Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Ahuntsic-CartiervilleMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	118,170	...	...
Population, 2016¹	117,447	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	0.6	...	...
Total private dwellings²	55,547	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	52,259	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	5,451.5	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	21.68	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	118,170	57,750	60,425
0 to 14 years	19,795	10,155	9,645
0 to 4 years	6,530	3,340	3,185
5 to 9 years	6,835	3,505	3,330
10 to 14 years	6,430	3,300	3,130
15 to 64 years	75,785	38,185	37,600
15 to 19 years	5,705	2,875	2,825
20 to 24 years	7,040	3,555	3,480
25 to 29 years	8,125	3,995	4,135
30 to 34 years	8,350	4,090	4,260
35 to 39 years	8,640	4,335	4,305
40 to 44 years	8,535	4,355	4,180
45 to 49 years	7,715	3,895	3,820
50 to 54 years	7,360	3,875	3,485
55 to 59 years	7,450	3,850	3,600
60 to 64 years	6,855	3,355	3,505
65 years and over	22,590	9,415	13,180
65 to 69 years	5,930	2,740	3,195
70 to 74 years	5,015	2,285	2,735
75 to 79 years	4,045	1,680	2,365
80 to 84 years	3,210	1,210	2,000
85 years and over	4,390	1,500	2,890
85 to 89 years	2,600	915	1,685
90 to 94 years	1,410	485	930
95 to 99 years	325	90	235
100 years and over	50	10	40
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.8	17.6	16.0
15 to 64 years	64.1	66.1	62.2
65 years and over	19.1	16.3	21.8
85 years and over	3.7	2.6	4.8
Average age of the population	41.7	40.4	43.1
Median age of the population	40.8	40.0	42.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	52,260	...	...
Single-detached house	4,845	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,065	...	...
Row house	575	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	6,015	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	30,945	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	7,540	...	...
Other single-attached house	265	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	52,260	...	...
1 person	21,770	...	...
2 persons	14,220	...	...
3 persons	6,690	...	...
4 persons	6,010	...	...
5 or more persons	3,570	...	...
Number of persons in private households	113,790	55,780	58,005
Average household size	2.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	98,375	47,600	50,775
Married or living common-law	48,365	24,385	23,975
Married	35,140	17,715	17,425
Living common-law	13,225	6,670	6,555
Living common law - Never married	11,035	5,515	5,515
Living common law - Separated	170	100	75
Living common law - Divorced	1,875	985	895
Living common law - Widowed	145	70	70
Not married and not living common-law	50,005	23,210	26,795
Not married and not living common law - Never married	34,510	18,270	16,245
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,170	985	1,185
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	7,785	2,935	4,850
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,540	1,020	4,525
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	28,720	...	...
2 persons	13,525	...	...
3 persons	6,295	...	...
4 persons	5,875	...	...
5 or more persons	3,025	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	28,725	...	...
Total couple families	22,880	...	...
Married couples	16,300	...	...
With children⁶	10,305	...	...
Without children	5,995	...	...
Common-law couples	6,585	...	...
With children⁶	2,825	...	...
Without children	3,760	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,840	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,670	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,175	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	113,790	55,780	58,005
Total - Persons in census families	85,605	41,910	43,700
Married spouses or common-law partners	45,760	22,940	22,825
Parents in one-parent families	5,845	1,175	4,665
Children⁶	34,005	17,795	16,210
In a two-parent family	25,355	13,255	12,105
In a one-parent family	8,650	4,540	4,105
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	28,180	13,875	14,310
Living alone	21,770	10,335	11,435
Living with other relatives⁷	2,770	1,255	1,520
Living with non-relatives only	3,640	2,285	1,350
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	52,260	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	26,655	...	...
Couple-family households	21,550	...	...
With children⁶	12,360	...	...
Without children	9,185	...	...
One-parent-family households	5,100	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	750	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	110	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	780	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,190	...	...
One-person households	21,775	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	94,090	45,685	48,410
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	90,650	44,015	46,635
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	38,800	36,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	90,670	44,025	46,645
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	34,800	33,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	79,600	39,245	40,355
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,600	34,800	27,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	64,580	33,440	31,150
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	35,200	29,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	76,865	35,675	41,185
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,100	9,600	12,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	9,515	4,815	4,700
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,760
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	29,515	15,620	13,895
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	94,075	45,675	48,405
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	90,635	44,055	46,580
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,200	54,950	45,720
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	90,645	44,055	46,595
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,880	43,600	38,360
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	79,400	39,120	40,280
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,520	51,950	39,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	64,565	33,255	31,315
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,640	51,800	41,120
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	76,760	35,690	41,070
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,210	10,880	13,360
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	9,810	4,870	4,940
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,790	5,710	7,860
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	29,595	15,705	13,890
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,960	9,030	8,880
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	94,075	45,670	48,405
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,205	15,760	13,440
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,000	62,800	57,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	74,500	81,100	66,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	27,890	13,775	14,115
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,800	16,400	15,300
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,080	28,200	24,060
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	79.4	84.0	74.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.2	71.2	60.5
Government transfers (%)²⁰	20.6	16.0	25.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	1.2	1.8
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.6	6.4	6.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.8	5.9	5.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	94,090	45,680	48,410
Without total income	3,440	1,665	1,775
With total income	90,655	44,015	46,635
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,565	3,630	3,935
$10,000 to $19,999	11,825	5,570	6,255
$20,000 to $29,999	16,485	7,555	8,925
$30,000 to $39,999	12,330	5,845	6,480
$40,000 to $49,999	10,485	4,995	5,495
$50,000 to $59,999	7,960	3,650	4,315
$60,000 to $69,999	5,835	2,770	3,065
$70,000 to $79,999	4,210	2,135	2,070
$80,000 to $89,999	3,420	1,725	1,695
$90,000 to $99,999	2,465	1,265	1,200
$100,000 and over	8,065	4,875	3,190
$100,000 to $149,999	5,190	2,975	2,215
$150,000 and over	2,880	1,905	970
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	94,090	45,680	48,410
Without after-tax income	3,420	1,655	1,765
With after-tax income	90,670	44,025	46,645
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,895	3,760	4,135
$10,000 to $19,999	12,355	5,850	6,500
$20,000 to $29,999	19,230	9,020	10,205
$30,000 to $39,999	14,835	7,155	7,680
$40,000 to $49,999	11,855	5,535	6,325
$50,000 to $59,999	7,990	3,745	4,245
$60,000 to $69,999	5,410	2,690	2,725
$70,000 to $79,999	3,645	1,825	1,815
$80,000 to $89,999	2,315	1,275	1,045
$90,000 to $99,999	1,470	825	640
$100,000 and over	3,680	2,335	1,340
$100,000 to $124,999	1,795	1,065	730
$125,000 and over	1,880	1,275	610
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	94,090	45,680	48,410
Without employment income	29,505	12,240	17,265
With employment income	64,585	33,435	31,145
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,365	4,630	4,735
$5,000 to $9,999	6,290	3,020	3,265
$10,000 to $19,999	8,280	4,065	4,210
$20,000 to $29,999	6,715	3,330	3,385
$30,000 to $39,999	6,120	3,250	2,875
$40,000 to $49,999	5,770	2,960	2,805
$50,000 to $59,999	4,620	2,340	2,280
$60,000 to $69,999	3,660	1,945	1,720
$70,000 to $79,999	2,900	1,545	1,355
$80,000 to $89,999	2,750	1,390	1,360
$90,000 to $99,999	1,865	1,045	820
$100,000 and over	6,260	3,925	2,335
$100,000 to $124,999	2,740	1,645	1,090
$125,000 and over	3,525	2,280	1,240
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	94,090	45,685	48,410
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	88,055	42,640	45,415
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	35,600	32,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	88,075	42,645	45,430
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,800	32,000	29,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	77,555	38,275	39,280
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,600	35,200	28,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	63,275	32,740	30,535
