languages	717,375	337,200	380,180	482,725	237,740	244,990
Aboriginal languages	1,565	765	795	9,970	4,940	5,020
Algonquian languages	105	50	55	7,175	3,575	3,605
Blackfoot	0	5	0	1,110	555	555
Cree-Montagnais languages	85	40	45	5,875	2,925	2,945
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	20	10	10
Plains Cree	15	10	10	125	60	60
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	5	0	5
Woods Cree	0	0	5	600	300	295
Cree, n.o.s.	60	30	30	5,120	2,540	2,575
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0	0	5	5	5
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	5	0	0	5	5	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	5	5	190	95	95
Algonquin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway	15	5	5	185	90	95
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	5	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	610	290	320	620	320	300
Northern Athabaskan languages	605	290	315	620	325	300
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	20	10	10	0	0	0
Beaver	40	20	20	10	5	0
Carrier	245	110	130	0	0	0
Chilcotin	260	125	130	0	0	0
Dene	15	5	10	540	280	260
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	5	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	5	0	5
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	5	5	0
Sekani	15	10	5	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	5	5	60	35	30
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	55	30	25
Slavey, n.o.s.	10	5	5	5	5	5
Tahltan languages	5	0	5	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	5	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	5	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	5	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	10	5	5	0	0	0
Inuit languages	10	5	5	10	0	10
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	5	0	0
Inuktitut	10	0	5	0	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	5	0	5
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	5
Kutenai	15	10	5	0	0	0
Michif	0	5	0	10	5	5
Salish languages	275	130	150	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	50	20	30	0	0	0
Lillooet	25	15	15	0	0	0
Okanagan	85	35	45	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	50	30	20	0	0	0
Squamish	5	5	0	0	0	0
Straits	25	10	15	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	20	10	10	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0	0	0
Siouan languages	15	10	5	2,125	1,025	1,095
Dakota	10	10	5	175	85	85
Stoney	5	5	0	1,945	935	1,010
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	405	215	195	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	310	155	155	0	0	0
Nisga'a	70	45	25	0	0	0
Tsimshian	25	15	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	75	40	35	0	0	0
Haisla	20	10	15	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	5	5	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	25	10	10	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	30	15	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	45	15	25	25	15	10
Non-Aboriginal languages	715,815	336,435	379,380	472,760	232,800	239,965
Afro-Asiatic languages	13,990	7,065	6,920	43,770	22,535	21,235
Berber languages	45	25	20	200	105	95
Kabyle	20	10	15	90	45	40
Berber languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	105	60	45
Cushitic languages	770	355	415	9,220	4,750	4,470
Bilen	0	0	0	280	160	115
Oromo	90	50	45	2,075	1,060	1,015
Somali	665	300	360	6,850	3,520	3,325
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	15	5	10
Semitic languages	13,155	6,680	6,475	34,310	17,660	16,655
Amharic	600	275	320	4,915	2,390	2,530
Arabic	10,415	5,335	5,080	24,230	12,555	11,675
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	405	195	210	260	130	130
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	310	165	145	95	50	40
Harari	10	5	5	165	80	85
Hebrew	900	465	440	460	235	225
Maltese	15	5	10	15	10	10
Tigrigna	410	190	225	3,955	2,095	1,860
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	95	45	50	210	110	100
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	45	20	20
Austro-Asiatic languages	17,870	8,305	9,560	16,355	7,635	8,715
Khmer (Cambodian)	800	375	420	960	460	500
Vietnamese	17,055	7,920	9,130	15,380	7,175	8,205
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	15	10	5	15	0	10
Austronesian languages	40,605	17,945	22,660	60,860	28,765	32,100
Bikol	75	30	35	70	40	35
Cebuano	1,305	585	715	2,110	1,015	1,090
Fijian	110	65	55	45	25	20
Hiligaynon	415	175	240	470	215	255
Ilocano	1,615	695	930	1,975	935	1,035
Malagasy	10	5	10	20	10	10
Malay	1,120	510	605	405	205	195
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	150	70	80	220	110	110
Pangasinan	55	25	30	45	20	30
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	35,375	15,600	19,770	55,105	26,005	29,100
Waray-Waray	55	25	35	125	60	60
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	310	150	160	280	120	155
Creole languages	335	150	180	970	495	475
Haitian Creole	0	0	5	50	25	25
Creole, n.o.s.	235	105	130	655	345	310
Creole languages, n.i.e.	95	50	45	270	125	140
Dravidian languages	3,940	1,995	1,940	8,460	4,335	4,125
Kannada	110	55	60	210	105	105
Malayalam	1,225	615	605	4,060	2,070	1,990
Tamil	2,055	1,025	1,030	2,915	1,515	1,395
Telugu	535	295	240	1,245	635	615
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	30	10	15
Hmong-Mien languages	55	25	30	70	35	35
Indo-European languages	282,090	137,135	144,955	230,270	115,280	114,995
Albanian	695	335	360	1,060	570	485
Armenian	545	240	305	215	115	105
Balto-Slavic languages	31,640	15,150	16,490	30,220	14,820	15,400
Baltic languages	210	90	115	410	210	200
Latvian	80	30	50	165	85	80
Lithuanian	125	60	65	250	125	120
Slavic languages	31,430	15,060	16,370	29,815	14,610	15,205
Belarusan	15	5	5	15	10	5
Bosnian	595	300	300	785	400	385
Bulgarian	1,035	485	550	825	415	405
Croatian	2,235	1,055	1,180	1,800	905	895
Czech	1,595	800	795	875	440	430
Macedonian	150	75	75	175	90	85
Polish	5,690	2,720	2,970	7,705	3,675	4,030
Russian	13,310	6,290	7,020	10,145	4,965	5,175
Serbian	3,695	1,870	1,825	2,100	1,045	1,055
Serbo-Croatian	500	235	265	315	160	155
Slovak	1,000	480	520	710	345	365
Slovene (Slovenian)	145	65	85	150	70	75
Ukrainian	1,430	665	765	4,180	2,060	2,110
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	55	30	25
Celtic languages	70	40	30	40	25	15
Scottish Gaelic	35	20	10	15	15	5
Welsh	25	10	10	15	5	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	10	5	0
Germanic languages	14,430	6,870	7,555	40,915	20,280	20,625
Afrikaans	1,475	715	760	1,705	835	875
Danish	305	145	160	150	75	75
Dutch	1,895	890	1,005	1,980	985	1,000
Frisian	10	5	5	60	30	30
German	10,085	4,795	5,295	36,295	18,010	18,290
Icelandic	75	35	35	30	15	15
Norwegian	140	60	80	60	20	35
Swedish	360	170	195	145	65	80
Vlaams (Flemish)	50	30	20	60	30	25
Yiddish	10	10	5	15	5	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	425	215	210
Greek	2,010	975	1,035	1,015	490	525
Indo-Iranian languages	194,590	95,380	99,215	111,975	56,535	55,445
Indo-Aryan languages	164,185	80,610	83,575	98,610	49,790	48,815
Bengali	1,815	895	920	4,530	2,300	2,225
Gujarati	2,970	1,320	1,645	8,025	4,085	3,935
Hindi	12,310	5,890	6,425	9,945	5,115	4,825
Kashmiri	10	5	5	50	20	25
Konkani	40	25	25	75	40	40
Marathi	270	140	130	845	440	405
Nepali	665	345	320	3,710	1,905	1,805
Oriya (Odia)	35	20	15	95	50	45
Punjabi (Panjabi)	139,080	68,565	70,515	51,010	25,720	25,295
Sindhi	615	270	345	1,240	575	665
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	675	330	340	1,480	750	730
Urdu	5,705	2,825	2,880	17,600	8,795	8,810
Iranian languages	30,205	14,665	15,540	12,720	6,415	6,305
Kurdish	1,080	540	535	850	440	410
Pashto	700	350	350	1,640	845	795
Persian (Farsi)	28,420	13,765	14,660	10,230	5,135	5,100
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	200	100	100	650	325	325
Italic (Romance) languages	38,110	18,145	19,970	44,830	22,445	22,385
Catalan	65	35	35	35	10	20
Italian	5,200	2,245	2,955	2,840	1,275	1,560
Portuguese	6,725	3,140	3,580	3,905	1,875	2,030
Romanian	3,800	1,830	1,970	4,135	2,115	2,020
Spanish	22,310	10,900	11,410	33,910	17,160	16,755
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	10	5	5
Japanese	9,860	4,070	5,790	2,245	945	1,300
Kartvelian languages	30	15	10	160	85	70
Georgian	30	15	15	160	85	70
Korean	38,605	17,785	20,820	12,775	6,205	6,570
Mongolic languages	170	80	90	335	160	175
Mongolian	165	80	85	335	155	175
Niger-Congo languages	960	430	530	5,600	2,725	2,875
Akan (Twi)	150	80	65	845	415	430
Bamanankan	5	5	5	10	10	0
Edo	15	10	10	70	35	35
Ewe	20	5	10	80	45	35
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20	5	10	105	55	45
Ga	5	5	0	40	20	20
Ganda	10	5	5	95	50	50
Igbo	40	20	15	265	125	145
Lingala	35	15	20	85	35	45
Rundi (Kirundi)	55	20	40	280	135	145
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	60	25	35	350	175	170
Shona	65	25	40	410	190	225
Swahili	200	90	115	1,090	530	565
Wolof	20	10	10	170	95	75
Yoruba	60	30	35	690	340	350
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	200	85	120	1,015	485	535
Nilo-Saharan languages	140	60	75	1,525	765	755
Dinka	55	30	20	800	420	380
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	85	30	55	725	350	375
Sign languages	1,535	850	685	1,095	630	465
American Sign Language	455	230	225	325	170	155
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	1,080	615	460	765	455	310
Sino-Tibetan languages	299,420	137,555	161,865	82,380	39,230	43,155
Chinese languages	297,675	136,670	161,000	80,880	38,455	42,420
Cantonese	137,075	62,545	74,525	38,275	17,810	20,460
Hakka	700	295	410	315	135	185
Mandarin	146,435	67,695	78,740	37,125	18,030	19,095
Min Dong	65	25	35	20	5	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,820	2,185	2,630	1,245	540	705
Wu (Shanghainese)	2,595	1,195	1,400	340	175	165
Chinese, n.o.s.	5,885	2,680	3,205	3,550	1,760	1,785
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	105	45	55	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,745	885	865	1,500	770	730
Burmese	720	375	350	280	145	130
Karenic languages	725	355	370	665	340	320
Tibetan	205	110	90	420	220	200
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	90	45	45	140	65	75
Tai-Kadai languages	1,380	595	785	1,130	505	625
Lao	460	225	235	465	215	245
Thai	920	370	545	655	285	370
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	10	5	5	10	5	10
Turkic languages	1,695	880	815	2,390	1,270	1,120
Azerbaijani	195	105	95	155	90	75
Turkish	1,310	685	630	1,945	1,030	915
Uyghur	95	50	50	80	45	40
Uzbek	45	25	20	135	70	65
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40	20	25	70	35	25
Uralic languages	3,005	1,415	1,590	2,130	1,040	1,085
Estonian	95	40	55	25	10	15
Finnish	725	325	400	105	50	50
Hungarian	2,185	1,050	1,130	1,995	980	1,015
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	145	70	75	240	140	95
Multiple responses	232,540	110,375	122,165	189,040	92,280	96,760
English and French	6,155	2,970	3,185	6,885	3,410	3,475
English and non-official language	222,670	105,750	116,920	178,070	86,895	91,170
French and non-official language	650	290	360	1,125	540	580
English, French and non-official language	3,065	1,365	1,700	2,965	1,430	1,530
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	4,598,415	2,255,400	2,343,015	4,026,650	2,020,510	2,006,140
None	3,931,210	1,940,390	1,990,820	3,492,295	1,760,240	1,732,055
English	274,535	132,990	141,545	221,305	110,655	110,650
French	41,020	18,435	22,590	41,840	19,470	22,375
Non-official language	340,930	158,590	182,345	262,255	125,640	136,615
Aboriginal	7,985	3,765	4,215	17,430	8,325	9,105
Non-Aboriginal	332,945	154,820	178,125	244,825	117,315	127,510
English and French	1,195	545	650	1,535	775	760
English and non-official language	5,660	2,655	3,005	4,545	2,345	2,195
French and non-official language	3,765	1,745	2,020	2,795	1,340	1,455
English, French and non-official language	100	45	50	85	50	40
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	3,870,330	1,882,865	1,987,460	3,206,050	1,602,690	1,603,360
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	3,727,360	1,815,500	1,911,860	3,053,470	1,528,275	1,525,190
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	33,012	40,370	27,543	42,717	54,891	33,213
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	3,731,980	1,819,375	1,912,600	3,054,135	1,528,420	1,525,715
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	29,783	35,383	25,659	38,067	47,131	30,478
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	3,363,310	1,665,225	1,698,085	2,839,590	1,458,560	1,381,030
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	31,585	39,557	25,304	42,330	54,528	32,099
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	2,628,215	1,140,195	1,488,025	1,785,065	711,210	1,073,855
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	4,592	3,717	4,920	4,093	3,834	4,185
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	2,775,010	1,415,295	1,359,715	2,473,665	1,301,630	1,172,030
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	31,713	39,186	26,034	42,679	54,361	32,982
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,605	3,206,045	1,602,810	1,603,235
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	3,727,715	1,815,380	1,912,335	3,054,555	1,528,100	1,526,455
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	45,616	54,797	36,901	62,778	80,001	45,535
