Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	DurhamMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	150,235	...	...
Population, 2016¹	130,872	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	14.8	...	...
Total private dwellings²	53,189	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	51,386	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	172.9	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	868.87	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	150,235	73,975	76,260
0 to 14 years	29,480	15,110	14,365
0 to 4 years	8,955	4,605	4,350
5 to 9 years	10,190	5,220	4,975
10 to 14 years	10,325	5,285	5,040
15 to 64 years	98,395	48,555	49,845
15 to 19 years	9,535	4,905	4,630
20 to 24 years	9,040	4,750	4,285
25 to 29 years	9,025	4,515	4,515
30 to 34 years	10,310	4,930	5,380
35 to 39 years	11,140	5,340	5,800
40 to 44 years	10,525	5,155	5,375
45 to 49 years	9,760	4,760	5,000
50 to 54 years	9,680	4,665	5,015
55 to 59 years	10,565	5,180	5,385
60 to 64 years	8,820	4,355	4,460
65 years and over	22,360	10,305	12,055
65 to 69 years	7,005	3,270	3,730
70 to 74 years	6,040	2,825	3,215
75 to 79 years	4,045	1,935	2,110
80 to 84 years	2,650	1,210	1,435
85 years and over	2,625	1,065	1,560
85 to 89 years	1,560	675	885
90 to 94 years	795	305	485
95 to 99 years	240	85	155
100 years and over	30	5	25
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	19.6	20.4	18.8
15 to 64 years	65.5	65.6	65.4
65 years and over	14.9	13.9	15.8
85 years and over	1.7	1.4	2.0
Average age of the population	39.0	38.2	39.7
Median age of the population	38.4	37.6	39.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	51,385	...	...
Single-detached house	40,415	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,630	...	...
Row house	4,920	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,190	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	2,460	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	690	...	...
Other single-attached house	60	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	30	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	51,390	...	...
1 person	8,905	...	...
2 persons	15,700	...	...
3 persons	9,390	...	...
4 persons	10,440	...	...
5 or more persons	6,950	...	...
Number of persons in private households	149,125	73,485	75,640
Average household size	2.9	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	120,760	58,860	61,895
Married or living common-law	73,520	36,740	36,785
Married	61,770	30,880	30,895
Living common-law	11,745	5,855	5,890
Living common law - Never married	7,840	3,925	3,915
Living common law - Separated	780	410	365
Living common law - Divorced	2,785	1,380	1,400
Living common law - Widowed	345	145	205
Not married and not living common-law	47,240	22,125	25,115
Not married and not living common law - Never married	32,215	17,210	15,010
Not married and not living common law - Separated	3,410	1,355	2,055
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,150	2,340	3,815
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,470	1,230	4,240
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	43,170	...	...
2 persons	18,355	...	...
3 persons	9,890	...	...
4 persons	10,350	...	...
5 or more persons	4,570	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	43,170	...	...
Total couple families	36,150	...	...
Married couples	30,280	...	...
With children⁶	18,880	...	...
Without children	11,405	...	...
Common-law couples	5,870	...	...
With children⁶	2,755	...	...
Without children	3,115	...	...
Total one-parent families	7,020	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	5,410	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,605	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	149,125	73,485	75,640
Total - Persons in census families	132,125	65,585	66,540
Married spouses or common-law partners	72,300	36,115	36,190
Parents in one-parent families	7,020	1,610	5,410
Children⁶	52,805	27,865	24,945
In a two-parent family	41,315	21,735	19,575
In a one-parent family	11,495	6,130	5,365
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	17,000	7,905	9,100
Living alone	8,910	3,990	4,920
Living with other relatives⁷	3,840	1,460	2,370
Living with non-relatives only	4,250	2,450	1,800
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	51,385	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	35,525	...	...
Couple-family households	30,765	...	...
With children⁶	18,610	...	...
Without children	12,155	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,760	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,890	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	545	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,045	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,475	...	...