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	35,600	30,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	70,130	31,965	38,170
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,240	3,100	8,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,640	3,275	3,365
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,120	4,520	5,880
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	94,075	45,675	48,405
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	88,085	42,720	45,365
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,160	52,200	42,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	88,095	42,720	45,375
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,160	41,040	35,480
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	77,315	38,175	39,140
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,920	52,600	39,360
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	63,175	32,585	30,595
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,680	52,100	40,920
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	70,390	32,125	38,270
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,590	6,900	10,020
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,945	3,400	3,545
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,640	6,095	9,130
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	94,075	45,670	48,405
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	28,905	15,605	13,295
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	55,200	57,200	52,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	68,600	75,900	59,950
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,255	12,495	12,760
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,600	21,600	19,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,080	34,120	28,120
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	85.4	90.0	80.0
Employment income (%)	71.0	76.0	65.0
Government transfers (%)	14.6	9.9	19.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	0.9	1.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	52,260	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	65,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	56,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	21,775	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	33,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	30,485	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	52,265	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	87,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	70,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	21,795	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,440	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,920	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	30,475	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,500	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	52,260	...	...
Under $5,000	715	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	575	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,115	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,540	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,365	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,505	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,455	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,495	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,530	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,405	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,445	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,000	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,515	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,135	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,685	...	...
$100,000 and over	14,795	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,735	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,075	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,440	...	...
$200,000 and over	3,550	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	52,260	...	...
Under $5,000	810	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	580	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,135	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,610	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,720	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,085	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,930	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,090	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,040	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,775	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,845	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,315	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,810	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,150	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,515	...	...
$100,000 and over	10,845	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,350	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,575	...	...
$150,000 and over	3,925	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	29,075	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	9,310	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	75,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	13,140	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,630	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	61,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	25,410	12,620	12,790
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,000	36,000	35,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	32,400	32,000	32,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	29,100	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	118,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	95,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,360	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,120	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	143,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	115,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,595	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	25,300	12,470	12,830
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,840	44,000	43,720
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,720	36,640	36,800
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	113,790	55,785	58,010
0 to 17 years	23,030	11,800	11,230
0 to 5 years	7,950	4,055	3,895
18 to 64 years	71,430	35,645	35,780
65 years and over	19,330	8,335	11,000
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	18,750	9,065	9,685
0 to 17 years	3,500	1,760	1,735
0 to 5 years	1,350	680	665
18 to 64 years	10,720	5,585	5,135
65 years and over	4,535	1,720	2,820
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	16.5	16.2	16.7
0 to 17 years (%)	15.2	14.9	15.5
0 to 5 years (%)	17.0	16.8	17.1
18 to 64 years (%)	15.0	15.7	14.4
65 years and over (%)	23.5	20.6	25.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	113,790	55,780	58,005
0 to 17 years	23,030	11,800	11,230
0 to 5 years	7,945	4,055	3,890
18 to 64 years	71,430	35,650	35,780
65 years and over	19,325	8,335	10,995
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	11,290	5,725	5,570
0 to 17 years	1,905	965	935
0 to 5 years	710	360	345
18 to 64 years	7,360	3,990	3,375
65 years and over	2,025	770	1,260
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.9	10.3	9.6
0 to 17 years (%)	8.3	8.2	8.4
0 to 5 years (%)	8.9	8.9	9.0
18 to 64 years (%)	10.3	11.2	9.4
65 years and over (%)	10.5	9.2	11.4
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	113,785	55,785	58,010
In bottom half of the distribution	70,860	34,385	36,475
In bottom decile	16,335	8,080	8,260
In second decile	14,555	6,930	7,625
In third decile	15,215	7,460	7,760
In fourth decile	13,295	6,430	6,865
In fifth decile	11,455	5,490	5,965
In top half of the distribution	42,930	21,395	21,530
In sixth decile	9,735	4,710	5,025
In seventh decile	8,725	4,340	4,385
In eighth decile	8,280	4,100	4,185
In ninth decile	8,135	4,130	4,005
In top decile	8,050	4,110	3,940
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	113,790	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.371	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.511	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.314	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	115,600	56,425	59,170
English only	9,625	4,990	4,635
French only	34,860	15,600	19,260
English and French	67,805	34,520	33,290
Neither English nor French	3,305	1,315	1,990
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	115,600	56,425	59,170
English	20,410	10,410	10,000
French	79,475	38,265	41,210
English and French	12,490	6,485	6,010
Neither English nor French	3,215	1,265	1,955
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	115,600	56,425	59,170
Single responses	106,810	51,985	54,830
Official languages	62,890	30,585	32,305
English	6,935	3,615	3,315
French	55,955	26,970	28,990
Non-official languages	43,920	21,400	22,525
Indigenous languages³⁹	25	10	10
Algonquian languages	10	5	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	10	5	5
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	10	5	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	5	0	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	43,900	21,390	22,510
Afro-Asiatic languages	14,740	7,660	7,080
Berber languages	1,240	690	555
Kabyle	1,160	640	520
Tamazight	80	45	35
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Chadic languages	55	30	25
Hausa	30	20	5
Mina	25	10	20
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	110	50	60
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	110	50	55
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	13,335	6,890	6,440
Amharic	45	20	25
Arabic	13,230	6,845	6,385
Aramaic languages	30	10	20
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	30	10	15
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	10	5	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	15	10	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,535	710	825
Khmer (Cambodian)	305	130	175
Vietnamese	1,225	585	645
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	275	105	170
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	15	0	15
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	5	0	0
Ilocano	10	5	5
Indonesian	15	0	10
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	40	25	15