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	3,732,420	1,819,290	1,913,130	3,055,230	1,528,240	1,526,995
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	37,922	44,282	31,874	50,683	62,938	38,417
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	3,362,835	1,664,850	1,697,985	2,840,675	1,458,210	1,382,465
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	44,933	54,787	35,271	62,997	80,282	44,766
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	2,628,230	1,139,390	1,488,840	1,784,345	710,105	1,074,240
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,207	7,255	7,171	7,175	7,298	7,093
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	2,775,010	1,415,100	1,359,910	2,473,665	1,299,805	1,173,855
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	43,339	52,171	34,149	59,343	74,073	43,031
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,605	3,206,050	1,602,810	1,603,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	1,147,070	652,115	494,950	1,152,385	669,770	482,615
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	53,940	61,004	47,039	64,090	73,781	53,836
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	64,625	72,840	53,801	81,586	94,822	63,218
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	88.9	91.7	84.9	93.3	95.8	89.1
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	70.8	74.4	65.8	76.5	78.9	72.3
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	11.1	8.3	15.1	6.7	4.2	10.9
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	3,870,330	1,882,865	1,987,460	3,206,050	1,602,690	1,603,360
Without total income	142,970	67,370	75,600	152,585	74,410	78,170
With total income	3,727,360	1,815,505	1,911,860	3,053,470	1,528,280	1,525,190
Percentage with total income	96.3	96.4	96.2	95.2	95.4	95.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	573,315	240,120	333,195	389,580	146,450	243,130
$10,000 to $19,999	653,915	262,225	391,685	385,235	147,125	238,110
$20,000 to $29,999	503,290	209,095	294,195	364,915	142,810	222,105
$30,000 to $39,999	424,330	188,860	235,470	305,680	131,185	174,490
$40,000 to $49,999	366,220	173,020	193,200	286,615	133,715	152,900
$50,000 to $59,999	286,310	148,095	138,215	247,830	124,720	123,115
$60,000 to $69,999	222,975	129,400	93,580	205,840	114,405	91,430
$70,000 to $79,999	171,625	103,795	67,830	165,640	99,645	65,995
$80,000 to $89,999	134,090	83,100	50,990	132,720	82,700	50,020
$90,000 to $99,999	96,825	62,825	34,005	114,010	70,655	43,350
$100,000 and over	294,475	214,980	79,500	455,410	334,865	120,550
$100,000 to $149,999	198,355	142,260	56,095	274,185	191,710	82,475
$150,000 and over	96,115	72,715	23,405	181,225	143,150	38,075
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	3,870,330	1,882,870	1,987,460	3,206,050	1,602,690	1,603,365
Without after-tax income	138,350	63,495	74,855	151,915	74,270	77,645
With after-tax income	3,731,980	1,819,375	1,912,605	3,054,135	1,528,420	1,525,715
Percentage with after-tax income	96.4	96.6	96.2	95.3	95.4	95.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	597,310	253,480	343,835	399,005	149,280	249,725
$10,000 to $19,999	686,510	280,490	406,015	402,780	154,330	248,450
$20,000 to $29,999	593,490	252,075	341,415	420,955	166,650	254,300
$30,000 to $39,999	495,200	226,080	269,120	377,590	169,665	207,925
$40,000 to $49,999	402,535	200,565	201,965	347,960	172,595	175,365
$50,000 to $59,999	293,450	167,870	125,585	276,970	153,985	122,985
$60,000 to $69,999	210,085	128,000	82,080	208,265	127,045	81,220
$70,000 to $79,999	151,775	95,230	56,545	160,580	100,970	59,610
$80,000 and over	301,635	215,590	86,045	460,030	333,895	126,140
$80,000 to $89,999	94,700	64,330	30,370	121,015	78,400	42,620
$90,000 to $99,999	59,050	42,050	17,000	82,020	57,375	24,645
$100,000 and over	147,885	109,215	38,670	257,000	198,120	58,875
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	3,870,330	1,882,865	1,987,460	3,206,050	1,602,690	1,603,360
Without employment income	1,095,320	467,570	627,745	732,385	301,060	431,330
With employment income	2,775,010	1,415,295	1,359,715	2,473,665	1,301,630	1,172,035
Percentage with employment income	71.7	75.2	68.4	77.2	81.2	73.1
Under $5,000 (including loss)	441,080	204,275	236,810	273,835	122,830	151,005
$5,000 to $9,999	212,715	90,015	122,705	164,095	68,100	95,990
$10,000 to $19,999	371,875	160,350	211,525	274,105	113,680	160,430
$20,000 to $29,999	309,470	135,945	173,525	235,620	96,855	138,760
$30,000 to $39,999	282,045	126,870	155,180	227,450	100,650	126,805
$40,000 to $49,999	253,810	118,870	134,935	219,155	103,680	115,475
$50,000 to $59,999	203,885	107,605	96,280	195,145	99,285	95,860
$60,000 to $69,999	163,740	98,205	65,535	163,465	92,950	70,515
$70,000 to $79,999	132,340	82,120	50,220	135,150	83,240	51,910
$80,000 and over	404,040	291,050	112,990	585,640	420,365	165,280
$80,000 to $89,999	106,680	67,815	38,860	111,045	71,210	39,835
$90,000 to $99,999	76,470	51,990	24,480	99,785	62,305	37,480
$100,000 and over	220,890	171,245	49,645	374,815	286,855	87,960
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	1,881,970	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	69,995	...	...	93,835	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	61,280	...	...	80,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	541,915	...	...	366,080	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	35,701	...	...	47,948	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	31,899	...	...	41,502	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	1,340,055	...	...	1,161,600	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	88,466	...	...	111,435	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	77,108	...	...	94,830	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	1,881,970	...	...	1,527,675	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	90,354	...	...	125,522	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	75,209	...	...	101,361	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	541,925	...	...	365,000	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	46,696	...	...	64,341	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	39,091	...	...	52,116	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	1,340,045	...	...	1,162,675	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	108,010	...	...	144,729	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	89,816	...	...	116,821	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	1,881,965	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
Under $5,000	43,415	...	...	21,660	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	27,140	...	...	13,555	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	55,745	...	...	18,070	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	77,565	...	...	33,045	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	78,695	...	...	51,505	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	72,985	...	...	38,615	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	78,080	...	...	42,580	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	78,395	...	...	46,630	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	76,775	...	...	46,520	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	75,860	...	...	46,825	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	143,475	...	...	95,425	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	132,845	...	...	95,340	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	122,350	...	...	92,345	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	111,350	...	...	88,775	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	99,420	...	...	84,570	...	...
$100,000 and over	607,855	...	...	712,215	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	198,140	...	...	184,595	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	138,420	...	...	142,910	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	149,210	...	...	181,960	...	...
$200,000 and over	122,080	...	...	202,745	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	1,881,965	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
Under $5,000	46,350	...	...	23,395	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	27,605	...	...	13,860	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	56,780	...	...	18,600	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	80,315	...	...	34,540	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	89,795	...	...	55,010	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	88,035	...	...	44,170	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	93,640	...	...	50,280	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	92,220	...	...	55,645	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	91,635	...	...	57,695	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	88,520	...	...	59,195	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	165,685	...	...	119,200	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	150,650	...	...	116,250	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	136,430	...	...	112,675	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	118,520	...	...	106,235	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	101,185	...	...	95,600	...	...
$100,000 and over	454,595	...	...	565,335	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	187,490	...	...	192,795	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	111,260	...	...	132,240	...	...
$150,000 and over	155,845	...	...	240,305	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	1,276,275	...	...	1,099,900	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	88,451	...	...	109,997	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	77,002	...	...	93,588	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	519,030	...	...	407,300	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	80,788	...	...	101,283	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	70,464	...	...	86,043	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	536,175	...	...	511,375	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	111,736	...	...	133,186	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	96,176	...	...	111,951	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	4.0	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	179,945	...	...	146,045	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	51,056	...	...	62,909	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	46,668	...	...	57,079	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	1,275,865	...	...	1,101,485	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	108,241	...	...	144,493	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	89,792	...	...	116,343	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	518,295	...	...	408,625	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	100,772	...	...	137,805	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	83,021	...	...	110,236	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	536,580	...	...	512,615	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	131,213	...	...	169,354	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	108,407	...	...	135,623	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	179,615	...	...	145,115	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	63,004	...	...	80,406	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	54,655	...	...	68,470	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	768,855	373,390	395,465	577,475	308,835	268,640
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	31,255	33,342	29,674	42,598	47,903	37,344
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	28,320	29,815	27,221	37,648	41,340	33,785
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	766,660	371,595	395,060	573,385	306,195	267,190
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	41,666	44,615	38,892	56,856	63,468	49,280
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	35,191	37,100	33,395	46,559	50,990	41,481
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	4,560,235	2,237,490	2,322,745	3,978,150	1,998,500	1,979,650
In the bottom half of the distribution	2,265,245	1,078,695	1,186,555	1,527,695	739,210	788,485
In the bottom decile	537,405	258,275	279,140	293,490	143,880	149,605
In the second decile	449,395	205,320	244,075	278,635	128,055	150,575
In the third decile	420,355	198,845	221,510	297,695	142,090	155,605
In the fourth decile	422,805	203,710	219,095	315,570	154,815	160,760
In the fifth decile	435,290	212,555	222,735	342,305	170,375	171,935
In the top half of the distribution	2,294,990	1,158,795	1,136,195	2,450,450	1,259,285	1,191,160
In the sixth decile	442,070	218,225	223,845	366,250	183,860	182,390
In the seventh decile	451,795	226,240	225,555	397,275	201,465	195,810
In the eighth decile	462,900	233,935	228,970	443,585	227,385	216,200
In the ninth decile	473,535	241,165	232,375	522,545	268,995	253,555
In the top decile	464,685	239,235	225,450	720,795	377,585	343,215
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	4,477,875	2,196,415	2,281,460	3,925,220	1,971,735	1,953,485
0 to 17 years	822,390	422,685	399,710	893,255	458,330	434,925
