Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Aurora--Oak Ridges--Richmond HillMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	118,883	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	115,227	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total private dwellings²	38,768	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	37,573	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,258.4	...	...	1,258.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	94.47	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	118,885	58,120	60,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	19,705	9,985	9,720	16.6	17.2	16.0
0 to 4 years	4,860	2,465	2,395	4.1	4.2	3.9
5 to 9 years	6,580	3,345	3,245	5.5	5.8	5.3
10 to 14 years	8,260	4,175	4,085	6.9	7.2	6.7
15 to 64 years	82,595	40,485	42,110	69.5	69.7	69.3
15 to 19 years	9,105	4,790	4,315	7.7	8.2	7.1
20 to 24 years	7,830	4,170	3,660	6.6	7.2	6.0
25 to 29 years	6,305	3,270	3,035	5.3	5.6	5.0
30 to 34 years	5,975	2,930	3,050	5.0	5.0	5.0
35 to 39 years	6,745	3,150	3,595	5.7	5.4	5.9
40 to 44 years	7,990	3,445	4,540	6.7	5.9	7.5
45 to 49 years	10,125	4,645	5,480	8.5	8.0	9.0
50 to 54 years	10,940	5,240	5,700	9.2	9.0	9.4
55 to 59 years	9,820	4,985	4,835	8.3	8.6	8.0
60 to 64 years	7,760	3,860	3,900	6.5	6.6	6.4
65 years and over	16,585	7,650	8,935	14.0	13.2	14.7
65 to 69 years	5,390	2,630	2,760	4.5	4.5	4.5
70 to 74 years	4,225	1,975	2,255	3.6	3.4	3.7
75 to 79 years	2,800	1,305	1,495	2.4	2.2	2.5
80 to 84 years	2,040	935	1,100	1.7	1.6	1.8
85 years and over	2,130	805	1,325	1.8	1.4	2.2
85 to 89 years	1,255	525	730	1.1	0.9	1.2
90 to 94 years	650	225	425	0.5	0.4	0.7
95 to 99 years	185	45	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.6	17.2	16.0	16.6	17.2	16.0
15 to 64 years	69.5	69.7	69.3	69.5	69.7	69.3
65 years and over	14.0	13.2	14.7	14.0	13.2	14.7
85 years and over	1.8	1.4	2.2	1.8	1.4	2.2
Average age of the population	40.5	39.7	41.3	40.5	39.7	41.3
Median age of the population	42.4	41.2	43.2	42.4	41.2	43.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	37,575	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	25,700	...	...	68.4	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,830	...	...	4.9	...	...
Row house	7,225	...	...	19.2	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	810	...	...	2.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	1,035	...	...	2.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	980	...	...	2.6	...	...
Other single-attached house	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	37,570	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	4,425	...	...	11.8	...	...
2 persons	9,360	...	...	24.9	...	...
3 persons	8,680	...	...	23.1	...	...
4 persons	9,715	...	...	25.9	...	...
5 or more persons	5,400	...	...	14.4	...	...
Number of persons in private households	117,885	57,820	60,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	99,180	48,135	51,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	61,680	30,625	31,055	62.2	63.6	60.8
Married	58,200	28,905	29,300	58.7	60.0	57.4
Living common-law	3,480	1,715	1,760	3.5	3.6	3.4
Living common law - Never married	2,235	1,090	1,145	2.3	2.3	2.2
Living common law - Separated	155	90	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Living common law - Divorced	1,010	505	500	1.0	1.0	1.0
Living common law - Widowed	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	37,500	17,515	19,990	37.8	36.4	39.2
Not married and not living common law - Never married	27,525	14,740	12,785	27.8	30.6	25.0
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,895	675	1,220	1.9	1.4	2.4
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	4,155	1,365	2,785	4.2	2.8	5.5
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	3,925	735	3,195	4.0	1.5	6.3
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	34,510	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	11,995	...	...	34.8	...	...
3 persons	9,470	...	...	27.4	...	...
4 persons	10,125	...	...	29.3	...	...
5 or more persons	2,920	...	...	8.5	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	34,510	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	30,015	...	...	87.0	...	...
Married couples	28,275	...	...	81.9	...	...
With children⁶	19,800	...	...	57.4	...	...
Without children	8,475	...	...	24.6	...	...
Common-law couples	1,735	...	...	5.0	...	...
With children⁶	730	...	...	2.1	...	...
Without children	1,010	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,500	...	...	13.0	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,625	...	...	10.5	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	875	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	117,885	57,820	60,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	108,130	53,850	54,285	91.7	93.1	90.4
Married spouses or common-law partners	60,025	29,980	30,040	50.9	51.9	50.0
Parents in one-parent families	4,495	870	3,630	3.8	1.5	6.0
Children⁶	43,610	22,995	20,615	37.0	39.8	34.3
In a two-parent family	36,555	19,230	17,320	31.0	33.3	28.8
In a one-parent family	7,060	3,765	3,295	6.0	6.5	5.5
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	9,750	3,975	5,775	8.3	6.9	9.6
Living alone	4,425	1,860	2,565	3.8	3.2	4.3
Living with other relatives⁷	3,320	1,035	2,285	2.8	1.8	3.8
Living with non-relatives only	2,005	1,075	930	1.7	1.9	1.5
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	37,570	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	27,580	...	...	73.4	...	...
Couple-family households	24,350	...	...	64.8	...	...
With children⁶	17,255	...	...	45.9	...	...
Without children	7,100	...	...	18.9	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,230	...	...	8.6	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,865	...	...	7.6	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	525	...	...	1.4	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,420	...	...	3.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	750	...	...	2.0	...	...
One-person households	4,425	...	...	11.8	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	98,205	47,850	50,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	93,245	45,330	47,915	94.9	94.7	95.2
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	45,200	36,000	39,600	45,200	36,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	93,270	45,340	47,930	95.0	94.8	95.2
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	40,400	33,200	36,000	40,400	33,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	84,500	41,675	42,820	86.0	87.1	85.0
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200	44,000	28,200	35,200	44,000	28,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	69,295	35,200	34,095	70.6	73.6	67.7
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	48,800	34,000	40,400	48,800	34,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	82,590	39,760	42,835	84.1	83.1	85.1
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,450	5,040	8,100	6,450	5,040	8,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	6,945	2,770	4,170	7.1	5.8	8.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,640	5,480	5,480	5,640
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	32,350	15,915	16,435	32.9	33.3	32.6
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	9,000	10,000	10,000	9,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	97,945	47,760	50,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	92,880	45,250	47,625	94.8	94.7	94.9
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	63,900	77,700	50,840	63,900	77,700	50,840
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	92,900	45,265	47,630	94.8	94.8	94.9
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,720	57,350	42,440	49,720	57,350	42,440
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	84,215	41,765	42,450	86.0	87.4	84.6
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	61,300	76,300	46,600	61,300	76,300	46,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	69,060	35,290	33,770	70.5	73.9	67.3
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	63,350	77,000	49,040	63,350	77,000	49,040
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	82,285	39,670	42,615	84.0	83.1	84.9
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,390	8,290	10,420	9,390	8,290	10,420
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,735	2,635	4,095	6.9	5.5	8.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,830	5,890	7,430	6,830	5,890	7,430
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	32,080	16,180	15,895	32.8	33.9	31.7
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,130	9,920	10,360	10,130	9,920	10,360
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	97,950	47,755	50,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	33,775	18,740	15,040	34.5	39.2	30.0
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	78,500	86,000	71,000	78,500	86,000	71,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	102,300	119,300	81,100	102,300	119,300	81,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,965	12,205	13,760	26.5	25.6	27.4
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	14,500	15,600	13,800	14,500	15,600	13,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,360	32,240	24,940	28,360	32,240	24,940
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	87.0	90.6	81.6	87.0	90.6	81.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	73.6	77.4	68.4	73.6	77.4	68.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	13.0	9.4	18.3	13.0	9.4	18.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.4	1.3	0.8	0.4	1.3
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.0	4.8	7.6	6.0	4.8	7.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.5	4.6	6.8	5.5	4.6	6.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	98,205	47,850	50,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	4,965	2,520	2,440	5.1	5.3	4.8
With total income	93,245	45,330	47,915	94.9	94.7	95.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	11,205	4,910	6,295	12.0	10.8	13.1
$10,000 to $19,999	12,175	5,620	6,555	13.1	12.4	13.7
$20,000 to $29,999	13,780	6,290	7,490	14.8	13.9	15.6
$30,000 to $39,999	9,820	4,130	5,695	10.5	9.1	11.9
$40,000 to $49,999	7,450	3,210	4,240	8.0	7.1	8.8
$50,000 to $59,999	6,000	2,580	3,420	6.4	5.7	7.1
$60,000 to $69,999	5,035	2,365	2,670	5.4	5.2	5.6
$70,000 to $79,999	4,465	2,180	2,280	4.8	4.8	4.8
$80,000 to $89,999	3,835	2,045	1,785	4.1	4.5	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	3,430	1,765	1,670	3.7	3.9	3.5
$100,000 and over	16,050	10,235	5,820	17.2	22.6	12.1
$100,000 to $149,999	10,010	5,875	4,135	10.7	13.0	8.6
$150,000 and over	6,040	4,355	1,685	6.5	9.6	3.5
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	98,205	47,850	50,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	4,935	2,510	2,425	5.0	5.2	4.8
With after-tax income	93,275	45,340	47,935	95.0	94.8	95.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	11,600	5,075	6,525	12.4	11.2	13.6
$10,000 to $19,999	12,775	5,930	6,845	13.7	13.1	14.3
$20,000 to $29,999	15,185	6,875	8,305	16.3	15.2	17.3
$30,000 to $39,999	10,915	4,650	6,260	11.7	10.3	13.1
$40,000 to $49,999	8,495	3,675	4,820	9.1	8.1	10.1
$50,000 to $59,999	6,965	3,200	3,770	7.5	7.1	7.9
$60,000 to $69,999	5,800	2,920	2,885	6.2	6.4	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	4,860	2,580	2,280	5.2	5.7	4.8
$80,000 to $89,999	4,570	2,370	2,200	4.9	5.2	4.6
$90,000 to $99,999	3,105	1,845	1,260	3.3	4.1	2.6
$100,000 and over	8,995	6,205	2,785	9.6	13.7	5.8
$100,000 to $124,999	4,305	2,775	1,530	4.6	6.1	3.2