Merina	35	20	15
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Malay	5	0	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	175	55	115
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Creole languages	2,090	1,000	1,090
Haitian Creole	1,555	720	830
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	40	25	20
Sango	5	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	455	240	215
Creole languages, n.i.e.	35	15	25
Dravidian languages	1,120	540	585
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	255	130	125
Tamil	850	400	445
Telugu	10	5	5
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	20,260	9,520	10,745
Albanian	130	65	65
Armenian	2,430	1,145	1,285
Balto-Slavic languages	1,125	475	645
Baltic languages	10	0	5
Latvian	5	0	5
Lithuanian	5	0	5
Slavic languages	1,110	470	640
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	175	70	105
Czech	20	10	5
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	175	75	100
Russian	495	200	295
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	125	65	65
Bosnian	15	5	10
Croatian	35	20	20
Serbian	65	35	30
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Slovak	25	10	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	10
Ukrainian	75	30	50
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Celtic languages	5	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Germanic languages	170	75	100
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	130	50	75
German	120	50	70
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	0	5
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	30	15	20
Afrikaans	5	5	0
Dutch	25	10	15
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	5
Scandinavian languages	10	5	5
Danish	5	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	3,100	1,365	1,740
Indo-Iranian languages	3,570	1,840	1,725
Indo-Aryan languages	3,020	1,575	1,445
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	515	275	245
Gujarati	415	200	220
Hindi	130	70	60
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	5	0	5
Nepali	25	15	10
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	965	500	465
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	30	20	15
Urdu	895	475	425
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10
Iranian languages	550	270	285
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	35	15	15
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	195	100	95
Persian languages	315	150	165
Dari	105	50	60
Iranian Persian	170	85	85
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	20	20
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	9,730	4,560	5,175
Catalan	5	0	5
Italian	3,455	1,525	1,930
Portuguese	945	450	495
Romanian	900	410	490
Spanish	4,415	2,165	2,250
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	45	10	35
Korean	50	25	25
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	1,635	825	810
Akan (Twi)	95	40	50
Bamanankan	110	55	60
Edo	10	5	5
Éwé	60	35	25
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	175	90	85
Ga	10	5	5
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	10	10	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	100	50	55
Lingala	155	75	85
Luba-Kasai	20	10	15
Mòoré	25	10	10
Mwani	5	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	155	80	80
Shona	10	0	5
Soninke	20	15	5
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	75	35	35
Wojenaka	80	40	35
Wolof	165	75	90
Yoruba	60	35	25
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	305	160	140
Nilo-Saharan languages	55	30	20
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	45	25	15
African, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Sign languages	10	10	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	5	5	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,605	730	875
Chinese languages	1,605	730	875
Hakka	5	5	5
Mandarin	645	295	350
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	130	60	70
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	0	5
Yue (Cantonese)	785	345	435
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	20	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	130	55	75
Lao	100	45	50
Thai	30	10	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	260	140	120
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	250	130	120
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	5	5	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Uralic languages	80	30	45
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	5	5	0
Hungarian	75	30	40
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	10
Multiple responses	8,785	4,440	4,345
English and French	1,700	870	830
English and non-official language(s)	1,530	755	770
French and non-official language(s)	4,040	2,050	1,985
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,135	565	575
Multiple non-official languages	380	195	185
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	115,600	56,425	59,170
English	7,430	3,835	3,590
French	53,025	25,590	27,430
Non-official language	14,440	6,790	7,655
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	14,435	6,785	7,650
English and French	7,095	3,680	3,415
English and non-official language(s)	6,485	3,250	3,235
French and non-official language(s)	15,340	7,345	7,990
English, French and non-official language(s)	10,880	5,510	5,375
Multiple non-official languages	910	425	485
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	115,600	56,425	59,170
Single responses	104,140	50,715	53,420
Official languages	77,905	38,140	39,760
English	12,850	6,540	6,310
French	65,055	31,605	33,450
Non-official languages	26,235	12,570	13,660
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	26,230	12,575	13,660
Afro-Asiatic languages	8,590	4,365	4,220
Berber languages	595	325	270
Kabyle	565	310	260
Tamazight	20	10	10
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Chadic languages	25	15	10
Hausa	10	5	5
Mina	15	10	5
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	50	30	20
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	50	25	20
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Semitic languages	7,920	3,995	3,925
Amharic	35	15	15
Arabic	7,845	3,960	3,885
Aramaic languages	15	5	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	10	5	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	5	10	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,140	515	625
Khmer (Cambodian)	205	80	120
Vietnamese	935	435	500
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	105	50	55
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	10	5	5
Indonesian	10	0	5
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	10	10	0
Merina	10	10	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	70	35	35
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	935	435	505
Haitian Creole	695	305	395
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	20	5	10
Sango	10	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	200	115	90
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Dravidian languages	930	455	480
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	220	120	100
Tamil	705	330	370
Telugu	5	5	5
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	12,435	5,760	6,670
Albanian	75	35	40
Armenian	2,035	930	1,105
Balto-Slavic languages	645	295	350
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	645	295	350
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	115	50	65
Czech	5	5	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	65	30	30
Russian	350	165	190
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	65	30	35
Bosnian	10	0	5
Croatian	20	10	5
Serbian	40	20	20
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	10	5	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	5
Ukrainian	25	10	15
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	20	10	5
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	15	10	5
German	10	10	5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	1,730	715	1,015
Indo-Iranian languages	2,655	1,385	1,275
Indo-Aryan languages	2,300	1,210	1,090
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	350	180	170
Gujarati	305	150	155
Hindi	110	70	40
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	20	10	10
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	820	445	375
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	15	5
Urdu	650	335	320
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15
Iranian languages	355	175	180
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	25	10	15
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	155	80	75
Persian languages	175	80	95
Dari	60	25	30
Iranian Persian	95	45	50
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	15	10
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,275	2,385	2,885
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,415	535	880
Portuguese	465	215	245
Romanian	550	250	300
Spanish	2,840	1,385	1,455
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	25	10	15
Korean	30	15	15
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	575	270	305
Akan (Twi)	55	25	30
Bamanankan	25	15	10
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	20	10	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	90	40	50
Ga	5	5	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	5	5	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	45	20	30
Lingala	60	20	40
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	5	5	5
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	45	25	30
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	5	10	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	30	20	10
Wojenaka	25	5	15
Wolof	85	40	45
Yoruba	15	10	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	50	25	20
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	10	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	25	10	15
American Sign Language	5	0	5
Quebec Sign Language	10	5	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,155	535	620
Chinese languages	1,155	535	620
Hakka	0	5	5
Mandarin	515	255	260
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	80	30	45
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	540	230	305
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	10	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	60	30	30
Lao	40	25	20
Thai	20	10	15
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	170	90	80
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	165	80	80