0 to 5 years	260,110	133,670	126,445	310,080	158,825	151,260
18 to 64 years	2,876,495	1,404,390	1,472,105	2,580,730	1,298,440	1,282,295
65 years and over	778,990	369,345	409,645	451,235	214,965	236,265
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	694,960	325,015	369,940	363,890	171,945	191,940
0 to 17 years	151,880	78,110	73,770	114,215	58,665	55,555
0 to 5 years	46,920	24,035	22,885	41,755	21,350	20,400
18 to 64 years	427,085	198,475	228,615	210,870	98,415	112,455
65 years and over	115,990	48,430	67,560	38,800	14,875	23,925
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	15.5	14.8	16.2	9.3	8.7	9.8
0 to 17 years (%)	18.5	18.5	18.5	12.8	12.8	12.8
0 to 5 years (%)	18.0	18.0	18.1	13.5	13.4	13.5
18 to 64 years (%)	14.8	14.1	15.5	8.2	7.6	8.8
65 years and over (%)	14.9	13.1	16.5	8.6	6.9	10.1
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	491,645	236,430	255,215	273,515	134,180	139,335
0 to 17 years	99,330	50,890	48,450	76,930	39,385	37,550
0 to 5 years	29,250	14,930	14,315	28,190	14,420	13,770
18 to 64 years	345,345	165,740	179,605	181,805	88,715	93,095
65 years and over	46,965	19,805	27,165	14,780	6,085	8,695
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	11.0	10.8	11.2	7.0	6.8	7.1
0 to 17 years (%)	12.1	12.0	12.1	8.6	8.6	8.6
0 to 5 years (%)	11.2	11.2	11.3	9.1	9.1	9.1
18 to 64 years (%)	12.0	11.8	12.2	7.0	6.8	7.3
65 years and over (%)	6.0	5.4	6.6	3.3	2.8	3.7
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	4,560,235	2,237,490	2,322,745	3,978,145	1,998,500	1,979,645
Official languages	4,407,125	2,173,840	2,233,285	3,920,530	1,974,435	1,946,095
English	4,405,380	2,173,040	2,232,340	3,916,805	1,972,800	1,944,005
French	314,225	140,085	174,140	264,600	123,940	140,660
Non-official languages	1,546,550	727,200	819,355	1,082,425	527,770	554,655
Aboriginal languages	17,190	8,115	9,075	36,465	17,415	19,045
Algonquian languages	1,950	905	1,045	29,675	14,120	15,555
Blackfoot	35	0	35	5,575	2,665	2,905
Cree-Montagnais languages	1,600	795	805	23,465	11,155	12,310
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Moose Cree	15	0	10	25	0	15
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	10	0	10	90	20	70
Plains Cree	345	160	180	1,580	620	965
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	10	10	0
Swampy Cree	55	25	30	45	25	25
Woods Cree	80	45	40	1,135	525	610
Cree, n.o.s.	1,090	560	525	20,665	9,990	10,675
Eastern Algonquian languages	30	20	10	35	15	15
Malecite	10	10	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	25	15	0	35	15	15
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	310	100	205	955	425	530
Algonquin	20	0	15	10	10	0
Ojibway	275	95	180	925	415	505
Oji-Cree	15	0	15	20	10	15
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Athabaskan languages	4,375	2,050	2,330	2,640	1,255	1,385
Northern Athabaskan languages	4,345	2,035	2,315	2,630	1,250	1,380
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	200	100	95	0	10	0
Beaver	255	130	130	85	50	35
Carrier	2,045	940	1,110	45	10	35
Chilcotin	1,130	525	605	20	15	10
Dene	130	55	80	2,010	975	1,035
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	75	30	45
Gwich'in	0	0	0	10	0	10
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	150	65	85
Sekani	185	85	100	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	125	60	75	285	140	145
North Slavey (Hare)	10	0	10	25	15	10
South Slavey	25	15	10	190	90	100
Slavey, n.o.s.	105	45	60	75	35	45
Tahltan languages	290	155	130	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	35	20	15	0	0	0
Tahltan	250	135	120	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	10	0	10	0	0	10
Northern Tutchone	0	0	10	10	0	10
Southern Tutchone	10	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	10	0	10
Haida	455	195	255	10	0	10
Inuit languages	170	70	95	135	50	80
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	20	10	10	35	10	25
Inuktitut	120	50	70	60	20	35
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	35	15	25	40	25	20
Iroquoian languages	30	10	15	40	25	10
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	10	0
Mohawk	25	10	15	35	25	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	10	0	0	10	10
Kutenai	170	95	80	0	0	0
Michif	110	50	60	145	75	70
Salish languages	5,660	2,690	2,970	50	25	25
Comox	185	75	105	0	0	0
Halkomelem	1,045	470	570	10	0	0
Lillooet	790	405	385	0	0	0
Okanagan	805	360	445	15	10	10
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	1,280	630	650	10	0	10
Squamish	280	125	155	0	0	0
Straits	360	160	200	10	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	440	220	220	10	0	10
Salish languages, n.i.e.	540	280	260	10	0	0
Siouan languages	55	20	35	4,050	2,005	2,045
Dakota	30	15	15	530	285	245
Stoney	10	10	10	3,650	1,790	1,855
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	10	0	10
Tlingit	60	40	20	10	0	0
Tsimshian languages	2,685	1,330	1,350	35	15	15
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	1,275	635	645	20	10	10
Nisga'a	1,035	535	500	15	0	0
Tsimshian	405	180	230	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	1,460	670	795	10	10	0
Haisla	175	65	105	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	120	50	70	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	590	275	315	10	10	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	560	265	295	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	240	105	135	30	15	15
Non-Aboriginal languages	1,529,635	719,190	810,440	1,046,245	510,495	535,750
Afro-Asiatic languages	35,115	18,585	16,530	96,210	50,675	45,535
Berber languages	145	95	45	540	335	205
Kabyle	65	40	25	225	125	90
Berber languages, n.i.e.	80	60	20	315	210	110
Cushitic languages	2,070	955	1,120	15,445	8,055	7,385
Bilen	20	10	15	370	235	135
Oromo	245	140	110	3,125	1,625	1,500
Somali	1,800	815	985	12,030	6,240	5,795
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	55	20	40
Semitic languages	33,110	17,660	15,460	82,200	43,405	38,800
Amharic	2,095	1,050	1,045	10,870	5,595	5,275
Arabic	24,230	13,180	11,050	62,730	33,365	29,370
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	760	370	390	430	225	210
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	570	285	285	150	70	75
Harari	55	35	20	340	150	185
Hebrew	5,450	2,805	2,645	3,250	1,650	1,600
Maltese	315	155	155	145	85	55
Tigrigna	1,055	560	495	7,315	3,915	3,400
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	300	160	140	450	250	205
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	170	85	85	375	225	145
Austro-Asiatic languages	35,915	17,130	18,785	32,730	15,440	17,290
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,875	850	1,020	2,700	1,375	1,330
Vietnamese	34,140	16,295	17,840	30,150	14,130	16,015
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	15	0	10
Austronesian languages	125,425	51,215	74,210	145,745	63,615	82,130
Bikol	530	215	310	330	150	180
Cebuano	5,365	2,000	3,370	6,690	2,940	3,750
Fijian	1,095	655	440	340	195	145
Hiligaynon	1,685	710	975	1,760	745	1,020
Ilocano	6,450	2,480	3,970	7,370	3,160	4,215
Malagasy	25	15	10	80	40	40
Malay	7,495	3,480	4,010	3,040	1,435	1,610
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	855	365	495	1,185	565	625
Pangasinan	480	205	275	445	190	250
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	113,265	45,455	67,805	138,440	60,115	78,325
Waray-Waray	320	130	195	420	170	245
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,515	740	775	1,160	505	650
Creole languages	2,485	1,320	1,165	4,585	2,390	2,195
Haitian Creole	135	55	75	255	140	115
Creole, n.o.s.	1,310	730	585	2,675	1,425	1,250
Creole languages, n.i.e.	1,055	540	515	1,680	840	850
Dravidian languages	10,390	5,485	4,905	18,190	9,660	8,525
Kannada	510	250	265	1,035	520	515
Malayalam	3,350	1,795	1,550	8,150	4,255	3,900
Tamil	5,445	2,830	2,610	7,195	3,900	3,295
Telugu	1,720	970	750	2,910	1,560	1,345
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	85	30	55	150	80	70
Hmong-Mien languages	165	85	80	115	55	55
Indo-European languages	764,815	371,760	393,060	550,490	274,510	275,980
Albanian	1,640	840	795	2,880	1,550	1,325
Armenian	1,680	845	835	530	255	275
Balto-Slavic languages	94,050	44,710	49,340	93,150	44,750	48,395
Baltic languages	1,030	515	520	1,360	660	705
Latvian	555	290	265	590	300	290
Lithuanian	475	220	250	775	360	415
Slavic languages	93,235	44,305	48,940	92,300	44,340	47,960
Belarusan	245	115	125	200	95	105
Bosnian	2,075	1,020	1,050	2,880	1,450	1,435
Bulgarian	2,430	1,105	1,325	1,795	945	850
Croatian	10,685	5,255	5,430	6,280	3,260	3,025
Czech	7,480	3,665	3,815	3,590	1,650	1,940
Macedonian	400	220	185	535	270	265
Polish	19,175	8,980	10,190	23,650	11,455	12,195
Russian	33,990	15,850	18,135	27,375	13,195	14,175
Serbian	9,110	4,625	4,485	5,355	2,630	2,730
Serbo-Croatian	1,525	770	750	1,095	550	540
Slovak	4,270	2,045	2,225	2,780	1,495	1,285
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,375	610	760	735	360	375
Ukrainian	10,740	4,835	5,905	26,600	11,980	14,620
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	420	215	205	250	120	130
Celtic languages	1,855	990	865	1,180	615	560
Scottish Gaelic	660	395	265	440	215	225
Welsh	345	145	195	315	180	130
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	860	450	410	450	220	225
Germanic languages	136,685	65,350	71,335	112,670	56,325	56,345
Afrikaans	7,670	3,875	3,800	5,165	2,655	2,515
Danish	5,510	2,490	3,020	2,800	1,360	1,440
Dutch	24,060	11,520	12,550	19,480	9,595	9,890
Frisian	465	230	240	475	275	205
German	95,005	45,840	49,165	83,010	41,905	41,105
Icelandic	405	210	195	160	70	95
Norwegian	2,845	1,425	1,415	1,450	635	810
Swedish	4,825	2,125	2,695	1,635	800	835
Vlaams (Flemish)	545	270	275	380	170	215
Yiddish	505	225	280	250	130	115
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	155	95	60	2,115	1,095	1,015
Greek	9,095	4,725	4,370	4,935	2,535	2,400
Indo-Iranian languages	363,205	181,340	181,865	206,725	106,045	100,675
Indo-Aryan languages	311,955	155,465	156,490	186,005	95,045	90,960
Bengali	3,670	1,885	1,785	8,530	4,385	4,140
Gujarati	11,500	5,455	6,050	18,005	8,945	9,055
Hindi	81,330	39,950	41,380	61,290	31,900	29,385
Kashmiri	60	30	25	125	80	45
Konkani	415	215	200	625	300	320
Marathi	1,475	780	695	2,575	1,385	1,195
Nepali	1,485	725	760	5,510	3,000	2,510
Oriya (Odia)	70	40	30	255	135	120
Punjabi (Panjabi)	244,485	122,450	122,035	90,485	46,350	44,135
Sindhi	3,300	1,415	1,885	4,595	2,065	2,530
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	2,430	1,265	1,170	3,800	1,925	1,875
Urdu	16,750	8,840	7,915	41,235	21,245	20,000
Iranian languages	52,300	26,435	25,870	22,140	11,665	10,475
Kurdish	2,225	1,185	1,040	1,930	1,100	825
Pashto	1,660	940	725	3,330	1,795	1,530
Persian (Farsi)	49,835	25,135	24,690	17,600	9,220	8,375
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	935	490	450	1,760	960	805
Italic (Romance) languages	177,685	83,505	94,185	142,340	69,885	72,450
Catalan	395	210	180	170	95	80
Italian	37,475	18,075	19,400	19,900	9,875	10,020
Portuguese	23,260	11,060	12,200	12,670	6,255	6,415
Romanian	10,045	4,945	5,105	9,915	5,185	4,735
Spanish	115,115	53,215	61,900	104,445	50,960	53,490
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	380	245	140	250	130	125
Japanese	36,990	15,955	21,040	9,215	4,115	5,100
Kartvelian languages	115	55	60	225	130	100
Georgian	115	55	55	230	130	100
Korean	57,490	26,310	31,180	19,950	9,405	10,545
Mongolic languages	370	170	200	800	375	430
Mongolian	370	165	195	800	370	430
Niger-Congo languages	8,025	4,130	3,895	29,430	14,980	14,450
Akan (Twi)	630	350	280	2,925	1,505	1,420
Bamanankan	30	20	15	60	30	30
Edo	145	80	60	620	325	290
Ewe	135	90	45	335	170	165
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	105	30	70	300	165	135
Ga	150	95	50	345	190	155
Ganda	165	80	85	610	305	305
Igbo	425	240	185	2,550	1,345	1,210
Lingala	280	125	150	1,240	640	605
Rundi (Kirundi)	125	45	75	830	420	410
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	290	125	165	1,155	605	550
Shona	415	220	195	1,810	850	960
Swahili	3,365	1,785	1,575	6,700	3,470	3,235
Wolof	50	25	30	600	365	235
Yoruba	885	455	435	5,930	3,035	2,890
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,835	840	1,000	6,585	3,265	3,320
Nilo-Saharan languages	405	210	200	3,070	1,495	1,575
Dinka	85	50	35	1,655	825	825
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	325	155	165	1,425	675	750
Sign languages	7,545	2,865	4,680	5,910	2,350	3,555
American Sign Language	3,860	1,280	2,575	3,085	1,130	1,955
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	0	0	0	10
Sign languages, n.i.e.	3,780	1,615	2,160	2,855	1,230	1,625
Sino-Tibetan languages	457,595	211,220	246,375	141,860	67,945	73,915
Chinese languages	454,885	209,850	245,030	139,385	66,700	72,685
Cantonese	234,445	108,485	125,960	74,770	35,490	39,280
Hakka	2,715	1,290	1,430	1,180	515	660
Mandarin	265,635	119,995	145,640	70,510	33,310	37,195
Min Dong	130	55	75	85	50	40
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	16,410	7,230	9,185	4,140	1,765	2,380
Wu (Shanghainese)	5,600	2,445	3,155	855	380	470
Chinese, n.o.s.	10,380	4,725	5,650	6,335	3,160	3,175
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	200	75	120	55	25	35
Tibeto-Burman languages	3,000	1,500	1,505	2,590	1,290	1,300
Burmese	1,490	730	755	605	305	295
Karenic languages	955	485	465	805	415	390
Tibetan	375	205	165	860	430	430
