Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	AjaxMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	126,666
Population, 2016¹	119,677
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.8
Total private dwellings²	40,275
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	39,488
Population density per square kilometre	1,900.6
Land area in square kilometres	66.64
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	126,665
0 to 14 years	23,805
0 to 4 years	7,185
5 to 9 years	8,050
10 to 14 years	8,565
15 to 64 years	86,275
15 to 19 years	8,305
20 to 24 years	8,180
25 to 29 years	8,235
30 to 34 years	8,565
35 to 39 years	9,235
40 to 44 years	8,990
45 to 49 years	8,665
50 to 54 years	8,700
55 to 59 years	9,355
60 to 64 years	8,050
65 years and over	16,585
65 to 69 years	5,680
70 to 74 years	4,490
75 to 79 years	2,890
80 to 84 years	1,790
85 years and over	1,745
85 to 89 years	1,120
90 to 94 years	500
95 to 99 years	110
100 years and over	10
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.8
15 to 64 years	68.1
65 years and over	13.1
85 years and over	1.4
Average age of the population	38.6
Median age of the population	38.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	39,490
Single-detached house	25,560
Semi-detached house	2,260
Row house	6,025
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,385
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	1,605
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	2,640
Other single-attached house	15
Movable dwelling⁴	5
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	39,490
1 person	5,555
2 persons	9,805
3 persons	7,925
4 persons	8,975
5 or more persons	7,220
Number of persons in private households	126,250
Average household size	3.2
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	102,860
Married or living common-law	59,825
Married	54,085
Living common-law	5,740
Living common law - Never married	4,030
Living common law - Separated	290
Living common law - Divorced	1,300
Living common law - Widowed	125
Not married and not living common-law	43,035
Not married and not living common law - Never married	31,140
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,705
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	4,855
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,340
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	35,820
2 persons	13,120
3 persons	8,970
4 persons	9,470
5 or more persons	4,260
Average size of census families	3.2
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	35,825
Total couple families	29,200
Married couples	26,330
With children⁶	18,350
Without children	7,975
Common-law couples	2,870
With children⁶	1,455
Without children	1,420
Total one-parent families	6,625
in which the parent is a woman+	5,295
in which the parent is a man+	1,330
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	126,250
Total - Persons in census families	113,710
Married spouses or common-law partners	58,395
Parents in one-parent families	6,620
Children⁶	48,690
In a two-parent family	37,955
In a one-parent family	10,730
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	12,540
Living alone	5,555
Living with other relatives⁷	4,485
Living with non-relatives only	2,500
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	39,490
One-census-family households without additional persons	26,770
Couple-family households	22,615
With children⁶	15,735
Without children	6,885
One-parent-family households	4,150
Multigenerational households⁸	3,670
Multiple-census-family households⁹	625
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,925
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	950
One-person households	5,555
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	102,460
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	97,240
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	97,250
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	85,860
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	73,795
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	88,095
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	9,860
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,920
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	33,015
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	102,460
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	97,480
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,300
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	97,490
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,440
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	85,945
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	73,795
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,300
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	87,900
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,380
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	9,645
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,100
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	32,325
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,880
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	102,460
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	36,965
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	70,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	80,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,645
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,600
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	73.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.7
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	102,460
Without total income	5,215
With total income	97,240
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,040
$10,000 to $19,999	11,405
$20,000 to $29,999	14,675
$30,000 to $39,999	11,045
$40,000 to $49,999	9,395
$50,000 to $59,999	8,325
$60,000 to $69,999	7,080
$70,000 to $79,999	5,860
$80,000 to $89,999	4,600
$90,000 to $99,999	3,865
$100,000 and over	11,940
$100,000 to $149,999	8,710
$150,000 and over	3,235
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	102,460
Without after-tax income	5,210
With after-tax income	97,255
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,300
$10,000 to $19,999	11,885
$20,000 to $29,999	16,480
$30,000 to $39,999	12,760
$40,000 to $49,999	11,345
$50,000 to $59,999	9,650
$60,000 to $69,999	7,460
$70,000 to $79,999	5,730
$80,000 to $89,999	4,575
$90,000 to $99,999	2,720
$100,000 and over	5,340
$100,000 to $124,999	3,030
$125,000 and over	2,310
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	102,460
Without employment income	28,665
With employment income	73,795
Under $5,000 (including loss)	10,545
$5,000 to $9,999	6,330
$10,000 to $19,999	7,825
$20,000 to $29,999	5,655
$30,000 to $39,999	5,275
$40,000 to $49,999	5,720
$50,000 to $59,999	5,685
$60,000 to $69,999	5,220
$70,000 to $79,999	4,575
$80,000 to $89,999	3,715
$90,000 to $99,999	3,460
$100,000 and over	9,790
$100,000 to $124,999	5,045
$125,000 and over	4,745
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	102,460
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	94,785
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	94,815
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	85,095
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	74,230
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	82,220
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,620
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,470
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,200
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	102,460
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	94,975
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,050
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	95,010