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	40	15	15
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	40	15	15
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Multiple responses	11,455	5,705	5,755
English and French	2,580	1,345	1,235
English and non-official language(s)	2,010	995	1,015
French and non-official language(s)	5,005	2,450	2,555
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,775	875	900
Multiple non-official languages	95	45	45
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	115,595	56,425	59,170
None	83,305	40,425	42,885
English	7,010	3,600	3,410
French	7,255	3,460	3,800
Non-official language	9,795	4,730	5,060
Indigenous³⁹	5	5	0
Non-Indigenous	9,790	4,730	5,060
English and French	2,440	1,255	1,180
English and non-official language(s)	2,820	1,450	1,365
French and non-official language(s)	1,830	925	910
English, French and non-official language(s)	405	215	190
Multiple non-official languages	735	365	370
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	113,845	55,785	58,060
Official languages	110,540	54,390	56,150
English	76,315	38,895	37,415
French	101,260	49,420	51,840
Non-official languages	63,355	31,190	32,165
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	0	15
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	63,340	31,190	32,150
Afro-Asiatic languages	22,530	11,715	10,815
Berber languages	2,155	1,185	975
Kabyle	1,895	1,040	860
Tamazight	195	125	75
Berber languages, n.i.e.	75	30	45
Chadic languages	185	130	50
Hausa	75	70	0
Mina	105	60	50
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	65	35	30
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	60	30	30
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Semitic languages	21,430	11,080	10,350
Amharic	70	40	25
Arabic	21,350	11,040	10,310
Aramaic languages	40	15	25
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	40	15	25
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	30	10	20
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,290	1,060	1,235
Khmer (Cambodian)	590	260	330
Vietnamese	1,750	830	920
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	425	165	265
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Cebuano	10	0	10
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	35	20	15
Indonesian	10	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	55	35	20
Merina	50	35	20
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	15	0	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	315	105	210
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Creole languages	4,135	1,925	2,215
Haitian Creole	3,720	1,725	1,995
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	10	0	10
Morisyen	95	45	50
Sango	25	15	10
Creole, n.o.s.	535	265	270
Creole languages, n.i.e.	155	75	80
Dravidian languages	1,495	685	820
Kannada	20	10	10
Malayalam	355	185	175
Tamil	1,180	520	660
Telugu	50	25	30
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	30,075	14,560	15,520
Albanian	105	55	50
Armenian	3,055	1,405	1,650
Balto-Slavic languages	1,910	875	1,030
Baltic languages	25	0	20
Latvian	25	0	15
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	1,890	875	1,015
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	230	105	120
Czech	65	35	30
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	200	75	130
Russian	1,210	585	630
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	210	95	105
Bosnian	50	25	15
Croatian	100	45	55
Serbian	80	35	45
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	30	15	15
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	15	15
Ukrainian	130	40	90
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	915	495	415
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	805	455	350
German	800	450	350
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	85	30	55
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	70	15	50
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	0
Scandinavian languages	20	10	10
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	15	10	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	4,260	2,015	2,240
Indo-Iranian languages	4,905	2,585	2,315
Indo-Aryan languages	4,230	2,265	1,970
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	540	280	265
Gujarati	570	250	320
Hindi	1,335	715	625
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	25	15	10
Nepali	40	20	20
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,420	790	630
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	65	45	25
Urdu	1,555	860	690
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	80	45	35
Iranian languages	830	405	425
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	100	60	40
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	315	155	160
Persian languages	405	180	225
Dari	105	45	60
Iranian Persian	240	100	135
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	60	30	30
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	20	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Italic (Romance) languages	16,585	7,930	8,660
Catalan	15	10	0
Italian	5,315	2,570	2,745
Portuguese	1,520	815	710
Romanian	1,150	555	595
Spanish	9,870	4,595	5,275
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	145	85	65
Korean	60	25	40
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	3,525	1,850	1,670
Akan (Twi)	250	155	100
Bamanankan	220	80	140
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	180	110	70
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	275	135	135
Ga	35	25	15
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	40	30	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	195	105	90
Lingala	735	365	370
Luba-Kasai	50	15	35
Mòoré	80	40	40
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	15	15	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	190	105	90
Shona	15	15	0
Soninke	25	10	15
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	395	205	185
Wojenaka	155	85	75
Wolof	380	195	180
Yoruba	160	80	80
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	910	515	390
Nilo-Saharan languages	75	50	25
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	65	40	20
African, n.o.s.	45	25	20
Sign languages	155	55	100
American Sign Language	20	10	10
Quebec Sign Language	120	40	80
Sign languages, n.i.e.	30	20	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,895	865	1,035
Chinese languages	1,895	865	1,035
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	985	455	530
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	225	95	130
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	995	420	565
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	20	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	220	105	115
Lao	180	100	80
Thai	70	25	45
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	885	480	410
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	860	455	405
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	30	25	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	160	65	95
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	155	65	90
Other languages, n.i.e.	65	25	35
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	113,845	55,785	58,065
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	560	230	335
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	495	200	295
First Nations (North American Indian)	300	130	170
Métis	170	60	110
Inuk (Inuit)	25	10	20
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	10	10	0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	60	20	35
Non-Indigenous identity	113,280	55,555	57,730
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	113,845	55,785	58,065
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	170	75	95
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	113,680	55,710	57,970
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	52,265	...	...
Owner	20,430	...	...
Renter	31,830	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	52,265	...	...
Condominium	10,730	...	...
Not condominium	41,540	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	52,265	...	...
No bedrooms	1,125	...	...
1 bedroom	16,845	...	...
2 bedrooms	16,715	...	...
3 bedrooms	12,550	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	5,035	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	52,265	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	30,050	...	...
5 rooms	8,540	...	...
6 rooms	3,900	...	...
7 rooms	3,415	...	...
8 or more rooms	6,360	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	52,265	...	...
One person or fewer per room	49,865	...	...
More than one person per room	2,405	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	52,265	...	...
Suitable	46,690	...	...
Not suitable	5,575	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	52,265	...	...
1960 or before	17,985	...	...
1961 to 1980	16,815	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,805	...	...
1991 to 2000	3,165	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,515	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,670	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,840	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,470	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	52,265	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	48,460	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,810	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	52,265	...	...
One-maintainer household	32,190	...	...
Two-maintainer household	18,415	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,660	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	52,265	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,545	...	...
25 to 34 years	7,845	...	...
35 to 44 years	10,025	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,565	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,465	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,325	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,375	...	...
85 years and over	2,130	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	51,995	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	41,060	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	10,935	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,970	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	52,265	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	18,280	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,355	...	...