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	330	150	180	445	215	235
Tai-Kadai languages	5,635	2,190	3,450	3,705	1,510	2,195
Lao	1,630	735	890	1,520	730	795
Thai	4,275	1,535	2,740	2,400	850	1,545
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	45	25	25
Turkic languages	6,785	3,685	3,095	5,795	3,180	2,625
Azerbaijani	945	510	435	630	325	300
Turkish	5,585	3,025	2,555	4,255	2,420	1,835
Uyghur	115	60	55	290	135	155
Uzbek	170	95	75	425	200	225
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	275	140	130	355	170	180
Uralic languages	15,280	7,095	8,185	8,895	4,315	4,575
Estonian	780	350	425	185	85	105
Finnish	4,030	1,640	2,385	1,045	455	590
Hungarian	10,495	5,100	5,395	7,660	3,770	3,890
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	1,045	575	470	1,820	1,025	790
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	4,560,235	2,237,485	2,322,750	3,978,145	1,998,495	1,979,645
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	4,138,300	2,038,285	2,100,015	3,622,740	1,825,135	1,797,600
Canadian citizens aged under 18	790,485	406,970	383,510	854,815	439,065	415,755
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	3,347,820	1,631,310	1,716,505	2,767,920	1,386,070	1,381,850
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	421,935	199,205	222,735	355,410	173,365	182,045
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750	3,978,145	1,998,495	1,979,650
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	3,167,155	1,584,305	1,582,855	3,062,775	1,550,445	1,512,335
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	1,292,675	603,800	688,875	845,220	412,320	432,895
Before 1981	356,155	171,330	184,825	163,460	81,620	81,840
1981 to 1990	152,220	70,475	81,750	86,350	41,690	44,660
1991 to 2000	287,505	132,190	155,315	131,560	62,930	68,630
2001 to 2010	321,240	147,250	173,985	256,055	125,235	130,820
2001 to 2005	147,735	67,425	80,305	109,145	53,425	55,720
2006 to 2010	173,505	79,825	93,680	146,910	71,810	75,100
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	175,555	82,555	92,995	207,790	100,845	106,945
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	100,405	49,385	51,020	70,155	35,735	34,420
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	1,292,670	603,800	688,875	845,220	412,320	432,895
Under 5 years	112,665	56,495	56,175	82,175	42,200	39,975
5 to 14 years	212,710	108,975	103,730	149,815	77,820	71,995
15 to 24 years	279,495	126,690	152,805	168,965	78,215	90,755
25 to 44 years	537,500	242,185	295,310	372,805	180,265	192,535
45 years and over	150,305	69,455	80,845	71,450	33,820	37,630
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	1,292,675	603,800	688,875	845,215	412,325	432,895
Americas	110,850	50,515	60,330	103,540	49,345	54,190
Brazil	3,800	1,545	2,260	2,545	1,100	1,440
Colombia	3,915	1,720	2,195	9,535	4,570	4,960
El Salvador	5,425	2,710	2,715	7,255	3,725	3,530
Guyana	1,305	600	710	2,555	1,200	1,355
Haiti	570	250	315	1,270	675	600
Jamaica	3,505	1,770	1,735	6,845	3,170	3,680
Mexico	10,375	4,425	5,945	15,665	7,860	7,805
Peru	3,265	1,330	1,930	1,920	780	1,140
Trinidad and Tobago	2,620	1,205	1,415	3,415	1,670	1,750
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	57,780	26,425	31,355	30,460	13,675	16,785
Other places of birth in Americas	18,295	8,530	9,765	22,075	10,925	11,150
Europe	319,885	156,975	162,915	189,770	95,355	94,415
Bosnia and Herzegovina	4,570	2,230	2,345	4,555	2,325	2,230
Croatia	5,780	2,945	2,830	3,080	1,615	1,465
France	5,700	2,895	2,805	2,535	1,215	1,320
Germany	35,045	16,835	18,210	19,205	9,485	9,715
Greece	3,630	1,965	1,670	2,005	1,115	890
Hungary	6,175	3,145	3,030	3,665	1,880	1,785
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	5,890	3,090	2,795	3,935	2,100	1,835
Italy	15,405	8,050	7,355	8,110	4,370	3,745
Netherlands	18,225	9,365	8,855	14,035	7,420	6,610
Poland	15,115	6,965	8,145	16,925	8,045	8,880
Portugal	8,215	4,125	4,090	4,050	1,985	2,070
Romania	8,995	4,400	4,595	7,725	3,930	3,795
Russian Federation	10,920	4,700	6,215	7,260	3,135	4,125
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	4,480	2,225	2,260	2,255	1,080	1,170
Ukraine	7,500	3,520	3,980	8,150	3,700	4,455
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	123,810	60,975	62,835	59,215	30,280	28,935
Other places of birth in Europe	40,425	19,545	20,880	23,060	11,670	11,390
Africa	42,805	21,500	21,310	89,740	46,705	43,030
Algeria	485	310	175	1,340	715	625
Egypt	2,705	1,480	1,225	5,320	2,940	2,375
Ethiopia	2,070	1,015	1,060	10,570	5,355	5,215
Kenya	4,705	2,175	2,535	5,120	2,555	2,565
Morocco	985	535	455	1,695	1,005	695
Nigeria	1,740	925	815	12,405	6,520	5,880
Somalia	1,080	515	570	7,060	3,665	3,395
South Africa, Republic of	13,375	6,700	6,675	7,355	3,670	3,685
Other places of birth in Africa	15,645	7,840	7,800	38,865	20,275	18,590
Asia	788,055	359,835	428,220	452,225	215,955	236,265
Afghanistan	5,040	2,550	2,490	5,190	2,765	2,430
Bangladesh	2,125	1,080	1,040	5,085	2,590	2,500
China^{Census data footnote 59}	199,990	89,145	110,845	57,690	26,510	31,185
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	74,210	34,120	40,090	19,110	9,265	9,850
India	162,650	79,395	83,245	91,660	46,625	45,035
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	37,160	18,890	18,270	8,910	4,655	4,250
Iraq	5,550	2,855	2,690	5,935	3,205	2,730
Japan	13,365	3,840	9,520	3,065	905	2,160
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	41,515	18,870	22,645	13,850	6,530	7,320
Lebanon	2,235	1,290	950	10,395	5,640	4,750
Pakistan	10,665	5,470	5,190	28,075	14,630	13,445
Philippines	112,100	45,890	66,210	123,830	54,075	69,755
Sri Lanka	4,585	2,360	2,230	4,835	2,475	2,365
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	2,845	1,450	1,400	4,800	2,515	2,280
Taiwan	38,900	17,450	21,450	3,455	1,460	2,000
Viet Nam	27,875	12,970	14,905	27,080	12,645	14,435
Other places of birth in Asia	47,255	22,215	25,045	39,250	19,485	19,765
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	31,075	14,975	16,100	9,940	4,950	4,990
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	175,555	82,555	92,995	207,790	100,845	106,945
Americas	14,550	7,160	7,385	20,060	9,660	10,400
Brazil	1,145	525	615	860	370	490
Colombia	580	250	325	2,295	1,020	1,275
Cuba	140	60	80	465	215	255
Haiti	35	35	10	385	240	150
Jamaica	625	355	265	1,660	765	895
Mexico	2,885	1,420	1,460	4,405	2,250	2,150
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	6,485	3,290	3,190	4,645	2,130	2,515
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	270	115	155	1,570	745	820
Other places of birth in Americas	2,380	1,105	1,275	3,785	1,930	1,855
Europe	19,735	10,260	9,475	20,870	10,830	10,045
France	970	510	460	425	240	180
Germany	1,450	775	675	1,370	710	655
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	1,430	900	530	1,355	835	520
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	245	120	125	715	365	350
Romania	690	310	380	1,100	545	555
Russian Federation	1,735	620	1,110	1,235	430	805
Ukraine	1,230	495	735	2,340	1,060	1,280
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	6,540	3,840	2,695	6,225	3,570	2,650
Other places of birth in Europe	5,455	2,685	2,765	6,100	3,065	3,040
Africa	6,200	3,150	3,050	27,770	14,165	13,610
Algeria	65	40	20	255	115	135
Cameroon	65	25	35	1,055	515	545
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	150	80	75	805	365	440
Côte d'Ivoire	20	10	10	420	210	210
Egypt	625	340	290	1,940	1,045	895
Eritrea	320	175	145	2,390	1,335	1,055
Ethiopia	305	170	140	3,445	1,670	1,780
Morocco	205	115	95	515	265	250
Nigeria	645	325	315	6,110	3,200	2,910
Somalia	355	145	215	2,120	1,110	1,010
South Africa, Republic of	1,625	815	810	1,590	800	785
Tunisia	80	30	45	255	135	125
Other places of birth in Africa	1,745	890	860	6,870	3,400	3,470
Asia	131,880	60,140	71,735	137,110	65,055	72,050
Afghanistan	870	455	415	810	435	375
Bangladesh	470	230	245	1,355	635	715
China^{Census data footnote 59}	38,105	16,965	21,140	10,525	4,700	5,825
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	1,800	770	1,030	750	305	450
India	27,460	13,780	13,680	28,820	14,915	13,900
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	8,645	4,315	4,330	3,265	1,665	1,600
Iraq	1,910	940	965	2,010	1,045	960
Israel	365	205	160	480	250	230
Japan	2,285	570	1,715	665	195	475
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	8,025	3,430	4,595	3,840	1,710	2,125
Lebanon	265	155	110	1,470	755	710
Nepal	310	115	195	2,615	1,380	1,240
Pakistan	1,965	990	975	6,910	3,420	3,490
Philippines	26,680	11,615	15,065	59,390	26,960	32,435
Saudi Arabia	400	180	215	820	435	385
Sri Lanka	535	265	265	1,345	650	695
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	2,185	1,095	1,085	3,340	1,705	1,630
Taiwan	2,505	970	1,530	505	165	340
Turkey	395	220	170	390	215	180
United Arab Emirates	385	195	195	810	430	375
Viet Nam	1,780	685	1,090	2,040	795	1,240
Other places of birth in Asia	4,545	1,980	2,560	4,965	2,285	2,680
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	3,185	1,845	1,340	1,980	1,135	845
Australia	1,920	1,130	790	1,065	600	465
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	1,265	715	550	915	535	375
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750	3,978,145	1,998,500	1,979,650
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	1,426,450	670,440	756,010	938,500	460,015	478,480
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	1,043,860	523,340	520,520	742,455	374,065	368,390
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	2,089,925	1,043,705	1,046,225	2,297,195	1,164,420	1,132,775
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	955,955	442,040	513,915	694,945	337,380	357,565
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	537,875	258,560	279,315	387,275	195,845	191,430
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	209,685	123,645	86,040	154,700	96,855	57,850
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	328,185	134,915	193,275	232,570	98,990	133,575
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	323,440	133,775	189,670	198,575	81,650	116,920
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	82,360	44,250	38,110	103,785	57,130	46,650
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	12,285	5,455	6,825	5,320	2,745	2,570
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750	3,978,145	1,998,495	1,979,650
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	270,585	130,265	140,320	258,640	125,445	133,195
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	263,540	127,115	136,425	253,460	123,115	130,340
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	172,520	83,645	88,880	136,585	65,755	70,835
Métis	89,405	42,715	46,690	114,370	56,170	58,200
Inuk (Inuit)	1,610	760	855	2,500	1,195	1,305
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	4,350	2,090	2,260	2,905	1,350	1,555
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	2,695	1,060	1,635	2,280	975	1,300
Non-Aboriginal identity	4,289,655	2,107,225	2,182,430	3,719,505	1,873,055	1,846,450
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	4,560,240	2,237,485	2,322,750	3,978,145	1,998,500	1,979,645
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	135,835	65,560	70,280	123,235	59,065	64,170
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	4,424,400	2,171,930	2,252,470	3,854,915	1,939,430	1,915,475
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750	3,978,145	1,998,500	1,979,645
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	91,710	45,690	46,020	103,600	50,680	52,915
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	90,390	45,100	45,295	99,940	48,860	51,070
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	79,875	39,685	40,190	81,685	39,815	41,870
Métis single ancestry	10,080	5,215	4,865	17,515	8,690	8,820
Inuit single ancestry	430	200	235	735	355	380
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	1,325	595	725	3,665	1,820	1,845
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	1,175	535	635	3,490	1,725	1,765
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	100	50	50	105	55	50
Métis and Inuit ancestries	45	10	45	50	35	15
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	0	0	0	20	0	15
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	211,100	100,835	110,260	200,215	97,055	103,160
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	201,895	96,650	105,245	189,830	92,295	97,530
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	130,020	62,170	67,850	104,875	50,595	54,280
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	70,180	33,595	36,585	82,585	40,530	42,060
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	1,700	890	815	2,365	1,170	1,195
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	9,200	4,185	5,015	10,385	4,760	5,625
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	8,865	4,050	4,810	9,760	4,465	5,295
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	165	75	90	310	155	155
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	125	35	90	270	110	160
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	45	20	20	40	25	20
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	4,257,430	2,090,960	2,166,465	3,674,330	1,850,760	1,823,570
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750	3,978,145	1,998,495	1,979,645
