Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Dartmouth--Cole HarbourMore information: Nova Scotia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	96,165	...	...
Population, 2016¹	92,301	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	4.2	...	...
Total private dwellings²	44,483	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	43,101	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,068.6	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	89.99	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	96,165	46,590	49,575
0 to 14 years	13,810	7,010	6,800
0 to 4 years	4,260	2,145	2,115
5 to 9 years	4,810	2,435	2,380
10 to 14 years	4,745	2,435	2,305
15 to 64 years	63,780	31,365	32,415
15 to 19 years	4,450	2,225	2,220
20 to 24 years	5,855	3,135	2,720
25 to 29 years	6,725	3,420	3,305
30 to 34 years	7,100	3,515	3,590
35 to 39 years	6,755	3,290	3,465
40 to 44 years	6,235	3,060	3,170
45 to 49 years	5,830	2,765	3,060
50 to 54 years	6,120	2,855	3,260
55 to 59 years	7,430	3,645	3,785
60 to 64 years	7,285	3,455	3,830
65 years and over	18,580	8,220	10,360
65 to 69 years	6,090	2,780	3,310
70 to 74 years	5,005	2,285	2,720
75 to 79 years	3,270	1,470	1,795
80 to 84 years	2,180	910	1,270
85 years and over	2,030	770	1,265
85 to 89 years	1,330	550	780
90 to 94 years	550	195	355
95 to 99 years	140	20	120
100 years and over	10	0	5
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.4	15.0	13.7
15 to 64 years	66.3	67.3	65.4
65 years and over	19.3	17.6	20.9
85 years and over	2.1	1.7	2.6
Average age of the population	42.8	41.7	43.9
Median age of the population	42.4	41.2	44.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	43,100	...	...
Single-detached house	19,400	...	...
Semi-detached house	4,035	...	...
Row house	2,020	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,290	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	12,870	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	3,135	...	...
Other single-attached house	25	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	330	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	43,100	...	...
1 person	14,015	...	...
2 persons	16,090	...	...
3 persons	6,270	...	...
4 persons	4,570	...	...
5 or more persons	2,160	...	...
Number of persons in private households	95,050	45,900	49,150
Average household size	2.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	82,355	39,580	42,775
Married or living common-law	44,510	22,265	22,245
Married	34,465	17,235	17,225
Living common-law	10,050	5,030	5,020
Living common law - Never married	7,445	3,725	3,715
Living common law - Separated	485	230	250
Living common law - Divorced	1,900	970	925
Living common law - Widowed	230	100	130
Not married and not living common-law	37,840	17,320	20,525
Not married and not living common law - Never married	24,940	13,105	11,835
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,650	1,135	1,510
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,710	2,070	3,645
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,545	1,005	3,540
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	27,030	...	...
2 persons	15,720	...	...
3 persons	5,640	...	...
4 persons	4,130	...	...
5 or more persons	1,540	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	27,030	...	...
Total couple families	21,920	...	...
Married couples	16,900	...	...
With children⁶	7,805	...	...
Without children	9,095	...	...
Common-law couples	5,025	...	...
With children⁶	1,645	...	...
Without children	3,380	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,105	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,145	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	960	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	95,050	45,900	49,150
Total - Persons in census families	73,090	35,590	37,495
Married spouses or common-law partners	43,845	21,910	21,935
Parents in one-parent families	5,110	965	4,145
Children⁶	24,135	12,720	11,420
In a two-parent family	16,470	8,650	7,820
In a one-parent family	7,670	4,070	3,600
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	21,960	10,305	11,655
Living alone	14,015	6,020	8,000
Living with other relatives⁷	2,205	915	1,290
Living with non-relatives only	5,740	3,375	2,365
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	43,100	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	24,335	...	...
Couple-family households	20,255	...	...
With children⁶	8,745	...	...
Without children	11,505	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,080	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	770	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	145	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,250	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,585	...	...
One-person households	14,015	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	81,255	38,900	42,350
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,800	37,690	41,110
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,000	47,200	38,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,840	37,715	41,130
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	40,800	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	71,030	34,675	36,355
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	43,200	31,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	57,040	28,855	28,185
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	42,000	34,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	61,525	27,075	34,445
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,000	10,400	11,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,095	3,795	4,305
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	20,415	9,860	10,555
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	81,345	38,950	42,395
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	79,025	37,830	41,195
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,720	57,450	44,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	79,065	37,845	41,215
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,560	46,160	37,320
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	71,200	34,770	36,435
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,480	54,050	39,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	57,205	28,955	28,250
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,000	51,700	40,160
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	61,435	27,160	34,275
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,410	10,840	11,860
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,005	3,795	4,200
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,350	5,805	6,840
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	20,385	9,885	10,500
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,240	9,050	9,410
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	81,345	38,950	42,390
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,380	15,815	13,570
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,000	64,500	55,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,500	73,000	61,050
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	20,815	9,610	11,205
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,000	18,800	15,900
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,140	28,440	22,300
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.6	86.4	77.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	65.6	68.8	61.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.5	13.6	22.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.0	1.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.4	4.6	6.3
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.7	4.1	5.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	81,255	38,900	42,355
Without total income	2,455	1,210	1,240
With total income	78,800	37,685	41,115
Under $10,000 (including loss)	5,610	2,485	3,125
$10,000 to $19,999	8,450	3,230	5,215
$20,000 to $29,999	12,115	4,975	7,135
$30,000 to $39,999	11,060	4,895	6,165
$40,000 to $49,999	9,920	4,375	5,545
$50,000 to $59,999	7,755	3,700	4,060
$60,000 to $69,999	6,125	3,290	2,840
$70,000 to $79,999	4,645	2,620	2,025
$80,000 to $89,999	3,900	2,270	1,630
$90,000 to $99,999	2,835	1,575	1,260
$100,000 and over	6,385	4,265	2,115
$100,000 to $149,999	4,765	3,070	1,695
$150,000 and over	1,615	1,200	415
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	81,255	38,900	42,355
Without after-tax income	2,415	1,190	1,225
With after-tax income	78,840	37,710	41,125
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,115	2,585	3,530
$10,000 to $19,999	9,080	3,505	5,570
$20,000 to $29,999	14,680	6,245	8,435
$30,000 to $39,999	13,820	6,200	7,620
$40,000 to $49,999	11,200	5,250	5,950
$50,000 to $59,999	8,215	4,400	3,815
$60,000 to $69,999	5,935	3,345	2,595
$70,000 to $79,999	3,995	2,260	1,735
$80,000 to $89,999	2,165	1,340	830
$90,000 to $99,999	1,230	830	400
$100,000 and over	2,405	1,755	650
$100,000 to $124,999	1,345	940	400
$125,000 and over	1,065	810	250
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	81,255	38,900	42,355
Without employment income	24,215	10,050	14,170
With employment income	57,035	28,855	28,180
Under $5,000 (including loss)	7,205	3,430	3,770
$5,000 to $9,999	4,240	1,840	2,395
$10,000 to $19,999	6,640	2,915	3,725
$20,000 to $29,999	5,910	2,840	3,070
$30,000 to $39,999	5,885	2,890	2,995
$40,000 to $49,999	5,670	2,600	3,075
$50,000 to $59,999	4,485	2,265	2,225
$60,000 to $69,999	3,870	2,170	1,700
$70,000 to $79,999	3,270	1,815	1,455
$80,000 to $89,999	2,965	1,695	1,270
$90,000 to $99,999	2,235	1,255	985
$100,000 and over	4,650	3,135	1,520
$100,000 to $124,999	2,555	1,590	965
$125,000 and over	2,100	1,540	555
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	81,255	38,900	42,350
