Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Dufferin--CaledonMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	142,838	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	128,237	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	11.4	...	...	11.4	...	...
Total private dwellings²	49,183	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	47,009	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	65.7	...	...	65.7	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	2,175.59	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	142,840	71,250	71,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	25,400	13,115	12,290	17.8	18.4	17.2
0 to 4 years	7,525	3,900	3,630	5.3	5.5	5.1
5 to 9 years	8,520	4,390	4,130	6.0	6.2	5.8
10 to 14 years	9,355	4,830	4,530	6.5	6.8	6.3
15 to 64 years	95,475	47,845	47,630	66.8	67.2	66.5
15 to 19 years	9,600	4,915	4,685	6.7	6.9	6.5
20 to 24 years	9,150	5,005	4,145	6.4	7.0	5.8
25 to 29 years	8,105	4,250	3,850	5.7	6.0	5.4
30 to 34 years	8,785	4,295	4,490	6.2	6.0	6.3
35 to 39 years	9,220	4,500	4,720	6.5	6.3	6.6
40 to 44 years	9,430	4,585	4,850	6.6	6.4	6.8
45 to 49 years	9,850	4,805	5,045	6.9	6.7	7.0
50 to 54 years	10,970	5,380	5,590	7.7	7.6	7.8
55 to 59 years	11,400	5,660	5,745	8.0	7.9	8.0
60 to 64 years	8,965	4,460	4,505	6.3	6.3	6.3
65 years and over	21,960	10,290	11,670	15.4	14.4	16.3
65 to 69 years	6,935	3,375	3,560	4.9	4.7	5.0
70 to 74 years	5,945	2,785	3,160	4.2	3.9	4.4
75 to 79 years	4,060	1,940	2,120	2.8	2.7	3.0
80 to 84 years	2,720	1,260	1,465	1.9	1.8	2.0
85 years and over	2,295	930	1,375	1.6	1.3	1.9
85 to 89 years	1,480	655	820	1.0	0.9	1.1
90 to 94 years	685	235	450	0.5	0.3	0.6
95 to 99 years	130	40	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
100 years and over	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.8	18.4	17.2	17.8	18.4	17.2
15 to 64 years	66.8	67.2	66.5	66.8	67.2	66.5
65 years and over	15.4	14.4	16.3	15.4	14.4	16.3
85 years and over	1.6	1.3	1.9	1.6	1.3	1.9
Average age of the population	40.1	39.3	40.9	40.1	39.3	40.9
Median age of the population	40.8	39.6	41.6	40.8	39.6	41.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	47,010	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	36,810	...	...	78.3	...	...
Semi-detached house	3,110	...	...	6.6	...	...
Row house	3,345	...	...	7.1	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	630	...	...	1.3	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	2,205	...	...	4.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	825	...	...	1.8	...	...
Other single-attached house	45	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	40	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	47,010	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	7,660	...	...	16.3	...	...
2 persons	13,655	...	...	29.0	...	...
3 persons	8,425	...	...	17.9	...	...
4 persons	10,050	...	...	21.4	...	...
5 or more persons	7,220	...	...	15.4	...	...
Number of persons in private households	141,575	70,695	70,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	117,435	58,130	59,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	72,350	36,150	36,200	61.6	62.2	61.0
Married	62,880	31,420	31,465	53.5	54.1	53.1
Living common-law	9,465	4,730	4,735	8.1	8.1	8.0
Living common law - Never married	6,115	3,080	3,030	5.2	5.3	5.1
Living common law - Separated	605	310	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Living common law - Divorced	2,490	1,225	1,265	2.1	2.1	2.1
Living common law - Widowed	260	110	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	45,085	21,985	23,100	38.4	37.8	39.0
Not married and not living common law - Never married	31,560	17,485	14,075	26.9	30.1	23.7
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,770	1,210	1,560	2.4	2.1	2.6
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,280	2,050	3,225	4.5	3.5	5.4
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,480	1,235	4,240	4.7	2.1	7.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	41,040	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	16,910	...	...	41.2	...	...
3 persons	9,205	...	...	22.4	...	...
4 persons	10,625	...	...	25.9	...	...
5 or more persons	4,300	...	...	10.5	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	41,040	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	35,470	...	...	86.4	...	...
Married couples	30,740	...	...	74.9	...	...
With children⁶	19,455	...	...	47.4	...	...
Without children	11,285	...	...	27.5	...	...
Common-law couples	4,735	...	...	11.5	...	...
With children⁶	2,215	...	...	5.4	...	...
Without children	2,515	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,565	...	...	13.6	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,230	...	...	10.3	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,335	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	141,575	70,690	70,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	126,700	63,575	63,120	89.5	89.9	89.1
Married spouses or common-law partners	70,945	35,445	35,495	50.1	50.1	50.1
Parents in one-parent families	5,565	1,335	4,230	3.9	1.9	6.0
Children⁶	50,185	26,795	23,395	35.4	37.9	33.0
In a two-parent family	41,275	22,025	19,245	29.2	31.2	27.2
In a one-parent family	8,915	4,765	4,150	6.3	6.7	5.9
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	14,875	7,115	7,755	10.5	10.1	10.9
Living alone	7,660	3,570	4,090	5.4	5.1	5.8
Living with other relatives⁷	4,025	1,615	2,405	2.8	2.3	3.4
Living with non-relatives only	3,190	1,925	1,265	2.3	2.7	1.8
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	47,010	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	32,320	...	...	68.8	...	...
Couple-family households	28,565	...	...	60.8	...	...
With children⁶	17,745	...	...	37.7	...	...
Without children	10,815	...	...	23.0	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,755	...	...	8.0	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	3,410	...	...	7.3	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	700	...	...	1.5	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,800	...	...	3.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,115	...	...	2.4	...	...