Not suitable only	4,430	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,515	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	685	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	830	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	400	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	60	...	...
Acceptable housing	33,985	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	51,030	...	...
In core need	5,665	...	...
Not in core need	45,365	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	20,435	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	57.2	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	15.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,260	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,492	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	584,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	610,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	31,835	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	24.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	16.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	810	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	864	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	113,850	55,785	58,065
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	385	180	205
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	385	180	205
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	350	170	185
Métis single ancestry	20	0	15
Inuit single ancestry	10	10	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,310	600	715
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,305	600	705
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,205	565	635
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	90	30	55
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	15
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	112,150	55,010	57,145
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	113,845	55,785	58,060
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	95,835	46,575	49,265
Canadian citizens aged under 18	20,120	10,285	9,840
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	75,715	36,295	39,425
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	18,010	9,210	8,800
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	113,845	55,785	58,060
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	63,680	30,720	32,955
Immigrants⁸¹	44,195	21,825	22,375
Before 1980	6,730	3,140	3,595
1980 to 1990	4,695	2,470	2,225
1991 to 2000	7,025	3,340	3,685
2001 to 2010	10,145	5,065	5,080
2011 to 2021⁸²	15,600	7,810	7,785
2011 to 2015	6,850	3,410	3,440
2016 to 2021	8,745	4,400	4,350
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,975	3,240	2,730
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	44,200	21,825	22,375
Under 5 years	3,540	1,815	1,730
5 to 14 years	6,520	3,315	3,205
15 to 24 years	7,935	3,490	4,440
25 to 44 years	22,625	11,560	11,070
45 years and over	3,570	1,645	1,925
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	44,200	21,825	22,375
Americas	6,840	3,285	3,550
Brazil	150	70	75
Colombia	355	165	190
El Salvador	510	245	270
Guyana	60	40	20
Haiti	2,825	1,355	1,475
Jamaica	80	30	55
Mexico	445	200	250
Peru	380	170	215
Trinidad and Tobago	55	30	25
United States of America	355	190	165
Other places of birth in Americas	1,610	800	810
Europe	7,875	3,605	4,275
Bosnia and Herzegovina	40	20	20
Croatia	45	15	25
France	1,560	730	830
Germany	80	30	45
Greece	1,705	745	960
Hungary	70	25	45
Italy	1,720	805	910
Netherlands	15	0	15
Poland	105	30	75
Portugal	475	235	245
Romania	655	320	335
Russian Federation	175	70	105
Serbia⁸⁶	45	20	30
Ukraine	150	35	115
United Kingdom⁸⁷	115	55	55
Other places of birth in Europe	930	460	470
Africa	14,530	7,555	6,975
Algeria	4,010	2,125	1,890
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	610	290	320
Egypt	950	475	470
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	65	35	30
Morocco	3,580	1,800	1,785
Nigeria	40	25	15
Somalia	25	10	10
South Africa, Republic of	10	10	0
Other places of birth in Africa	5,230	2,785	2,445
Asia	14,930	7,365	7,570
Afghanistan	170	100	75
Iran⁸⁸	200	100	105
Iraq	235	110	120
Lebanon	2,915	1,535	1,385
Syria⁸⁹	3,940	1,970	1,975
Turkey	420	225	200
China⁹⁰	770	330	435
Hong Kong⁹¹	100	65	30
Korea, South⁹²	35	15	20
Taiwan	10	10	0
Philippines	285	100	185
Viet Nam	1,245	585	665
Bangladesh	330	170	160
India	1,085	520	560
Pakistan	860	465	395
Sri Lanka	685	335	345
Other places of birth in Asia	1,660	740	920
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	25	15	10
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	8,750	4,395	4,350
Americas	755	380	375
Brazil	45	10	30
Colombia	65	25	45
Haiti	325	190	140
Jamaica	0	0	0
Mexico	75	25	50
United States of America	65	45	15
Venezuela⁹⁵	30	10	20
Other places of birth in Americas	160	80	75
Europe	510	250	260
France	175	85	90
Germany	10	0	10
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
Italy	30	30	10
Russian Federation	30	10	20
Ukraine	10	0	10
United Kingdom⁸⁷	25	10	10
Other places of birth in Europe	225	110	110
Africa	3,705	1,850	1,860
Algeria	825	405	420
Burundi	90	50	40
Cameroon	575	300	270
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	185	65	115
Côte d'Ivoire	235	115	115
Egypt	95	60	35
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	15	0	10
Morocco	635	285	355
Nigeria	20	10	15
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	10	10	0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	255	125	125
Other places of birth in Africa	755	410	345
Asia	3,775	1,915	1,855
Afghanistan	55	35	20
Bangladesh	40	15	25
China⁹⁰	65	20	50
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	570	255	310
Iran⁸⁸	55	15	40
Iraq	50	25	20
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	0	0	0
Jordan	25	10	15
Korea, South⁹²	15	0	10
Lebanon	285	165	120
Nepal	25	15	15
Pakistan	85	30	55
Philippines	75	25	50
Saudi Arabia	140	90	50
Sri Lanka	50	20	30
Syria⁸⁹	1,850	990	860
Turkey	25	20	0
United Arab Emirates	115	65	50
Viet Nam	115	50	65
Other places of birth in Asia	135	70	70
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0
Australia	0	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	113,845	55,785	58,065
First generation¹⁰⁰	51,360	25,585	25,765
Second generation¹⁰¹	24,115	12,150	11,965
Third generation or more¹⁰²	38,375	18,050	20,325
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	37,465	18,685	18,780
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	18,500	9,970	8,530
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	9,485	6,180	3,305
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	9,015	3,795	5,225
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	9,750	3,770	5,975
Refugees¹⁰⁸	8,615	4,620	4,000
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	600	330	275
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	37,465	18,685	18,780
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	3,955	2,210	1,740
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,330	1,230	1,105
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	605	350	265
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,330	815	520
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	255	105	145
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	28,985	13,975	15,005
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	113,845	55,785	58,065
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	48,120	24,255	23,860
South Asian	6,030	3,150	2,875
Chinese	1,910	840	1,075
Black	14,165	7,110	7,060
Filipino	470	200	275
Arab	16,305	8,435	7,865
Latin American	4,385	2,185	2,200
Southeast Asian	2,460	1,170	1,290
West Asian	775	395	380
Korean	80	35	40
Japanese	90	20	70
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	360	185	175
Multiple visible minorities	1,085	530	560
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	65,725	31,530	34,200
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	113,845	55,785	58,060
Canadian	13,545	6,255	7,295
English	1,275	635	645
Irish	3,105	1,445	1,665
Scottish	1,415	700	715
French, n.o.s.¹²²	19,110	9,235	9,875
German	1,200	545	650
Chinese	2,315	1,040	1,275
Italian	7,070	3,425	3,645
Indian (India)	2,150	1,085	1,070
Ukrainian	440	190	250
Dutch	160	85	75
Polish	625	280	345
Québécois	5,860	2,880	2,980
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	280	125	150
Filipino	350	130	215
French Canadian	4,120	1,905	2,220
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	910	435	475
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	945	420	525
Métis	115	35	80
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,080	535	545
Russian	635	285	350
Norwegian	65	25	40
Welsh	85	35	50
Portuguese	1,245	610	630
American	485	215	265
Spanish	1,340	690	655
Swedish	70	40	30
Hungarian	225	120	105
Acadian	785	335	450
Pakistani	1,430	780	650
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,645	1,360	1,290
Jewish	180	95	80
Punjabi	370	220	150
Vietnamese	1,790	855	940