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	1,381,235	658,260	722,975	933,165	461,460	471,705
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	365,705	183,650	182,055	230,930	118,535	112,390
Chinese	508,480	237,805	270,670	158,200	77,035	81,165
Black	43,500	22,455	21,045	129,390	66,960	62,440
Filipino	145,025	62,505	82,520	166,195	74,770	91,425
Latin American	44,115	20,600	23,515	55,090	27,560	27,525
Arab	19,840	10,865	8,980	56,700	30,245	26,450
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	54,920	25,975	28,950	43,985	21,025	22,960
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	48,695	24,880	23,810	20,980	11,010	9,965
Korean	60,495	27,915	32,580	21,275	10,130	11,145
Japanese	41,230	17,435	23,800	12,165	5,495	6,670
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	8,760	4,280	4,485	9,900	4,700	5,205
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	40,465	19,900	20,565	28,360	13,985	14,375
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	3,179,005	1,579,230	1,599,775	3,044,980	1,537,040	1,507,940
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750	3,978,150	1,998,500	1,979,645
North American Aboriginal origins	302,810	146,530	156,280	303,815	147,735	156,075
First Nations (North American Indian)	220,245	106,595	113,650	200,290	96,845	103,445
Inuit	2,615	1,280	1,340	3,900	1,915	1,985
Métis	90,515	43,460	47,050	113,735	55,590	58,150
Other North American origins	922,690	460,355	462,335	955,040	486,735	468,305
Acadian	3,940	1,960	1,980	5,545	2,970	2,570
American	78,170	37,765	40,405	72,355	35,480	36,875
Canadian	866,530	432,975	433,560	902,315	460,335	441,975
New Brunswicker	60	45	15	50	35	15
Newfoundlander	1,875	995	880	1,985	1,135	850
Nova Scotian	185	95	85	190	115	70
Ontarian	130	55	75	110	65	45
Québécois	1,830	945	880	1,380	750	630
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	405	175	230	415	210	205
European origins	2,857,080	1,408,510	1,448,575	2,580,720	1,292,280	1,288,440
British Isles origins	1,926,040	945,580	980,460	1,581,265	787,205	794,060
Channel Islander	455	230	220	225	115	115
Cornish	610	340	265	210	90	115
English	1,203,540	585,700	617,845	899,440	444,010	455,440
Irish	675,135	318,455	356,675	596,750	288,710	308,040
Manx	1,810	835	975	945	450	495
Scottish	860,775	417,080	443,700	704,205	347,740	356,460
Welsh	113,905	54,260	59,645	80,455	38,715	41,740
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	122,700	59,225	63,475	90,865	44,055	46,815
French origins	388,815	184,705	204,110	411,560	201,160	210,395
Alsatian	210	95	115	200	120	80
Breton	110	45	65	60	25	35
Corsican	105	40	65	125	65	70
French	388,580	184,595	203,980	411,315	201,030	210,290
Western European origins (except French origins)	839,860	411,165	428,695	915,185	455,115	460,065
Austrian	48,510	23,030	25,485	39,530	19,225	20,305
Bavarian	225	105	120	110	60	55
Belgian	19,980	9,615	10,360	21,210	10,320	10,890
Dutch	213,670	105,040	108,630	195,720	97,735	97,990
Flemish	2,215	1,145	1,075	2,005	870	1,140
Frisian	850	425	425	685	380	305
German	603,265	294,860	308,410	712,955	353,755	359,195
Luxembourger	695	340	355	680	355	320
Swiss	31,390	15,510	15,880	24,310	11,905	12,410
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	905	425	485	830	390	440
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	346,525	166,100	180,425	329,990	159,695	170,295
Danish	58,205	27,985	30,220	60,380	29,240	31,135
Finnish	34,150	16,285	17,870	17,755	8,780	8,975
Icelandic	26,410	12,860	13,545	20,225	10,050	10,175
Norwegian	138,430	66,870	71,565	156,595	75,160	81,430
Swedish	110,030	51,000	59,030	97,840	46,445	51,385
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	15,080	7,610	7,470	13,515	7,005	6,505
Eastern European origins	569,260	275,900	293,360	685,270	336,430	348,845
Bulgarian	4,015	1,875	2,140	2,935	1,510	1,425
Byelorussian	2,760	1,400	1,365	2,200	1,165	1,035
Czech	23,375	11,500	11,875	20,865	10,405	10,460
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	7,970	3,795	4,175	10,055	4,800	5,255
Estonian	4,840	2,250	2,590	2,715	1,240	1,470
Hungarian	56,535	27,450	29,090	56,270	27,385	28,885
Latvian	4,935	2,565	2,370	3,245	1,585	1,660
Lithuanian	7,225	3,465	3,755	6,090	2,915	3,175
Moldovan	1,085	510	580	1,585	790	790
Polish	149,635	71,605	78,030	186,510	91,115	95,395
Romanian	31,250	15,125	16,125	34,230	16,520	17,710
Russian	131,060	62,880	68,180	107,800	51,840	55,960
Slovak	11,220	5,440	5,780	11,010	5,495	5,515
Ukrainian	229,205	111,285	117,915	369,090	181,600	187,490
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	3,555	1,645	1,915	1,910	1,015	895
Southern European origins	334,740	164,780	169,960	215,725	107,495	108,230
Albanian	1,925	975	950	2,935	1,555	1,385
Bosnian	3,290	1,635	1,655	3,870	1,985	1,890
Catalan	120	85	30	85	55	25
Croatian	23,845	12,180	11,660	14,220	7,535	6,690
Cypriot	440	230	205	160	90	70
Greek	24,460	12,410	12,050	15,025	7,790	7,235
Italian	166,095	83,095	83,000	101,265	50,975	50,285
Kosovar	280	135	145	420	210	210
Macedonian	1,205	620	580	1,015	485	535
Maltese	2,645	1,350	1,295	1,560	845	715
Montenegrin	710	360	350	290	185	105
Portuguese	41,770	20,620	21,145	22,385	11,395	10,985
Serbian	12,895	6,625	6,270	7,755	3,875	3,875
Sicilian	545	295	255	330	160	170
Slovenian	5,555	2,725	2,825	3,885	2,010	1,875
Spanish	64,470	29,245	35,225	48,055	22,225	25,835
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	7,080	3,360	3,725	5,120	2,495	2,625
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	395	200	195	245	120	125
Other European origins	34,700	17,800	16,900	22,805	11,700	11,105
Basque	840	470	375	425	210	215
Jewish	17,580	8,950	8,635	9,780	4,890	4,885
Roma (Gypsy)	805	320	485	465	220	245
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	965	520	450	995	505	490
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	14,715	7,635	7,080	11,255	5,940	5,310
Caribbean origins	25,010	12,350	12,660	36,120	18,050	18,070
Antiguan	220	115	105	455	265	190
Bahamian	255	140	110	310	180	130
Barbadian	1,870	945	930	2,065	980	1,080
Bermudan	335	155	175	210	120	90
Carib	70	50	25	135	45	85
Cuban	1,320	615	700	2,175	1,110	1,060
Dominican	735	330	410	930	530	395
Grenadian	380	195	185	595	300	295
Guadeloupean	15	0	15	0	0	0
Haitian	1,140	530	615	2,235	1,210	1,025
Jamaican	10,545	5,425	5,120	17,325	8,540	8,785
Kittitian/Nevisian	130	70	55	95	65	30
Martinican	25	0	20	10	0	0
Montserratan	25	15	10	30	10	25
Puerto Rican	570	260	310	460	225	240
St. Lucian	190	85	110	595	295	300
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	4,170	2,085	2,085	5,180	2,685	2,490
Vincentian/Grenadinian	415	180	230	535	215	325
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	2,120	930	1,190	2,670	1,275	1,395
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	1,920	945	975	2,305	1,110	1,200
Latin, Central and South American origins	69,920	33,580	36,335	78,405	39,030	39,375
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	2,625	1,350	1,275	1,980	965	1,015
Arawak	90	45	45	105	30	70
Argentinian	2,025	910	1,120	1,385	705	680
Belizean	125	60	65	445	250	190
Bolivian	375	145	230	590	305	285
Brazilian	5,455	2,465	2,990	3,030	1,330	1,700
Chilean	5,700	2,740	2,955	8,105	4,115	3,990
Colombian	5,860	2,805	3,055	12,585	6,060	6,525
Costa Rican	810	385	425	575	270	305
Ecuadorian	1,040	490	550	890	405	485
Guatemalan	2,575	1,310	1,265	2,395	1,270	1,120
Guyanese	1,925	995	935	3,095	1,545	1,555
Hispanic	1,535	720	810	1,785	905	885
Honduran	1,445	750	695	760	405	355
Maya	930	475	455	580	310	275
Mexican	23,055	11,025	12,035	22,475	11,430	11,045
Nicaraguan	1,520	735	785	1,675	825	855
Panamanian	325	140	185	320	150	170
Paraguayan	895	475	420	340	155	190
Peruvian	3,905	1,775	2,135	2,740	1,245	1,495
Salvadorean	6,815	3,390	3,425	8,810	4,545	4,270
Uruguayan	410	205	205	315	180	135
Venezuelan	1,900	915	980	4,690	2,295	2,390
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	3,310	1,605	1,705	3,430	1,735	1,695
African origins	59,985	30,635	29,345	136,510	70,620	65,885
Central and West African origins	7,075	3,810	3,265	33,170	17,430	15,735
Akan	40	30	10	130	80	50
Angolan	90	55	35	295	155	140
Ashanti	85	30	50	130	70	55
Beninese	35	20	15	200	90	105
Burkinabe	45	30	15	100	50	50
Cameroonian	150	85	70	2,040	1,010	1,035
Chadian	70	50	25	75	55	20
Congolese	810	405	400	4,095	2,100	1,990
Edo	85	55	30	555	320	235
Ewe	55	25	30	125	70	55
Gabonese	10	0	10	25	10	20
Gambian	25	10	15	110	60	50
Ghanaian	1,600	865	730	4,470	2,365	2,100
Guinean	130	45	80	455	235	215
Ibo	280	160	115	1,760	935	825
Ivorian	100	55	50	655	355	295
Liberian	250	95	150	1,040	495	540
Malian	80	55	25	70	45	25
Malinké	10	0	0	95	55	45
Nigerian	2,615	1,430	1,185	13,010	6,815	6,200
Peulh	20	0	15	105	70	35
Senegalese	95	75	25	575	370	205
Sierra Leonean	130	60	65	740	395	345
Togolese	100	70	40	150	70	80
Wolof	0	0	0	70	45	25
Yoruba	255	135	125	2,990	1,600	1,385
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	620	305	315	1,865	985	875
North African origins	9,840	5,210	4,630	23,235	12,305	10,935
Algerian	770	465	305	1,620	805	815
Berber	210	130	80	685	415	270
Coptic	150	90	65	225	115	110
Dinka	45	25	15	565	320	250
Egyptian	4,520	2,340	2,180	8,525	4,515	4,010
Libyan	420	275	140	1,300	665	635
Maure	150	60	90	95	70	25
Moroccan	2,005	1,105	895	2,510	1,380	1,130
Sudanese	1,225	535	695	7,070	3,695	3,375
Tunisian	500	290	215	940	480	455
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	215	115	105	575	315	260
Southern and East African origins	24,800	12,345	12,450	56,560	29,285	27,275
Afrikaner	705	355	355	315	155	160
Amhara	115	60	50	450	240	215
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	255	140	120	700	395	310
Burundian	215	95	120	975	555	420
Djiboutian	0	0	0	170	90	75
Eritrean	1,055	550	505	7,960	4,250	3,715
Ethiopian	2,550	1,280	1,270	13,225	6,710	6,510
Harari	0	0	0	165	85	80
Kenyan	1,615	775	845	2,175	1,035	1,140
Malagasy	105	65	40	125	55	70
Mauritian	975	520	450	550	310	235
Oromo	140	75	65	1,355	765	595
Rwandan	420	225	195	1,420	745	675
Seychellois	25	15	15	35	25	10
Somali	2,295	1,115	1,180	14,100	7,315	6,790
South African	11,060	5,510	5,550	6,635	3,310	3,320
Tanzanian	490	220	275	1,030	525	505
Tigrian	205	110	95	700	380	320
Ugandan	775	390	380	1,155	645	510
Zambian	210	95	110	265	155	110
Zimbabwean	855	445	405	2,590	1,300	1,285
Zulu	75	25	45	295	135	160
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	1,840	910	930	3,875	2,010	1,870
Other African origins	19,215	9,745	9,465	26,150	12,995	13,155
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	2,660	1,315	1,340	2,525	1,220	1,305
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	16,740	8,515	8,225	23,960	11,950	12,010
Asian origins	1,312,445	624,270	688,175	756,335	370,390	385,945
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	99,560	51,315	48,245	97,355	51,035	46,315
Afghan	7,895	4,005	3,885	8,540	4,545	3,995
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	5,660	3,125	2,540	10,470	5,690	4,780
Armenian	3,715	1,905	1,815	1,780	865	910
Assyrian	545	295	250	560	300	255
Azerbaijani	990	570	425	615	280	335
Georgian	740	380	355	400	230	165
Hazara	55	30	20	365	190	170
Iranian	47,985	24,290	23,695	13,925	7,220	6,705
Iraqi	5,575	2,860	2,715	6,165	3,250	2,915
Israeli	2,655	1,370	1,285	1,565	830	740
Jordanian	785	425	355	1,325	670	655
Kazakh	385	205	175	565	260	310
Kurd	2,120	1,165	950	2,040	1,160	880
Kuwaiti	125	85	40	185	110	80
Kyrgyz	175	90	85	200	110	90
Lebanese	7,980	4,175	3,805	32,365	16,835	15,525
Palestinian	2,625	1,410	1,210	4,880	2,675	2,210
Pashtun	360	200	160	645	305	345
Saudi Arabian	975	615	360	390	205	180
Syrian	3,955	1,905	2,055	7,215	3,605	3,610
Tajik	260	135	125	265	160	105
Tatar	790	365	425	530	215	315
Turk	6,355	3,485	2,865	5,745	3,155	2,595
Turkmen	120	70	55	105	55	50
Uighur	130	65	60	270	125	140
Uzbek	270	150	120	485	225	260
Yemeni	300	185	115	930	440	485
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	2,635	1,340	1,295	2,445	1,305	1,140
South Asian origins	363,885	182,650	181,235	231,550	118,855	112,695
Bangladeshi	1,840	925	920	4,155	2,085	2,070
Bengali	850	405	445	1,660	870	790
Bhutanese	120	65	55	815	410	400
East Indian	309,315	154,795	154,520	174,510	89,140	85,370
Goan	485	245	240	495	265	225
Gujarati	700	335	365	855	445	410
Kashmiri	185	100	85	720	355	365
Nepali	1,495	690	805	4,600	2,490	2,110
Pakistani	12,585	6,565	6,015	29,265	15,075	14,190
Punjabi	38,725	19,700	19,025	15,645	8,230	7,420
Sinhalese	620	325	300	750	400	355
Sri Lankan	5,710	2,970	2,740	5,585	2,885	2,695
Tamil	1,235	670	560	1,050	565	485
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	8,245	4,070	4,170	4,845	2,500	2,335
East and Southeast Asian origins	855,345	393,475	461,875	431,135	202,400	228,735
Burmese	2,310	1,135	1,175	1,270	650	615
Cambodian (Khmer)	3,235	1,580	1,655	4,260	2,245	2,015
Chinese	540,155	253,065	287,090	188,280	90,735	97,545
Filipino	158,215	68,710	89,505	175,130	79,150	95,975
Hmong	130	70	60	0	0	0
Indonesian	6,625	3,115	3,510	3,005	1,425	1,575
Japanese	51,150	22,200	28,945	16,595	7,510	9,085
Karen	895	450	445	740	390	345
Korean	63,300	29,330	33,975	22,410	10,655	11,755
Laotian	2,530	1,275	1,255	2,050	1,020	1,030
Malaysian	5,060	2,260	2,800	2,970	1,340	1,630
Mongolian	1,495	740	760	1,565	725	835
Singaporean	1,055	490	560	370	180	190