One-person households	7,660	...	...	16.3	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	116,185	57,585	58,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	111,765	55,315	56,455	96.2	96.1	96.3
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,800	52,400	38,800	44,800	52,400	38,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	111,870	55,380	56,490	96.3	96.2	96.4
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	45,600	35,600	40,000	45,600	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	102,160	51,565	50,595	87.9	89.5	86.3
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	49,600	31,600	40,400	49,600	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,510	44,935	41,580	74.5	78.0	71.0
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,000	50,800	34,800	42,000	50,800	34,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	99,210	48,250	50,960	85.4	83.8	87.0
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,450	5,320	9,400	7,450	5,320	9,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	10,730	4,410	6,320	9.2	7.7	10.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,480	5,720	5,520	5,480	5,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	34,065	16,550	17,515	29.3	28.7	29.9
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	7,500	8,000	8,000	7,500	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	116,185	57,595	58,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	111,830	55,370	56,460	96.3	96.1	96.4
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	59,650	69,200	50,280	59,650	69,200	50,280
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	111,940	55,430	56,510	96.3	96.2	96.4
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,480	54,800	42,280	48,480	54,800	42,280
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	102,395	51,735	50,660	88.1	89.8	86.5
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,600	66,200	44,800	55,600	66,200	44,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,510	44,955	41,555	74.5	78.1	70.9
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,750	63,800	44,960	54,750	63,800	44,960
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	99,355	48,385	50,960	85.5	84.0	87.0
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,820	8,400	11,170	9,820	8,400	11,170
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,760	4,380	6,380	9.3	7.6	10.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,800	6,140	7,250	6,800	6,140	7,250
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	34,135	16,415	17,720	29.4	28.5	30.2
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,750	8,370	9,090	8,750	8,370	9,090
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	116,185	57,590	58,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	43,340	24,720	18,620	37.3	42.9	31.8
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	70,500	77,000	62,400	70,500	77,000	62,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	82,000	89,500	71,900	82,000	89,500	71,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	32,160	14,875	17,285	27.7	25.8	29.5
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,200	22,000	16,000	18,200	22,000	16,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,240	34,400	24,780	29,240	34,400	24,780
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	85.4	89.4	80.0	85.4	89.4	80.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	71.0	75.0	65.8	71.0	75.0	65.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	14.6	10.6	20.0	14.6	10.6	20.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.7	1.6	1.1	0.7	1.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.0	3.9	6.6	5.0	3.9	6.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.5	3.6	5.7	4.5	3.6	5.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	116,185	57,585	58,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	4,420	2,270	2,150	3.8	3.9	3.7
With total income	111,765	55,315	56,450	96.2	96.1	96.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,420	4,020	5,395	8.4	7.3	9.6
$10,000 to $19,999	12,830	5,455	7,375	11.5	9.9	13.1
$20,000 to $29,999	15,445	6,620	8,820	13.8	12.0	15.6
$30,000 to $39,999	12,670	5,400	7,265	11.3	9.8	12.9
$40,000 to $49,999	11,000	4,980	6,025	9.8	9.0	10.7
$50,000 to $59,999	9,690	4,485	5,205	8.7	8.1	9.2
$60,000 to $69,999	7,995	4,135	3,865	7.2	7.5	6.8
$70,000 to $79,999	6,570	3,705	2,870	5.9	6.7	5.1
$80,000 to $89,999	5,620	3,345	2,270	5.0	6.0	4.0
$90,000 to $99,999	4,460	2,655	1,800	4.0	4.8	3.2
$100,000 and over	16,070	10,510	5,560	14.4	19.0	9.8
$100,000 to $149,999	10,915	6,830	4,085	9.8	12.3	7.2
$150,000 and over	5,160	3,680	1,475	4.6	6.7	2.6
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	116,185	57,585	58,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	4,315	2,205	2,110	3.7	3.8	3.6
With after-tax income	111,870	55,380	56,490	96.3	96.2	96.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,985	4,245	5,745	8.9	7.7	10.2
$10,000 to $19,999	13,415	5,725	7,690	12.0	10.3	13.6
$20,000 to $29,999	17,605	7,595	10,005	15.7	13.7	17.7
$30,000 to $39,999	14,705	6,525	8,175	13.1	11.8	14.5
$40,000 to $49,999	13,305	6,090	7,210	11.9	11.0	12.8
$50,000 to $59,999	10,960	5,680	5,275	9.8	10.3	9.3
$60,000 to $69,999	8,660	4,900	3,760	7.7	8.8	6.7
$70,000 to $79,999	6,630	4,000	2,625	5.9	7.2	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	5,585	3,150	2,435	5.0	5.7	4.3
$90,000 to $99,999	3,290	2,075	1,215	2.9	3.7	2.2
$100,000 and over	7,735	5,390	2,345	6.9	9.7	4.2
$100,000 to $124,999	3,955	2,675	1,280	3.5	4.8	2.3
$125,000 and over	3,780	2,715	1,065	3.4	4.9	1.9
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	116,185	57,585	58,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	29,675	12,650	17,025	25.5	22.0	29.1
With employment income	86,510	44,930	41,575	74.5	78.0	70.9
Under $5,000 (including loss)	11,370	5,275	6,100	13.1	11.7	14.7
$5,000 to $9,999	6,680	2,790	3,890	7.7	6.2	9.4
$10,000 to $19,999	9,580	4,355	5,230	11.1	9.7	12.6
$20,000 to $29,999	7,470	3,540	3,930	8.6	7.9	9.5
$30,000 to $39,999	6,665	3,090	3,575	7.7	6.9	8.6
$40,000 to $49,999	6,810	3,135	3,675	7.9	7.0	8.8
$50,000 to $59,999	6,445	3,160	3,285	7.5	7.0	7.9
$60,000 to $69,999	5,695	3,075	2,625	6.6	6.8	6.3
$70,000 to $79,999	4,910	2,945	1,965	5.7	6.6	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	4,360	2,660	1,705	5.0	5.9	4.1
$90,000 to $99,999	3,700	2,235	1,470	4.3	5.0	3.5
$100,000 and over	12,820	8,680	4,135	14.8	19.3	9.9
$100,000 to $124,999	6,310	3,940	2,370	7.3	8.8	5.7
$125,000 and over	6,510	4,740	1,770	7.5	10.5	4.3
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	116,185	57,585	58,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	109,245	53,950	55,300	94.0	93.7	94.4
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,000	52,400	37,200	44,000	52,400	37,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	109,290	53,950	55,330	94.1	93.7	94.4
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	45,600	34,000	39,200	45,600	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	100,945	50,795	50,145	86.9	88.2	85.6
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,000	51,600	34,000	42,000	51,600	34,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	86,685	44,855	41,830	74.6	77.9	71.4
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	52,400	36,400	43,200	52,400	36,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	92,575	45,000	47,575	79.7	78.1	81.2
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,700	780	4,320	1,700	780	4,320
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	8,030	3,140	4,895	6.9	5.5	8.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,640	4,920	6,080	5,640	4,920	6,080
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	116,185	57,595	58,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	109,400	53,965	55,430	94.2	93.7	94.6
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	58,100	68,300	48,120	58,100	68,300	48,120
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	109,430	53,975	55,455	94.2	93.7	94.6
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,880	53,650	40,280	46,880	53,650	40,280
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	101,055	50,825	50,230	87.0	88.2	85.7
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,000	68,000	45,880	57,000	68,000	45,880
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	86,695	44,875	41,820	74.6	77.9	71.4
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	56,200	66,100	45,680	56,200	66,100	45,680
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	92,575	44,860	47,715	79.7	77.9	81.4
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,440	5,155	7,640	6,440	5,155	7,640
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	7,795	2,985	4,805	6.7	5.2	8.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,610	6,035	8,590	7,610	6,035	8,590
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	116,185	57,590	58,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	43,125	24,570	18,560	37.1	42.7	31.7
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	67,000	74,500	58,800	67,000	74,500	58,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	79,100	87,500	67,900	79,100	87,500	67,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	30,595	14,130	16,470	26.3	24.5	28.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,600	28,600	21,800	24,600	28,600	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	35,720	41,680	30,600	35,720	41,680	30,600
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.6	93.8	86.4	90.6	93.8	86.4
Employment income (%)	76.6	80.4	71.6	76.6	80.4	71.6
Government transfers (%)	9.4	6.3	13.7	9.4	6.3	13.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.5	1.6	0.9	0.5	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	47,010	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...	120,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	7,660	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,400	...	...	46,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,600	...	...	41,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	39,350	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	134,000	...	...	134,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...	114,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	47,010	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	141,800	...	...	141,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	115,400	...	...	115,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	7,685	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	65,500	...	...	65,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,300	...	...	53,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	39,330	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	156,800	...	...	156,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	127,600	...	...	127,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	47,010	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	275	...	...	0.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	115	...	...	0.2	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	260	...	...	0.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	520	...	...	1.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	845	...	...	1.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	975	...	...	2.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	815	...	...	1.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	870	...	...	1.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,025	...	...	2.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,025	...	...	2.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,135	...	...	4.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,260	...	...	4.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,355	...	...	5.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,535	...	...	5.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,470	...	...	5.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	28,530	...	...	60.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,135	...	...	13.1	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,520	...	...	11.7	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	7,990	...	...	17.0	...	...
$200,000 and over	8,880	...	...	18.9	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	47,010	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	380	...	...	0.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	125	...	...	0.3	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	260	...	...	0.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	550	...	...	1.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	910	...	...	1.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,100	...	...	2.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	880	...	...	1.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,025	...	...	2.2	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,230	...	...	2.6	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,260	...	...	2.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,620	...	...	5.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,925	...	...	6.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,015	...	...	6.4	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,245	...	...	6.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,080	...	...	6.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	24,400	...	...	51.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	7,280	...	...	15.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,705	...	...	12.1	...	...