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,960
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	85,315
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,850
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	74,250
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,350
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	82,035
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,315
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,375
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,990
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	102,460
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	36,745
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	75,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,155
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,880
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0
Market income (%)	89.6
Employment income (%)	78.6
Government transfers (%)	10.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	39,490
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	119,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	103,000
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	5,555
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,200
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,800
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	33,930
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	130,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	112,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	39,490
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	134,000
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	112,200
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	5,555
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	60,200
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,800
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	33,930
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	146,200
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	122,400
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	39,490
Under $5,000	195
$5,000 to $9,999	95
$10,000 to $14,999	170
$15,000 to $19,999	295
$20,000 to $24,999	640
$25,000 to $29,999	625
$30,000 to $34,999	605
$35,000 to $39,999	690
$40,000 to $44,999	785
$45,000 to $49,999	840
$50,000 to $59,999	1,865
$60,000 to $69,999	2,090
$70,000 to $79,999	2,170
$80,000 to $89,999	2,230
$90,000 to $99,999	2,325
$100,000 and over	23,870
$100,000 to $124,999	5,520
$125,000 to $149,999	4,845
$150,000 to $199,999	6,975
$200,000 and over	6,530
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	39,490
Under $5,000	210
$5,000 to $9,999	110
$10,000 to $14,999	170
$15,000 to $19,999	325
$20,000 to $24,999	665
$25,000 to $29,999	715
$30,000 to $34,999	685
$35,000 to $39,999	815
$40,000 to $44,999	1,000
$45,000 to $49,999	1,000
$50,000 to $59,999	2,330
$60,000 to $69,999	2,585
$70,000 to $79,999	2,705
$80,000 to $89,999	2,950
$90,000 to $99,999	2,825
$100,000 and over	20,400
$100,000 to $124,999	6,405
$125,000 to $149,999	5,005
$150,000 and over	8,985
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	33,490
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	129,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	111,000
Average family size of economic families	3.5
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	7,135
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	106,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	90,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	19,755
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	149,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	127,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.3
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,485
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.9
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	8,055
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	33,460
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	145,000
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	121,200
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,090
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	119,500
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	98,800
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	19,830
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	163,800
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	136,800
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,425
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	106,200
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	91,700
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	8,060
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	55,350
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,160
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	126,245
0 to 17 years	28,855
0 to 5 years	8,780
18 to 64 years	81,110
65 years and over	16,280
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	6,915
0 to 17 years	2,085
0 to 5 years	670
18 to 64 years	3,620
65 years and over	1,210
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	5.5
0 to 17 years (%)	7.2
0 to 5 years (%)	7.6
18 to 64 years (%)	4.5
65 years and over (%)	7.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	126,250
0 to 17 years	28,855
0 to 5 years	8,785
18 to 64 years	81,110
65 years and over	16,285
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	3,755
0 to 17 years	955
0 to 5 years	295
18 to 64 years	2,420
65 years and over	380
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.0
0 to 17 years (%)	3.3
0 to 5 years (%)	3.4
18 to 64 years (%)	3.0
65 years and over (%)	2.4
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	126,245
In bottom half of the distribution	47,365
In bottom decile	6,075
In second decile	8,060
In third decile	10,005
In fourth decile	11,040
In fifth decile	12,180
In top half of the distribution	78,880
In sixth decile	13,840
In seventh decile	15,200
In eighth decile	17,195
In ninth decile	18,000
In top decile	14,655
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	126,250
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.286
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.390
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.249
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.1
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	126,415
English only	114,445
French only	100
English and French	9,420
Neither English nor French	2,450
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	126,415
English	121,685
French	1,595
English and French	740
Neither English nor French	2,395
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	126,415
Single responses	118,590
Official languages	83,320
English	81,910
French	1,410
Non-official languages	35,270
Indigenous languages³⁹	5
Algonquian languages	5
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	5
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	35,265
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,930
Berber languages	0
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	10
Hausa	10
Mina	0
Coptic	25
Cushitic languages	90
Bilen	0
Oromo	20
Somali	70
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	1,805
Amharic	120
Arabic	1,540
Aramaic languages	20
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Harari	35
Hebrew	5
Maltese	25
Tigrigna	50
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	315
Khmer (Cambodian)	10
Vietnamese	300
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0
Austronesian languages	3,265
Bikol	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30
Cebuano	85
Fijian	0
Hiligaynon	40
Ilocano	140
Indonesian	35
Kankanaey	0
Kinaray-a	0
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	50