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	77,340	36,890	40,450
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	45,600	34,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	77,425	36,905	40,520
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	39,200	31,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	70,505	34,330	36,165
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	43,200	31,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	57,380	28,875	28,500
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	42,000	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	53,785	22,755	31,025
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,050	5,720	7,550
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,050	2,730	3,325
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,640	5,480	5,960
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	81,345	38,950	42,395
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	77,610	37,075	40,535
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,720	56,550	41,520
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	77,680	37,080	40,600
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,760	45,240	34,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	70,730	34,470	36,260
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,000	55,600	38,840
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	57,550	29,005	28,540
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,280	53,050	39,360
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	53,965	22,925	31,040
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,420	7,880	8,830
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,190	2,830	3,360
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,040	6,450	7,540
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	81,345	38,950	42,390
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,220	15,750	13,470
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	55,600	60,800	50,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	64,100	70,800	56,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	19,745	9,100	10,650
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,600	24,200	20,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,320	34,720	26,520
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	88.0	91.4	83.8
Employment income (%)	70.4	73.4	66.8
Government transfers (%)	12.0	8.6	16.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.9	1.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	43,100	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	67,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	14,015	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	29,085	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	43,100	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	76,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	13,995	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,920	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	29,105	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	114,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	93,400	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	43,100	...	...
Under $5,000	360	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	195	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	875	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	660	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,675	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,480	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,465	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,725	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,865	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,805	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,535	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,415	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,120	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,970	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,745	...	...
$100,000 and over	15,220	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,150	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,580	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,880	...	...
$200,000 and over	2,610	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	43,100	...	...
Under $5,000	400	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	195	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	890	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	730	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,865	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,900	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,960	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,230	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,180	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,145	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,280	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,075	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,710	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,275	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,615	...	...
$100,000 and over	10,650	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,720	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,845	...	...
$150,000 and over	3,090	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	27,035	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	11,730	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	9,545	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,820	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	59,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	19,760	9,390	10,365
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,800	39,200	38,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,400	34,400	34,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	27,025	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	114,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	93,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,725	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	107,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,535	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	146,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	117,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,890	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	63,550	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	19,880	9,485	10,390
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,680	47,160	44,280
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,280	39,080	37,520
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	95,045	45,900	49,145
0 to 17 years	16,475	8,325	8,150
0 to 5 years	5,220	2,640	2,585
18 to 64 years	60,500	29,550	30,950
65 years and over	18,075	8,020	10,050
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	10,575	4,745	5,825
0 to 17 years	2,325	1,185	1,140
0 to 5 years	855	430	430
18 to 64 years	6,050	2,810	3,240
65 years and over	2,195	755	1,440
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.1	10.4	11.9
0 to 17 years (%)	14.1	14.2	14.0
0 to 5 years (%)	16.4	16.2	16.6
18 to 64 years (%)	10.0	9.5	10.5
65 years and over (%)	12.2	9.4	14.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	94,840	45,815	49,025
0 to 17 years	16,445	8,310	8,130
0 to 5 years	5,215	2,640	2,580
18 to 64 years	60,420	29,515	30,905
65 years and over	17,970	7,985	9,985
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	4,280	2,185	2,090
0 to 17 years	655	335	320
0 to 5 years	225	115	105
18 to 64 years	3,310	1,735	1,575
65 years and over	310	120	190
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.5	4.8	4.3
0 to 17 years (%)	4.0	4.1	3.9
0 to 5 years (%)	4.3	4.4	4.1
18 to 64 years (%)	5.5	5.9	5.1
65 years and over (%)	1.7	1.5	1.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	95,050	45,900	49,150
In bottom half of the distribution	51,945	24,440	27,505
In bottom decile	9,765	4,585	5,180
In second decile	10,790	4,860	5,925
In third decile	10,735	5,055	5,680
In fourth decile	10,590	5,035	5,555
In fifth decile	10,065	4,905	5,160
In top half of the distribution	43,105	21,455	21,645
In sixth decile	10,020	4,945	5,070
In seventh decile	9,910	4,905	4,995
In eighth decile	9,520	4,755	4,765
In ninth decile	8,170	4,090	4,075
In top decile	5,490	2,755	2,735
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	95,050	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.301	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.406	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.262	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	95,235	46,015	49,220
English only	83,625	40,915	42,710
French only	105	50	55
English and French	11,225	4,915	6,310
Neither English nor French	280	135	145
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	95,235	46,015	49,220
English	92,055	44,455	47,595
French	2,650	1,315	1,330
English and French	280	125	155
Neither English nor French	250	115	135
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	95,235	46,015	49,220
Single responses	93,075	44,960	48,110
Official languages	86,585	41,545	45,035
English	83,890	40,240	43,650
French	2,690	1,310	1,385
Non-official languages	6,490	3,410	3,075
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	10	10
Algonquian languages	15	5	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	5	10
Mi'kmaq	10	5	10
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	5	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	6,470	3,405	3,065
Afro-Asiatic languages	710	400	310
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	10	5	5
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	5	5	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	695	390	310