$150,000 and over	11,415	...	...	24.3	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	38,735	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	133,000	...	...	133,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...	113,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.4	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	11,140	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...	108,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	21,705	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	157,000	...	...	157,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,000	...	...	133,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.2	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,700	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	10,850	5,500	5,350	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,800	46,400	40,000	42,800	46,400	40,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,400	40,800	36,400	38,400	40,800	36,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	38,660	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	155,800	...	...	155,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	126,600	...	...	126,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,150	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	136,800	...	...	136,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	107,600	...	...	107,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	21,765	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	177,000	...	...	177,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,600	...	...	144,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,625	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	101,200	...	...	101,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	86,500	...	...	86,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	10,840	5,310	5,530	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	59,500	66,000	53,250	59,500	66,000	53,250
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	49,040	52,600	45,600	49,040	52,600	45,600
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	141,580	70,695	70,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	31,120	16,020	15,095	22.0	22.7	21.3
0 to 5 years	9,115	4,710	4,400	6.4	6.7	6.2
18 to 64 years	89,215	44,590	44,625	63.0	63.1	63.0
65 years and over	21,240	10,080	11,160	15.0	14.3	15.7
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	7,545	3,595	3,950	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,780	935	840	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	550	290	260	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,095	2,000	2,100	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,675	665	1,010	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	5.3	5.1	5.6	5.3	5.1	5.6
0 to 17 years (%)	5.7	5.9	5.6	5.7	5.9	5.6
0 to 5 years (%)	6.0	6.1	5.9	6.0	6.1	5.9
18 to 64 years (%)	4.6	4.5	4.7	4.6	4.5	4.7
65 years and over (%)	7.9	6.6	9.0	7.9	6.6	9.0
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	141,575	70,690	70,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	31,115	16,025	15,095	22.0	22.7	21.3
0 to 5 years	9,110	4,710	4,405	6.4	6.7	6.2
18 to 64 years	89,220	44,590	44,630	63.0	63.1	63.0
65 years and over	21,245	10,080	11,160	15.0	14.3	15.7
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	2,930	1,600	1,335	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	545	295	250	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	145	85	55	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	2,065	1,150	915	...	...	...
65 years and over	320	155	170	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	2.1	2.3	1.9	2.1	2.3	1.9
0 to 17 years (%)	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.8	1.8	1.7
0 to 5 years (%)	1.6	1.8	1.4	1.6	1.8	1.4
18 to 64 years (%)	2.3	2.6	2.1	2.3	2.6	2.1
65 years and over (%)	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	141,580	70,690	70,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	49,235	24,120	25,110	34.8	34.1	35.4
In bottom decile	6,895	3,480	3,410	4.9	4.9	4.8
In second decile	8,475	3,940	4,530	6.0	5.6	6.4
In third decile	9,540	4,560	4,980	6.7	6.5	7.0
In fourth decile	11,475	5,720	5,755	8.1	8.1	8.1
In fifth decile	12,855	6,420	6,440	9.1	9.1	9.1
In top half of the distribution	92,345	46,570	45,770	65.2	65.9	64.6
In sixth decile	14,585	7,270	7,315	10.3	10.3	10.3
In seventh decile	16,755	8,345	8,410	11.8	11.8	11.9
In eighth decile	18,725	9,345	9,375	13.2	13.2	13.2
In ninth decile	21,155	10,710	10,445	14.9	15.2	14.7
In top decile	21,130	10,905	10,225	14.9	15.4	14.4
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	141,575	...	...	141,575	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.314	...	...	0.314	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.401	...	...	0.401	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.272	...	...	0.272	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	141,900	70,805	71,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	131,330	66,525	64,805	92.6	94.0	91.2
French only	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	8,220	3,355	4,865	5.8	4.7	6.8
Neither English nor French	2,300	900	1,405	1.6	1.3	2.0
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	141,900	70,805	71,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	138,050	69,225	68,830	97.3	97.8	96.8
French	1,185	535	650	0.8	0.8	0.9
English and French	415	170	240	0.3	0.2	0.3
Neither English nor French	2,250	870	1,380	1.6	1.2	1.9
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	141,900	70,805	71,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	136,540	68,170	68,370	96.2	96.3	96.2
Official languages	107,155	53,580	53,575	75.5	75.7	75.4
English	105,955	53,030	52,925	74.7	74.9	74.4
French	1,200	550	655	0.8	0.8	0.9
Non-official languages	29,390	14,595	14,795	20.7	20.6	20.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	29,385	14,595	14,790	20.7	20.6	20.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	805	420	390	0.6	0.6	0.5
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	795	420	380	0.6	0.6	0.5
Amharic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	425	230	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Aramaic languages	220	100	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	170	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrigna	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	210	90	120	0.1	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	185	80	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	685	275	410	0.5	0.4	0.6
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	570	220	350	0.4	0.3	0.5
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	810	385	420	0.6	0.5	0.6
Kannada	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	105	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	635	295	345	0.4	0.4	0.5
Telugu	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	25,195	12,640	12,555	17.8	17.9	17.7
Albanian	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,725	1,280	1,445	1.9	1.8	2.0
Baltic languages	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,660	1,250	1,410	1.9	1.8	2.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	110	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	1,185	560	625	0.8	0.8	0.9
Russian	315	145	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	490	245	245	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	350	175	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	100	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	260	125	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,680	805	875	1.2	1.1	1.2
Frisian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,085	515	570	0.8	0.7	0.8
German	920	430	490	0.6	0.6	0.7
Pennsylvania German	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss German	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	510	250	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Afrikaans	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	455	220	235	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	75	35	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Danish	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	250	115	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	12,230	6,305	5,925	8.6	8.9	8.3
Indo-Aryan languages	11,855	6,115	5,745	8.4	8.6	8.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	655	340	315	0.5	0.5	0.4
Hindi	740	375	360	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kacchi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	9,480	4,895	4,590	6.7	6.9	6.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	145	85	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	685	345	340	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	370	190	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	350	180	165	0.2	0.3	0.2
Dari	165	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	155	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	8,245	4,100	4,145	5.8	5.8	5.8
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	4,640	2,355	2,285	3.3	3.3	3.2
Portuguese	1,845	940	905	1.3	1.3	1.3
Romanian	225	100	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Spanish	1,530	700	830	1.1	1.0	1.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	150	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	340	165	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	170	85	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	620	285	335	0.4	0.4	0.5
Chinese languages	615	280	335	0.4	0.4	0.5
Hakka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	405	180	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	180	85	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	335	145	190	0.2	0.2	0.3
Estonian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	245	110	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,355	2,630	2,730	3.8	3.7	3.8
English and French	460	230	235	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	4,435	2,210	2,220	3.1	3.1	3.1
French and non-official language(s)	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	105	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	300	135	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	141,900	70,805	71,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	111,060	55,650	55,410	78.3	78.6	77.9
French	200	100	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	7,535	3,730	3,800	5.3	5.3	5.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	7,530	3,730	3,800	5.3	5.3	5.3
English and French	1,125	485	640	0.8	0.7	0.9
English and non-official language(s)	20,800	10,305	10,495	14.7	14.6	14.8
French and non-official language(s)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	640	275	365	0.5	0.4	0.5
Multiple non-official languages	515	240	275	0.4	0.3	0.4
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	141,900	70,805	71,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	136,965	68,350	68,615	96.5	96.5	96.5
Official languages	122,525	61,100	61,425	86.3	86.3	86.4
English	122,195	60,940	61,265	86.1	86.1	86.2
French	330	165	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official languages	14,435	7,250	7,185	10.2	10.2	10.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	14,435	7,250	7,185	10.2	10.2	10.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	355	175	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	350	175	180	0.2	0.2	0.3
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	195	100	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic languages	120	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	120	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	290	135	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	235	110	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	535	265	270	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kannada	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	435	210	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	12,365	6,240	6,120	8.7	8.8	8.6