Pangasinan	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,840
Waray-Waray	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10
Creole languages	105
Haitian Creole	20
Jamaican English Creole	10
Krio	5
Morisyen	10
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	40
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20
Dravidian languages	7,420
Kannada	45
Malayalam	545
Tamil	6,355
Telugu	465
Tulu	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	18,635
Albanian	80
Armenian	115
Balto-Slavic languages	1,425
Baltic languages	25
Latvian	25
Lithuanian	0
Slavic languages	1,400
Belarusian	0
Bulgarian	35
Czech	30
Macedonian	370
Polish	420
Russian	295
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	140
Bosnian	5
Croatian	55
Serbian	80
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0
Slovak	30
Slovene (Slovenian)	25
Ukrainian	65
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	5
Irish	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Welsh	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	570
Frisian	0
High German languages	405
German	400
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	5
Yiddish	5
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	125
Afrikaans	10
Dutch	110
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	40
Danish	15
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	10
Swedish	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	390
Indo-Iranian languages	13,075
Indo-Aryan languages	10,175
Assamese	0
Bengali	1,150
Gujarati	1,515
Hindi	1,020
Kacchi	85
Kashmiri	0
Konkani	25
Marathi	110
Nepali	55
Oriya languages	15
Odia	10
Oriya, n.o.s.	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,220
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	35
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	285
Urdu	4,620
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30
Iranian languages	2,900
Baluchi	40
Kurdish	35
Parsi	10
Pashto	420
Persian languages	2,395
Dari	1,910
Iranian Persian	260
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	225
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,975
Catalan	0
Italian	690
Portuguese	650
Romanian	315
Spanish	1,300
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	50
Korean	175
Mongolian	5
Niger-Congo languages	435
Akan (Twi)	120
Bamanankan	0
Edo	25
Éwé	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10
Ga	10
Ganda	0
Gikuyu	0
Igbo	35
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10
Lingala	10
Luba-Kasai	0
Mòoré	0
Mwani	5
Ndebele	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	5
Shona	25
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0
Swahili	35
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	5
Yoruba	70
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	45
Nilo-Saharan languages	35
Dinka	0
Nuer	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	30
African, n.o.s.	0
Sign languages	25
American Sign Language	25
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,470
Chinese languages	2,450
Hakka	80
Mandarin	1,280
Min Dong	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	40
Wu (Shanghainese)	15
Yue (Cantonese)	1,005
Chinese, n.o.s.	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25
Burmese	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	40
Lao	5
Thai	30
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	140
Azerbaijani	10
Kazakh	0
Turkish	95
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	25
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	215
Estonian	30
Finnish	30
Hungarian	150
Other languages, n.i.e.	5
Multiple responses	7,830
English and French	595
English and non-official language(s)	6,490
French and non-official language(s)	150
English, French and non-official language(s)	185
Multiple non-official languages	405
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	126,415
English	83,050
French	460
Non-official language	9,275
Indigenous³⁹	0
Non-Indigenous	9,275
English and French	1,530
English and non-official language(s)	30,100
French and non-official language(s)	85
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,170
Multiple non-official languages	750
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	126,415
Single responses	117,580
Official languages	97,305
English	96,590
French	720
Non-official languages	20,270
Indigenous languages³⁹	0
Algonquian languages	0
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	20,270
Afro-Asiatic languages	920
Berber languages	0
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	5
Hausa	0
Mina	0
Coptic	5
Cushitic languages	20
Bilen	0
Oromo	5
Somali	20
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	890
Amharic	40
Arabic	785
Aramaic languages	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Harari	20
Hebrew	0
Maltese	0
Tigrigna	25
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	170
Khmer (Cambodian)	5
Vietnamese	170
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0
Austronesian languages	1,475
Bikol	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10
Cebuano	45
Fijian	0
Hiligaynon	15
Ilocano	45
Indonesian	15
Kankanaey	0
Kinaray-a	0
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	40
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,295
Waray-Waray	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10
Creole languages	55
Haitian Creole	15
Jamaican English Creole	0
Krio	0
Morisyen	5
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	15
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15
Dravidian languages	5,315
Kannada	25
Malayalam	360
Tamil	4,635
Telugu	295
Tulu	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	10,185
Albanian	45
Armenian	50
Balto-Slavic languages	530
Baltic languages	0
Latvian	0
Lithuanian	0
Slavic languages	530
Belarusian	0
Bulgarian	15
Czech	0
Macedonian	155
Polish	140
Russian	155
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	45
Bosnian	0
Croatian	15
Serbian	25
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0
Slovak	15
Slovene (Slovenian)	5
Ukrainian	5
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	0
Irish	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Welsh	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	40
Frisian	0
High German languages	35
German	35
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	0
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5
Afrikaans	0
Dutch	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	5
Danish	0
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	0
Swedish	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	95
Indo-Iranian languages	8,260
Indo-Aryan languages	6,450
Assamese	5
Bengali	715
Gujarati	970
Hindi	645
Kacchi	25
Kashmiri	0
Konkani	10
Marathi	50
Nepali	30
Oriya languages	0
Odia	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	790
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	110
Urdu	3,065
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20
Iranian languages	1,810
Baluchi	20
Kurdish	20
Parsi	5
Pashto	290
Persian languages	1,470
Dari	1,150
Iranian Persian	145
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	175
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,165
Catalan	0
Italian	125
Portuguese	230
Romanian	155
Spanish	645
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	15
Korean	100
Mongolian	10
Niger-Congo languages	140
Akan (Twi)	60
Bamanankan	0
Edo	10
Éwé	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	5
Ganda	0
Gikuyu	0
Igbo	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0
Lingala	0
Luba-Kasai	0
Mòoré	0
Mwani	5
Ndebele	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0
Shona	10
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0
Swahili	10
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	0
Yoruba	20
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	20