Amharic	15	10	0
Arabic	655	360	295
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	20	10	5
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	5	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	155	80	75
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	155	80	75
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	745	345	405
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	10	20
Cebuano	45	20	25
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	5	5
Ilocano	15	5	10
Indonesian	5	5	5
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	625	285	335
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Creole languages	20	10	5
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	10	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	355	230	130
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	220	145	75
Tamil	45	25	20
Telugu	85	55	35
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	3,495	1,865	1,625
Albanian	40	20	20
Armenian	5	5	5
Balto-Slavic languages	420	200	220
Baltic languages	5	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	5	0	0
Slavic languages	420	200	220
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	5	5	5
Czech	10	5	5
Macedonian	5	5	0
Polish	95	45	50
Russian	175	85	85
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	70	30	45
Bosnian	15	10	10
Croatian	35	15	25
Serbian	15	5	5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	10	5	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	5	0
Ukrainian	45	25	20
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	5	5
Irish	5	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	370	175	195
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	220	105	115
German	215	100	110
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	5	5
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	90	45	45
Afrikaans	15	5	10
Dutch	70	35	40
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	55	30	30
Danish	20	10	5
Icelandic	5	5	5
Norwegian	25	10	15
Swedish	10	5	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	60	35	30
Indo-Iranian languages	1,910	1,085	825
Indo-Aryan languages	1,685	965	720
Assamese	5	5	0
Bengali	120	65	55
Gujarati	95	60	40
Hindi	200	100	100
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	15	5	10
Nepali	25	10	10
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,040	615	425
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	10	10
Urdu	155	85	70
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Iranian languages	225	120	100
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	15	10	10
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	5	5	5
Persian languages	200	110	90
Dari	15	5	5
Iranian Persian	170	90	75
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	10	10
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	680	345	335
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	95	60	30
Portuguese	210	105	105
Romanian	25	10	15
Spanish	350	170	180
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	55	15	45
Korean	135	50	85
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	150	85	70
Akan (Twi)	10	5	10
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	10	5	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	0	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	25	10	15
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	5
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	5	5	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	5	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	20	10	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	45	25	20
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	45	25	20
American Sign Language	40	25	20
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	490	245	245
Chinese languages	485	245	245
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	280	140	140
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10	5	5
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	5
Yue (Cantonese)	175	90	90
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	5	10
Lao	0	0	5
Thai	5	0	5
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	50	30	20
Azerbaijani	5	0	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	45	25	15
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	60	35	25
Estonian	5	0	0
Finnish	5	5	0
Hungarian	55	30	20
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	2,160	1,050	1,110
English and French	770	330	440
English and non-official language(s)	1,195	620	580
French and non-official language(s)	40	20	25
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	25	25
Multiple non-official languages	95	60	35
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	95,235	46,015	49,220
English	84,930	40,845	44,080
French	775	380	390
Non-official language	1,695	910	785
Indigenous³⁹	5	5	5
Non-Indigenous	1,690	905	780
English and French	2,015	900	1,115
English and non-official language(s)	5,285	2,685	2,595
French and non-official language(s)	25	10	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	340	170	175
Multiple non-official languages	170	105	65
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	95,235	46,015	49,220
Single responses	93,545	45,175	48,370
Official languages	89,790	43,195	46,590
English	88,705	42,680	46,030
French	1,080	525	555
Non-official languages	3,760	1,975	1,785
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	5
Algonquian languages	10	5	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	5	5
Mi'kmaq	10	5	5
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	3,750	1,975	1,780
Afro-Asiatic languages	340	175	160
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	10	5	5
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	5	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	330	170	160
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	315	160	155
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	10	5	5
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	110	50	55
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	110	50	55
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	470	225	245
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Cebuano	25	10	15
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	5	5	5
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	5	0	5
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	415	200	220
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	15	10	10
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	265	160	105
Kannada	10	5	5
Malayalam	155	95	55
Tamil	35	20	15
Telugu	65	40	30
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,980	1,065	915
Albanian	15	5	5
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	160	75	85
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	160	75	85
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	5	5	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	25	10	15
Russian	85	40	45
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	30	10	20
Bosnian	5	5	5
Croatian	15	5	10
Serbian	5	5	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	15	10	5
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	0
Irish	5	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	70	35	30
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	40	20	20
German	40	20	20
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	10	10
Afrikaans	5	5	5
Dutch	10	5	5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	15	10	5
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	5	0	5
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	20	5	15
Indo-Iranian languages	1,365	755	615
Indo-Aryan languages	1,205	670	540
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	100	50	50
Gujarati	55	30	25
Hindi	125	70	55
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	5	5	5
Nepali	10	5	5
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	815	465	355
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	5	5
Urdu	75	35	40
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	160	85	80
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	10	10	5
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	5	5	5
Persian languages	145	75	70
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	125	65	60
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	10	5
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	335	175	160
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	15	10	5
Portuguese	135	65	65
Romanian	15	5	5
Spanish	175	90	80
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	20	5	10
Korean	80	35	40
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	60	30	30
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	15	10	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	5	0	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	15	10	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	65	40	30
American Sign Language	65	35	30
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	305	155	155
Chinese languages	300	150	150
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	195	100	95
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5	5	5
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	5
Yue (Cantonese)	90	45	50
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	5	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	5	5	5
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	5	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	30	10	15
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	30	10	15
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	20	15	10
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	20	15	10
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,690	840	850
English and French	345	165	180