Albanian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	980	495	490	0.7	0.7	0.7
Baltic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	965	485	475	0.7	0.7	0.7
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	445	225	215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	185	95	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	125	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	85	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	340	170	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	265	125	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	150	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	105	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss German	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Afrikaans	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	8,730	4,495	4,230	6.2	6.3	5.9
Indo-Aryan languages	8,555	4,405	4,145	6.0	6.2	5.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	415	210	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	440	225	215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	7,140	3,685	3,455	5.0	5.2	4.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Urdu	410	210	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	175	90	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	170	90	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iranian Persian	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,230	1,035	1,190	1.6	1.5	1.7
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,080	495	580	0.8	0.7	0.8
Portuguese	465	220	245	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	595	275	320	0.4	0.4	0.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	360	170	195	0.3	0.2	0.3
Chinese languages	360	165	195	0.3	0.2	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	290	135	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	85	35	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	4,935	2,450	2,480	3.5	3.5	3.5
English and French	185	80	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	4,610	2,310	2,305	3.2	3.3	3.2
French and non-official language(s)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	141,895	70,805	71,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	122,750	61,445	61,305	86.5	86.8	86.2
English	5,670	2,920	2,745	4.0	4.1	3.9
French	995	430	570	0.7	0.6	0.8
Non-official language	10,310	4,960	5,350	7.3	7.0	7.5
Indigenous³⁹	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	10,305	4,955	5,350	7.3	7.0	7.5
English and French	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	850	425	420	0.6	0.6	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	345	150	190	0.2	0.2	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	905	440	465	0.6	0.6	0.7
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	141,575	70,690	70,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	139,295	69,860	69,435	98.4	98.8	98.0
English	139,230	69,830	69,400	98.3	98.8	97.9
French	8,265	3,445	4,825	5.8	4.9	6.8
Non-official languages	42,190	20,650	21,540	29.8	29.2	30.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	42,175	20,645	21,535	29.8	29.2	30.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,350	680	680	1.0	1.0	1.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,335	670	665	0.9	0.9	0.9
Amharic	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	820	415	410	0.6	0.6	0.6
Aramaic languages	370	180	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	255	130	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	130	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	105	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Maltese	135	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrigna	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	280	120	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	260	105	155	0.2	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,005	375	625	0.7	0.5	0.9
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	55	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	915	335	580	0.6	0.5	0.8
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	295	140	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian Creole	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	130	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,220	595	625	0.9	0.8	0.9
Kannada	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	990	475	515	0.7	0.7	0.7
Telugu	120	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	36,205	17,930	18,275	25.6	25.4	25.8
Albanian	95	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Armenian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	3,585	1,705	1,880	2.5	2.4	2.7
Baltic languages	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,510	1,670	1,840	2.5	2.4	2.6
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	20	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	1,585	750	835	1.1	1.1	1.2
Russian	560	280	280	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	730	350	380	0.5	0.5	0.5
Bosnian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	470	220	250	0.3	0.3	0.4
Serbian	295	145	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	420	195	230	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,700	1,310	1,390	1.9	1.9	2.0
Frisian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,955	965	990	1.4	1.4	1.4
German	1,705	835	870	1.2	1.2	1.2
Pennsylvania German	220	115	105	0.2	0.2	0.1
Swiss German	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	725	345	385	0.5	0.5	0.5
Afrikaans	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	620	295	325	0.4	0.4	0.5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	120	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	30	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	460	225	240	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	16,275	8,350	7,920	11.5	11.8	11.2
Indo-Aryan languages	15,800	8,130	7,680	11.2	11.5	10.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	725	375	355	0.5	0.5	0.5
Hindi	4,955	2,390	2,565	3.5	3.4	3.6
Kacchi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	13,045	6,755	6,285	9.2	9.6	8.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	225	120	100	0.2	0.2	0.1
Urdu	1,505	745	765	1.1	1.1	1.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	510	245	265	0.4	0.3	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	485	230	255	0.3	0.3	0.4
Dari	270	125	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	200	100	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	13,625	6,570	7,050	9.6	9.3	9.9
Catalan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	7,890	3,850	4,040	5.6	5.4	5.7
Portuguese	2,805	1,450	1,350	2.0	2.1	1.9
Romanian	260	115	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	3,195	1,410	1,785	2.3	2.0	2.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	225	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	680	335	340	0.5	0.5	0.5
Akan (Twi)	280	135	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	200	105	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	125	40	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	125	35	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	740	320	425	0.5	0.5	0.6
Chinese languages	735	315	420	0.5	0.4	0.6
Hakka	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	555	235	320	0.4	0.3	0.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	250	115	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	495	200	290	0.3	0.3	0.4
Estonian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	360	150	205	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	141,575	70,690	70,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	2,010	955	1,060	1.4	1.4	1.5
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,900	905	995	1.3	1.3	1.4
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,180	565	615	0.8	0.8	0.9
Métis	675	310	365	0.5	0.4	0.5
Inuk (Inuit)	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	139,565	69,740	69,820	98.6	98.7	98.5
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	141,575	70,690	70,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	590	275	320	0.4	0.4	0.5
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	140,985	70,420	70,565	99.6	99.6	99.5
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	47,010	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	40,400	...	...	85.9	...	...
Renter	6,610	...	...	14.1	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	47,010	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	2,170	...	...	4.6	...	...
Not condominium	44,840	...	...	95.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	47,010	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	125	...	...	0.3	...	...
1 bedroom	2,175	...	...	4.6	...	...
2 bedrooms	4,515	...	...	9.6	...	...
3 bedrooms	19,640	...	...	41.8	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	20,555	...	...	43.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	47,010	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	5,145	...	...	10.9	...	...
5 rooms	5,615	...	...	11.9	...	...
6 rooms	7,295	...	...	15.5	...	...
7 rooms	8,025	...	...	17.1	...	...
8 or more rooms	20,935	...	...	44.5	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	7.4	...	...	7.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	47,010	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	46,115	...	...	98.1	...	...
More than one person per room	895	...	...	1.9	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	47,010	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	45,025	...	...	95.8	...	...
Not suitable	1,985	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	47,010	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	6,350	...	...	13.5	...	...
1961 to 1980	10,555	...	...	22.5	...	...
1981 to 1990	6,360	...	...	13.5	...	...
1991 to 2000	8,430	...	...	17.9	...	...
2001 to 2005	4,130	...	...	8.8	...	...
2006 to 2010	2,570	...	...	5.5	...	...
2011 to 2015	4,335	...	...	9.2	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	4,280	...	...	9.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	47,010	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	44,955	...	...	95.6	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,055	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	47,010	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	18,010	...	...	38.3	...	...
Two-maintainer household	26,070	...	...	55.5	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,925	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	47,010	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	330	...	...	0.7	...	...
25 to 34 years	4,570	...	...	9.7	...	...
35 to 44 years	8,555	...	...	18.2	...	...
45 to 54 years	11,000	...	...	23.4	...	...
55 to 64 years	11,005	...	...	23.4	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,725	...	...	14.3	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,660	...	...	7.8	...	...
85 years and over	1,165	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	46,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	35,955	...	...	77.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	10,310	...	...	22.3	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,450	...	...	20.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	47,010	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	13,245	...	...	28.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,375	...	...	19.9	...	...
Not suitable only	1,495	...	...	3.2	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,325	...	...	2.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	325	...	...	0.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	560	...	...	1.2	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	120	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	45	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	33,765	...	...	71.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	45,400	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	3,875	...	...	8.5	...	...