Dinka	0
Nuer	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20
African, n.o.s.	0
Sign languages	40
American Sign Language	35
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,695
Chinese languages	1,685
Hakka	35
Mandarin	1,020
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20
Wu (Shanghainese)	10
Yue (Cantonese)	595
Chinese, n.o.s.	5
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10
Burmese	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	10
Lao	0
Thai	15
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	70
Azerbaijani	0
Kazakh	0
Turkish	65
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	50
Estonian	5
Finnish	5
Hungarian	45
Other languages, n.i.e.	0
Multiple responses	8,835
English and French	390
English and non-official language(s)	8,150
French and non-official language(s)	40
English, French and non-official language(s)	130
Multiple non-official languages	130
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	126,420
None	99,980
English	9,035
French	1,305
Non-official language	12,525
Indigenous³⁹	0
Non-Indigenous	12,520
English and French	130
English and non-official language(s)	1,415
French and non-official language(s)	525
English, French and non-official language(s)	10
Multiple non-official languages	1,495
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	126,250
Official languages	123,800
English	123,690
French	9,500
Non-official languages	50,320
Indigenous languages³⁹	0
Algonquian languages	0
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	50,320
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,125
Berber languages	0
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	15
Hausa	15
Mina	0
Coptic	70
Cushitic languages	125
Bilen	0
Oromo	35
Somali	95
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	3,005
Amharic	165
Arabic	2,630
Aramaic languages	45
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	30
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Harari	125
Hebrew	70
Maltese	45
Tigrigna	50
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	365
Khmer (Cambodian)	30
Vietnamese	335
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0
Austronesian languages	4,590
Bikol	25
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40
Cebuano	135
Fijian	0
Hiligaynon	35
Ilocano	255
Indonesian	40
Kankanaey	0
Kinaray-a	0
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	45
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	130
Pangasinan	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,350
Waray-Waray	20
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	85
Creole languages	705
Haitian Creole	115
Jamaican English Creole	160
Krio	0
Morisyen	100
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	260
Creole languages, n.i.e.	105
Dravidian languages	10,475
Kannada	215
Malayalam	985
Tamil	9,145
Telugu	610
Tulu	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	27,835
Albanian	120
Armenian	165
Balto-Slavic languages	1,710
Baltic languages	30
Latvian	30
Lithuanian	0
Slavic languages	1,680
Belarusian	0
Bulgarian	45
Czech	35
Macedonian	480
Polish	495
Russian	395
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	225
Bosnian	0
Croatian	110
Serbian	130
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0
Slovak	25
Slovene (Slovenian)	40
Ukrainian	110
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	10
Irish	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Welsh	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	1,015
Frisian	0
High German languages	755
German	750
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	0
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	210
Afrikaans	45
Dutch	160
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10
Scandinavian languages	90
Danish	15
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	35
Swedish	50
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	725
Indo-Iranian languages	19,940
Indo-Aryan languages	16,855
Assamese	0
Bengali	1,780
Gujarati	2,135
Hindi	5,725
Kacchi	160
Kashmiri	15
Konkani	75
Marathi	335
Nepali	115
Oriya languages	45
Odia	35
Oriya, n.o.s.	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,860
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	85
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	725
Urdu	8,040
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	150
Iranian languages	3,630
Baluchi	140
Kurdish	25
Parsi	0
Pashto	625
Persian languages	3,230
Dari	2,665
Iranian Persian	320
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	270
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,580
Catalan	0
Italian	1,070
Portuguese	955
Romanian	425
Spanish	2,315
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	170
Korean	200
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	1,375
Akan (Twi)	360
Bamanankan	0
Edo	90
Éwé	25
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	50
Ganda	20
Gikuyu	25
Igbo	105
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25
Lingala	130
Luba-Kasai	15
Mòoré	0
Mwani	20
Ndebele	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	15
Shona	45
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0
Swahili	225
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	0
Yoruba	265
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	185
Nilo-Saharan languages	35
Dinka	0
Nuer	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	35
African, n.o.s.	0
Sign languages	175
American Sign Language	170
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,080
Chinese languages	3,055
Hakka	95
Mandarin	2,030
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	80
Wu (Shanghainese)	45
Yue (Cantonese)	1,295
Chinese, n.o.s.	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25
Burmese	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	55
Lao	25
Thai	30
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	160
Azerbaijani	0
Kazakh	0
Turkish	110
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	275
Estonian	15
Finnish	50
Hungarian	205
Other languages, n.i.e.	55
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	126,245
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,270
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,175
First Nations (North American Indian)	700
Métis	455
Inuk (Inuit)	25
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	40
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	60
Non-Indigenous identity	124,975
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	126,245
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	370
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	125,875
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	39,490
Owner	32,960
Renter	6,525
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	39,490
Condominium	3,325
Not condominium	36,165
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	39,490
No bedrooms	105
1 bedroom	1,720
2 bedrooms	4,120
3 bedrooms	15,720
4 or more bedrooms	17,825
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	39,490
1 to 4 rooms	6,010
5 rooms	5,805
6 rooms	6,740
7 rooms	6,410
8 or more rooms	14,525
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.9
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	39,490
One person or fewer per room	38,180
More than one person per room	1,310
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	39,490
Suitable	36,645
Not suitable	2,845
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	39,490
1960 or before	2,765
1961 to 1980	6,345
1981 to 1990	8,530
1991 to 2000	5,630
2001 to 2005	4,900
2006 to 2010	5,710
2011 to 2015	3,425
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,180
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	39,490
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	38,175
Major repairs needed	1,315