English and non-official language(s)	1,285	645	630
French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	10	20
Multiple non-official languages	15	10	10
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	95,235	46,010	49,220
None	88,785	42,830	45,955
English	1,825	910	920
French	1,460	640	820
Non-official language	2,355	1,195	1,160
Indigenous³⁹	20	10	10
Non-Indigenous	2,335	1,185	1,150
English and French	30	20	15
English and non-official language(s)	335	170	165
French and non-official language(s)	180	100	85
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	10	10
Multiple non-official languages	245	145	100
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	95,175	45,975	49,200
Official languages	94,965	45,855	49,110
English	94,815	45,795	49,025
French	11,470	5,105	6,365
Non-official languages	10,130	5,280	4,850
Indigenous languages³⁹	70	25	40
Algonquian languages	55	25	30
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	50	20	30
Mi'kmaq	50	20	30
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	10
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	10	0	10
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	10,065	5,250	4,810
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,225	670	560
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,215	665	550
Amharic	25	10	15
Arabic	1,065	605	460
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	130	55	75
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	255	155	100
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	255	155	100
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,105	540	570
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	15	20
Cebuano	70	30	40
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	15	10	10
Ilocano	20	0	15
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	10	0	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	10	15
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,080	525	550
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	40	0	35
Creole languages	70	35	35
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	20	10	10
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	10	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	10	0
Dravidian languages	570	360	215
Kannada	25	15	0
Malayalam	305	210	100
Tamil	175	110	65
Telugu	155	75	80
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	5,405	2,835	2,560
Albanian	60	35	30
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	560	285	270
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	555	285	270
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	20	10	10
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	80	30	50
Russian	340	205	140
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	90	35	55
Bosnian	25	10	10
Croatian	70	20	50
Serbian	50	20	25
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	20	0	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	65	30	35
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	85	25	60
Irish	40	10	25
Scottish Gaelic	45	10	35
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	680	320	365
Frisian	10	0	10
High German languages	480	235	250
German	475	235	240
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	10	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	125	50	80
Afrikaans	15	0	10
Dutch	110	45	65
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	85	45	40
Danish	25	15	15
Icelandic	10	0	10
Norwegian	40	25	15
Swedish	15	10	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	160	75	85
Indo-Iranian languages	2,615	1,475	1,145
Indo-Aryan languages	2,395	1,355	1,040
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	125	75	50
Gujarati	120	50	65
Hindi	1,470	830	640
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	15	10	10
Marathi	10	0	10
Nepali	40	25	15
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,500	860	640
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	55	25	30
Urdu	355	185	170
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0
Iranian languages	245	130	115
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	20	10	10
Persian languages	195	105	90
Dari	10	10	0
Iranian Persian	170	85	85
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	10	10
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,425	730	695
Catalan	10	10	0
Italian	245	160	85
Portuguese	225	140	85
Romanian	55	15	35
Spanish	985	485	500
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	205	75	130
Korean	120	40	80
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	495	250	235
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Bamanankan	10	0	10
Edo	10	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	10	0	10
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	100	45	55
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	20	0
Lingala	30	15	15
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	75	55	15
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	275	135	140
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15
Nilo-Saharan languages	95	65	30
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	95	65	30
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	345	130	215
American Sign Language	325	120	205
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	575	290	290
Chinese languages	555	280	285
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	380	175	205
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10	10	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	190	100	100
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	15	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	10	10
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	30	20	10
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	20	15	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	85	45	45
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	50	20	30
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	50	35	20
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	50	30	20
Other languages, n.i.e.	65	35	35
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	95,180	45,975	49,200
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	4,060	1,995	2,065
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	3,860	1,885	1,975
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,185	1,070	1,105
Métis	1,555	755	805
Inuk (Inuit)	125	60	65
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	75	35	40
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	130	75	50
Non-Indigenous identity	91,115	43,980	47,135
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	95,180	45,975	49,200
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	945	505	440
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	94,235	45,470	48,765
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	43,100	...	...
Owner	23,480	...	...
Renter	19,605	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	15	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	43,100	...	...
Condominium	2,450	...	...
Not condominium	40,650	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	43,100	...	...
No bedrooms	215	...	...
1 bedroom	6,925	...	...
2 bedrooms	11,310	...	...
3 bedrooms	15,165	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	9,480	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	43,100	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	12,600	...	...
5 rooms	5,820	...	...
6 rooms	5,780	...	...
7 rooms	5,480	...	...
8 or more rooms	13,430	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	43,100	...	...
One person or fewer per room	42,605	...	...
More than one person per room	495	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	43,100	...	...
Suitable	41,270	...	...
Not suitable	1,825	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	43,100	...	...
1960 or before	8,240	...	...
1961 to 1980	15,020	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,425	...	...
1991 to 2000	4,820	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,290	...	...
2006 to 2010	2,110	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,980	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,215	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	43,100	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	39,885	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,215	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	43,100	...	...
One-maintainer household	22,575	...	...
Two-maintainer household	18,820	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,700	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	43,100	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,425	...	...
25 to 34 years	6,610	...	...
35 to 44 years	7,130	...	...
45 to 54 years	7,055	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,960	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,025	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,570	...	...
85 years and over	1,335	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	42,960	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	34,175	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	8,785	...	...
30% to less than 100%	7,995	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	43,100	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	12,470	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	7,630	...	...
Not suitable only	1,400	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,105	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	215	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	900	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	175	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	30	...	...
Acceptable housing	30,630	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	42,175	...	...
In core need	5,790	...	...