$125,000 and over	4,690	3,435	1,255	5.0	7.6	2.6
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	98,205	47,850	50,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	28,910	12,650	16,255	29.4	26.4	32.3
With employment income	69,300	35,195	34,100	70.6	73.6	67.7
Under $5,000 (including loss)	10,580	4,920	5,660	15.3	14.0	16.6
$5,000 to $9,999	6,925	3,120	3,810	10.0	8.9	11.2
$10,000 to $19,999	7,395	3,445	3,950	10.7	9.8	11.6
$20,000 to $29,999	4,920	2,255	2,665	7.1	6.4	7.8
$30,000 to $39,999	4,530	2,105	2,425	6.5	6.0	7.1
$40,000 to $49,999	4,335	1,950	2,380	6.3	5.5	7.0
$50,000 to $59,999	4,030	1,825	2,200	5.8	5.2	6.5
$60,000 to $69,999	3,790	1,830	1,960	5.5	5.2	5.7
$70,000 to $79,999	3,530	1,810	1,720	5.1	5.1	5.0
$80,000 to $89,999	3,005	1,655	1,350	4.3	4.7	4.0
$90,000 to $99,999	3,060	1,565	1,500	4.4	4.4	4.4
$100,000 and over	13,200	8,720	4,475	19.0	24.8	13.1
$100,000 to $124,999	5,550	3,205	2,350	8.0	9.1	6.9
$125,000 and over	7,645	5,515	2,130	11.0	15.7	6.2
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	98,205	47,850	50,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	90,170	43,700	46,470	91.8	91.3	92.3
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	44,800	33,200	38,000	44,800	33,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	90,200	43,710	46,490	91.8	91.3	92.3
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	40,000	31,000	34,800	40,000	31,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	82,625	40,800	41,820	84.1	85.3	83.1
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	46,400	32,400	38,400	46,400	32,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	69,360	35,215	34,140	70.6	73.6	67.8
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,600	49,200	36,000	41,600	49,200	36,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,435	36,940	39,495	77.8	77.2	78.4
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,100	730	2,160	1,100	730	2,160
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,165	1,500	2,665	4.2	3.1	5.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,040	5,640	6,240	6,040	5,640	6,240
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	97,945	47,760	50,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	89,860	43,725	46,135	91.7	91.6	91.9
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	61,350	74,800	48,640	61,350	74,800	48,640
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	89,870	43,725	46,145	91.8	91.6	91.9
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,080	56,150	40,480	48,080	56,150	40,480
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	82,565	40,955	41,610	84.3	85.8	82.9
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	62,100	76,400	48,080	62,100	76,400	48,080
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	69,240	35,460	33,780	70.7	74.2	67.3
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	62,700	75,000	49,760	62,700	75,000	49,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	76,265	36,945	39,320	77.9	77.4	78.3
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,040	3,856	6,155	5,040	3,856	6,155
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,295	1,530	2,765	4.4	3.2	5.5
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,780	6,830	8,300	7,780	6,830	8,300
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	97,950	47,755	50,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	33,480	18,580	14,905	34.2	38.9	29.7
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	74,500	82,000	66,000	74,500	82,000	66,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	94,200	108,200	76,600	94,200	108,200	76,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,305	11,495	12,815	24.8	24.1	25.5
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,200	22,000	20,600	21,200	22,000	20,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	36,080	41,560	31,160	36,080	41,560	31,160
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	93.0	95.6	89.2	93.0	95.6	89.2
Employment income (%)	78.8	81.4	75.0	78.8	81.4	75.0
Government transfers (%)	7.0	4.4	10.8	7.0	4.4	10.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6	0.3	1.0	0.6	0.3	1.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	37,575	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...	123,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	4,425	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,000	...	...	48,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,400	...	...	42,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	33,145	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	135,000	...	...	135,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...	115,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	37,545	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	158,200	...	...	158,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...	123,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	4,490	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	66,700	...	...	66,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,150	...	...	52,150	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	33,060	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	170,600	...	...	170,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	132,600	...	...	132,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	37,575	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	420	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	175	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	270	...	...	0.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	395	...	...	1.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	680	...	...	1.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	590	...	...	1.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	750	...	...	2.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	810	...	...	2.2	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	880	...	...	2.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	830	...	...	2.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,795	...	...	4.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,805	...	...	4.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	1,845	...	...	4.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	1,810	...	...	4.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	1,705	...	...	4.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	22,810	...	...	60.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,245	...	...	11.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,805	...	...	10.1	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,950	...	...	15.8	...	...
$200,000 and over	8,815	...	...	23.5	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	37,575	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	525	...	...	1.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	190	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	275	...	...	0.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	420	...	...	1.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	725	...	...	1.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	685	...	...	1.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	795	...	...	2.1	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	900	...	...	2.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	995	...	...	2.6	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	995	...	...	2.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,125	...	...	5.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,205	...	...	5.9	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,235	...	...	5.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,220	...	...	5.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,180	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	20,105	...	...	53.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,085	...	...	13.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,310	...	...	11.5	...	...
$150,000 and over	10,710	...	...	28.5	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	32,855	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	134,000	...	...	134,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...	114,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.4	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	7,380	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	20,575	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	156,000	...	...	156,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	132,000	...	...	132,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	3,950	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,500	...	...	76,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	6,430	2,940	3,495	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,600	42,400	41,200	41,600	42,400	41,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	37,600	37,200	37,200	37,600	37,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	32,745	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	169,800	...	...	169,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	131,800	...	...	131,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,415	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	145,400	...	...	145,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,400	...	...	110,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	20,535	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	192,000	...	...	192,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,600	...	...	150,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,925	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	102,300	...	...	102,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	86,600	...	...	86,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	6,490	3,005	3,490	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	57,600	64,900	51,300	57,600	64,900	51,300
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,120	50,120	42,680	46,120	50,120	42,680
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	117,880	57,820	60,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	25,150	12,865	12,290	21.3	22.3	20.5
0 to 5 years	6,000	2,995	3,010	5.1	5.2	5.0
18 to 64 years	76,985	37,530	39,455	65.3	64.9	65.7
65 years and over	15,750	7,430	8,320	13.4	12.9	13.9
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	10,460	4,985	5,475	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,760	1,415	1,345	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	670	340	325	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	5,915	2,760	3,160	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,785	810	975	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.9	8.6	9.1	8.9	8.6	9.1
0 to 17 years (%)	11.0	11.0	11.0	11.0	11.0	11.0
0 to 5 years (%)	11.1	11.4	10.8	11.1	11.4	10.8
18 to 64 years (%)	7.7	7.4	8.0	7.7	7.4	8.0
65 years and over (%)	11.3	10.9	11.7	11.3	10.9	11.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	117,885	57,820	60,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	25,155	12,865	12,290	21.3	22.3	20.5
0 to 5 years	6,000	2,990	3,010	5.1	5.2	5.0
18 to 64 years	76,980	37,525	39,455	65.3	64.9	65.7
65 years and over	15,745	7,430	8,315	13.4	12.9	13.8
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	6,505	3,180	3,330	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,680	870	810	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	375	200	175	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,050	1,955	2,095	...	...	...