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	39,490
One-maintainer household	15,470
Two-maintainer household	20,370
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,645
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	39,490
15 to 24 years	175
25 to 34 years	3,495
35 to 44 years	8,485
45 to 54 years	9,270
55 to 64 years	9,540
65 to 74 years	5,300
75 to 84 years	2,315
85 years and over	905
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	39,390
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	29,665
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	9,725
30% to less than 100%	9,055
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	39,490
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	12,860
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	8,875
Not suitable only	2,170
Major repairs needed only	815
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	500
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	325
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	155
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	25
Acceptable housing	26,625
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	38,720
In core need	4,130
Not in core need	34,590
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	32,960
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	73.9
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	22.1
% in core housing need⁶³	7.7
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,140
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,126
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	850,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	874,000
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	6,525
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.1
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	37.8
% in core housing need⁶³	26.1
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,600
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,662
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	126,250
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	290
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	290
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	210
Métis single ancestry	75
Inuit single ancestry	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,295
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,260
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	960
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	275
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	35
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	124,660
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	126,250
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	116,125
Canadian citizens aged under 18	27,695
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	88,430
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	10,120
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	126,250
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	72,295
Immigrants⁸¹	52,750
Before 1980	9,135
1980 to 1990	6,940
1991 to 2000	13,560
2001 to 2010	13,245
2011 to 2021⁸²	9,860
2011 to 2015	4,850
2016 to 2021	5,010
Non-permanent residents⁸³	1,205
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	52,745
Under 5 years	4,590
5 to 14 years	9,855
15 to 24 years	11,425
25 to 44 years	22,585
45 years and over	4,285
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	52,745
Americas	13,695
Brazil	155
Colombia	100
El Salvador	100
Guyana	3,005
Haiti	90
Jamaica	5,065
Mexico	155
Peru	130
Trinidad and Tobago	2,160
United States of America	805
Other places of birth in Americas	1,930
Europe	6,255
Bosnia and Herzegovina	20
Croatia	85
France	70
Germany	330
Greece	230
Hungary	75
Italy	420
Netherlands	105
Poland	370
Portugal	395
Romania	375
Russian Federation	185
Serbia⁸⁶	65
Ukraine	90
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,650
Other places of birth in Europe	785
Africa	3,130
Algeria	10
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	145
Egypt	465
Eritrea	30
Ethiopia	185
Morocco	75
Nigeria	565
Somalia	70
South Africa, Republic of	110
Other places of birth in Africa	1,485
Asia	29,540
Afghanistan	2,010
Iran⁸⁸	345
Iraq	230
Lebanon	350
Syria⁸⁹	245
Turkey	50
China⁹⁰	1,600
Hong Kong⁹¹	380
Korea, South⁹²	135
Taiwan	90
Philippines	4,435
Viet Nam	310
Bangladesh	1,000
India	6,920
Pakistan	4,330
Sri Lanka	5,590
Other places of birth in Asia	1,520
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	130
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,010
Americas	620
Brazil	45
Colombia	0
Haiti	15
Jamaica	240
Mexico	30
United States of America	120
Venezuela⁹⁵	30
Other places of birth in Americas	140
Europe	215
France	20
Germany	10
Ireland⁹⁶	10
Italy	10
Russian Federation	15
Ukraine	25
United Kingdom⁸⁷	35
Other places of birth in Europe	100
Africa	435
Algeria	0
Burundi	0
Cameroon	30
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20
Côte d'Ivoire	0
Egypt	45
Eritrea	0
Ethiopia	10
Morocco	15
Nigeria	190
Somalia	0
South Africa, Republic of	0
Sudan⁹⁷	0
Tunisia	0
Other places of birth in Africa	115
Asia	3,710
Afghanistan	300
Bangladesh	185
China⁹⁰	265
Hong Kong⁹¹	20
India	1,705
Iran⁸⁸	0
Iraq	15
Israel	25
Japan	15
Jordan	15
Korea, South⁹²	0
Lebanon	15
Nepal	0
Pakistan	355
Philippines	290
Saudi Arabia	25
Sri Lanka	260
Syria⁸⁹	75
Turkey	0
United Arab Emirates	70
Viet Nam	15
Other places of birth in Asia	50
Oceania and other⁹³	25
Australia	15
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	126,250
First generation¹⁰⁰	54,785
Second generation¹⁰¹	41,180
Third generation or more¹⁰²	30,280
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	43,610
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	19,480
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	7,625
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	11,855
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	16,225
Refugees¹⁰⁸	7,320
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	590
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	43,610
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	4,220
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,760
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	650
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,470
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	245
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	33,275
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	126,245
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	81,560
South Asian	33,055
Chinese	3,760
Black	21,210
Filipino	6,670
Arab	2,505
Latin American	1,695
Southeast Asian	825
West Asian	3,745
Korean	235
Japanese	245
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	3,570
Multiple visible minorities	4,045
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	44,690
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	126,250
Canadian	11,990
English	14,655
Irish	11,650
Scottish	11,515
French, n.o.s.¹²²	3,915
German	4,220
Chinese	5,155
Italian	4,320
Indian (India)	13,180
Ukrainian	1,520
Dutch	1,755
Polish	1,920
Québécois	130
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	3,305
Filipino	6,890
French Canadian	930
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,115
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	490
Métis	380
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	935
Russian	645
Norwegian	255
Welsh	1,335
Portuguese	2,670
American	830
Spanish	1,725
Swedish	220
Hungarian	555
Acadian	255
Pakistani	5,780
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	3,925
Jewish	385
Punjabi	890
Vietnamese	510
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,070
Greek	1,560
Jamaican	7,620
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,325