Not in core need	36,385	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	23,470	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	63.2	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	9.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,250	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,302	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	340,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	356,400	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	19,500	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.8	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	34.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	25.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,020	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,136	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	15	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	0.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	x	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	x	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	95,175	45,980	49,200
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,190	565	620
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,160	560	600
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	970	465	510
Métis single ancestry	145	70	75
Inuit single ancestry	40	30	15
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	30	10	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	20	10	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	4,720	2,190	2,530
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	4,625	2,145	2,480
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,365	1,550	1,815
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,145	520	625
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	115	75	40
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	100	45	50
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	80	35	45
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	10
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	89,265	43,220	46,045
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	95,175	45,975	49,200
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	89,515	42,945	46,570
Canadian citizens aged under 18	15,660	7,810	7,860
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	73,850	35,135	38,715
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	5,665	3,035	2,630
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	95,175	45,975	49,200
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	84,675	40,525	44,155
Immigrants⁸¹	7,905	4,005	3,900
Before 1980	2,075	960	1,115
1980 to 1990	645	320	320
1991 to 2000	750	385	370
2001 to 2010	1,255	625	630
2011 to 2021⁸²	3,180	1,715	1,465
2011 to 2015	945	495	450
2016 to 2021	2,235	1,220	1,010
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,595	1,450	1,145
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	7,905	4,000	3,900
Under 5 years	955	450	505
5 to 14 years	1,490	830	660
15 to 24 years	1,310	635	675
25 to 44 years	3,620	1,805	1,810
45 years and over	530	285	250
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	7,905	4,000	3,900
Americas	1,275	620	660
Brazil	35	20	20
Colombia	35	20	10
El Salvador	10	0	0
Guyana	40	15	25
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	205	100	105
Mexico	40	20	25
Peru	10	0	10
Trinidad and Tobago	55	40	20
United States of America	590	245	350
Other places of birth in Americas	240	150	85
Europe	2,475	1,225	1,250
Bosnia and Herzegovina	35	20	15
Croatia	25	10	20
France	50	25	25
Germany	145	90	55
Greece	35	15	15
Hungary	30	20	10
Italy	85	50	35
Netherlands	75	35	40
Poland	65	30	40
Portugal	85	55	30
Romania	65	20	45
Russian Federation	110	60	50
Serbia⁸⁶	15	0	0
Ukraine	85	50	30
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,320	635	685
Other places of birth in Europe	250	110	145
Africa	770	450	320
Algeria	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	15	10
Egypt	25	15	15
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	35	20	10
Morocco	30	20	10
Nigeria	490	270	225
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	20	10	15
Other places of birth in Africa	140	100	40
Asia	3,300	1,655	1,650
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Iran⁸⁸	130	65	65
Iraq	15	15	0
Lebanon	295	160	130
Syria⁸⁹	75	40	40
Turkey	35	10	20
China⁹⁰	270	120	145
Hong Kong⁹¹	35	15	20
Korea, South⁹²	60	15	45
Taiwan	30	20	15
Philippines	900	445	455
Viet Nam	145	70	70
Bangladesh	65	35	30
India	565	295	270
Pakistan	165	85	85
Sri Lanka	65	30	35
Other places of birth in Asia	460	225	235
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	85	60	20
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	2,235	1,225	1,015
Americas	295	175	115
Brazil	0	0	0
Colombia	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	95	50	45
Mexico	0	0	0
United States of America	115	65	45
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Americas	65	50	15
Europe	225	120	100
France	0	0	0
Germany	0	0	0
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	0
Italy	0	0	0
Russian Federation	30	15	15
Ukraine	55	30	25
United Kingdom⁸⁷	80	50	35
Other places of birth in Europe	30	0	20
Africa	485	280	210
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	0	0	0
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	10	10	0
Nigeria	425	235	195
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	10	0	0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	20	10	0
Asia	1,215	635	580
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	50	20	25
China⁹⁰	60	25	35
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	280	165	115
Iran⁸⁸	20	15	0
Iraq	0	0	0
Israel	40	20	25
Japan	10	0	0
Jordan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	10	0	10
Lebanon	0	0	0
Nepal	15	10	0
Pakistan	95	50	40
Philippines	395	200	195
Saudi Arabia	55	25	30
Sri Lanka	20	0	15
Syria⁸⁹	65	40	30
Turkey	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0
Viet Nam	55	30	25
Other places of birth in Asia	15	10	0
Oceania and other⁹³	15	10	0
Australia	10	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	95,175	45,975	49,200
First generation¹⁰⁰	11,455	5,895	5,560
Second generation¹⁰¹	9,150	4,640	4,505
Third generation or more¹⁰²	74,575	35,440	39,135
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	5,830	3,040	2,785
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	3,625	1,955	1,670
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	1,475	915	560
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	2,155	1,040	1,115
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	1,705	770	935
Refugees¹⁰⁸	485	315	165
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	20	0	10
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	5,830	3,040	2,785
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	200	130	75
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	1,025	575	445
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	195	110	80
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	440	225	215
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	85	40	45
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	3,885	1,960	1,925
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	95,180	45,975	49,200
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	13,360	6,840	6,520
South Asian	3,135	1,785	1,350
Chinese	855	400	445
Black	5,505	2,655	2,855
Filipino	1,225	600	615
Arab	885	500	390
Latin American	305	165	130
Southeast Asian	425	230	195
West Asian	255	135	115
Korean	135	45	85
Japanese	185	65	115
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	115	55	60
Multiple visible minorities	355	205	145
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	81,810	39,135	42,680
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	95,175	45,975	49,200
Canadian	14,205	6,865	7,340
English	23,260	10,960	12,300
Irish	21,775	10,185	11,590
Scottish	24,190	11,365	12,820
French, n.o.s.¹²²	11,930	5,545	6,385
German	8,260	3,915	4,345
Chinese	965	445	520
Italian	1,840	950	895
Indian (India)	2,020	1,085	940
Ukrainian	1,145	570	570
Dutch	2,380	1,085	1,295
Polish	1,220	595	630
Québécois	345	150	190
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	3,810	1,820	1,990
Filipino	1,150	580	570
French Canadian	880	405	475
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	5,985	2,780	3,205
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,520	700	820
Métis	1,400	640	765
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	4,860	2,270	2,595
Russian	450	220	230
Norwegian	635	275	365
Welsh	1,935	865	1,070
Portuguese	455	255	200
American	890	425	460
Spanish	560	255	305
Swedish	515	200	315
Hungarian	435	215	220
Acadian	4,535	2,060	2,475