65 years and over	775	355	420	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.5	5.5	5.5	5.5	5.5	5.5
0 to 17 years (%)	6.7	6.7	6.6	6.7	6.7	6.6
0 to 5 years (%)	6.3	6.7	5.8	6.3	6.7	5.8
18 to 64 years (%)	5.3	5.2	5.3	5.3	5.2	5.3
65 years and over (%)	4.9	4.8	5.0	4.9	4.8	5.0
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	117,880	57,825	60,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	43,625	20,980	22,645	37.0	36.3	37.7
In bottom decile	9,360	4,495	4,860	7.9	7.8	8.1
In second decile	8,125	3,885	4,235	6.9	6.7	7.1
In third decile	8,305	3,965	4,340	7.0	6.9	7.2
In fourth decile	8,660	4,195	4,465	7.3	7.3	7.4
In fifth decile	9,180	4,440	4,740	7.8	7.7	7.9
In top half of the distribution	74,255	36,840	37,420	63.0	63.7	62.3
In sixth decile	9,780	4,810	4,970	8.3	8.3	8.3
In seventh decile	11,560	5,660	5,900	9.8	9.8	9.8
In eighth decile	13,365	6,555	6,805	11.3	11.3	11.3
In ninth decile	16,670	8,295	8,375	14.1	14.3	13.9
In top decile	22,890	11,525	11,370	19.4	19.9	18.9
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	117,885	...	...	117,885	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.376	...	...	0.376	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.465	...	...	0.465	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.322	...	...	0.322	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.2	...	...	4.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	118,050	57,885	60,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	102,000	51,150	50,850	86.4	88.4	84.5
French only	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
English and French	9,945	4,290	5,655	8.4	7.4	9.4
Neither English nor French	6,050	2,425	3,630	5.1	4.2	6.0
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	118,050	57,885	60,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	109,770	54,420	55,355	93.0	94.0	92.0
French	925	415	510	0.8	0.7	0.8
English and French	1,390	670	720	1.2	1.2	1.2
Neither English nor French	5,960	2,380	3,580	5.0	4.1	5.9
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	118,050	57,885	60,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	110,890	54,400	56,490	93.9	94.0	93.9
Official languages	49,165	25,025	24,135	41.6	43.2	40.1
English	48,400	24,680	23,715	41.0	42.6	39.4
French	765	340	420	0.6	0.6	0.7
Non-official languages	61,725	29,375	32,355	52.3	50.7	53.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	61,725	29,375	32,355	52.3	50.7	53.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,130	1,055	1,070	1.8	1.8	1.8
Berber languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,025	1,005	1,015	1.7	1.7	1.7
Amharic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,560	755	805	1.3	1.3	1.3
Aramaic languages	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	380	205	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Maltese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	340	145	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	310	135	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,010	385	620	0.9	0.7	1.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	75	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	765	285	480	0.6	0.5	0.8
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	990	470	520	0.8	0.8	0.9
Kannada	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	165	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	710	330	380	0.6	0.6	0.6
Telugu	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	27,455	13,250	14,205	23.3	22.9	23.6
Albanian	120	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	360	180	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	5,940	2,780	3,165	5.0	4.8	5.3
Baltic languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	5,890	2,755	3,135	5.0	4.8	5.2
Belarusian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	185	85	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Polish	380	170	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
Russian	4,700	2,225	2,480	4.0	3.8	4.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	220	100	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	105	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	210	85	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	550	240	310	0.5	0.4	0.5
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	395	165	225	0.3	0.3	0.4
German	365	155	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	720	355	360	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indo-Iranian languages	14,160	6,965	7,195	12.0	12.0	12.0
Indo-Aryan languages	2,955	1,425	1,525	2.5	2.5	2.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	165	90	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	715	345	365	0.6	0.6	0.6
Hindi	415	200	215	0.4	0.3	0.4
Kacchi	210	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kashmiri	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	230	120	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	115	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	1,020	465	555	0.9	0.8	0.9
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	11,210	5,540	5,665	9.5	9.6	9.4
Baluchi	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	135	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10,970	5,415	5,555	9.3	9.4	9.2
Dari	830	395	430	0.7	0.7	0.7
Iranian Persian	9,110	4,495	4,615	7.7	7.8	7.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,035	525	515	0.9	0.9	0.9
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,600	2,670	2,930	4.7	4.6	4.9
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,840	1,380	1,460	2.4	2.4	2.4
Portuguese	530	235	300	0.4	0.4	0.5
Romanian	885	425	460	0.7	0.7	0.8
Spanish	1,335	630	705	1.1	1.1	1.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	110	35	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	2,200	1,070	1,130	1.9	1.8	1.9
Mongolian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	190	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	26,050	12,250	13,800	22.1	21.2	22.9
Chinese languages	26,020	12,235	13,785	22.0	21.1	22.9
Hakka	155	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	14,875	6,900	7,980	12.6	11.9	13.3
Min Dong	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	225	105	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	190	80	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	10,465	5,035	5,430	8.9	8.7	9.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	650	345	310	0.6	0.6	0.5
Azerbaijani	180	100	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	445	230	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	455	210	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Estonian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	380	180	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,160	3,490	3,675	6.1	6.0	6.1
English and French	420	220	210	0.4	0.4	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	5,785	2,835	2,955	4.9	4.9	4.9
French and non-official language(s)	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	240	110	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	565	260	310	0.5	0.4	0.5
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	118,050	57,885	60,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	52,435	26,545	25,890	44.4	45.9	43.0
French	190	85	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	21,220	9,820	11,405	18.0	17.0	19.0
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	21,220	9,820	11,405	18.0	17.0	19.0
English and French	985	435	545	0.8	0.8	0.9
English and non-official language(s)	39,985	19,530	20,455	33.9	33.7	34.0
French and non-official language(s)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,630	720	915	1.4	1.2	1.5
Multiple non-official languages	1,570	730	835	1.3	1.3	1.4
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	118,050	57,885	60,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	109,380	53,720	55,660	92.7	92.8	92.5
Official languages	69,005	34,465	34,540	58.5	59.5	57.4
English	68,695	34,325	34,370	58.2	59.3	57.1
French	305	140	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Non-official languages	40,380	19,260	21,120	34.2	33.3	35.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	40,380	19,260	21,120	34.2	33.3	35.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	925	435	490	0.8	0.8	0.8
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	885	415	465	0.7	0.7	0.8
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	685	315	370	0.6	0.5	0.6
Aramaic languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	160	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	425	175	250	0.4	0.3	0.4
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	320	130	190	0.3	0.2	0.3
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	560	260	305	0.5	0.4	0.5
Kannada	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	410	185	225	0.3	0.3	0.4
Telugu	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	15,580	7,535	8,045	13.2	13.0	13.4
Albanian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	190	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	3,525	1,690	1,840	3.0	2.9	3.1
Baltic languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,510	1,680	1,830	3.0	2.9	3.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Polish	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	3,095	1,495	1,605	2.6	2.6	2.7
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bosnian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	190	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	9,770	4,785	4,985	8.3	8.3	8.3
Indo-Aryan languages	1,530	725	800	1.3	1.3	1.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	360	165	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	190	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	110	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Urdu	630	290	345	0.5	0.5	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	8,240	4,060	4,180	7.0	7.0	6.9
Baluchi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	8,090	3,980	4,110	6.9	6.9	6.8
Dari	530	260	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iranian Persian	6,740	3,315	3,425	5.7	5.7	5.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	820	410	415	0.7	0.7	0.7
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,790	820	965	1.5	1.4	1.6
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	510	220	295	0.4	0.4	0.5
Portuguese	185	85	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Romanian	415	185	225	0.4	0.3	0.4
Spanish	675	330	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	1,615	775	835	1.4	1.3	1.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	20,345	9,620	10,730	17.2	16.6	17.8
Chinese languages	20,340	9,615	10,725	17.2	16.6	17.8
Hakka	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	12,075	5,710	6,370	10.2	9.9	10.6
Min Dong	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	135	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	7,960	3,760	4,200	6.7	6.5	7.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	425	220	205	0.4	0.4	0.3