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	40
Korean	320
Romanian	615
Lebanese	665
Iranian	445
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	610
Danish	260
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	260
Sikh	305
Austrian	305
Belgian	145
Haitian	175
Hindu	2,190
Mexican	295
Mennonite	30
Swiss	145
Finnish	325
Sri Lankan	5,260
Croatian	350
Japanese	345
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	2,095
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	175
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	135
Muslim	1,165
Egyptian	740
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	590
Tamil	4,445
Icelandic	115
Colombian	110
Moroccan	125
Czech	125
Syrian	430
Guyanese	3,665
Afghan	3,275
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,020
Serbian	150
Ojibway	70
Newfoundlander	305
Hong Konger	155
Ontarian	420
Persian	205
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	2,730
Turkish	255
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	35
Bangladeshi	1,110
Algerian	10
Brazilian	215
Nigerian	520
Armenian	295
Slovak	120
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	110
Somali	185
Taiwanese	80
Iraqi	220
Salvadorean	145
African Caribbean	2,155
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	450
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	295
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,495
Algonquin	55
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,615
Lithuanian	115
South African	150
Australian	100
Palestinian	335
Chilean	145
Congolese	190
Nova Scotian	140
Ethiopian	320
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	95
Peruvian	135
Yoruba	285
Cambodian (Khmer)	70
Berber	0
Albanian	155
Maltese	235
Macedonian	735
Slovenian	195
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	105
New Brunswicker	60
Gujarati	580
Eritrean	50
African Canadian	955
Israeli	90
Mohawk	100
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	40
Bulgarian	55
Albertan	10
Ghanaian	315
Barbadian	805
African American	420
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	90
Tunisian	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	75
Cuban	190
Bosnian	15
Venezuelan	225
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	10
Latvian	115
Bengali	235
Cameroonian	85
Guatemalan	25
Indonesian	95
Laotian	30
Ilocano	160
Northern Irish	140
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	80
British Columbian	0
Ecuadorian	120
Franco Ontarian	50
Argentinian	110
Estonian	130
Kurdish	55
Fijian	15
Jatt	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	25
Coptic	345
Thai	75
Dominican	175
Nepali	100
Kabyle	0
Assyrian	70
Igbo	115
Byelorussian	35
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	10
Abenaki	0
Moldovan	0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0
New Zealander	40
Sudanese	50
Breton	10
Pennsylvania Dutch	50
Malaysian	75
Plains Cree	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0
Huron (Wendat)	0
Saskatchewanian	25
Buddhist	55
Gaspesian	15
Norman	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	235
Ivorian	60
Saulteaux	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0
Burundian	0
Tigrinya	0
Nicaraguan	70
Mauritian	30
Kenyan	70
Oji-Cree	0
Vincentian	375
Jordanian	65
Manitoban	20
Cape Bretoner	0
Rwandan	0
Grenadian	470
Malayali	170
Chaldean	20
Sinhalese	230
Mayan	0
Honduran	25
Cherokee	0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0
Indo-Caribbean	495
Flemish	10
United Empire Loyalist	10
Senegalese	0
Azerbaijani	45
Sicilian	40
Pashtun	170
Malay	80
Goan	195
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	20
Tibetan	0
Zimbabwean	50
Burmese	55
Mongolian	85
Azorean	25
Atikamekw	0
Bamileke	40
Indo-Guyanese	335
Ugandan	110
Oromo	0
Tanzanian	95
Yemeni	45
Central African	45
Libyan	0
Basque	0
Uruguayan	10
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	110
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	135
Igorot	30
Fulani	25
Woodland Cree	0
Guinean	0
St. Lucian	255
Prince Edward Islander	10
Maliseet	0
Beninese	0
Telugu	80
Roma	10
Costa Rican	35
African Nova Scotian	40
Malagasy	0
Kashmiri	80
Singaporean	50
Karen	0
Edo	0
Tajik	160
Amhara	0
Paraguayan	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	126,245
Buddhist	815
Christian	64,165
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	13,830
Anabaptist	0
Anglican	4,425
Baptist	1,605
Catholic	28,085
Christian Orthodox	3,195
Jehovah's Witness	420
Latter Day Saints	45
Lutheran	495
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	285
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	4,670
Presbyterian	1,340
Reformed	50
United Church	2,685
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,030
Hindu	14,675
Jewish	280
Muslim	17,770
Sikh	1,640
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	20
Other religions and spiritual traditions	660
No religion and secular perspectives	26,225
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	124,980
Non-movers	113,205
Movers	11,770
Non-migrants	4,435
Migrants	7,335
Internal migrants	6,665
Intraprovincial migrants	6,440
Interprovincial migrants	225
External migrants	670
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	119,035
Non-movers	80,005
Movers	39,030
Non-migrants	9,065
Migrants	29,960
Internal migrants	25,510
Intraprovincial migrants	24,440
Interprovincial migrants	1,070
External migrants	4,455
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	102,460
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	14,900
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	87,555
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	69,705
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	5,825
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	63,885
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	102,455
No certificate, diploma or degree	13,840
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	29,155
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	59,470
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	29,260
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,320
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,265
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,055
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	22,130
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,810
Bachelor's degree or higher	30,210
Bachelor's degree	21,210
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,735
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	625
Master's degree	6,170
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	470
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	69,710
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,115
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	16,980
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	47,615
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	22,440
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,990
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,575
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,420
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	17,260
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,185
Bachelor's degree or higher	25,170
Bachelor's degree	17,340
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,455
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	520
Master's degree	5,465
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	395
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	102,460
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	42,995
Education	2,620
13. Education	2,620
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,965
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	275
50. Visual and performing arts	1,690
Humanities	3,020
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	220