Pakistani	260	135	130
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,545	785	760
Jewish	430	200	230
Punjabi	435	255	180
Vietnamese	280	170	110
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	235	145	95
Greek	325	175	145
Jamaican	395	195	200
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	375	170	205
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	150	60	85
Korean	135	45	90
Romanian	180	90	85
Lebanese	965	460	510
Iranian	200	90	105
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	250	120	125
Danish	400	145	260
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	705	315	385
Sikh	235	145	90
Austrian	235	105	130
Belgian	210	110	100
Haitian	20	0	10
Hindu	105	75	30
Mexican	120	60	60
Mennonite	65	35	30
Swiss	245	115	130
Finnish	115	60	60
Sri Lankan	85	50	35
Croatian	105	40	60
Japanese	210	90	120
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	105	55	50
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,550	750	800
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	335	155	180
Muslim	120	75	50
Egyptian	75	45	30
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	100	65	30
Tamil	65	40	25
Icelandic	95	50	50
Colombian	40	30	0
Moroccan	50	35	20
Czech	85	20	70
Syrian	130	65	65
Guyanese	55	35	20
Afghan	10	0	10
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	755	340	415
Serbian	25	15	10
Ojibway	30	15	15
Newfoundlander	720	350	375
Hong Konger	35	10	25
Ontarian	175	90	90
Persian	60	30	35
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	65	35	30
Turkish	40	20	20
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	180	110	70
Bangladeshi	100	65	40
Algerian	0	0	0
Brazilian	30	10	15
Nigerian	260	150	110
Armenian	30	15	10
Slovak	105	50	55
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	245	145	95
Somali	0	0	0
Taiwanese	10	0	0
Iraqi	25	15	15
Salvadorean	0	0	0
African Caribbean	180	105	70
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	50	35	15
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	200	100	100
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	90	35	55
Algonquin	65	25	35
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	110	55	55
Lithuanian	70	35	35
South African	40	15	25
Australian	55	35	20
Palestinian	55	35	10
Chilean	35	15	15
Congolese	60	35	25
Nova Scotian	2,270	1,055	1,220
Ethiopian	30	10	20
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	80	25	50
Peruvian	0	0	0
Yoruba	300	165	140
Cambodian (Khmer)	15	0	10
Berber	0	0	0
Albanian	65	40	25
Maltese	65	40	25
Macedonian	0	0	0
Slovenian	10	0	10
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	225	100	125
New Brunswicker	200	105	100
Gujarati	20	10	10
Eritrean	0	0	0
African Canadian	1,380	655	720
Israeli	85	35	50
Mohawk	80	30	50
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	30	10	20
Bulgarian	30	20	10
Albertan	20	0	10
Ghanaian	15	15	0
Barbadian	100	25	75
African American	130	50	75
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	30	15	15
Tunisian	10	10	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	40	25	15
Cuban	55	25	25
Bosnian	15	10	0
Venezuelan	0	0	0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	20	0	15
Latvian	55	25	30
Bengali	10	0	0
Cameroonian	0	0	0
Guatemalan	15	15	0
Indonesian	30	15	15
Laotian	0	0	0
Ilocano	10	0	10
Northern Irish	35	30	10
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	205	110	95
British Columbian	30	15	15
Ecuadorian	15	10	0
Franco Ontarian	30	15	15
Argentinian	10	10	0
Estonian	50	15	35
Kurdish	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0
Jatt	15	15	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	45	25	20
Coptic	0	0	0
Thai	20	15	0
Dominican	20	15	0
Nepali	25	15	10
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	120	45	75
Byelorussian	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	60	15	40
Abenaki	15	0	15
Moldovan	0	0	0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	50	25	25
New Zealander	30	25	10
Sudanese	0	0	0
Breton	20	0	10
Pennsylvania Dutch	20	0	15
Malaysian	20	0	15
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	15	15	0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	10	0	0
Buddhist	0	0	0
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	10	10	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	25	15	10
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	10	10	0
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	0	0	0
Mauritian	0	0	0
Kenyan	30	20	15
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	0	0	0
Jordanian	25	10	15
Manitoban	15	0	15
Cape Bretoner	430	185	255
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	0	0	0
Malayali	30	20	15
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	0	0	0
Mayan	0	0	0
Honduran	0	0	0
Cherokee	70	30	40
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	90	55	35
Indo-Caribbean	30	15	10
Flemish	20	0	15
United Empire Loyalist	25	10	15
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Sicilian	0	0	0
Pashtun	10	0	10
Malay	0	0	0
Goan	0	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	10	0	0
Burmese	20	10	15
Mongolian	0	0	0
Azorean	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	30	10	20
Yemeni	15	10	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	50	30	15
Uruguayan	15	0	10
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	50	0	45
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	100	40	60
Maliseet	15	10	10
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Roma	30	15	15
Costa Rican	0	0	0
African Nova Scotian	715	300	410
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	0	0	0
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	20	15	10
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	95,180	45,975	49,200
Buddhist	390	175	215
Christian	52,660	23,870	28,795
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	4,585	2,220	2,360
Anabaptist	35	20	15
Anglican	8,055	3,455	4,600
Baptist	4,065	1,720	2,345
Catholic	23,905	11,245	12,660
Christian Orthodox	585	280	305
Jehovah's Witness	170	50	120
Latter Day Saints	205	105	100
Lutheran	290	115	175
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	430	175	260
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	755	350	405
Presbyterian	950	445	505
Reformed	35	10	25
United Church	6,785	2,775	4,010
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,810	915	895
Hindu	840	505	335
Jewish	165	95	70
Muslim	1,210	685	525
Sikh	1,140	635	510
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	40	15	25
Other religions and spiritual traditions	810	280	525
No religion and secular perspectives	37,920	19,710	18,205
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	94,335	45,535	48,800
Non-movers	82,970	39,985	42,980
Movers	11,370	5,550	5,815
Non-migrants	8,285	3,985	4,295
Migrants	3,085	1,565	1,520
Internal migrants	2,700	1,385	1,320
Intraprovincial migrants	630	305	330
Interprovincial migrants	2,070	1,080	990
External migrants	385	180	205
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	90,865	43,840	47,025
Non-movers	54,815	26,200	28,610
Movers	36,050	17,635	18,415
Non-migrants	23,105	10,960	12,145
Migrants	12,950	6,680	6,265
Internal migrants	9,055	4,590	4,470
Intraprovincial migrants	2,750	1,330	1,425
Interprovincial migrants	6,305	3,260	3,045
External migrants	3,890	2,090	1,795
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	81,345	38,950	42,390
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	11,920	6,000	5,920
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	69,420	32,945	36,475
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	52,970	25,475	27,495
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	4,885	2,710	2,175
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	48,090	22,765	25,320
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	81,345	38,945	42,395
No certificate, diploma or degree	10,430	5,155	5,280
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	22,045	11,385	10,660
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	48,870	22,405	26,460
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	25,880	12,440	13,435
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,640	3,920	1,715
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,345	1,905	1,435
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,295	2,020	280
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	18,160	7,620	10,540
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,085	900	1,180
Bachelor's degree or higher	22,990	9,965	13,025
Bachelor's degree	15,920	6,910	9,015
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,365	610	755
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	255	115	140
Master's degree	4,850	1,970	2,880