Not in core need	41,535	...	...	91.5	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	39,815	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	66.5	...	...	66.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	19.2	...	...	19.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.5	...	...	5.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,940	...	...	1,940	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,044	...	...	2,044	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	950,000	...	...	950,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,054,000	...	...	1,054,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	6,575	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	13.6	...	...	13.6	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	41.0	...	...	41.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	27.5	...	...	27.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,420	...	...	1,420	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,544	...	...	1,544	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	141,580	70,695	70,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	570	275	300	0.4	0.4	0.4
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	570	270	300	0.4	0.4	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	405	200	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Métis single ancestry	155	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	2,385	1,165	1,225	1.7	1.6	1.7
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	2,320	1,135	1,190	1.6	1.6	1.7
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,795	875	925	1.3	1.2	1.3
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	495	240	255	0.3	0.3	0.4
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	138,620	69,255	69,365	97.9	98.0	97.9
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	141,575	70,695	70,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	133,535	66,675	66,860	94.3	94.3	94.3
Canadian citizens aged under 18	30,595	15,805	14,790	21.6	22.4	20.9
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	102,940	50,875	52,065	72.7	72.0	73.4
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	8,035	4,015	4,025	5.7	5.7	5.7
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	141,575	70,695	70,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	107,380	54,080	53,300	75.8	76.5	75.2
Immigrants⁸¹	32,740	15,685	17,050	23.1	22.2	24.1
Before 1980	10,205	4,995	5,210	7.2	7.1	7.3
1980 to 1990	4,500	2,080	2,420	3.2	2.9	3.4
1991 to 2000	6,515	3,100	3,410	4.6	4.4	4.8
2001 to 2010	6,860	3,370	3,490	4.8	4.8	4.9
2011 to 2021⁸²	4,660	2,140	2,515	3.3	3.0	3.5
2011 to 2015	2,335	1,085	1,245	1.6	1.5	1.8
2016 to 2021	2,325	1,055	1,265	1.6	1.5	1.8
Non-permanent residents⁸³	1,460	925	535	1.0	1.3	0.8
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	32,740	15,685	17,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,645	1,775	1,875	11.1	11.3	11.0
5 to 14 years	6,350	3,130	3,215	19.4	20.0	18.9
15 to 24 years	8,645	3,945	4,700	26.4	25.2	27.6
25 to 44 years	11,425	5,630	5,795	34.9	35.9	34.0
45 years and over	2,670	1,200	1,465	8.2	7.7	8.6
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	32,740	15,685	17,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	5,015	2,290	2,725	15.3	14.6	16.0
Brazil	105	40	65	0.3	0.3	0.4
Colombia	125	45	75	0.4	0.3	0.4
El Salvador	145	70	80	0.4	0.4	0.5
Guyana	560	250	310	1.7	1.6	1.8
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	1,350	640	715	4.1	4.1	4.2
Mexico	190	85	110	0.6	0.5	0.6
Peru	65	30	30	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	535	245	285	1.6	1.6	1.7
United States of America	760	355	410	2.3	2.3	2.4
Other places of birth in Americas	1,170	525	645	3.6	3.3	3.8
Europe	12,790	6,160	6,630	39.1	39.3	38.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	70	40	30	0.2	0.3	0.2
Croatia	225	115	110	0.7	0.7	0.6
France	95	65	30	0.3	0.4	0.2
Germany	640	340	295	2.0	2.2	1.7
Greece	185	95	85	0.6	0.6	0.5
Hungary	125	55	75	0.4	0.4	0.4
Italy	2,895	1,500	1,400	8.8	9.6	8.2
Netherlands	480	260	220	1.5	1.7	1.3
Poland	1,050	455	595	3.2	2.9	3.5
Portugal	1,360	740	620	4.2	4.7	3.6
Romania	275	115	155	0.8	0.7	0.9
Russian Federation	175	85	90	0.5	0.5	0.5
Serbia⁸⁶	140	75	60	0.4	0.5	0.4
Ukraine	210	80	125	0.6	0.5	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,685	1,600	2,090	11.3	10.2	12.3
Other places of birth in Europe	1,180	535	650	3.6	3.4	3.8
Africa	1,280	635	650	3.9	4.0	3.8
Algeria	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	145	55	90	0.4	0.4	0.5
Eritrea	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopia	10	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Morocco	25	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	315	165	145	1.0	1.1	0.9
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	110	70	35	0.3	0.4	0.2
Other places of birth in Africa	635	290	350	1.9	1.8	2.1
Asia	13,500	6,530	6,970	41.2	41.6	40.9
Afghanistan	210	110	100	0.6	0.7	0.6
Iran⁸⁸	155	80	70	0.5	0.5	0.4
Iraq	375	195	185	1.1	1.2	1.1
Lebanon	75	35	45	0.2	0.2	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	85	45	40	0.3	0.3	0.2
Turkey	55	35	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
China⁹⁰	435	200	235	1.3	1.3	1.4
Hong Kong⁹¹	70	25	45	0.2	0.2	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	175	85	85	0.5	0.5	0.5
Taiwan	25	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Philippines	925	340	585	2.8	2.2	3.4
Viet Nam	230	95	135	0.7	0.6	0.8
Bangladesh	25	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	8,695	4,305	4,385	26.6	27.4	25.7
Pakistan	670	310	360	2.0	2.0	2.1
Sri Lanka	670	325	345	2.0	2.1	2.0
Other places of birth in Asia	630	325	300	1.9	2.1	1.8
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	150	70	80	0.5	0.4	0.5
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	2,325	1,060	1,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	270	125	150	11.6	11.8	11.9
Brazil	20	0	20	0.9	0.0	1.6
Colombia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	40	20	20	1.7	1.9	1.6
Mexico	10	10	0	0.4	0.9	0.0
United States of America	80	50	30	3.4	4.7	2.4
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	0	15	0.9	0.0	1.2
Other places of birth in Americas	90	35	60	3.9	3.3	4.7
Europe	260	145	120	11.2	13.7	9.5
France	10	10	0	0.4	0.9	0.0
Germany	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	60	25	30	2.6	2.4	2.4
Russian Federation	20	0	10	0.9	0.0	0.8
Ukraine	15	0	15	0.6	0.0	1.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	70	45	25	3.0	4.2	2.0
Other places of birth in Europe	90	65	25	3.9	6.1	2.0
Africa	140	65	75	6.0	6.1	5.9
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	20	10	10	0.9	0.9	0.8
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	25	10	15	1.1	0.9	1.2
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	40	20	20	1.7	1.9	1.6
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	30	15	20	1.3	1.4	1.6
Asia	1,630	710	915	70.1	67.0	72.3
Afghanistan	20	10	15	0.9	0.9	1.2
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	45	15	25	1.9	1.4	2.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	1,060	490	565	45.6	46.2	44.7
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraq	25	10	20	1.1	0.9	1.6
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	20	10	0	0.9	0.9	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	20	0	15	0.9	0.0	1.2
Lebanon	10	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.8
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	80	45	30	3.4	4.2	2.4
Philippines	220	60	155	9.5	5.7	12.3
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	45	20	20	1.9	1.9	1.6
Syria⁸⁹	70	40	30	3.0	3.8	2.4
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Arab Emirates	10	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.8
Viet Nam	10	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.8
Other places of birth in Asia	10	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.8
Oceania and other⁹³	20	10	10	0.9	0.9	0.8
Australia	20	10	10	0.9	0.9	0.8
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	141,575	70,690	70,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	35,210	17,080	18,130	24.9	24.2	25.6
Second generation¹⁰¹	41,230	20,720	20,510	29.1	29.3	28.9
Third generation or more¹⁰²	65,135	32,890	32,245	46.0	46.5	45.5
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	22,530	10,695	11,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	9,190	4,640	4,545	40.8	43.4	38.4
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	3,570	2,355	1,215	15.8	22.0	10.3
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	5,620	2,290	3,330	24.9	21.4	28.1
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	10,425	4,580	5,845	46.3	42.8	49.4
Refugees¹⁰⁸	2,600	1,340	1,265	11.5	12.5	10.7
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	315	135	185	1.4	1.3	1.6
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	22,530	10,695	11,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,255	715	540	5.6	6.7	4.6
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,105	1,045	1,065	9.3	9.8	9.0
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	360	170	190	1.6	1.6	1.6
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	870	445	425	3.9	4.2	3.6
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	195	105	85	0.9	1.0	0.7
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	17,750	8,215	9,535	78.8	76.8	80.5
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	141,575	70,690	70,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	35,405	17,490	17,920	25.0	24.7	25.3
South Asian	19,440	9,905	9,540	13.7	14.0	13.5
Chinese	1,100	515	585	0.8	0.7	0.8
Black	6,355	3,140	3,215	4.5	4.4	4.5
Filipino	1,435	585	850	1.0	0.8	1.2
Arab	805	425	375	0.6	0.6	0.5
Latin American	2,120	975	1,140	1.5	1.4	1.6
Southeast Asian	565	235	330	0.4	0.3	0.5
West Asian	725	325	400	0.5	0.5	0.6
Korean	280	150	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japanese	175	75	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,390	665	725	1.0	0.9	1.0
Multiple visible minorities	1,035	495	535	0.7	0.7	0.8
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	106,165	53,205	52,960	75.0	75.3	74.7
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	141,575	70,695	70,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	20,125	10,415	9,710	14.2	14.7	13.7
English	27,765	13,695	14,075	19.6	19.4	19.9
Irish	21,990	10,615	11,375	15.5	15.0	16.0
Scottish	22,340	10,935	11,405	15.8	15.5	16.1
French, n.o.s.¹²²	6,555	3,080	3,475	4.6	4.4	4.9
German	9,960	5,065	4,895	7.0	7.2	6.9
Chinese	1,665	805	855	1.2	1.1	1.2
Italian	22,110	11,265	10,845	15.6	15.9	15.3
Indian (India)	11,100	5,590	5,510	7.8	7.9	7.8
Ukrainian	3,515	1,715	1,800	2.5	2.4	2.5
Dutch	4,880	2,530	2,355	3.4	3.6	3.3
Polish	4,765	2,375	2,395	3.4	3.4	3.4
Québécois	205	95	115	0.1	0.1	0.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	5,785	2,745	3,040	4.1	3.9	4.3
Filipino	1,420	550	870	1.0	0.8	1.2
French Canadian	1,345	615	735	1.0	0.9	1.0
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,850	885	960	1.3	1.3	1.4