Azerbaijani	115	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	310	160	150	0.3	0.3	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	165	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,670	4,165	4,505	7.3	7.2	7.5
English and French	200	85	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	8,160	3,935	4,225	6.9	6.8	7.0
French and non-official language(s)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	165	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	118,055	57,885	60,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	81,010	39,920	41,085	68.6	69.0	68.3
English	15,645	7,755	7,895	13.3	13.4	13.1
French	1,115	495	625	0.9	0.9	1.0
Non-official language	15,790	7,620	8,175	13.4	13.2	13.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	15,790	7,620	8,175	13.4	13.2	13.6
English and French	275	135	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	1,895	930	970	1.6	1.6	1.6
French and non-official language(s)	760	325	440	0.6	0.6	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,510	690	820	1.3	1.2	1.4
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	117,590	57,740	59,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	111,485	55,270	56,210	94.8	95.7	93.9
English	111,415	55,245	56,170	94.7	95.7	93.9
French	10,065	4,205	5,865	8.6	7.3	9.8
Non-official languages	76,955	36,715	40,245	65.4	63.6	67.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	76,955	36,715	40,245	65.4	63.6	67.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,195	2,135	2,060	3.6	3.7	3.4
Berber languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cushitic languages	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,070	2,065	2,005	3.5	3.6	3.4
Amharic	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	2,515	1,225	1,290	2.1	2.1	2.2
Aramaic languages	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	75	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,455	785	670	1.2	1.4	1.1
Maltese	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	530	250	280	0.5	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	505	235	270	0.4	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,385	465	925	1.2	0.8	1.5
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	95	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,150	355	795	1.0	0.6	1.3
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,460	700	760	1.2	1.2	1.3
Kannada	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	290	140	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Tamil	1,015	495	520	0.9	0.9	0.9
Telugu	230	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	36,750	17,670	19,090	31.3	30.6	31.9
Albanian	170	95	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Armenian	490	240	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Balto-Slavic languages	7,540	3,575	3,970	6.4	6.2	6.6
Baltic languages	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	7,465	3,535	3,930	6.3	6.1	6.6
Belarusian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	145	55	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Czech	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	345	145	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Polish	490	250	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	6,170	2,895	3,270	5.2	5.0	5.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	340	190	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	165	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	190	115	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	705	310	395	0.6	0.5	0.7
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,325	580	745	1.1	1.0	1.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	975	420	555	0.8	0.7	0.9
German	935	415	525	0.8	0.7	0.9
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	255	115	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	175	65	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	135	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,325	595	735	1.1	1.0	1.2
Indo-Iranian languages	18,400	9,090	9,305	15.6	15.7	15.5
Indo-Aryan languages	5,175	2,530	2,645	4.4	4.4	4.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	265	145	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Gujarati	1,465	675	785	1.2	1.2	1.3
Hindi	1,880	940	940	1.6	1.6	1.6
Kacchi	515	255	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kashmiri	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	65	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nepali	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	660	340	315	0.6	0.6	0.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	155	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	2,050	965	1,090	1.7	1.7	1.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	13,440	6,660	6,775	11.4	11.5	11.3
Baluchi	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kurdish	150	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	13,265	6,580	6,690	11.3	11.4	11.2
Dari	840	385	450	0.7	0.7	0.8
Iranian Persian	11,550	5,765	5,785	9.8	10.0	9.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,025	515	505	0.9	0.9	0.8
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	8,605	4,035	4,570	7.3	7.0	7.6
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	4,675	2,165	2,515	4.0	3.7	4.2
Portuguese	730	365	365	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romanian	990	435	550	0.8	0.8	0.9
Spanish	2,570	1,220	1,350	2.2	2.1	2.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	390	190	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korean	2,740	1,300	1,435	2.3	2.3	2.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	585	315	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Akan (Twi)	25	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	345	190	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	105	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	30,675	14,600	16,070	26.1	25.3	26.9
Chinese languages	30,645	14,580	16,055	26.1	25.3	26.8
Hakka	195	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mandarin	20,510	9,580	10,930	17.4	16.6	18.3
Min Dong	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	400	200	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	285	145	140	0.2	0.3	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	14,310	6,900	7,410	12.2	12.0	12.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	60	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Thai	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,200	595	605	1.0	1.0	1.0
Azerbaijani	400	210	190	0.3	0.4	0.3
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	895	450	450	0.8	0.8	0.8
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	590	325	265	0.5	0.6	0.4
Estonian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hungarian	490	270	215	0.4	0.5	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	117,590	57,740	59,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	345	190	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	305	165	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian)	150	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis	150	90	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Inuk (Inuit)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	117,250	57,545	59,700	99.7	99.7	99.7
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	117,590	57,740	59,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	117,500	57,700	59,805	99.9	99.9	99.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	37,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	31,830	...	...	84.8	...	...
Renter	5,715	...	...	15.2	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	37,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	2,840	...	...	7.6	...	...
Not condominium	34,705	...	...	92.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	37,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	100	...	...	0.3	...	...
1 bedroom	1,515	...	...	4.0	...	...
2 bedrooms	2,325	...	...	6.2	...	...
3 bedrooms	11,520	...	...	30.7	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	22,085	...	...	58.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	37,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	5,180	...	...	13.8	...	...
5 rooms	5,275	...	...	14.0	...	...
6 rooms	5,700	...	...	15.2	...	...
7 rooms	6,100	...	...	16.2	...	...
8 or more rooms	15,300	...	...	40.8	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	7.1	...	...	7.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	37,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	36,765	...	...	97.9	...	...
More than one person per room	780	...	...	2.1	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	37,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	36,060	...	...	96.0	...	...
Not suitable	1,485	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	37,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	1,635	...	...	4.4	...	...
1961 to 1980	2,345	...	...	6.2	...	...
1981 to 1990	3,980	...	...	10.6	...	...
1991 to 2000	8,860	...	...	23.6	...	...
2001 to 2005	7,910	...	...	21.1	...	...
2006 to 2010	5,595	...	...	14.9	...	...
2011 to 2015	4,240	...	...	11.3	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,970	...	...	7.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	37,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	36,440	...	...	97.1	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,105	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	37,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	14,065	...	...	37.5	...	...
Two-maintainer household	20,755	...	...	55.3	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,725	...	...	7.3	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	37,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	205	...	...	0.5	...	...
25 to 34 years	2,640	...	...	7.0	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,475	...	...	17.2	...	...
45 to 54 years	10,990	...	...	29.3	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,545	...	...	25.4	...	...
65 to 74 years	4,770	...	...	12.7	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,090	...	...	5.6	...	...
85 years and over	825	...	...	2.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	37,375	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	25,090	...	...	67.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	12,285	...	...	32.9	...	...
30% to less than 100%	10,130	...	...	27.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	37,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	13,990	...	...	37.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	11,495	...	...	30.6	...	...
Not suitable only	1,050	...	...	2.8	...	...
Major repairs needed only	590	...	...	1.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	340	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	420	...	...	1.1	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	65	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	30	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	23,555	...	...	62.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	35,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	3,960	...	...	11.2	...	...