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	6,100	3,185	2,915
Greek	4,585	2,165	2,420
Jamaican	200	100	95
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	370	150	220
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	40	25	10
Korean	115	45	65
Romanian	925	435	495
Lebanese	3,915	2,045	1,875
Iranian	180	85	95
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,500	800	700
Danish	25	15	15
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	155	80	75
Sikh	210	110	100
Austrian	120	75	45
Belgian	685	340	350
Haitian	4,255	1,990	2,260
Hindu	365	175	190
Mexican	730	350	380
Mennonite	0	0	0
Swiss	270	135	135
Finnish	20	10	0
Sri Lankan	690	320	375
Croatian	95	40	55
Japanese	115	35	80
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	95	65	30
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	70	35	30
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	25	20	10
Muslim	885	480	400
Egyptian	1,085	575	510
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	795	395	405
Tamil	440	180	265
Icelandic	0	0	0
Colombian	375	180	195
Moroccan	3,575	1,795	1,785
Czech	130	65	65
Syrian	3,830	1,955	1,870
Guyanese	70	40	30
Afghan	285	145	145
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	550	330	225
Serbian	80	25	55
Ojibway	0	0	0
Newfoundlander	0	0	0
Hong Konger	35	15	20
Ontarian	45	20	20
Persian	95	45	55
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	105	50	55
Turkish	630	330	300
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	30	10	15
Bangladeshi	385	190	195
Algerian	3,740	1,925	1,815
Brazilian	210	90	115
Nigerian	80	45	40
Armenian	3,395	1,595	1,800
Slovak	90	40	50
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	110	40	75
Somali	85	35	55
Taiwanese	30	15	20
Iraqi	165	80	85
Salvadorean	640	270	370
African Caribbean	300	130	170
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	60	10	50
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	185	95	95
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	270	140	130
Algonquin	55	35	20
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	85	40	45
Lithuanian	40	0	35
South African	0	0	0
Australian	30	10	20
Palestinian	485	250	235
Chilean	365	210	155
Congolese	845	440	400
Nova Scotian	20	15	10
Ethiopian	95	50	45
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	210	110	100
Peruvian	410	215	200
Yoruba	115	55	60
Cambodian (Khmer)	740	365	375
Berber	1,780	1,005	775
Albanian	85	45	40
Maltese	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Slovenian	25	20	10
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	60	25	40
New Brunswicker	60	25	30
Gujarati	45	15	25
Eritrean	20	15	10
African Canadian	50	35	15
Israeli	20	0	10
Mohawk	30	20	15
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	20	15	0
Bulgarian	205	100	105
Albertan	0	0	0
Ghanaian	160	110	55
Barbadian	70	40	30
African American	15	0	10
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	35	20	15
Tunisian	1,140	635	505
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	35	10	25
Cuban	205	80	125
Bosnian	15	10	0
Venezuelan	250	130	120
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	75	40	40
Latvian	45	20	25
Bengali	235	130	105
Cameroonian	850	445	405
Guatemalan	255	130	130
Indonesian	0	0	0
Laotian	190	120	75
Ilocano	0	0	0
Northern Irish	20	10	15
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	0	0	0
British Columbian	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	45	20	25
Franco Ontarian	45	25	15
Argentinian	80	55	25
Estonian	20	20	0
Kurdish	170	100	65
Fijian	0	0	0
Jatt	20	0	20
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	40	15	25
Coptic	30	15	10
Thai	55	20	30
Dominican	230	100	130
Nepali	30	15	15
Kabyle	1,025	570	450
Assyrian	75	25	50
Igbo	70	30	45
Byelorussian	10	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0
Abenaki	45	15	30
Moldovan	290	150	140
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	30	10	15
New Zealander	0	0	0
Sudanese	15	10	0
Breton	185	75	110
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0
Malaysian	0	0	0
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	385	195	195
Huron (Wendat)	75	40	35
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0
Buddhist	60	15	40
Gaspesian	20	10	15
Norman	80	40	40
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0
Ivorian	380	150	235
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	220	100	115
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	60	35	25
Mauritian	105	50	55
Kenyan	10	0	10
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	110	55	55
Jordanian	100	60	40
Manitoban	0	0	0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	145	65	80
Grenadian	20	0	20
Malayali	45	20	15
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	20	10	15
Mayan	180	80	100
Honduran	155	70	90
Cherokee	0	0	0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	55	25	25
Flemish	30	10	20
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0
Senegalese	180	95	85
Azerbaijani	15	15	0
Sicilian	60	30	30
Pashtun	125	65	60
Malay	0	0	0
Goan	0	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	120	85	35
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	20	15	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Mongolian	10	0	10
Azorean	50	20	30
Atikamekw	35	15	15
Bamileke	260	135	125
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	10	0	10
Yemeni	20	10	10
Central African	280	155	125
Libyan	50	25	25
Basque	35	15	20
Uruguayan	70	35	35
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	75	45	30
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	90	55	40
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	205	115	90
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	370	180	190
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	205	130	75
Telugu	0	0	0
Roma	0	0	0
Costa Rican	30	10	20
African Nova Scotian	10	0	0
Malagasy	95	55	40
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	0	0	0
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	113,850	55,785	58,065
Buddhist	1,725	770	955
Christian	59,865	27,630	32,235
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7,945	3,875	4,070
Anabaptist	0	0	0
Anglican	200	105	95
Baptist	615	225	390
Catholic	38,820	17,740	21,080
Christian Orthodox	8,540	4,050	4,490
Jehovah's Witness	270	105	170
Latter Day Saints	75	25	55
Lutheran	40	10	30
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	10	10	0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	890	400	490
Presbyterian	220	105	115
Reformed	0	0	0
United Church	80	30	50
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,145	940	1,210
Hindu	2,260	1,065	1,195
Jewish	225	115	115
Muslim	21,620	11,400	10,220
Sikh	805	440	370
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	450	270	180
No religion and secular perspectives	26,890	14,095	12,795
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	112,565	55,090	57,480
Non-movers	100,280	48,960	51,325
Movers	12,285	6,135	6,150
Non-migrants	9,250	4,555	4,695
Migrants	3,040	1,575	1,460
Internal migrants	1,580	815	770
Intraprovincial migrants	1,345	680	660
Interprovincial migrants	240	130	110
External migrants	1,455	765	685
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	107,300	52,360	54,935
Non-movers	62,075	29,940	32,140
Movers	45,215	22,420	22,800
Non-migrants	26,010	12,800	13,205
Migrants	19,210	9,625	9,595
Internal migrants	7,590	3,705	3,885
Intraprovincial migrants	6,810	3,335	3,475
Interprovincial migrants	780	370	410
External migrants	11,620	5,915	5,705
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	94,075	45,670	48,405
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	16,560	8,040	8,520
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	77,515	37,635	39,880
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	62,185	31,110	31,075
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	7,280	3,990	3,290
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	54,900	27,115	27,790
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	94,075	45,670	48,400
No certificate, diploma or degree	14,875	7,110	7,765
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	17,080	8,495	8,585
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	62,120	30,065	32,055
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	27,295	13,285	14,005
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,790	4,295	3,500
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,660	2,875	2,785
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,130	1,420	710
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	14,905	6,920	7,990
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,595	2,075	2,520
Bachelor's degree or higher	34,825	16,780	18,045
Bachelor's degree	20,135	9,525	10,610
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,775	1,810	1,965
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,020	475	545
Master's degree	8,475	4,160	4,315
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,420	810	610
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	62,180	31,105	31,080