Taiwanese	21,455	9,810	11,650	1,995	855	1,140
Thai	5,065	1,870	3,195	2,735	980	1,750
Tibetan	550	290	260	965	500	465
Vietnamese	41,435	20,205	21,230	36,780	17,720	19,060
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	785	310	470	735	385	345
Other Asian origins	2,500	1,250	1,250	3,115	1,580	1,530
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	2,500	1,250	1,255	3,115	1,585	1,530
Oceania origins	41,125	20,605	20,520	15,500	7,825	7,680
Australian	16,240	8,385	7,855	7,785	3,975	3,810
New Zealander	6,565	3,405	3,155	2,905	1,535	1,370
Pacific Islands origins	19,135	9,240	9,890	5,150	2,510	2,635
Fijian	14,145	6,895	7,250	3,325	1,580	1,745
Hawaiian	2,200	970	1,235	425	190	235
Maori	1,120	595	530	640	325	320
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	600	275	325	205	105	95
Samoan	485	255	230	280	180	100
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	905	440	465	375	195	180
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	1,881,970	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
Owner	1,279,020	...	...	1,105,795	...	...
Renter	599,360	...	...	412,150	...	...
Band housing	3,590	...	...	9,730	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	1,881,970	...	...	1,527,675	...	...
Condominium	416,770	...	...	256,015	...	...
Not condominium	1,465,200	...	...	1,271,660	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	1,881,970	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
No bedrooms	22,705	...	...	5,440	...	...
1 bedroom	311,035	...	...	139,820	...	...
2 bedrooms	514,015	...	...	322,370	...	...
3 bedrooms	513,135	...	...	540,505	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	521,075	...	...	519,545	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	1,881,970	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	642,910	...	...	358,650	...	...
5 rooms	274,780	...	...	238,870	...	...
6 rooms	235,845	...	...	224,335	...	...
7 rooms	199,715	...	...	201,560	...	...
8 or more rooms	528,720	...	...	504,270	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.0	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	1,881,970	...	...	1,527,675	...	...
One person or fewer per room	1,839,850	...	...	1,494,875	...	...
More than 1 person per room	42,120	...	...	32,805	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	1,881,965	...	...	1,527,675	...	...
Suitable	1,781,905	...	...	1,458,550	...	...
Not suitable	100,060	...	...	69,125	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	1,881,970	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
1960 or before	267,560	...	...	177,780	...	...
1961 to 1980	559,485	...	...	439,505	...	...
1981 to 1990	289,565	...	...	193,360	...	...
1991 to 2000	331,865	...	...	216,410	...	...
2001 to 2005	125,335	...	...	157,420	...	...
2006 to 2010	171,945	...	...	180,645	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	136,210	...	...	162,560	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	1,881,970	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	1,763,105	...	...	1,440,440	...	...
Major repairs needed	118,865	...	...	87,240	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	1,881,970	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
1 household maintainer	1,091,500	...	...	873,125	...	...
2 household maintainers	725,675	...	...	605,830	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	64,790	...	...	48,725	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	1,881,970	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
15 to 24 years	58,620	...	...	53,955	...	...
25 to 34 years	253,950	...	...	281,820	...	...
35 to 44 years	304,185	...	...	307,930	...	...
45 to 54 years	378,545	...	...	310,435	...	...
55 to 64 years	390,185	...	...	288,480	...	...
65 to 74 years	288,165	...	...	169,505	...	...
75 to 84 years	152,225	...	...	86,970	...	...
85 years and over	56,085	...	...	28,585	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	1,832,420	...	...	1,479,270	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	1,320,210	...	...	1,170,780	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	512,210	...	...	308,485	...	...
30% to less than 100%	420,705	...	...	268,795	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,242,600	...	...	1,075,465	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	58.6	...	...	65.2	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	20.7	...	...	15.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,149	...	...	1,481	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,387	...	...	1,531	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	500,874	...	...	400,104	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	720,689	...	...	449,790	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	592,825	...	...	410,225	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	12.5	...	...	10.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	43.3	...	...	36.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,036	...	...	1,243	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,149	...	...	1,279	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,605	3,206,050	1,602,810	1,603,235
No certificate, diploma or degree	601,640	305,320	296,315	540,665	284,020	256,640
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	1,138,565	549,580	588,985	895,885	440,665	455,220
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,130,175	1,027,870	1,102,310	1,769,500	878,130	891,375
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	338,980	250,270	88,720	309,465	242,160	67,305
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	142,935	83,055	59,880	94,735	56,255	38,480
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	196,045	167,210	28,840	214,730	185,905	28,825
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	700,945	280,300	420,645	615,480	250,590	364,895
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	138,010	54,420	83,585	94,620	36,875	57,750
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	952,240	442,880	509,360	749,930	348,510	401,425
Bachelor's degree	622,670	281,020	341,655	530,085	235,610	294,470
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	69,005	28,575	40,430	39,955	18,075	21,880
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	29,110	16,690	12,420	21,850	11,810	10,045
Master's degree	195,825	94,360	101,465	133,265	67,215	66,055
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	35,625	22,240	13,390	24,770	15,805	8,965
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	2,532,975	1,227,040	1,305,940	2,257,820	1,131,030	1,126,795
No certificate, diploma or degree	244,000	134,410	109,585	244,755	136,085	108,675
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	671,010	330,835	340,175	569,435	283,290	286,145
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,617,965	761,790	856,175	1,443,635	711,655	731,975
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	231,445	172,290	59,155	238,220	189,180	49,035
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	97,350	56,920	40,435	69,415	42,445	26,970
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	134,095	115,370	18,725	168,805	146,740	22,065
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	528,805	210,880	317,925	496,375	203,350	293,020
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	99,695	39,205	60,490	73,315	29,315	44,005
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	758,015	339,415	418,605	635,730	289,810	345,920
Bachelor's degree	497,845	219,005	278,840	448,235	197,045	251,195
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	52,955	20,995	31,965	32,095	14,155	17,940
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	22,440	11,665	10,775	18,855	9,505	9,350
Master's degree	159,740	73,335	86,405	116,975	57,230	59,740
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	25,030	14,420	10,615	19,570	11,875	7,695
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	3,870,380	1,882,770	1,987,610	3,206,045	1,602,810	1,603,235
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	1,740,205	854,900	885,300	1,436,545	724,680	711,865
Education	144,100	34,915	109,185	121,930	29,000	92,930
13. Education	144,100	34,910	109,185	121,930	29,000	92,930
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	98,735	44,465	54,275	49,660	20,960	28,705
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	16,970	12,880	4,090	9,130	6,305	2,820
50. Visual and performing arts	81,765	31,580	50,185	40,535	14,650	25,885
Humanities	124,600	49,025	75,575	69,305	27,480	41,830
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	15,235	3,675	11,555	6,790	1,620	5,170
23. English language and literature/letters	34,710	10,845	23,865	15,110	4,270	10,840
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	35,720	13,670	22,050	20,660	7,275	13,390
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	585	210	375	225	105	125
38. Philosophy and religious studies	6,710	4,050	2,660	4,890	2,750	2,140
39. Theology and religious vocations	12,275	7,400	4,880	11,435	6,560	4,865
54. History	15,780	8,475	7,300	8,600	4,560	4,045
55. French language and literature/letters	3,580	705	2,880	1,595	345	1,250
Social and behavioural sciences and law	245,990	87,960	158,025	159,735	51,705	108,030
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	4,120	1,060	3,060	2,345	470	1,875
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	23,180	8,505	14,680	17,180	6,320	10,865
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	38,070	3,285	34,785	28,750	2,185	26,570
22. Legal professions and studies	38,505	13,545	24,955	29,000	9,355	19,645
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	4,325	1,345	2,985	2,190	605	1,580
42. Psychology	43,230	12,480	30,750	27,275	6,765	20,515
45. Social sciences	94,560	47,755	46,810	52,985	26,000	26,985
Business, management and public administration	426,460	166,470	259,990	361,530	133,045	228,485
30.16 Accounting and computer science	775	215	560	670	155	520
44. Public administration and social service professions	26,520	5,960	20,565	21,565	4,015	17,555
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	399,160	160,295	238,865	339,295	128,885	210,410
Physical and life sciences and technologies	86,425	46,070	40,355	72,850	38,330	34,525
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	36,760	16,800	19,960	25,850	10,955	14,895
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	19,025	9,400	9,620	15,410	7,270	8,145
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	835	225	610	555	170	385
40. Physical sciences	26,370	18,395	7,975	26,130	17,875	8,255
41. Science technologies/technicians	3,440	1,255	2,185	4,900	2,055	2,845
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	80,070	51,490	28,575	60,830	37,710	23,120
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	62,795	43,900	18,890	48,975	32,855	16,125
25. Library science	5,560	755	4,805	4,295	515	3,780
27. Mathematics and statistics	10,875	6,295	4,580	7,050	4,020	3,035
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	835	540	300	515	330	185
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	427,670	388,335	39,340	463,185	415,665	47,520
04. Architecture and related services	15,490	9,985	5,505	11,325	7,140	4,190
14. Engineering	98,455	81,055	17,395	110,345	89,275	21,070
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	68,500	60,490	8,010	84,800	72,145	12,655
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	90	25	65	60	10	50
46. Construction trades	100,765	97,615	3,150	100,370	96,810	3,560
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	97,720	94,520	3,200	103,880	100,100	3,785
48. Precision production	46,660	44,650	2,015	52,400	50,195	2,205
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	50,210	31,680	18,525	44,270	27,245	17,025
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	24,950	13,670	11,275	28,440	17,860	10,580
03. Natural resources and conservation	25,260	18,010	7,250	15,830	9,390	6,445
Health and related fields	322,715	65,735	256,975	270,920	51,220	219,700
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	23,740	11,920	11,820	19,300	9,110	10,195
51. Health professions and related programs	290,645	48,985	241,655	245,265	38,460	206,810
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	8,330	4,835	3,495	6,350	3,650	2,695
Personal, protective and transportation services	122,855	61,605	61,250	95,140	45,720	49,415
12. Personal and culinary services	79,740	24,860	54,885	57,285	14,985	42,305
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	320	290	30	250	230	20
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	1,235	1,120	115	740	655	85
43. Security and protective services	13,935	10,390	3,545	16,985	11,590	5,400
49. Transportation and materials moving	27,620	24,945	2,680	19,880	18,270	1,610
Other	355	115	240	150	60	95
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	350	115	240	145	60	95
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	2,532,980	1,227,040	1,305,935	2,257,820	1,131,025	1,126,795
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	915,015	465,250	449,765	814,190	419,370	394,820
Education	96,005	21,035	74,970	91,020	19,920	71,105
13. Education	96,010	21,035	74,975	91,025	19,920	71,100