Not in core need	31,260	...	...	88.8	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	31,830	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	65.0	...	...	65.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	29.3	...	...	29.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	8.4	...	...	8.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,280	...	...	2,280	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,436	...	...	2,436	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,290,000	...	...	1,290,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,348,000	...	...	1,348,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	5,715	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.5	...	...	8.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	52.7	...	...	52.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	28.1	...	...	28.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,260	...	...	2,260	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,168	...	...	2,168	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	117,590	57,740	59,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	530	270	260	0.5	0.5	0.4
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	500	260	245	0.4	0.5	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	335	155	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	165	105	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	117,025	57,445	59,575	99.5	99.5	99.5
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	117,590	57,740	59,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	102,195	50,520	51,680	86.9	87.5	86.3
Canadian citizens aged under 18	22,980	11,685	11,295	19.5	20.2	18.9
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	79,215	38,835	40,385	67.4	67.3	67.5
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	15,395	7,220	8,175	13.1	12.5	13.7
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	117,590	57,740	59,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	54,155	27,535	26,620	46.1	47.7	44.5
Immigrants⁸¹	60,850	28,905	31,950	51.7	50.1	53.4
Before 1980	7,160	3,455	3,705	6.1	6.0	6.2
1980 to 1990	6,720	3,295	3,425	5.7	5.7	5.7
1991 to 2000	15,860	7,735	8,130	13.5	13.4	13.6
2001 to 2010	16,720	7,680	9,035	14.2	13.3	15.1
2011 to 2021⁸²	14,395	6,740	7,655	12.2	11.7	12.8
2011 to 2015	7,965	3,795	4,165	6.8	6.6	7.0
2016 to 2021	6,430	2,940	3,485	5.5	5.1	5.8
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,580	1,295	1,280	2.2	2.2	2.1
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	60,850	28,905	31,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	5,020	2,655	2,365	8.2	9.2	7.4
5 to 14 years	9,775	4,910	4,860	16.1	17.0	15.2
15 to 24 years	9,720	4,515	5,205	16.0	15.6	16.3
25 to 44 years	29,515	13,625	15,885	48.5	47.1	49.7
45 years and over	6,825	3,200	3,620	11.2	11.1	11.3
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	60,850	28,905	31,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,500	1,580	1,920	5.8	5.5	6.0
Brazil	150	70	85	0.2	0.2	0.3
Colombia	200	105	90	0.3	0.4	0.3
El Salvador	85	45	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Guyana	385	155	230	0.6	0.5	0.7
Haiti	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	560	265	300	0.9	0.9	0.9
Mexico	180	65	115	0.3	0.2	0.4
Peru	120	55	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	330	145	180	0.5	0.5	0.6
United States of America	775	375	405	1.3	1.3	1.3
Other places of birth in Americas	695	295	405	1.1	1.0	1.3
Europe	10,210	4,860	5,350	16.8	16.8	16.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	375	175	200	0.6	0.6	0.6
Greece	430	200	225	0.7	0.7	0.7
Hungary	215	115	95	0.4	0.4	0.3
Italy	1,505	715	790	2.5	2.5	2.5
Netherlands	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	355	165	185	0.6	0.6	0.6
Portugal	275	150	125	0.5	0.5	0.4
Romania	780	360	415	1.3	1.2	1.3
Russian Federation	1,720	775	950	2.8	2.7	3.0
Serbia⁸⁶	80	60	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ukraine	1,250	545	700	2.1	1.9	2.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,395	700	700	2.3	2.4	2.2
Other places of birth in Europe	1,545	755	790	2.5	2.6	2.5
Africa	2,895	1,450	1,445	4.8	5.0	4.5
Algeria	40	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	40	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Egypt	940	460	480	1.5	1.6	1.5
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	85	50	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Nigeria	150	80	75	0.2	0.3	0.2
Somalia	105	65	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	180	110	70	0.3	0.4	0.2
Other places of birth in Africa	1,345	640	710	2.2	2.2	2.2
Asia	44,150	20,965	23,185	72.6	72.5	72.6
Afghanistan	545	255	285	0.9	0.9	0.9
Iran⁸⁸	9,640	4,780	4,860	15.8	16.5	15.2
Iraq	405	195	210	0.7	0.7	0.7
Lebanon	260	135	125	0.4	0.5	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	130	65	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkey	315	155	165	0.5	0.5	0.5
China⁹⁰	15,520	7,165	8,355	25.5	24.8	26.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	5,895	2,855	3,035	9.7	9.9	9.5
Korea, South⁹²	1,945	935	1,015	3.2	3.2	3.2
Taiwan	445	190	255	0.7	0.7	0.8
Philippines	1,260	430	835	2.1	1.5	2.6
Viet Nam	760	330	430	1.2	1.1	1.3
Bangladesh	170	90	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
India	2,080	1,005	1,070	3.4	3.5	3.3
Pakistan	1,065	485	580	1.8	1.7	1.8
Sri Lanka	705	340	360	1.2	1.2	1.1
Other places of birth in Asia	3,015	1,550	1,465	5.0	5.4	4.6
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	95	50	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	6,425	2,945	3,485	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	375	185	190	5.8	6.3	5.5
Brazil	45	15	25	0.7	0.5	0.7
Colombia	35	15	20	0.5	0.5	0.6
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	20	20	0	0.3	0.7	0.0
Mexico	45	25	25	0.7	0.8	0.7
United States of America	165	80	80	2.6	2.7	2.3
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	60	30	30	0.9	1.0	0.9
Europe	475	215	265	7.4	7.3	7.6
France	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	20	15	0	0.3	0.5	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	105	40	70	1.6	1.4	2.0
Ukraine	95	25	75	1.5	0.8	2.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	85	55	30	1.3	1.9	0.9
Other places of birth in Europe	160	75	85	2.5	2.5	2.4
Africa	230	110	120	3.6	3.7	3.4
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	65	40	25	1.0	1.4	0.7
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	85	40	45	1.3	1.4	1.3
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	30	15	20	0.5	0.5	0.6
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	30	15	20	0.5	0.5	0.6
Asia	5,330	2,435	2,895	83.0	82.7	83.1
Afghanistan	50	35	15	0.8	1.2	0.4
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	2,705	1,190	1,520	42.1	40.4	43.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	200	115	90	3.1	3.9	2.6
India	290	140	150	4.5	4.8	4.3
Iran⁸⁸	1,050	485	565	16.3	16.5	16.2
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	85	55	30	1.3	1.9	0.9
Japan	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	120	50	75	1.9	1.7	2.2
Lebanon	35	20	15	0.5	0.7	0.4
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	125	60	65	1.9	2.0	1.9
Philippines	170	40	130	2.6	1.4	3.7
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	95	40	50	1.5	1.4	1.4
Turkey	110	50	60	1.7	1.7	1.7
United Arab Emirates	50	30	25	0.8	1.0	0.7
Viet Nam	50	20	30	0.8	0.7	0.9
Other places of birth in Asia	160	90	65	2.5	3.1	1.9
Oceania and other⁹³	20	0	15	0.3	0.0	0.4
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	117,595	57,735	59,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	64,705	30,850	33,855	55.0	53.4	56.6
Second generation¹⁰¹	33,590	16,860	16,730	28.6	29.2	28.0
Third generation or more¹⁰²	19,300	10,030	9,270	16.4	17.4	15.5
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	53,690	25,445	28,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	35,800	17,815	17,985	66.7	70.0	63.7
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	13,735	9,130	4,600	25.6	35.9	16.3
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	22,070	8,685	13,385	41.1	34.1	47.4
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	12,040	4,595	7,445	22.4	18.1	26.4
Refugees¹⁰⁸	5,155	2,735	2,420	9.6	10.7	8.6
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	700	305	390	1.3	1.2	1.4
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	53,690	25,445	28,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,800	1,475	1,330	5.2	5.8	4.7
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,855	1,405	1,445	5.3	5.5	5.1
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,920	930	990	3.6	3.7	3.5
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	3,180	1,520	1,660	5.9	6.0	5.9
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	210	75	135	0.4	0.3	0.5
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	42,725	20,045	22,685	79.6	78.8	80.3
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	117,595	57,735	59,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	69,640	33,805	35,835	59.2	58.6	59.9
South Asian	8,840	4,360	4,480	7.5	7.6	7.5
Chinese	33,415	16,075	17,340	28.4	27.8	29.0
Black	2,355	1,160	1,195	2.0	2.0	2.0
Filipino	1,695	665	1,030	1.4	1.2	1.7
Arab	2,060	995	1,065	1.8	1.7	1.8
Latin American	1,280	675	600	1.1	1.2	1.0
Southeast Asian	700	320	380	0.6	0.6	0.6
West Asian	12,890	6,475	6,415	11.0	11.2	10.7
Korean	2,980	1,435	1,545	2.5	2.5	2.6
Japanese	295	140	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	900	420	475	0.8	0.7	0.8
Multiple visible minorities	2,230	1,090	1,140	1.9	1.9	1.9
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	47,950	23,930	24,020	40.8	41.4	40.1
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	117,590	57,740	59,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	6,885	3,510	3,375	5.9	6.1	5.6
English	7,770	3,950	3,825	6.6	6.8	6.4
Irish	6,060	2,990	3,070	5.2	5.2	5.1
Scottish	5,915	2,875	3,035	5.0	5.0	5.1
French, n.o.s.¹²²	2,450	1,195	1,245	2.1	2.1	2.1
German	3,190	1,590	1,605	2.7	2.8	2.7
Chinese	30,465	14,695	15,770	25.9	25.5	26.3
Italian	11,740	6,020	5,720	10.0	10.4	9.6
Indian (India)	5,030	2,465	2,565	4.3	4.3	4.3
Ukrainian	2,645	1,295	1,355	2.2	2.2	2.3
Dutch	1,155	600	550	1.0	1.0	0.9
Polish	2,325	1,230	1,090	2.0	2.1	1.8
Québécois	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,005	1,045	960	1.7	1.8	1.6
Filipino	1,785	670	1,115	1.5	1.2	1.9
French Canadian	550	265	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	935	475	455	0.8	0.8	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis	195	110	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,105	530	575	0.9	0.9	1.0
Russian	4,535	2,215	2,320	3.9	3.8	3.9
Norwegian	225	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Welsh	660	275	385	0.6	0.5	0.6
Portuguese	1,315	635	675	1.1	1.1	1.1
American	535	260	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Spanish	1,045	440	605	0.9	0.8	1.0
Swedish	175	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Hungarian	830	405	425	0.7	0.7	0.7
Acadian	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Pakistani	1,500	740	755	1.3	1.3	1.3
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	735	365	375	0.6	0.6	0.6