23. English language and literature/letters	620
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,225
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	50
38. Philosophy and religious studies	150
39. Theology and religious vocations	240
54. History	370
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	155
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,850
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	90
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	915
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,280
22. Legal professions and studies	1,400
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	160
42. Psychology	1,225
45. Social sciences	2,780
Business, management and public administration	15,285
30.16 Accounting and computer science	70
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,345
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,865
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,950
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,255
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	865
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	100
40. Physical sciences	600
41. Science technologies/technicians	125
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,115
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,490
25. Library science	100
27. Mathematics and statistics	405
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	120
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,455
04. Architecture and related services	465
14. Engineering	3,540
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,475
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0
46. Construction trades	1,600
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,675
48. Precision production	695
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	695
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	475
03. Natural resources and conservation	215
Health and related fields	7,850
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	685
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,030
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	130
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,650
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,220
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10
43. Security and protective services	970
49. Transportation and materials moving	450
Other¹⁷⁹	30
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	69,710
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	22,095
Education	1,985
13. Education	1,985
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,515
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	185
50. Visual and performing arts	1,325
Humanities	2,305
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	140
23. English language and literature/letters	470
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	950
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	35
38. Philosophy and religious studies	125
39. Theology and religious vocations	175
54. History	285
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	130
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,500
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	75
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	785
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,045
22. Legal professions and studies	1,235
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	130
42. Psychology	985
45. Social sciences	2,250
Business, management and public administration	12,770
30.16 Accounting and computer science	65
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,120
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,585
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,270
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	935
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	695
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	90
40. Physical sciences	455
41. Science technologies/technicians	90
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,680
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,180
25. Library science	65
27. Mathematics and statistics	345
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	85
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,975
04. Architecture and related services	355
14. Engineering	2,855
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,925
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0
46. Construction trades	1,175
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,210
48. Precision production	450
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	505
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	340
03. Natural resources and conservation	170
Health and related fields	6,150
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	495
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,555
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	85
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,935
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	905
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10
43. Security and protective services	705
49. Transportation and materials moving	315
Other¹⁷⁹	20
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	69,710
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	22,095
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	47,610
Location of study inside Canada	34,535
Same as province or territory of residence	32,985
Different than province or territory of residence	1,550
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	13,080
Americas	2,220
United States of America	1,180
Mexico	75
Cuba	55
Haiti	0
Jamaica	315
Brazil	75
Colombia	45
Peru	30
Venezuela⁹⁵	40
Other locations of study in Americas	405
Europe	1,395
Belgium	10
France	55
Germany	60
Netherlands	20
Switzerland	10
Hungary	0
Moldova¹⁸³	0
Poland	90
Romania	170
Russian Federation	95
Ukraine	55
Ireland⁹⁶	20
United Kingdom⁸⁷	660
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0
Italy	15
Serbia⁸⁶	0
Other locations of study in Europe	140
Africa	695
Nigeria	225
Algeria	0
Morocco	35
Tunisia	0
Egypt	210
South Africa, Republic of	20
Other locations of study in Africa	210
Asia	8,635
Iran⁸⁸	50
Iraq	70
Israel	0
Lebanon	70
Syria⁸⁹	60
Turkey	10
China⁹⁰	445
Taiwan	15
Hong Kong⁹¹	15
Japan	20
Korea, South⁹²	20
Philippines	1,590
Viet Nam	30
Bangladesh	380
Sri Lanka	460
India	3,445
Pakistan	1,610
Other locations of study in Asia	340
Oceania	135
Australia	120
New Zealand	15
Other locations of study in Oceania	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	102,460
In the labour force	68,525
Employed	59,365
Unemployed	9,165
Not in the labour force	33,930
Participation rate	66.9
Employment rate	57.9
Unemployment rate	13.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	102,460
Did not work¹⁸⁶	36,065
Worked	66,395
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	37,865
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	28,525
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.3
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	68,525
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,415
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	66,110
Employee	57,765
Permanent position	49,590
Temporary position	8,170
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,865
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,300
Self-employed¹⁹²	8,345
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	68,525
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,415
All occupations¹⁹¹	66,110
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	605
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	14,495
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	7,195