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	835	395	440	0.6	0.6	0.6
Métis	705	335	370	0.5	0.5	0.5
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,225	1,050	1,170	1.6	1.5	1.7
Russian	890	420	470	0.6	0.6	0.7
Norwegian	630	285	345	0.4	0.4	0.5
Welsh	2,105	1,050	1,055	1.5	1.5	1.5
Portuguese	5,840	3,035	2,805	4.1	4.3	4.0
American	1,225	565	660	0.9	0.8	0.9
Spanish	1,395	605	790	1.0	0.9	1.1
Swedish	485	230	255	0.3	0.3	0.4
Hungarian	1,360	640	720	1.0	0.9	1.0
Acadian	225	120	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistani	1,020	545	475	0.7	0.8	0.7
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,100	525	575	0.8	0.7	0.8
Jewish	525	250	280	0.4	0.4	0.4
Punjabi	3,860	1,990	1,870	2.7	2.8	2.6
Vietnamese	385	170	215	0.3	0.2	0.3
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	360	200	160	0.3	0.3	0.2
Greek	1,485	770	710	1.0	1.1	1.0
Jamaican	2,500	1,250	1,255	1.8	1.8	1.8
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	595	325	270	0.4	0.5	0.4
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	310	170	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	655	315	340	0.5	0.4	0.5
Lebanese	270	115	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	270	140	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	570	295	270	0.4	0.4	0.4
Danish	670	365	310	0.5	0.5	0.4
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	440	220	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sikh	2,990	1,530	1,465	2.1	2.2	2.1
Austrian	875	480	395	0.6	0.7	0.6
Belgian	480	275	205	0.3	0.4	0.3
Haitian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	910	450	455	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mexican	350	175	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mennonite	225	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Swiss	595	290	295	0.4	0.4	0.4
Finnish	485	230	255	0.3	0.3	0.4
Sri Lankan	880	420	460	0.6	0.6	0.6
Croatian	1,140	585	555	0.8	0.8	0.8
Japanese	245	105	135	0.2	0.1	0.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	635	300	335	0.4	0.4	0.5
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	350	185	165	0.2	0.3	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	315	165	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	190	105	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	230	125	100	0.2	0.2	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	455	220	240	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	360	190	175	0.3	0.3	0.2
Icelandic	80	35	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Colombian	230	120	105	0.2	0.2	0.1
Moroccan	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	390	205	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Syrian	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	1,090	525	565	0.8	0.7	0.8
Afghan	395	180	215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	485	215	260	0.3	0.3	0.4
Serbian	425	240	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ojibway	220	105	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Newfoundlander	605	325	285	0.4	0.5	0.4
Hong Konger	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	725	410	315	0.5	0.6	0.4
Persian	155	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	790	360	430	0.6	0.5	0.6
Turkish	260	140	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	65	40	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bangladeshi	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	195	65	125	0.1	0.1	0.2
Nigerian	295	155	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	360	165	200	0.3	0.2	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	245	145	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
Salvadorean	250	120	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	460	235	225	0.3	0.3	0.3
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	230	115	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	385	165	220	0.3	0.2	0.3
Algonquin	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	520	265	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Lithuanian	230	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	195	110	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Australian	210	95	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Palestinian	105	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	215	100	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Congolese	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	185	75	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Peruvian	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	990	500	490	0.7	0.7	0.7
Macedonian	380	195	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slovenian	450	140	310	0.3	0.2	0.4
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Brunswicker	110	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	135	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	190	90	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	105	35	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	75	60	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	290	145	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Barbadian	165	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	200	120	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	140	90	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	130	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	125	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	70	50	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Venezuelan	115	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	145	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	255	115	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	150	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	300	135	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Franco Ontarian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	270	130	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	165	65	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	305	160	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	115	40	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igbo	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	80	35	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Malaysian	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	80	35	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mauritian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	80	35	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sinhalese	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	75	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	40	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	135	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	150	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	141,575	70,690	70,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	500	250	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Christian	79,985	38,395	41,590	56.5	54.3	58.7
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	10,095	4,895	5,195	7.1	6.9	7.3
Anabaptist	460	225	245	0.3	0.3	0.3
Anglican	6,100	2,805	3,295	4.3	4.0	4.6
Baptist	1,405	635	770	1.0	0.9	1.1
Catholic	43,165	21,105	22,055	30.5	29.9	31.1
Christian Orthodox	1,945	995	950	1.4	1.4	1.3
Jehovah's Witness	770	360	410	0.5	0.5	0.6
Latter Day Saints	250	140	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lutheran	695	320	370	0.5	0.5	0.5
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	225	105	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,050	970	1,080	1.4	1.4	1.5
Presbyterian	2,385	1,015	1,370	1.7	1.4	1.9
Reformed	485	205	280	0.3	0.3	0.4
United Church	7,175	3,280	3,895	5.1	4.6	5.5
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,795	1,330	1,460	2.0	1.9	2.1
Hindu	4,555	2,255	2,300	3.2	3.2	3.2
Jewish	495	250	240	0.3	0.4	0.3
Muslim	2,495	1,240	1,260	1.8	1.8	1.8
Sikh	12,120	6,295	5,825	8.6	8.9	8.2
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	540	215	320	0.4	0.3	0.5
No religion and secular perspectives	40,885	21,790	19,095	28.9	30.8	26.9
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	140,170	69,940	70,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	125,430	62,690	62,735	89.5	89.6	89.3
Movers	14,740	7,245	7,500	10.5	10.4	10.7
Non-migrants	4,660	2,250	2,415	3.3	3.2	3.4
Migrants	10,080	4,995	5,080	7.2	7.1	7.2
Internal migrants	9,575	4,765	4,815	6.8	6.8	6.9
Intraprovincial migrants	9,400	4,685	4,715	6.7	6.7	6.7
Interprovincial migrants	175	75	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
External migrants	505	235	270	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	134,055	66,755	67,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	84,695	42,545	42,145	63.2	63.7	62.6
Movers	49,355	24,210	25,145	36.8	36.3	37.4
Non-migrants	9,440	4,575	4,865	7.0	6.9	7.2
Migrants	39,915	19,635	20,275	29.8	29.4	30.1
Internal migrants	37,155	18,110	19,045	27.7	27.1	28.3
Intraprovincial migrants	36,235	17,700	18,535	27.0	26.5	27.5
Interprovincial migrants	925	415	505	0.7	0.6	0.8
External migrants	2,760	1,520	1,240	2.1	2.3	1.8
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	116,185	57,590	58,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	19,495	10,410	9,085	16.8	18.1	15.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	96,690	47,190	49,500	83.2	81.9	84.5
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	76,230	37,640	38,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	7,255	4,275	2,985	9.5	11.4	7.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	68,975	33,365	35,610	90.5	88.6	92.3
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	116,185	57,595	58,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	17,900	9,410	8,485	15.4	16.3	14.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	35,895	18,345	17,545	30.9	31.9	29.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	62,390	29,840	32,560	53.7	51.8	55.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	35,830	18,575	17,255	30.8	32.3	29.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,320	5,715	1,605	6.3	9.9	2.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,055	2,015	1,040	2.6	3.5	1.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	4,265	3,700	570	3.7	6.4	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	26,020	11,705	14,310	22.4	20.3	24.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,490	1,155	1,335	2.1	2.0	2.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	26,565	11,265	15,305	22.9	19.6	26.1
Bachelor's degree	18,910	7,960	10,950	16.3	13.8	18.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,995	815	1,180	1.7	1.4	2.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	480	240	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Master's degree	4,745	1,990	2,750	4.1	3.5	4.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	435	250	180	0.4	0.4	0.3