Jewish	3,255	1,635	1,615	2.8	2.8	2.7
Punjabi	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	720	340	375	0.6	0.6	0.6
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	735	365	365	0.6	0.6	0.6
Greek	2,610	1,285	1,325	2.2	2.2	2.2
Jamaican	930	500	435	0.8	0.9	0.7
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,995	925	1,070	1.7	1.6	1.8
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	3,040	1,475	1,560	2.6	2.6	2.6
Romanian	1,220	550	670	1.0	1.0	1.1
Lebanese	420	215	205	0.4	0.4	0.3
Iranian	9,760	4,870	4,890	8.3	8.4	8.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	920	435	485	0.8	0.8	0.8
Danish	190	75	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sikh	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	415	195	220	0.4	0.3	0.4
Belgian	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	540	295	245	0.5	0.5	0.4
Mexican	280	125	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Mennonite	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	185	80	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Finnish	355	185	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sri Lankan	550	285	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Croatian	230	140	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Japanese	525	250	280	0.4	0.4	0.5
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	860	415	450	0.7	0.7	0.8
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	125	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	695	315	380	0.6	0.5	0.6
Egyptian	1,165	590	575	1.0	1.0	1.0
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	310	180	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Tamil	580	280	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Icelandic	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	240	120	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moroccan	220	115	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	180	120	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Syrian	230	120	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyanese	490	210	280	0.4	0.4	0.5
Afghan	910	420	490	0.8	0.7	0.8
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	325	165	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	180	100	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ojibway	55	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hong Konger	2,470	1,190	1,275	2.1	2.1	2.1
Ontarian	145	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	3,355	1,705	1,650	2.9	3.0	2.8
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	250	130	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkish	680	355	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	205	120	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Algerian	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Brazilian	170	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	145	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	610	300	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Slovak	160	95	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	315	165	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somali	165	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	455	225	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iraqi	345	190	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Salvadorean	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Caribbean	160	60	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	420	190	230	0.4	0.3	0.4
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	525	270	255	0.4	0.5	0.4
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	230	80	145	0.2	0.1	0.2
Algonquin	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	240	115	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lithuanian	155	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	225	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	225	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chilean	50	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Congolese	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	175	75	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Peruvian	110	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	30	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	195	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	195	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	625	310	315	0.5	0.5	0.5
Slovenian	145	95	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
New Brunswicker	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Israeli	770	425	345	0.7	0.7	0.6
Mohawk	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	255	105	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Barbadian	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
African American	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	275	125	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Cuban	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	65	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Venezuelan	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	165	95	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Bengali	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ilocano	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	115	70	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	160	105	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Coptic	595	275	320	0.5	0.5	0.5
Thai	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	110	70	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	335	150	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	160	90	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	230	90	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	155	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Jordanian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	35	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chaldean	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	120	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mayan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	350	205	150	0.3	0.4	0.3
Sicilian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ugandan	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	170	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yemeni	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	117,590	57,740	59,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	2,185	910	1,275	1.9	1.6	2.1
Christian	49,755	23,455	26,305	42.3	40.6	44.0
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	9,360	4,315	5,045	8.0	7.5	8.4
Anabaptist	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Anglican	2,290	1,050	1,240	1.9	1.8	2.1
Baptist	830	365	465	0.7	0.6	0.8
Catholic	24,545	11,765	12,780	20.9	20.4	21.4
Christian Orthodox	6,745	3,160	3,585	5.7	5.5	6.0
Jehovah's Witness	235	100	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latter Day Saints	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	355	150	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	475	210	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
Presbyterian	1,315	695	620	1.1	1.2	1.0
Reformed	115	30	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	1,830	830	1,000	1.6	1.4	1.7
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,405	655	750	1.2	1.1	1.3
Hindu	2,730	1,360	1,370	2.3	2.4	2.3
Jewish	4,355	2,255	2,105	3.7	3.9	3.5
Muslim	13,705	6,645	7,065	11.7	11.5	11.8
Sikh	425	215	205	0.4	0.4	0.3
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	880	425	455	0.7	0.7	0.8
No religion and secular perspectives	43,540	22,470	21,070	37.0	38.9	35.2
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	116,760	57,310	59,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	105,155	51,365	53,790	90.1	89.6	90.5
Movers	11,600	5,945	5,660	9.9	10.4	9.5
Non-migrants	4,890	2,505	2,385	4.2	4.4	4.0
Migrants	6,715	3,440	3,275	5.8	6.0	5.5
Internal migrants	5,095	2,655	2,445	4.4	4.6	4.1
Intraprovincial migrants	4,755	2,465	2,290	4.1	4.3	3.9
Interprovincial migrants	345	190	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
External migrants	1,620	785	835	1.4	1.4	1.4
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	112,760	55,220	57,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	75,895	37,120	38,770	67.3	67.2	67.4
Movers	36,865	18,095	18,775	32.7	32.8	32.6
Non-migrants	9,895	4,860	5,035	8.8	8.8	8.8
Migrants	26,970	13,235	13,735	23.9	24.0	23.9
Internal migrants	19,555	9,695	9,860	17.3	17.6	17.1
Intraprovincial migrants	17,970	8,895	9,075	15.9	16.1	15.8
Interprovincial migrants	1,585	800	785	1.4	1.4	1.4
External migrants	7,420	3,545	3,875	6.6	6.4	6.7
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	97,945	47,755	50,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	11,365	5,585	5,780	11.6	11.7	11.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	86,585	42,175	44,410	88.4	88.3	88.5
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	65,225	31,335	33,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	2,685	1,510	1,175	4.1	4.8	3.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	62,540	29,825	32,720	95.9	95.2	96.5
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	97,945	47,760	50,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	10,710	5,185	5,525	10.9	10.9	11.0
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	22,765	11,425	11,340	23.2	23.9	22.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	64,475	31,145	33,325	65.8	65.2	66.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	20,965	10,050	10,915	21.4	21.0	21.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,980	1,905	1,075	3.0	4.0	2.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,545	895	650	1.6	1.9	1.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,440	1,010	425	1.5	2.1	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	14,610	6,695	7,920	14.9	14.0	15.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,375	1,455	1,920	3.4	3.0	3.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	43,505	21,095	22,410	44.4	44.2	44.7
Bachelor's degree	28,430	13,400	15,030	29.0	28.1	29.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,680	1,205	1,475	2.7	2.5	2.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,285	615	670	1.3	1.3	1.3
Master's degree	9,690	5,000	4,690	9.9	10.5	9.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,420	870	550	1.4	1.8	1.1
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	65,230	31,330	33,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,330	1,295	1,035	3.6	4.1	3.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	10,705	5,385	5,325	16.4	17.2	15.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	52,190	24,655	27,530	80.0	78.7	81.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	15,955	7,450	8,500	24.5	23.8	25.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,005	1,260	740	3.1	4.0	2.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	985	540	440	1.5	1.7	1.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,020	725	295	1.6	2.3	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	11,350	5,055	6,290	17.4	16.1	18.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,605	1,135	1,465	4.0	3.6	4.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	36,235	17,200	19,035	55.5	54.9	56.2