3 Health occupations	4,730
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	7,565
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,855
6 Sales and service occupations	16,230
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	10,215
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	485
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,735
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	68,525
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,415
All industries¹⁹¹	66,110
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	185
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	70
22 Utilities	1,010
23 Construction	4,365
31-33 Manufacturing	4,750
41 Wholesale trade	2,175
44-45 Retail trade	7,420
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,760
51 Information and cultural industries	2,030
52 Finance and insurance	6,400
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,440
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,475
55 Management of companies and enterprises	350
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,040
61 Educational services	4,410
62 Health care and social assistance	7,930
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,035
72 Accommodation and food services	3,590
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,325
91 Public administration	3,350
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	71,685
English	68,110
French	220
Non-official language	425
Indigenous³⁹	0
Non-Indigenous	425
English and French	1,060
English and non-official language(s)	1,795
French and non-official language(s)	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	50
Multiple non-official languages	35
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	71,685
Single responses	71,190
Official languages	70,485
English	70,125
French	365
Non-official languages	700
Indigenous languages³⁹	0
Algonquian languages	0
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	700
Afro-Asiatic languages	25
Berber languages	0
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	0
Bilen	0
Oromo	0
Somali	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	25
Amharic	0
Arabic	25
Aramaic languages	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Hebrew	0
Tigrigna	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0
Vietnamese	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austronesian languages	35
Bikol	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0
Cebuano	0
Hiligaynon	0
Ilocano	0
Indonesian	0
Kankanaey	0
Malagasy languages	0
Malay	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	30
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0
Creole languages	0
Haitian Creole	0
Jamaican English Creole	0
Morisyen	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0
Dravidian languages	100
Kannada	0
Malayalam	0
Tamil	100
Telugu	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	0
Indo-European languages	210
Albanian	0
Armenian	0
Balto-Slavic languages	10
Baltic languages	0
Latvian	0
Lithuanian	0
Slavic languages	10
Bulgarian	0
Czech	0
Macedonian	0
Polish	0
Russian	0
Serbo-Croatian	0
Bosnian	0
Croatian	0
Serbian	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0
Slovak	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0
Ukrainian	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	10
Frisian	0
High German languages	0
German	0
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	0
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0
Afrikaans	0
Dutch	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	0
Danish	0
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	0
Swedish	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	0
Indo-Iranian languages	120
Indo-Aryan languages	80
Bengali	0
Gujarati	0
Hindi	30
Kacchi	0
Marathi	0
Nepali	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0
Sindhi	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0
Urdu	55
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0
Iranian languages	45
Kurdish	0
Pashto	0
Persian languages	40
Dari	15
Iranian Persian	10
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	60
Catalan	0
Italian	0
Portuguese	0
Romanian	15
Spanish	45
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	0
Korean	10
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	0
Akan (Twi)	0
Edo	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	0
Ganda	0
Igbo	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0
Lingala	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0
Shona	0
Swahili	0
Wolof	0
Yoruba	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0
Dinka	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0
Sign languages	0
American Sign Language	0
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	300
Chinese languages	300
Hakka	0
Mandarin	185
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0
Yue (Cantonese)	120
Chinese, n.o.s.	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0
Burmese	0
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0
Lao	0
Thai	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	0
Azerbaijani	0
Turkish	0
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	0
Estonian	0
Finnish	0
Hungarian	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0
Multiple responses	495
English and French	175
English and non-official language(s)	290
French and non-official language(s)	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0
Multiple non-official languages	25
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	71,685
None	69,220
English	395
French	750
Non-official language	1,060
Indigenous³⁹	0
Non-Indigenous	1,060
English and French	0
English and non-official language(s)	25
French and non-official language(s)	35
English, French and non-official language(s)	0
Multiple non-official languages	200
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	59,365
Worked at home	19,465
Worked outside Canada	150
No fixed workplace address	7,240
Usual place of work	32,510
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	32,510
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	8,825
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	7,215
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	16,420
Commute to a different province or territory	55
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	39,745
Car, truck or van	34,535
Car, truck or van - as a driver	31,385
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,150
Public transit	3,170
Walked	980
Bicycle	115
Other method	950
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	39,745
Less than 15 minutes	8,600
15 to 29 minutes	10,405
30 to 44 minutes	9,325
45 to 59 minutes	5,430
60 minutes and over	5,985
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	39,745
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	3,145
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,835
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	8,670
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	7,530
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,365
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,205
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	29,395
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,690
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	26,705
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	21,655
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,165
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,385
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	775
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	19,495

Symbol legend

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not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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