No certificate, diploma or degree	6,145	3,405	2,740
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	8,430	4,525	3,905
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	47,610	23,175	24,435
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	19,155	9,600	9,560
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,825	3,180	2,645
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	4,290	2,150	2,140
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,535	1,030	505
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,940	4,835	5,105
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,395	1,585	1,805
Bachelor's degree or higher	28,455	13,580	14,875
Bachelor's degree	16,260	7,710	8,555
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,085	1,460	1,625
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	815	335	480
Master's degree	7,160	3,475	3,680
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,130	600	535
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	94,075	45,670	48,405
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	31,955	15,605	16,350
Education	3,780	895	2,890
13. Education	3,780	895	2,890
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,015	1,505	1,515
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	395	285	105
50. Visual and performing arts	2,625	1,210	1,410
Humanities	4,375	1,655	2,720
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	840	220	620
23. English language and literature/letters	320	90	235
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,745	730	1,015
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	30	0	25
38. Philosophy and religious studies	225	135	85
39. Theology and religious vocations	100	70	30
54. History	330	145	190
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	785	265	525
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,655	3,260	5,395
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	125	15	115
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,255	410	845
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,000	85	910
22. Legal professions and studies	1,795	810	985
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	220	75	145
42. Psychology	1,320	320	1,005
45. Social sciences	2,940	1,540	1,400
Business, management and public administration	14,800	6,585	8,220
30.16 Accounting and computer science	30	10	20
44. Public administration and social service professions	780	170	615
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	14,000	6,410	7,590
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,385	1,685	1,700
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,305	555	750
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	525	250	270
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	445	170	275
40. Physical sciences	990	630	360
41. Science technologies/technicians	125	80	45
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,605	2,540	1,065
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,840	2,120	725
25. Library science	250	90	160
27. Mathematics and statistics	425	265	160
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	85	70	15
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,035	8,430	1,605
04. Architecture and related services	770	405	365
14. Engineering	4,630	3,735	890
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,675	1,465	215
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,170	1,130	40
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,175	1,120	45
48. Precision production	610	570	40
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	695	385	305
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	445	260	190
03. Natural resources and conservation	245	125	120
Health and related fields	7,470	1,885	5,580
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	450	225	230
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,640	1,485	5,155
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	370	180	190
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,300	1,240	1,055
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,415	480	935
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0
43. Security and protective services	425	365	60
49. Transportation and materials moving	440	375	65
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	62,185	31,105	31,075
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	14,575	7,930	6,645
Education	2,630	610	2,020
13. Education	2,630	610	2,020
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,305	1,140	1,160
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	295	195	95
50. Visual and performing arts	2,005	950	1,065
Humanities	2,850	1,095	1,755
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	645	165	475
23. English language and literature/letters	245	85	165
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	955	415	540
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	15	0	15
38. Philosophy and religious studies	170	105	65
39. Theology and religious vocations	65	45	15
54. History	220	85	135
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	540	190	350
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,550	2,390	4,165
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	90	0	90
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,050	330	715
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	780	70	710
22. Legal professions and studies	1,315	555	755
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	130	50	75
42. Psychology	995	245	750
45. Social sciences	2,190	1,125	1,070
Business, management and public administration	11,925	5,255	6,670
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	0	15
44. Public administration and social service professions	570	120	455
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,335	5,130	6,200
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,235	1,160	1,075
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,075	465	610
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	270	140	130
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	85	45	45
40. Physical sciences	720	445	275
41. Science technologies/technicians	90	70	25
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,950	2,090	865
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,390	1,800	595
25. Library science	175	65	110
27. Mathematics and statistics	340	195	150
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	45	30	10
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,110	6,735	1,380
04. Architecture and related services	630	330	295
14. Engineering	3,975	3,175	810
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,305	1,150	155
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	875	835	40
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	900	850	45
48. Precision production	425	390	30
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	630	345	285
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	395	215	180
03. Natural resources and conservation	235	120	110
Health and related fields	5,590	1,365	4,225
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	350	160	190
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,925	1,075	3,850
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	315	135	180
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,820	995	830
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,100	360	735
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0
43. Security and protective services	355	310	45
49. Transportation and materials moving	355	310	45
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	62,185	31,105	31,075
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	14,575	7,930	6,645
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	47,610	23,180	24,430
Location of study inside Canada	34,075	16,095	17,985
Same as province or territory of residence	33,235	15,690	17,545
Different than province or territory of residence	845	405	435
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	13,535	7,085	6,450
Americas	1,745	850	895
United States of America	350	180	165
Mexico	235	90	145
Cuba	75	35	40
Haiti	385	220	165
Jamaica	10	0	0
Brazil	125	55	65
Colombia	140	75	70
Peru	80	35	45
Venezuela⁹⁵	100	40	55
Other locations of study in Americas	255	115	140
Europe	2,815	1,535	1,275
Belgium	75	30	45
France	1,440	815	620
Germany	20	10	10
Netherlands	15	0	10
Switzerland	30	15	20
Hungary	20	0	15
Moldova¹⁸³	165	100	65
Poland	15	0	10
Romania	305	165	140
Russian Federation	105	70	35
Ukraine	95	45	50
Ireland⁹⁶	10	0	10
United Kingdom⁸⁷	170	95	75
Bosnia and Herzegovina	15	10	0
Italy	80	50	30
Serbia⁸⁶	20	0	15
Other locations of study in Europe	230	120	110
Africa	5,550	3,030	2,520
Nigeria	95	60	35
Algeria	1,915	1,025	890
Morocco	1,225	650	575
Tunisia	530	295	235
Egypt	205	130	70
South Africa, Republic of	10	0	0
Other locations of study in Africa	1,575	875	710
Asia	3,365	1,635	1,735
Iran⁸⁸	70	30	35
Iraq	35	10	30
Israel	0	0	0
Lebanon	620	295	325
Syria⁸⁹	990	495	495