Bachelor's degree	23,185	10,755	12,435	35.5	34.3	36.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,185	950	1,230	3.3	3.0	3.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,085	485	600	1.7	1.5	1.8
Master's degree	8,660	4,350	4,310	13.3	13.9	12.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,120	665	455	1.7	2.1	1.3
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	97,950	47,760	50,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	33,475	16,615	16,865	34.2	34.8	33.6
Education	3,020	550	2,475	3.1	1.2	4.9
13. Education	3,020	550	2,475	3.1	1.2	4.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,245	770	1,475	2.3	1.6	2.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	140	80	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	2,100	690	1,415	2.1	1.4	2.8
Humanities	3,645	1,015	2,630	3.7	2.1	5.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	705	115	595	0.7	0.2	1.2
23. English language and literature/letters	855	165	690	0.9	0.3	1.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	985	260	720	1.0	0.5	1.4
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	70	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	200	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	185	135	55	0.2	0.3	0.1
54. History	450	210	240	0.5	0.4	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	195	10	180	0.2	0.0	0.4
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,070	2,780	5,290	8.2	5.8	10.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	75	10	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	675	250	420	0.7	0.5	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	955	90	865	1.0	0.2	1.7
22. Legal professions and studies	1,385	450	935	1.4	0.9	1.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	150	45	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	1,345	300	1,045	1.4	0.6	2.1
45. Social sciences	3,485	1,630	1,855	3.6	3.4	3.7
Business, management and public administration	16,435	7,435	9,005	16.8	15.6	17.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
44. Public administration and social service professions	600	105	500	0.6	0.2	1.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	15,800	7,315	8,480	16.1	15.3	16.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,880	1,775	2,105	4.0	3.7	4.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,530	580	950	1.6	1.2	1.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	820	360	455	0.8	0.8	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,275	730	545	1.3	1.5	1.1
41. Science technologies/technicians	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,305	3,480	1,830	5.4	7.3	3.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,030	2,785	1,245	4.1	5.8	2.5
25. Library science	75	10	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	995	555	440	1.0	1.2	0.9
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	205	120	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	12,715	10,300	2,415	13.0	21.6	4.8
04. Architecture and related services	695	415	280	0.7	0.9	0.6
14. Engineering	7,600	5,820	1,780	7.8	12.2	3.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,015	1,705	305	2.1	3.6	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,120	1,095	25	1.1	2.3	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	940	935	0	1.0	2.0	0.0
48. Precision production	345	330	15	0.4	0.7	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	750	350	405	0.8	0.7	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	470	215	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	280	135	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Health and related fields	6,575	1,845	4,730	6.7	3.9	9.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	730	390	340	0.7	0.8	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,505	1,300	4,205	5.6	2.7	8.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	320	145	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,815	850	960	1.9	1.8	1.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,130	310	820	1.2	0.6	1.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	455	335	115	0.5	0.7	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	210	185	25	0.2	0.4	0.0
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	65,225	31,330	33,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	13,040	6,680	6,360	20.0	21.3	18.8
Education	2,285	415	1,870	3.5	1.3	5.5
13. Education	2,285	415	1,870	3.5	1.3	5.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,810	595	1,215	2.8	1.9	3.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	115	75	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,700	520	1,175	2.6	1.7	3.5
Humanities	2,855	740	2,110	4.4	2.4	6.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	595	65	530	0.9	0.2	1.6
23. English language and literature/letters	670	110	565	1.0	0.4	1.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	775	215	565	1.2	0.7	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	165	85	75	0.3	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	140	95	50	0.2	0.3	0.1
54. History	335	160	175	0.5	0.5	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	150	10	140	0.2	0.0	0.4
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,505	2,075	4,425	10.0	6.6	13.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	65	10	55	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	510	175	340	0.8	0.6	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	770	60	710	1.2	0.2	2.1
22. Legal professions and studies	1,155	335	820	1.8	1.1	2.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	105	30	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	1,050	205	850	1.6	0.7	2.5
45. Social sciences	2,845	1,275	1,575	4.4	4.1	4.6
Business, management and public administration	13,835	6,095	7,750	21.2	19.5	22.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	485	70	415	0.7	0.2	1.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,330	6,015	7,310	20.4	19.2	21.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,855	1,285	1,570	4.4	4.1	4.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,100	430	670	1.7	1.4	2.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	590	245	350	0.9	0.8	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	115	45	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
40. Physical sciences	965	540	425	1.5	1.7	1.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	80	25	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,660	3,080	1,580	7.1	9.8	4.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,655	2,530	1,125	5.6	8.1	3.3
25. Library science	60	10	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	765	435	330	1.2	1.4	1.0
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	185	105	80	0.3	0.3	0.2
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,165	8,075	2,090	15.6	25.8	6.2
04. Architecture and related services	575	345	230	0.9	1.1	0.7
14. Engineering	6,395	4,825	1,570	9.8	15.4	4.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,535	1,285	250	2.4	4.1	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	775	765	15	1.2	2.4	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	650	650	0	1.0	2.1	0.0
48. Precision production	230	215	15	0.4	0.7	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	605	275	330	0.9	0.9	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	385	175	210	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	215	100	120	0.3	0.3	0.4
Health and related fields	5,190	1,390	3,800	8.0	4.4	11.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	575	285	290	0.9	0.9	0.9
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,340	990	3,350	6.7	3.2	9.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	260	105	155	0.4	0.3	0.5
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,420	630	790	2.2	2.0	2.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	905	240	670	1.4	0.8	2.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	350	245	105	0.5	0.8	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	150	130	20	0.2	0.4	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	65,225	31,330	33,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	13,040	6,680	6,360	20.0	21.3	18.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	52,185	24,650	27,535	80.0	78.7	81.2
Location of study inside Canada	32,030	15,080	16,945	49.1	48.1	50.0
Same as province or territory of residence	29,905	14,075	15,830	45.8	44.9	46.7
Different than province or territory of residence	2,120	1,010	1,115	3.3	3.2	3.3
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	20,155	9,575	10,585	30.9	30.6	31.2
Americas	1,975	1,115	855	3.0	3.6	2.5
United States of America	1,450	865	585	2.2	2.8	1.7
Mexico	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Brazil	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	45	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	145	60	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	3,775	1,870	1,910	5.8	6.0	5.6
Belgium	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	105	45	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Germany	90	55	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Netherlands	50	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hungary	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	75	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	115	60	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romania	380	175	205	0.6	0.6	0.6
Russian Federation	760	340	420	1.2	1.1	1.2
Ukraine	540	235	310	0.8	0.8	0.9
Ireland⁹⁶	50	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	925	525	405	1.4	1.7	1.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Italy	35	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	510	250	265	0.8	0.8	0.8
Africa	725	345	380	1.1	1.1	1.1
Nigeria	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	515	260	255	0.8	0.8	0.8
South Africa, Republic of	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	13,440	6,105	7,330	20.6	19.5	21.6
Iran⁸⁸	3,730	1,760	1,975	5.7	5.6	5.8
Iraq	105	45	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Israel	350	175	175	0.5	0.6	0.5
Lebanon	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	20	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	125	55	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
China⁹⁰	5,125	2,370	2,755	7.9	7.6	8.1
Taiwan	55	10	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	695	285	410	1.1	0.9	1.2
Japan	85	50	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	625	275	350	1.0	0.9	1.0
Philippines	510	140	375	0.8	0.4	1.1
Viet Nam	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	105	45	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
India	915	425	485	1.4	1.4	1.4
Pakistan	295	120	175	0.5	0.4	0.5
Other locations of study in Asia	610	300	310	0.9	1.0	0.9
Oceania	240	130	110	0.4	0.4	0.3
Australia	205	110	85	0.3	0.4	0.3
New Zealand	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	97,945	47,760	50,190	...	...	...