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	77,655	34,430	43,225	40,255	16,670	23,585
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	12,710	9,580	3,130	7,095	4,810	2,285
50. Visual and performing arts	64,940	24,845	40,090	33,155	11,860	21,300
Humanities	93,605	35,490	58,115	55,985	21,840	34,145
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	11,710	2,510	9,195	5,690	1,310	4,380
23. English language and literature/letters	25,665	7,810	17,850	12,345	3,425	8,920
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	28,260	10,505	17,750	17,320	6,020	11,300
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	425	170	255	200	95	100
38. Philosophy and religious studies	4,970	2,960	2,010	3,930	2,205	1,725
39. Theology and religious vocations	8,330	4,945	3,385	8,500	4,960	3,545
54. History	11,805	6,140	5,665	6,855	3,565	3,285
55. French language and literature/letters	2,445	455	2,000	1,140	245	895
Social and behavioural sciences and law	196,450	67,000	129,450	135,545	42,855	92,685
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	3,460	845	2,615	2,025	425	1,600
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	19,685	6,940	12,750	14,880	5,360	9,520
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	29,855	2,505	27,350	23,730	1,770	21,960
22. Legal professions and studies	31,190	9,665	21,525	25,095	7,395	17,705
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	3,540	1,110	2,425	1,790	530	1,255
42. Psychology	33,055	8,845	24,210	22,460	5,290	17,170
45. Social sciences	75,665	37,095	38,575	45,565	22,095	23,465
Business, management and public administration	335,220	128,975	206,245	301,995	110,825	191,170
30.16 Accounting and computer science	540	170	365	560	135	420
44. Public administration and social service professions	20,695	4,240	16,455	18,035	3,130	14,910
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	313,985	124,565	189,425	283,400	107,560	175,840
Physical and life sciences and technologies	63,705	32,325	31,385	58,120	29,655	28,465
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	28,505	12,595	15,915	20,925	8,620	12,310
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	13,825	6,570	7,260	12,175	5,740	6,435
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	645	160	485	460	155	305
40. Physical sciences	18,525	12,250	6,270	20,785	13,645	7,140
41. Science technologies/technicians	2,210	750	1,460	3,775	1,500	2,270
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	68,660	44,820	23,840	53,975	33,590	20,385
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	56,390	39,660	16,725	44,735	29,980	14,750
25. Library science	3,830	545	3,290	3,400	440	2,965
27. Mathematics and statistics	7,760	4,185	3,570	5,420	2,915	2,500
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	680	430	250	420	255	165
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	310,855	277,375	33,475	376,875	335,210	41,670
04. Architecture and related services	12,110	7,240	4,875	9,335	5,630	3,710
14. Engineering	76,935	61,380	15,560	95,005	75,840	19,170
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	48,690	42,285	6,405	69,300	58,610	10,690
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	65	20	45	55	10	50
46. Construction trades	72,800	70,225	2,570	80,455	77,430	3,020
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	69,025	66,545	2,480	81,470	78,290	3,180
48. Precision production	31,225	29,690	1,535	41,255	39,405	1,850
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	39,360	23,810	15,555	35,820	21,060	14,760
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	18,965	9,875	9,090	21,990	12,970	9,025
03. Natural resources and conservation	20,395	13,930	6,470	13,825	8,090	5,740
Health and related fields	244,975	50,520	194,460	217,640	42,225	175,410
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	18,900	9,380	9,520	15,955	7,530	8,425
51. Health professions and related programs	219,800	37,800	182,000	196,250	31,775	164,475
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	6,285	3,340	2,940	5,435	2,925	2,505
Personal, protective and transportation services	91,185	45,925	45,265	76,300	37,755	38,540
12. Personal and culinary services	58,820	18,880	39,945	44,755	12,085	32,670
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	195	165	30	190	170	20
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	570	505	65	460	410	50
43. Security and protective services	11,175	8,110	3,060	14,100	9,595	4,505
49. Transportation and materials moving	20,430	18,265	2,165	16,795	15,490	1,305
Other	275	85	185	115	55	60
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	270	85	185	110	55	60
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	3,870,380	1,882,770	1,987,610	3,206,045	1,602,810	1,603,235
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,740,205	854,900	885,300	1,436,545	724,685	711,865
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	2,130,175	1,027,870	1,102,305	1,769,505	878,130	891,370
Location of study inside Canada	1,625,550	785,340	840,205	1,424,855	709,950	714,905
Same as province or territory of residence	1,243,905	593,275	650,635	1,064,560	530,135	534,430
Different than province or territory of residence	381,645	192,070	189,575	360,290	179,815	180,475
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	504,630	242,530	262,100	344,645	168,180	176,465
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	74,030	40,425	33,610	45,690	25,545	20,145
Philippines	56,845	20,455	36,395	68,760	26,480	42,280
India	44,115	22,045	22,065	41,560	21,025	20,535
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	58,825	31,920	26,910	28,630	16,255	12,370
China^{Census data footnote 162}	61,840	27,630	34,210	18,850	8,805	10,050
France	4,385	2,360	2,025	2,150	1,275	875
Other	204,580	97,700	106,885	139,010	68,800	70,210
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	2,532,975	1,227,040	1,305,935	2,257,820	1,131,030	1,126,795
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	915,015	465,250	449,765	814,190	419,375	394,820
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	1,617,960	761,790	856,170	1,443,630	711,655	731,980
Location of study inside Canada	1,239,640	589,155	650,490	1,150,780	572,180	578,595
Same as province or territory of residence	970,485	454,780	515,700	857,370	426,365	431,010
Different than province or territory of residence	269,155	134,375	134,785	293,410	145,820	147,590
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	378,325	172,640	205,685	292,850	139,470	153,380
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	50,095	26,175	23,920	34,655	18,640	16,015
Philippines	48,935	17,385	31,555	64,000	24,435	39,565
India	36,800	17,455	19,345	37,240	18,505	18,740
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	32,890	17,360	15,530	20,065	11,390	8,675
China^{Census data footnote 162}	53,570	23,445	30,125	16,600	7,630	8,965
France	3,505	1,885	1,615	1,870	1,105	765
Other	152,530	68,935	83,595	118,425	57,770	60,655
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,610	3,206,050	1,602,810	1,603,235
In the labour force	2,471,665	1,285,835	1,185,830	2,302,945	1,238,280	1,064,655
Employed	2,305,690	1,194,455	1,111,240	2,096,105	1,114,360	981,745
Unemployed	165,975	91,385	74,590	206,835	123,925	82,910
Not in the labour force	1,398,710	596,935	801,775	903,105	364,525	538,580
Participation rate	63.9	68.3	59.7	71.8	77.3	66.4
Employment rate	59.6	63.4	55.9	65.4	69.5	61.2
Unemployment rate	6.7	7.1	6.3	9.0	10.0	7.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,605	3,206,050	1,602,810	1,603,235
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	1,290,235	547,350	742,885	806,150	318,845	487,310
Worked	2,580,140	1,335,420	1,244,720	2,399,895	1,283,965	1,115,930
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	1,183,405	675,950	507,460	1,193,860	698,530	495,330
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	1,396,735	659,470	737,260	1,206,035	585,430	620,595
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.8	42.4	41.1	42.5	43.1	41.7
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	2,471,670	1,285,840	1,185,835	2,302,940	1,238,285	1,064,660
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	43,805	21,245	22,555	40,005	18,650	21,360
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	2,427,860	1,264,585	1,163,275	2,262,935	1,219,635	1,043,300
Employee	2,084,470	1,054,630	1,029,840	1,984,225	1,042,630	941,595
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	343,395	209,955	133,430	278,710	177,010	101,705
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	2,471,665	1,285,835	1,185,830	2,302,940	1,238,280	1,064,660
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	43,805	21,245	22,560	40,010	18,645	21,360
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	2,427,860	1,264,585	1,163,270	2,262,935	1,219,635	1,043,300
0 Management occupations	275,000	168,820	106,180	261,505	167,260	94,245
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	368,940	106,205	262,740	353,965	95,685	258,280
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	161,520	127,060	34,460	175,025	136,240	38,795
3 Health occupations	162,865	35,775	127,095	150,415	28,130	122,290
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	269,255	87,765	181,485	228,325	74,105	154,220
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	93,100	44,855	48,245	50,170	19,960	30,210
6 Sales and service occupations	595,225	251,490	343,735	491,495	204,245	287,255
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	360,970	339,660	21,315	406,495	376,375	30,120
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	64,235	47,530	16,700	72,465	59,465	13,000
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	76,745	55,430	21,315	73,070	58,170	14,895
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	2,471,665	1,285,835	1,185,830	2,302,940	1,238,280	1,064,660
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	43,805	21,250	22,555	40,005	18,650	21,360
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	2,427,865	1,264,590	1,163,270	2,262,935	1,219,630	1,043,305
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	65,205	42,840	22,360	64,035	43,045	20,990
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	25,920	21,810	4,115	142,490	109,105	33,390
22 Utilities	12,445	8,915	3,535	21,940	15,345	6,595
23 Construction	199,985	175,195	24,790	236,370	201,640	34,730
31-33 Manufacturing	157,560	113,945	43,615	127,535	96,045	31,490
41 Wholesale trade	82,105	55,530	26,580	80,610	56,840	23,775
44-45 Retail trade	283,135	129,985	153,150	249,880	115,065	134,810
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	128,400	98,580	29,815	115,295	83,675	31,620
51 Information and cultural industries	67,225	41,065	26,155	33,045	18,625	14,420
52 Finance and insurance	93,805	38,430	55,380	69,225	25,230	43,995
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	54,995	29,515	25,475	41,520	23,075	18,450
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	196,670	107,680	88,990	167,800	94,565	73,240
55 Management of companies and enterprises	4,320	1,975	2,345	5,560	2,760	2,795
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	109,095	62,325	46,775	87,350	49,595	37,760
61 Educational services	173,820	56,455	117,365	147,270	44,160	103,110
62 Health care and social assistance	270,855	52,320	218,530	245,875	41,235	204,645
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	57,940	29,050	28,895	44,880	21,550	23,335
72 Accommodation and food services	207,045	86,555	120,490	153,790	62,220	91,570
81 Other services (except public administration)	112,335	47,960	64,375	105,865	50,455	55,405
91 Public administration	125,000	64,450	60,545	122,595	65,420	57,175
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	2,305,690	1,194,455	1,111,240	2,096,110	1,114,360	981,745
Worked at home	196,510	95,515	100,990	162,465	77,935	84,530
Worked outside Canada	16,040	11,285	4,760	6,270	4,715	1,555
No fixed workplace address	326,180	243,130	83,050	307,065	236,995	70,070
Worked at usual place	1,766,965	844,520	922,440	1,620,310	794,720	825,595
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	1,766,965	844,520	922,440	1,620,310	794,720	825,595
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	864,410	382,105	482,305	1,186,170	554,850	631,330
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	807,840	405,435	402,400	358,010	190,730	167,280
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	81,750	47,820	33,930	64,360	41,925	22,435
Commute to a different province or territory	12,965	9,160	3,805	11,770	7,210	4,560
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	2,093,145	1,087,655	1,005,490	1,927,375	1,031,710	895,665
Car, truck, van - as a driver	1,475,585	803,485	672,095	1,497,440	832,890	664,545
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	114,580	49,075	65,500	99,635	40,215	59,420
Public transit	274,205	117,830	156,375	194,560	88,325	106,235
Walked	142,310	62,395	79,920	85,805	38,030	47,775
Bicycle	51,350	32,665	18,680	21,925	14,685	7,240
Other method	35,115	22,195	12,915	28,015	17,560	10,455
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	2,093,140	1,087,650	1,005,490	1,927,375	1,031,710	895,665