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	600	360	240
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	52,975	25,480	27,500
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,105	2,240	1,865
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	12,875	6,985	5,885
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	35,995	16,255	19,745
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,730	8,610	9,120
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,560	2,530	1,030
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,095	1,235	865
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,465	1,295	170
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,985	5,555	7,430
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,185	525	660
Bachelor's degree or higher	18,265	7,645	10,620
Bachelor's degree	12,700	5,400	7,295
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,015	430	590
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	200	80	120
Master's degree	3,910	1,495	2,420
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	445	245	195
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	81,340	38,950	42,395
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	32,475	16,540	15,935
Education	3,185	805	2,380
13. Education	3,185	805	2,380
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,395	670	725
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	210	140	70
50. Visual and performing arts	1,180	530	650
Humanities	2,570	1,025	1,545
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	135	40	95
23. English language and literature/letters	780	265	520
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	580	185	395
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	75	35	45
38. Philosophy and religious studies	180	85	95
39. Theology and religious vocations	175	100	70
54. History	500	295	210
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	140	20	125
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,655	1,765	3,885
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	70	20	50
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	600	230	370
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	995	105	890
22. Legal professions and studies	835	235	595
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	100	25	75
42. Psychology	1,210	290	920
45. Social sciences	1,845	865	980
Business, management and public administration	12,205	4,535	7,670
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	0	20
44. Public administration and social service professions	760	175	580
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,425	4,355	7,070
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,285	1,075	1,210
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	860	365	495
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	620	220	395
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	45	10	40
40. Physical sciences	680	455	225
41. Science technologies/technicians	75	25	50
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,230	1,475	755
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,815	1,275	535
25. Library science	195	30	165
27. Mathematics and statistics	190	145	55
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	25	25	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,055	8,125	930
04. Architecture and related services	225	130	95
14. Engineering	1,975	1,620	350
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,405	2,150	260
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	2,070	2,010	60
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,590	1,465	120
48. Precision production	780	750	30
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	790	275	515
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	440	100	340
03. Natural resources and conservation	345	170	175
Health and related fields	6,395	960	5,440
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	460	230	230
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,855	685	5,165
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	80	40	35
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,095	1,695	1,405
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,845	630	1,220
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	50	45	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	80	80	0
43. Security and protective services	425	330	95
49. Transportation and materials moving	695	610	85
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	52,975	25,475	27,495
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	16,980	9,225	7,750
Education	1,990	445	1,540
13. Education	1,990	445	1,540
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,145	550	590
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	165	105	55
50. Visual and performing arts	980	445	535
Humanities	1,910	740	1,170
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	130	40	85
23. English language and literature/letters	585	185	400
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	410	130	280
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	65	30	35
38. Philosophy and religious studies	150	65	85
39. Theology and religious vocations	105	65	40
54. History	360	210	145
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	105	0	95
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,640	1,360	3,285
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	50	15	30
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	555	210	340
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	840	70	770
22. Legal professions and studies	675	150	525
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	65	10	55
42. Psychology	975	245	730
45. Social sciences	1,490	655	835
Business, management and public administration	8,725	3,260	5,475
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	15
44. Public administration and social service professions	565	110	450
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,150	3,145	5,005
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,655	675	980
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	685	255	430
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	430	135	295
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	40	0	40
40. Physical sciences	465	280	185
41. Science technologies/technicians	30	0	30
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,860	1,245	615
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,540	1,100	440
25. Library science	160	25	135
27. Mathematics and statistics	135	95	45
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	25	25	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,545	5,750	790
04. Architecture and related services	165	75	95
14. Engineering	1,560	1,255	315
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,675	1,475	200
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,505	1,445	55
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,070	975	100
48. Precision production	555	530	30
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	680	225	455
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	370	80	290
03. Natural resources and conservation	305	145	160
Health and related fields	4,585	745	3,845
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	385	190	195
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,155	535	3,620
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	40	20	25
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,275	1,260	1,010
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,335	495	840
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	40	35	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	40	40	0
43. Security and protective services	325	235	90
49. Transportation and materials moving	530	450	80
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	52,975	25,475	27,495
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	16,980	9,225	7,750
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	35,995	16,250	19,745
Location of study inside Canada	32,650	14,680	17,975
Same as province or territory of residence	24,660	10,620	14,040
Different than province or territory of residence	7,990	4,055	3,935
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	3,345	1,575	1,765
Americas	715	325	395
United States of America	480	195	290
Mexico	50	25	30
Cuba	25	20	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	70	30	45
Brazil	15	15	0
Colombia	10	10	0
Peru	0	0	0
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Americas	50	35	20
Europe	710	330	385
Belgium	10	0	10
France	50	25	25
Germany	50	25	25
Netherlands	0	0	0
Switzerland	0	0	0
Hungary	0	0	0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	10	0	10
Romania	20	0	15