In the labour force	64,500	33,675	30,825	...	...	...
Employed	56,445	29,920	26,525	...	...	...
Unemployed	8,060	3,760	4,300	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	33,450	14,085	19,370	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.9	70.5	61.4	65.9	70.5	61.4
Employment rate	57.6	62.6	52.8	57.6	62.6	52.8
Unemployment rate	12.5	11.2	13.9	12.5	11.2	13.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	97,950	47,760	50,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	34,590	14,785	19,805	35.3	31.0	39.5
Worked	63,355	32,970	30,385	64.7	69.0	60.5
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	34,920	19,455	15,465	35.7	40.7	30.8
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	28,430	13,515	14,920	29.0	28.3	29.7
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.4	41.4	39.4	40.4	41.4	39.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	64,500	33,675	30,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,140	995	1,145	3.3	3.0	3.7
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	62,360	32,680	29,685	96.7	97.0	96.3
Employee	48,555	24,045	24,510	75.3	71.4	79.5
Permanent position	40,180	20,155	20,025	62.3	59.9	65.0
Temporary position	8,375	3,885	4,485	13.0	11.5	14.5
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,260	1,425	1,835	5.1	4.2	6.0
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,115	2,465	2,650	7.9	7.3	8.6
Self-employed¹⁹²	13,805	8,635	5,170	21.4	25.6	16.8
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	64,500	33,675	30,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,140	995	1,145	3.3	3.0	3.7
All occupations¹⁹¹	62,360	32,680	29,685	96.7	97.0	96.3
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,175	890	285	1.8	2.6	0.9
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	14,520	5,125	9,395	22.5	15.2	30.5
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	9,415	6,940	2,480	14.6	20.6	8.0
3 Health occupations	4,055	985	3,070	6.3	2.9	10.0
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,835	2,080	4,755	10.6	6.2	15.4
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,875	795	1,080	2.9	2.4	3.5
6 Sales and service occupations	15,040	7,680	7,355	23.3	22.8	23.9
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	7,200	6,605	595	11.2	19.6	1.9
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	565	455	115	0.9	1.4	0.4
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,680	1,120	555	2.6	3.3	1.8
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	64,500	33,675	30,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,140	995	1,145	3.3	3.0	3.7
All industries¹⁹¹	62,360	32,680	29,685	96.7	97.0	96.3
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	130	80	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	100	80	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	355	230	120	0.6	0.7	0.4
23 Construction	4,685	3,895	790	7.3	11.6	2.6
31-33 Manufacturing	4,560	2,955	1,605	7.1	8.8	5.2
41 Wholesale trade	2,995	1,765	1,225	4.6	5.2	4.0
44-45 Retail trade	6,870	3,500	3,365	10.7	10.4	10.9
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,240	1,690	555	3.5	5.0	1.8
51 Information and cultural industries	1,650	1,055	600	2.6	3.1	1.9
52 Finance and insurance	5,945	2,915	3,030	9.2	8.7	9.8
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,615	1,330	1,280	4.1	3.9	4.2
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	9,085	5,225	3,855	14.1	15.5	12.5
55 Management of companies and enterprises	340	175	160	0.5	0.5	0.5
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	1,915	1,135	785	3.0	3.4	2.5
61 Educational services	4,800	1,355	3,445	7.4	4.0	11.2
62 Health care and social assistance	5,820	1,220	4,600	9.0	3.6	14.9
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	925	470	460	1.4	1.4	1.5
72 Accommodation and food services	2,725	1,420	1,305	4.2	4.2	4.2
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,160	945	1,215	3.3	2.8	3.9
91 Public administration	2,440	1,235	1,205	3.8	3.7	3.9
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	68,565	35,560	33,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	59,910	31,505	28,405	87.4	88.6	86.1
French	135	10	120	0.2	0.0	0.4
Non-official language	1,450	680	770	2.1	1.9	2.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,450	680	770	2.1	1.9	2.3
English and French	790	270	515	1.2	0.8	1.6
English and non-official language(s)	5,990	2,975	3,010	8.7	8.4	9.1
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	110	45	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	180	80	110	0.3	0.2	0.3
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	68,565	35,560	33,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	67,100	34,875	32,225	97.9	98.1	97.7
Official languages	63,865	33,315	30,550	93.1	93.7	92.6
English	63,610	33,290	30,325	92.8	93.6	91.9
French	255	30	225	0.4	0.1	0.7
Non-official languages	3,235	1,560	1,675	4.7	4.4	5.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	3,235	1,560	1,675	4.7	4.4	5.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	715	370	345	1.0	1.0	1.0
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	190	75	120	0.3	0.2	0.4
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	190	75	120	0.3	0.2	0.4
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	185	75	110	0.3	0.2	0.3
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	420	245	180	0.6	0.7	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	400	230	175	0.6	0.6	0.5
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	395	225	175	0.6	0.6	0.5
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	355	200	155	0.5	0.6	0.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	45	30	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	50	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	195	90	110	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,215	1,055	1,160	3.2	3.0	3.5
Chinese languages	2,215	1,055	1,160	3.2	3.0	3.5
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,445	655	790	2.1	1.8	2.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	760	390	370	1.1	1.1	1.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	40	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Azerbaijani	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,460	685	780	2.1	1.9	2.4
English and French	140	35	105	0.2	0.1	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	1,300	640	660	1.9	1.8	2.0
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	68,565	35,560	33,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	62,700	32,760	29,940	91.4	92.1	90.7
English	1,475	715	760	2.2	2.0	2.3
French	535	210	325	0.8	0.6	1.0
Non-official language	3,030	1,525	1,505	4.4	4.3	4.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3,030	1,525	1,505	4.4	4.3	4.6
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	270	115	155	0.4	0.3	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	455	195	260	0.7	0.5	0.8
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	56,445	29,920	26,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	23,045	11,320	11,730	40.8	37.8	44.2
Worked outside Canada	345	200	145	0.6	0.7	0.5
No fixed workplace address	5,930	4,490	1,440	10.5	15.0	5.4
Usual place of work	27,120	13,905	13,215	48.0	46.5	49.8
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	27,120	13,905	13,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	8,285	3,645	4,650	30.5	26.2	35.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	9,545	5,015	4,525	35.2	36.1	34.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	9,200	5,205	3,995	33.9	37.4	30.2
Commute to a different province or territory	90	45	50	0.3	0.3	0.4
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	33,050	18,400	14,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	29,515	16,740	12,770	89.3	91.0	87.1
Car, truck or van - as a driver	27,100	15,840	11,265	82.0	86.1	76.9
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,415	900	1,510	7.3	4.9	10.3
Public transit	1,880	925	960	5.7	5.0	6.6
Walked	725	295	430	2.2	1.6	2.9
Bicycle	75	65	10	0.2	0.4	0.1
Other method	855	375	485	2.6	2.0	3.3
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	33,050	18,400	14,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	5,415	2,495	2,920	16.4	13.6	19.9
15 to 29 minutes	9,855	5,010	4,845	29.8	27.2	33.1
30 to 44 minutes	9,720	5,830	3,890	29.4	31.7	26.5
45 to 59 minutes	4,155	2,515	1,640	12.6	13.7	11.2
60 minutes and over	3,900	2,545	1,360	11.8	13.8	9.3
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	33,050	18,400	14,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,670	1,340	330	5.1	7.3	2.3
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	4,390	2,825	1,565	13.3	15.4	10.7
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	7,545	4,180	3,365	22.8	22.7	23.0
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,035	3,965	4,070	24.3	21.5	27.8
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	7,455	3,860	3,600	22.6	21.0	24.6
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	3,950	2,220	1,725	12.0	12.1	11.8
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	25,805	13,190	12,620	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,345	1,140	1,205	9.1	8.6	9.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	23,465	12,050	11,415	90.9	91.4	90.5
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	20,560	10,545	10,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,005	980	1,025	9.8	9.3	10.2
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,345	635	710	6.5	6.0	7.1
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	660	350	315	3.2	3.3	3.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	18,555	9,565	8,995	90.2	90.7	89.8

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed July 2, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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