Less than 15 minutes	601,950	276,005	325,950	519,085	237,105	281,980
15 to 29 minutes	689,520	353,590	335,925	706,940	377,165	329,780
30 to 44 minutes	425,680	237,995	187,685	422,070	243,905	178,165
45 to 59 minutes	184,690	104,220	80,465	148,620	86,485	62,135
60 minutes and over	191,305	115,840	75,470	130,665	87,060	43,605
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	2,093,140	1,087,650	1,005,490	1,927,375	1,031,710	895,665
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	142,370	101,315	41,050	145,660	107,460	38,200
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	342,500	214,795	127,700	395,425	254,225	141,200
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	526,485	271,110	255,375	567,530	297,825	269,705
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	470,210	202,910	267,295	347,270	147,425	199,845
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	292,185	125,470	166,715	188,660	77,175	111,490
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	319,400	172,045	147,355	282,820	147,600	135,225
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	2,670,700	1,378,580	1,292,120	2,467,410	1,314,320	1,153,090
Single responses	2,622,495	1,354,780	1,267,710	2,446,600	1,304,240	1,142,360
Official languages	2,537,990	1,309,980	1,228,015	2,425,545	1,292,940	1,132,610
English	2,531,850	1,308,325	1,223,530	2,418,990	1,290,870	1,128,120
French	6,140	1,660	4,485	6,560	2,070	4,490
Non-official languages	84,500	44,805	39,705	21,055	11,305	9,750
Aboriginal languages	260	75	180	1,000	550	450
Algonquian languages	15	0	10	670	355	315
Blackfoot	0	0	10	75	50	30
Cree-Montagnais languages	10	0	10	565	295	270
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	10	10	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Woods Cree	0	0	0	30	10	20
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	0	535	280	255
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	20	15	10
Algonquin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway	0	0	0	25	15	10
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	45	15	30	75	45	30
Northern Athabaskan languages	45	15	30	75	40	35
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	20	0	15	0	0	0
Chilcotin	20	10	10	0	0	0
Dene	0	0	0	60	35	25
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	10	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	15	10	10
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	10	10	10
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	10	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	10	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	10	0	0	0
Inuit languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	110	30	85	0	0	0
Comox	10	0	10	0	0	0
Halkomelem	15	0	15	0	0	0
Lillooet	15	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	20	0	20	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	30	10	25	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	15	0	10	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	10	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	255	155	105
Dakota	0	0	0	15	10	10
Stoney	0	0	0	240	140	95
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	25	10	20	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	15	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	10	10	10	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	30	10	20	0	0	0
Haisla	10	0	10	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	10	10	10	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	10	10	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	15	10	0	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	84,245	44,730	39,520	20,050	10,755	9,300
Afro-Asiatic languages	440	295	145	940	575	360
Berber languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	10	100	45	55
Bilen	0	0	0	10	0	10
Oromo	0	0	0	25	15	15
Somali	10	0	10	60	25	35
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	435	295	135	840	530	305
Amharic	15	15	0	85	50	35
Arabic	320	235	85	610	415	195
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	20	10	10	10	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	75	30	50	50	15	35
Maltese	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	40	15	25
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	50	25	25
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,505	1,165	1,345	1,305	515	790
Khmer (Cambodian)	45	30	20	15	10	0
Vietnamese	2,460	1,140	1,325	1,290	505	780
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	825	385	440	850	420	430
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	20	0	20	15	0	10
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	10	0	10
Ilocano	30	15	20	30	10	20
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	65	35	20	10	10	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	695	320	375	785	405	380
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	10	0	10
Creole languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	30	15	20	55	25	35
Kannada	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0	15	10	0
Tamil	30	10	15	35	15	15
Telugu	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	23,765	13,305	10,460	8,280	4,855	3,425
Albanian	15	15	0	30	20	10
Armenian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	950	440	510	690	335	355
Baltic languages	10	10	0	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lithuanian	10	0	0	0	0	0
Slavic languages	935	435	500	695	335	360
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	15	0	10	15	15	0
Bulgarian	10	0	10	10	0	10
Croatian	30	10	25	15	10	15
Czech	40	20	10	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	10	10	10	0
Polish	115	50	70	220	135	85
Russian	565	255	315	275	120	160
Serbian	95	55	40	25	0	20
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slovak	15	10	0	25	0	20
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ukrainian	40	25	15	100	40	55
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	10	0	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	10	10	0	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Germanic languages	805	465	335	2,535	1,700	840
Afrikaans	15	10	0	30	10	20
Danish	15	15	0	10	0	10
Dutch	120	70	45	145	80	65
Frisian	0	0	0	0	0	0
German	590	330	260	2,160	1,455	700
Icelandic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Norwegian	15	10	10	10	0	10
Swedish	25	20	10	15	10	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0	0	10
Yiddish	10	10	10	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	165	135	30
Greek	55	25	30	20	15	0
Indo-Iranian languages	19,805	11,280	8,535	3,215	1,870	1,350
Indo-Aryan languages	18,715	10,560	8,160	3,010	1,735	1,275
Bengali	15	15	0	25	10	15
Gujarati	35	15	25	75	15	60
Hindi	300	185	110	210	110	100
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nepali	20	10	10	40	20	15
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	18,295	10,310	7,985	2,480	1,510	970
Sindhi	0	0	10	10	0	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	10	10	0
Urdu	45	25	25	155	50	100
Iranian languages	1,085	720	365	200	130	70
Kurdish	25	25	0	15	10	0
Pashto	0	0	0	15	15	0
Persian (Farsi)	1,060	700	360	175	105	70
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,140	1,085	1,060	1,780	920	860
Catalan	10	10	0	0	0	0
Italian	110	50	60	30	10	15
Portuguese	515	255	260	140	70	70
Romanian	70	45	25	50	30	20
Spanish	1,435	725	710	1,560	800	760
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	0	0
Japanese	1,730	650	1,080	195	75	125
Kartvelian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Georgian	10	10	0	0	0	0
Korean	5,585	3,005	2,585	785	350	435
Mongolic languages	10	10	0	0	0	0
Mongolian	10	10	0	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	10	15	0	35	10	30
Akan (Twi)	10	0	0	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	10	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0	30	10	25
Wolof	0	0	0	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0	0	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	280	90	190	230	120	115
American Sign Language	215	45	165	125	40	85
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	70	45	25	105	80	30
Sino-Tibetan languages	48,735	25,645	23,085	7,080	3,665	3,420
Chinese languages	48,645	25,595	23,055	7,035	3,635	3,400
Cantonese	23,555	12,020	11,535	4,545	2,340	2,205
Hakka	15	0	10	15	0	10
Mandarin	23,835	12,935	10,900	2,170	1,125	1,045
Min Dong	0	0	0	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	210	120	85	30	10	15
Wu (Shanghainese)	50	25	20	0	0	0
Chinese, n.o.s.	985	485	500	275	155	125
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	85	50	30	45	30	20
Burmese	25	15	15	10	10	10
Karenic languages	55	35	15	25	15	10
Tibetan	0	0	0	0	0	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	170	65	110	125	60	65
Lao	10	0	10	0	0	0
Thai	165	65	105	130	60	65
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	65	50	15	80	35	45
Azerbaijani	0	10	0	0	0	0
Turkish	55	40	15	65	30	30
Uyghur	0	10	0	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0	10	0	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	10
Uralic languages	45	20	25	70	45	25
Estonian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Finnish	25	10	15	10	10	0
Hungarian	25	10	15	65	40	25
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20	10	10	0
Multiple responses	48,205	23,795	24,410	20,810	10,080	10,735
English and French	4,210	1,865	2,345	4,525	2,050	2,475
English and non-official language	43,480	21,760	21,720	15,935	7,860	8,075
French and non-official language	55	30	25	55	25	30
English, French and non-official language	465	145	320	295	140	155
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	2,670,700	1,378,580	1,292,120	2,467,410	1,314,320	1,153,095
None	2,498,070	1,293,650	1,204,420	2,370,575	1,264,955	1,105,620
English	36,505	18,270	18,235	13,805	6,540	7,270
French	22,465	10,170	12,300	23,920	11,380	12,545
Non-official language	110,375	54,925	55,455	57,640	30,700	26,935
Aboriginal	1,860	630	1,225	5,045	2,370	2,680
Non-Aboriginal	108,515	54,295	54,225	52,590	28,335	24,260
English and French	60	40	15	30	15	15
English and non-official language	1,155	545	610	215	105	110
French and non-official language	2,070	980	1,090	1,220	625	595
English, French and non-official language	10	0	0	0	10	0
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	4,516,810	2,215,515	2,301,295	3,925,440	1,971,515	1,953,920
Non-movers	3,811,375	1,868,420	1,942,945	3,318,340	1,667,060	1,651,280
Movers	705,440	347,095	358,345	607,095	304,450	302,640
Non-migrants	386,620	189,765	196,855	394,230	199,640	194,590
Migrants	318,825	157,335	161,490	212,865	104,815	108,050
Internal migrants	249,960	123,425	126,540	166,390	82,335	84,055
Intraprovincial migrants	188,225	92,150	96,070	120,105	59,845	60,260
Interprovincial migrants	61,740	31,275	30,465	46,280	22,490	23,795
External migrants	68,860	33,910	34,950	46,475	22,480	23,995
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	4,339,960	2,124,780	2,215,180	3,714,635	1,863,450	1,851,190
Non-movers	2,490,535	1,220,635	1,269,905	2,052,580	1,028,510	1,024,070
Movers	1,849,425	904,145	945,275	1,662,055	834,935	827,120
Non-migrants	940,895	460,185	480,710	899,165	454,700	444,465
Migrants	908,535	443,965	464,570	762,890	380,235	382,655
Internal migrants	672,805	329,700	343,105	559,860	280,255	279,610
Intraprovincial migrants	503,685	245,895	257,795	333,775	165,900	167,875
Interprovincial migrants	169,115	83,805	85,310	226,090	114,355	111,730
External migrants	235,730	114,265	121,465	203,025	99,980	103,045

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 20 referrer

Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 23 referrer

Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 26 referrer

Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 34 referrer

Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 35 referrer

Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 36 referrer

Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 37 referrer

Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 38 referrer

Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 39 referrer

Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

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Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

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Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 42 referrer

Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Return to footnote 43 referrer

Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 44 referrer

Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

Return to footnote 46 referrer

Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

Return to footnote 47 referrer

Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 53 referrer

Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. British Columbia [Province] and Alberta [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 16, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
British Columbia [Province] and Alberta [Province]

Census Profile, 2016 Census British Columbia [Province] and Alberta [Province]

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
British Columbia [Province] and Alberta [Province]