Russian Federation	55	30	20
Ukraine	45	25	20
Ireland⁹⁶	30	10	20
United Kingdom⁸⁷	330	145	185
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Italy	0	0	0
Serbia⁸⁶	10	0	10
Other locations of study in Europe	85	45	45
Africa	290	150	145
Nigeria	225	110	105
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	10	10	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	30	10	15
South Africa, Republic of	20	0	15
Other locations of study in Africa	15	15	0
Asia	1,535	720	815
Iran⁸⁸	20	0	15
Iraq	0	0	0
Israel	30	15	15
Lebanon	40	30	15
Syria⁸⁹	0	0	0
Turkey	10	10	0
China⁹⁰	55	35	25
Taiwan	0	0	0
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	0	10
Japan	35	0	30
Korea, South⁹²	55	0	50
Philippines	500	210	290
Viet Nam	40	20	20
Bangladesh	25	15	10
Sri Lanka	30	10	15
India	570	300	270
Pakistan	65	35	35
Other locations of study in Asia	40	20	20
Oceania	85	50	35
Australia	65	30	35
New Zealand	25	25	0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	81,345	38,945	42,395
In the labour force	51,535	26,495	25,040
Employed	45,600	23,690	21,915
Unemployed	5,935	2,805	3,130
Not in the labour force	29,805	12,455	17,355
Participation rate	63.4	68.0	59.1
Employment rate	56.1	60.8	51.7
Unemployment rate	11.5	10.6	12.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	81,340	38,945	42,395
Did not work¹⁸⁶	29,290	12,415	16,870
Worked	52,050	26,530	25,520
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	30,045	16,255	13,790
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	22,000	10,270	11,735
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.2	42.8	41.6
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	51,535	26,495	25,040
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,025	505	520
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	50,510	25,990	24,520
Employee	46,055	23,310	22,740
Permanent position	39,625	20,255	19,370
Temporary position	6,430	3,055	3,370
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,280	1,025	1,255
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,150	2,030	2,115
Self-employed¹⁹²	4,460	2,675	1,780
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	51,535	26,495	25,040
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,025	505	520
All occupations¹⁹¹	50,510	25,990	24,520
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	515	320	195
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	9,085	2,985	6,105
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	4,180	3,150	1,025
3 Health occupations	3,935	655	3,280
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	7,265	2,855	4,410
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,525	720	805
6 Sales and service occupations	14,845	7,255	7,585
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	7,730	6,985	745
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	375	305	70
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,055	755	305
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	51,535	26,495	25,040
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,025	505	520
All industries¹⁹¹	50,510	25,990	24,520
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	160	125	30
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	135	105	25
22 Utilities	350	230	125
23 Construction	3,190	2,745	445
31-33 Manufacturing	2,140	1,550	585
41 Wholesale trade	1,490	1,090	400
44-45 Retail trade	6,370	3,160	3,205
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,645	2,035	605
51 Information and cultural industries	1,210	705	510
52 Finance and insurance	2,500	1,055	1,440
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	870	425	450
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	4,055	2,310	1,745
55 Management of companies and enterprises	65	30	35
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,795	1,750	1,045
61 Educational services	3,535	955	2,580
62 Health care and social assistance	6,325	1,210	5,115
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	885	440	440
72 Accommodation and food services	3,340	1,610	1,730
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,105	930	1,175
91 Public administration	6,350	3,515	2,830
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	55,400	28,215	27,180
English	52,875	27,060	25,815
French	345	115	235
Non-official language	65	30	40
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	65	30	40
English and French	1,605	735	870
English and non-official language(s)	460	255	205
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	10	25
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	55,400	28,215	27,180
Single responses	55,070	28,045	27,020
Official languages	54,960	27,980	26,975
English	54,460	27,825	26,635
French	500	160	340
Non-official languages	110	65	50
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	110	65	50
Afro-Asiatic languages	15	15	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	15	15	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	15	15	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	10	0	10
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	10	0	10
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	10	10	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	10	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	20	10	0
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages	0	0	0
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	10	10	0
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	15	0	10
American Sign Language	15	0	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	45	20	25
Chinese languages	45	20	25
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	15	10	10
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	20	10	10
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	330	165	160
English and French	235	120	115
English and non-official language(s)	95	50	45
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	55,400	28,215	27,180
None	53,615	27,370	26,245
English	185	70	115
French	1,225	575	645
Non-official language	305	165	140
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	300	165	130
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
French and non-official language(s)	25	10	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	40	20	15
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	45,600	23,690	21,915
Worked at home	11,305	5,110	6,200
Worked outside Canada	120	95	20
No fixed workplace address	5,165	3,910	1,255
Usual place of work	29,005	14,570	14,440
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	29,005	14,570	14,435
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	28,350	14,170	14,180
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	50	25	20
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	380	255	125
Commute to a different province or territory	225	120	105
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	34,175	18,485	15,690
Car, truck or van	27,915	15,485	12,430
Car, truck or van - as a driver	24,680	14,115	10,565
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,235	1,370	1,865
Public transit	3,550	1,545	2,000
Walked	1,650	850	800
Bicycle	235	180	50
Other method	835	425	410
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	34,175	18,485	15,690
Less than 15 minutes	12,615	6,375	6,245
15 to 29 minutes	14,770	8,285	6,490
30 to 44 minutes	4,380	2,425	1,955
45 to 59 minutes	1,060	555	510
60 minutes and over	1,345	850	495
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	34,175	18,485	15,690
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,670	1,065	600
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,740	4,160	2,575
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	10,465	5,700	4,765
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	7,220	3,335	3,885
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	3,565	1,755	1,810
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,520	2,475	2,045
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	16,765	8,470	8,290
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,050	965	1,085
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,710	7,505	7,205
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	12,180	6,160	6,020
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,565	735	830
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,120	520	600
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	440	210	230
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	10,615	5,430	5,185

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
x
suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 24, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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