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	76,230	37,635	38,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	6,325	3,700	2,630	8.3	9.8	6.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	21,220	11,340	9,875	27.8	30.1	25.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	48,685	22,600	26,085	63.9	60.1	67.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	27,665	14,070	13,595	36.3	37.4	35.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,205	4,080	1,120	6.8	10.8	2.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,115	1,395	725	2.8	3.7	1.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,085	2,685	395	4.0	7.1	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	20,655	9,185	11,470	27.1	24.4	29.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,810	805	1,010	2.4	2.1	2.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	21,015	8,525	12,490	27.6	22.7	32.4
Bachelor's degree	14,910	6,100	8,810	19.6	16.2	22.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,570	575	990	2.1	1.5	2.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	405	195	210	0.5	0.5	0.5
Master's degree	3,830	1,500	2,330	5.0	4.0	6.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	300	150	145	0.4	0.4	0.4
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	116,185	57,595	58,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	53,790	27,755	26,035	46.3	48.2	44.4
Education	3,815	750	3,065	3.3	1.3	5.2
13. Education	3,815	750	3,065	3.3	1.3	5.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,245	915	1,335	1.9	1.6	2.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	235	185	50	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	2,015	730	1,285	1.7	1.3	2.2
Humanities	3,645	1,300	2,345	3.1	2.3	4.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	295	40	255	0.3	0.1	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	725	180	550	0.6	0.3	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,485	535	955	1.3	0.9	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	130	40	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	225	120	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	180	130	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	495	260	235	0.4	0.5	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	115	0	115	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,345	2,335	6,015	7.2	4.1	10.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	80	0	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	730	300	435	0.6	0.5	0.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,805	110	1,690	1.6	0.2	2.9
22. Legal professions and studies	1,495	395	1,100	1.3	0.7	1.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	185	45	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	1,230	265	965	1.1	0.5	1.6
45. Social sciences	2,820	1,215	1,610	2.4	2.1	2.7
Business, management and public administration	13,275	5,610	7,670	11.4	9.7	13.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,035	180	855	0.9	0.3	1.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	12,235	5,425	6,810	10.5	9.4	11.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,300	1,045	1,250	2.0	1.8	2.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	900	360	545	0.8	0.6	0.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	700	300	405	0.6	0.5	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	525	325	200	0.5	0.6	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,410	1,515	900	2.1	2.6	1.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,880	1,290	595	1.6	2.2	1.0
25. Library science	95	15	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	380	185	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	13,080	12,135	945	11.3	21.1	1.6
04. Architecture and related services	520	395	120	0.4	0.7	0.2
14. Engineering	2,595	2,115	480	2.2	3.7	0.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,725	2,485	240	2.3	4.3	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,850	2,825	20	2.5	4.9	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,100	3,070	35	2.7	5.3	0.1
48. Precision production	1,285	1,245	40	1.1	2.2	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,700	845	855	1.5	1.5	1.5
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,210	570	635	1.0	1.0	1.1
03. Natural resources and conservation	490	270	215	0.4	0.5	0.4
Health and related fields	7,400	1,320	6,080	6.4	2.3	10.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	950	425	520	0.8	0.7	0.9
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,375	850	5,525	5.5	1.5	9.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	4,155	2,060	2,095	3.6	3.6	3.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,900	455	1,450	1.6	0.8	2.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,620	1,065	555	1.4	1.8	0.9
49. Transportation and materials moving	625	535	90	0.5	0.9	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	76,230	37,635	38,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	27,550	15,045	12,510	36.1	40.0	32.4
Education	2,895	545	2,350	3.8	1.4	6.1
13. Education	2,895	545	2,350	3.8	1.4	6.1
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,815	715	1,100	2.4	1.9	2.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	160	120	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,660	595	1,065	2.2	1.6	2.8
Humanities	2,770	985	1,780	3.6	2.6	4.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	195	30	165	0.3	0.1	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	545	135	410	0.7	0.4	1.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,190	420	775	1.6	1.1	2.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	90	25	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	165	85	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	140	110	30	0.2	0.3	0.1
54. History	370	190	180	0.5	0.5	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	75	0	75	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,565	1,660	4,905	8.6	4.4	12.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	60	0	60	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	550	210	340	0.7	0.6	0.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,455	85	1,370	1.9	0.2	3.5
22. Legal professions and studies	1,265	300	970	1.7	0.8	2.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	120	30	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	910	155	760	1.2	0.4	2.0
45. Social sciences	2,205	890	1,315	2.9	2.4	3.4
Business, management and public administration	10,870	4,500	6,365	14.3	12.0	16.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	820	120	700	1.1	0.3	1.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,035	4,375	5,660	13.2	11.6	14.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,710	740	975	2.2	2.0	2.5
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	665	240	425	0.9	0.6	1.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	540	230	310	0.7	0.6	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	45	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	360	215	145	0.5	0.6	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,010	1,250	760	2.6	3.3	2.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,625	1,085	545	2.1	2.9	1.4
25. Library science	50	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	285	130	155	0.4	0.3	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,705	8,930	775	12.7	23.7	2.0
04. Architecture and related services	405	300	95	0.5	0.8	0.2
14. Engineering	1,920	1,485	435	2.5	3.9	1.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,055	1,875	180	2.7	5.0	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,235	2,225	10	2.9	5.9	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,230	2,215	15	2.9	5.9	0.0
48. Precision production	865	830	35	1.1	2.2	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,295	585	715	1.7	1.6	1.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	920	370	545	1.2	1.0	1.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	375	205	165	0.5	0.5	0.4
Health and related fields	5,735	1,015	4,725	7.5	2.7	12.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	690	290	395	0.9	0.8	1.0
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,980	685	4,305	6.5	1.8	11.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,290	1,675	1,615	4.3	4.5	4.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,475	355	1,115	1.9	0.9	2.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,355	915	440	1.8	2.4	1.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	460	395	60	0.6	1.0	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	76,230	37,635	38,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	27,550	15,045	12,510	36.1	40.0	32.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	48,680	22,595	26,085	63.9	60.0	67.6
Location of study inside Canada	40,870	18,805	22,065	53.6	50.0	57.2
Same as province or territory of residence	39,040	17,965	21,075	51.2	47.7	54.6
Different than province or territory of residence	1,830	845	995	2.4	2.2	2.6
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	7,810	3,790	4,020	10.2	10.1	10.4
Americas	1,775	900	880	2.3	2.4	2.3
United States of America	1,215	655	560	1.6	1.7	1.5
Mexico	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	150	80	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Brazil	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombia	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Peru	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	210	85	130	0.3	0.2	0.3
Europe	1,520	765	755	2.0	2.0	2.0
Belgium	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	25	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hungary	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	185	85	100	0.2	0.2	0.3
Romania	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	40	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	695	350	340	0.9	0.9	0.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	30	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	145	65	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Africa	290	175	115	0.4	0.5	0.3
Nigeria	95	70	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	70	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	95	60	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Asia	4,035	1,870	2,165	5.3	5.0	5.6
Iran⁸⁸	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraq	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	30	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Turkey	40	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	195	95	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Taiwan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Philippines	330	105	230	0.4	0.3	0.6
Viet Nam	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	2,875	1,345	1,530	3.8	3.6	4.0
Pakistan	210	110	105	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other locations of study in Asia	95	60	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Oceania	195	90	110	0.3	0.2	0.3
Australia	160	75	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealand	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	116,185	57,595	58,590	...	...	...