Turkey	30	25	0
China⁹⁰	215	90	125
Taiwan	0	0	0
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	10	0
Japan	25	10	15
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0
Philippines	140	30	110
Viet Nam	80	40	40
Bangladesh	115	70	45
Sri Lanka	65	25	35
India	580	295	285
Pakistan	120	70	50
Other locations of study in Asia	265	130	135
Oceania	55	30	25
Australia	50	30	25
New Zealand	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	94,075	45,670	48,400
In the labour force	60,595	31,530	29,065
Employed	54,300	28,110	26,195
Unemployed	6,290	3,415	2,875
Not in the labour force	33,480	14,145	19,335
Participation rate	64.4	69.0	60.1
Employment rate	57.7	61.6	54.1
Unemployment rate	10.4	10.8	9.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	94,075	45,670	48,405
Did not work¹⁸⁶	34,640	14,795	19,845
Worked	59,440	30,875	28,560
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	29,810	16,165	13,640
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	29,635	14,715	14,920
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.7	40.0	39.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	60,595	31,525	29,070
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,070	1,070	995
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	58,525	30,455	28,075
Employee	51,215	25,865	25,350
Permanent position	42,290	21,785	20,510
Temporary position	8,920	4,075	4,845
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,650	1,670	1,985
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,270	2,405	2,865
Self-employed¹⁹²	7,315	4,595	2,720
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	60,595	31,525	29,070
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,070	1,070	995
All occupations¹⁹¹	58,525	30,455	28,075
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	925	615	305
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,695	4,490	7,205
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,280	4,720	1,565
3 Health occupations	5,320	1,295	4,020
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	8,200	2,595	5,605
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,545	1,330	1,215
6 Sales and service occupations	14,265	7,580	6,685
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	6,290	5,805	485
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	255	195	55
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,760	1,830	935
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	60,595	31,525	29,070
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,070	1,070	995
All industries¹⁹¹	58,525	30,455	28,075
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	120	75	50
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	55	35	20
22 Utilities	510	280	230
23 Construction	1,850	1,640	210
31-33 Manufacturing	5,385	3,670	1,720
41 Wholesale trade	2,325	1,440	880
44-45 Retail trade	6,540	3,290	3,250
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,475	2,810	665
51 Information and cultural industries	1,925	1,185	740
52 Finance and insurance	2,745	1,415	1,335
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,210	705	510
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,070	3,525	2,550
55 Management of companies and enterprises	100	40	55
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,815	1,850	975
61 Educational services	5,405	1,830	3,575
62 Health care and social assistance	8,980	2,135	6,840
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	930	445	480
72 Accommodation and food services	2,995	1,640	1,360
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,260	1,085	1,180
91 Public administration	2,815	1,355	1,455
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	63,965	33,185	30,785
English	6,205	3,755	2,455
French	28,545	13,800	14,745
Non-official language	415	230	190
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	415	230	190
English and French	25,630	13,760	11,870
English and non-official language(s)	575	350	225
French and non-official language(s)	655	300	355
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,905	970	935
Multiple non-official languages	40	30	10
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	63,965	33,185	30,785
Single responses	57,010	29,475	27,535
Official languages	56,185	29,040	27,145
English	12,570	7,295	5,275
French	43,615	21,750	21,865
Non-official languages	825	435	390
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	825	435	390
Afro-Asiatic languages	250	160	95
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	250	160	95
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	250	160	95
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	85	30	55
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	0	15
Vietnamese	65	25	40
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	310	155	155
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	55	45	20
Balto-Slavic languages	25	10	20
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	25	10	20
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	20	10	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	40	15	25
Indo-Iranian languages	45	30	15
Indo-Aryan languages	45	30	15
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	30	15	10
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	140	65	75
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	15	0	10
Portuguese	20	0	15
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	95	55	50
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	20	15	10
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	20	10	10
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	135	70	65
Chinese languages	135	70	65
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	35	15	25
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	25	10	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	75	45	30
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	6,955	3,710	3,250
English and French	6,300	3,340	2,955
English and non-official language(s)	180	110	70
French and non-official language(s)	205	105	100
English, French and non-official language(s)	265	150	115
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	63,965	33,185	30,785
None	41,505	21,185	20,325
English	14,200	7,565	6,630
French	5,945	3,250	2,690
Non-official language	1,085	560	525
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,080	560	520
English and French	80	25	50
English and non-official language(s)	710	340	375
French and non-official language(s)	305	195	115
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	0	10
Multiple non-official languages	120	60	65
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	54,305	28,110	26,195
Worked at home	14,350	7,060	7,290
Worked outside Canada	110	75	30
No fixed workplace address	5,195	3,750	1,445
Usual place of work	34,650	17,225	17,430
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	34,650	17,225	17,430
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	26,755	12,630	14,120
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	2,790	1,620	1,170
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	5,025	2,895	2,130
Commute to a different province or territory	85	75	10
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	39,845	20,975	18,870
Car, truck or van	24,345	14,285	10,060
Car, truck or van - as a driver	22,780	13,675	9,100
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,565	605	960
Public transit	10,985	4,610	6,375
Walked	2,870	1,150	1,720
Bicycle	900	560	340
Other method	740	370	370
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	39,845	20,975	18,870
Less than 15 minutes	6,640	3,095	3,545
15 to 29 minutes	14,355	7,800	6,555
30 to 44 minutes	11,240	6,350	4,890
45 to 59 minutes	4,330	2,105	2,220
60 minutes and over	3,285	1,630	1,655
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	39,845	20,975	18,870
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,060	1,550	515
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,480	3,440	2,045
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	10,430	5,020	5,415
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,725	4,045	4,690
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,115	2,865	3,245
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,030	4,065	2,970
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	23,380	11,975	11,410
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,965	2,065	1,900
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	19,415	9,910	9,510
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	16,385	8,410	7,975
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,020	1,565	1,455
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,295	1,185	1,105
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	725	380	350
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	13,365	6,840	6,520

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 28, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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