In the labour force	80,050	42,305	37,750	...	...	...
Employed	71,520	38,550	32,970	...	...	...
Unemployed	8,525	3,750	4,775	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	36,135	15,290	20,845	...	...	...
Participation rate	68.9	73.5	64.4	68.9	73.5	64.4
Employment rate	61.6	66.9	56.3	61.6	66.9	56.3
Unemployment rate	10.6	8.9	12.6	10.6	8.9	12.6
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	116,185	57,595	58,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	37,085	15,875	21,210	31.9	27.6	36.2
Worked	79,100	41,715	37,385	68.1	72.4	63.8
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	44,730	25,625	19,105	38.5	44.5	32.6
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	34,365	16,090	18,275	29.6	27.9	31.2
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.7	42.9	40.5	41.7	42.9	40.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	80,050	42,305	37,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,745	815	925	2.2	1.9	2.5
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	78,310	41,490	36,820	97.8	98.1	97.5
Employee	64,630	32,405	32,225	80.7	76.6	85.4
Permanent position	56,145	28,495	27,655	70.1	67.4	73.3
Temporary position	8,485	3,915	4,570	10.6	9.3	12.1
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,240	900	1,335	2.8	2.1	3.5
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,245	3,010	3,235	7.8	7.1	8.6
Self-employed¹⁹²	13,675	9,080	4,600	17.1	21.5	12.2
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	80,050	42,305	37,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,745	815	925	2.2	1.9	2.5
All occupations¹⁹¹	78,310	41,490	36,820	97.8	98.1	97.5
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,175	820	350	1.5	1.9	0.9
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	14,710	4,300	10,405	18.4	10.2	27.6
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	4,860	3,770	1,090	6.1	8.9	2.9
3 Health occupations	4,330	670	3,655	5.4	1.6	9.7
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	8,990	2,640	6,345	11.2	6.2	16.8
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,900	795	1,105	2.4	1.9	2.9
6 Sales and service occupations	18,005	7,770	10,240	22.5	18.4	27.1
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	17,745	16,085	1,660	22.2	38.0	4.4
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	2,275	1,590	685	2.8	3.8	1.8
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	4,320	3,040	1,275	5.4	7.2	3.4
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	80,050	42,305	37,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,745	815	925	2.2	1.9	2.5
All industries¹⁹¹	78,310	41,490	36,820	97.8	98.1	97.5
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,525	915	605	1.9	2.2	1.6
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	175	130	45	0.2	0.3	0.1
22 Utilities	400	325	75	0.5	0.8	0.2
23 Construction	8,935	7,620	1,315	11.2	18.0	3.5
31-33 Manufacturing	8,795	5,965	2,830	11.0	14.1	7.5
41 Wholesale trade	3,735	2,315	1,420	4.7	5.5	3.8
44-45 Retail trade	9,075	4,225	4,845	11.3	10.0	12.8
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	6,295	4,455	1,840	7.9	10.5	4.9
51 Information and cultural industries	1,170	630	535	1.5	1.5	1.4
52 Finance and insurance	2,970	1,225	1,745	3.7	2.9	4.6
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,595	835	760	2.0	2.0	2.0
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	5,330	2,725	2,610	6.7	6.4	6.9
55 Management of companies and enterprises	270	130	135	0.3	0.3	0.4
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,490	1,960	1,525	4.4	4.6	4.0
61 Educational services	5,935	1,445	4,480	7.4	3.4	11.9
62 Health care and social assistance	7,170	1,040	6,130	9.0	2.5	16.2
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,250	615	630	1.6	1.5	1.7
72 Accommodation and food services	3,395	1,230	2,160	4.2	2.9	5.7
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,265	1,770	1,495	4.1	4.2	4.0
91 Public administration	3,545	1,915	1,630	4.4	4.5	4.3
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	85,035	44,670	40,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	80,565	42,385	38,175	94.7	94.9	94.6
French	120	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	485	235	245	0.6	0.5	0.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	485	235	245	0.6	0.5	0.6
English and French	980	310	670	1.2	0.7	1.7
English and non-official language(s)	2,825	1,665	1,165	3.3	3.7	2.9
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	65	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	85,035	44,670	40,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	84,345	44,300	40,045	99.2	99.2	99.2
Official languages	83,480	43,865	39,620	98.2	98.2	98.1
English	83,250	43,795	39,455	97.9	98.0	97.7
French	235	75	160	0.3	0.2	0.4
Non-official languages	865	435	430	1.0	1.0	1.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	865	435	430	1.0	1.0	1.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	770	395	375	0.9	0.9	0.9
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	50	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	50	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	145	75	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
German	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	35	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	35	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	490	250	245	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages	490	250	245	0.6	0.6	0.6
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	475	250	230	0.6	0.6	0.6
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Chinese languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	695	370	325	0.8	0.8	0.8
English and French	120	10	110	0.1	0.0	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	555	350	200	0.7	0.8	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	85,035	44,670	40,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	81,780	43,010	38,775	96.2	96.3	96.0
English	450	190	260	0.5	0.4	0.6
French	760	285	475	0.9	0.6	1.2
Non-official language	1,650	985	660	1.9	2.2	1.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,650	985	660	1.9	2.2	1.6
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	315	170	150	0.4	0.4	0.4
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	71,520	38,555	32,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	17,695	7,530	10,165	24.7	19.5	30.8
Worked outside Canada	195	145	50	0.3	0.4	0.2
No fixed workplace address	10,310	8,225	2,085	14.4	21.3	6.3
Usual place of work	43,320	22,650	20,670	60.6	58.7	62.7
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	43,320	22,650	20,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	12,985	5,565	7,415	30.0	24.6	35.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	11,355	5,830	5,530	26.2	25.7	26.8
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	18,890	11,190	7,695	43.6	49.4	37.2
Commute to a different province or territory	95	65	30	0.2	0.3	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	53,635	30,880	22,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	50,455	29,420	21,030	94.1	95.3	92.4
Car, truck or van - as a driver	46,800	27,720	19,075	87.3	89.8	83.8
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,660	1,700	1,955	6.8	5.5	8.6
Public transit	610	305	305	1.1	1.0	1.3
Walked	1,560	730	825	2.9	2.4	3.6
Bicycle	105	80	25	0.2	0.3	0.1
Other method	910	345	570	1.7	1.1	2.5
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	53,635	30,880	22,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	12,355	5,505	6,850	23.0	17.8	30.1
15 to 29 minutes	11,425	5,930	5,490	21.3	19.2	24.1
30 to 44 minutes	13,500	8,260	5,240	25.2	26.7	23.0
45 to 59 minutes	8,160	5,240	2,920	15.2	17.0	12.8
60 minutes and over	8,190	5,935	2,255	15.3	19.2	9.9
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	53,635	30,880	22,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	6,530	5,000	1,530	12.2	16.2	6.7
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	10,130	6,905	3,225	18.9	22.4	14.2
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	12,420	6,605	5,810	23.2	21.4	25.5
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	9,870	4,430	5,440	18.4	14.3	23.9
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,505	2,855	3,650	12.1	9.2	16.0
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	8,190	5,085	3,100	15.3	16.5	13.6
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	31,840	16,405	15,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,215	1,105	1,105	7.0	6.7	7.2
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	29,625	15,290	14,330	93.0	93.2	92.8
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	23,750	12,220	11,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,740	865	880	7.3	7.1	7.6
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,005	485	515	4.2	4.0	4.5
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	745	375	370	3.1	3.1	3.2
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	22,005	11,355	10,650	92.7	92.9	92.4

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed July 1, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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