One-person households	8,910	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	119,675	58,385	61,290
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	114,705	55,815	58,895
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,600	53,600	39,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	114,750	55,830	58,915
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	46,800	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	104,580	52,095	52,485
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	49,600	30,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	88,430	45,850	42,575
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	48,800	33,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	102,890	48,950	53,935
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,300	6,000	10,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	11,555	4,915	6,640
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,000	5,680	6,000
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	34,225	16,165	18,060
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	119,750	58,415	61,335
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	114,725	55,890	58,835
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,600	66,900	48,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	114,775	55,905	58,870
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,800	54,200	41,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	104,670	52,220	52,450
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,000	63,250	42,760
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	88,465	45,965	42,505
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,500	58,800	43,640
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	103,030	48,940	54,090
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,310	8,840	11,630
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	11,165	4,665	6,500
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,420	6,670	7,950
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	33,965	16,000	17,965
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,160	8,900	9,390
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	119,750	58,415	61,330
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	43,045	24,070	18,980
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	72,500	79,500	65,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	80,500	87,900	71,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	32,445	14,875	17,575
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,000	19,200	15,500
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,640	32,640	23,380
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.0	88.4	78.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.0	72.2	64.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.1	11.6	21.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	0.8	1.8
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.3	4.1	6.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.7	3.8	5.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	119,675	58,385	61,290
Without total income	4,965	2,565	2,395
With total income	114,710	55,815	58,895
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,520	3,930	5,590
$10,000 to $19,999	12,815	5,235	7,580
$20,000 to $29,999	15,330	6,360	8,970
$30,000 to $39,999	12,830	5,165	7,670
$40,000 to $49,999	11,890	5,390	6,500
$50,000 to $59,999	10,205	4,850	5,355
$60,000 to $69,999	8,450	4,215	4,240
$70,000 to $79,999	7,130	3,895	3,235
$80,000 to $89,999	5,695	3,320	2,375
$90,000 to $99,999	4,775	2,725	2,050
$100,000 and over	16,065	10,740	5,325
$100,000 to $149,999	11,480	7,255	4,225
$150,000 and over	4,580	3,480	1,095
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	119,675	58,385	61,290
Without after-tax income	4,930	2,555	2,370
With after-tax income	114,745	55,830	58,920
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,010	4,060	5,950
$10,000 to $19,999	13,470	5,545	7,930
$20,000 to $29,999	17,300	7,195	10,100
$30,000 to $39,999	15,210	6,440	8,765
$40,000 to $49,999	14,115	6,700	7,415
$50,000 to $59,999	11,585	5,780	5,800
$60,000 to $69,999	8,975	4,950	4,020
$70,000 to $79,999	7,000	4,025	2,975
$80,000 to $89,999	6,055	3,300	2,755
$90,000 to $99,999	3,560	2,340	1,220
$100,000 and over	7,465	5,485	1,985
$100,000 to $124,999	4,240	3,050	1,190
$125,000 and over	3,230	2,435	790
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	119,675	58,385	61,290
Without employment income	31,245	12,535	18,715
With employment income	88,425	45,850	42,575
Under $5,000 (including loss)	14,460	7,460	7,000
$5,000 to $9,999	6,925	2,900	4,030
$10,000 to $19,999	9,560	4,280	5,285
$20,000 to $29,999	6,775	3,020	3,750
$30,000 to $39,999	6,165	2,750	3,420
$40,000 to $49,999	6,410	2,900	3,505
$50,000 to $59,999	6,115	2,950	3,160
$60,000 to $69,999	5,695	2,945	2,745
$70,000 to $79,999	5,075	2,885	2,195
$80,000 to $89,999	4,270	2,550	1,720
$90,000 to $99,999	4,390	2,320	2,070
$100,000 and over	12,585	8,895	3,690
$100,000 to $124,999	6,315	4,090	2,225
$125,000 and over	6,270	4,800	1,470
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	119,675	58,385	61,290
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	112,145	54,465	57,685
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,400	53,600	37,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	112,205	54,465	57,740
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	46,400	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	103,180	51,310	51,870
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,600	52,000	33,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	88,505	45,705	42,800
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,800	52,000	36,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	96,600	45,740	50,860
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,220	850	5,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	8,805	3,515	5,295
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,640	4,920	6,200
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	119,750	58,415	61,335
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	112,180	54,535	57,645
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,750	64,200	45,840
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	112,255	54,535	57,715
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,320	52,000	39,040
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	103,395	51,475	51,920
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,050	63,200	43,040
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	88,755	45,920	42,835
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,250	60,150	43,720
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	96,925	45,860	51,065
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,770	5,395	8,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	8,705	3,510	5,195
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,490	5,865	8,580
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	119,750	58,415	61,330
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	42,840	23,965	18,875
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,000	76,500	60,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	76,500	84,800	66,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	30,455	13,965	16,495
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,400	26,600	21,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,160	40,560	28,760
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.4	93.0	84.6
Employment income (%)	75.4	79.0	70.8
Government transfers (%)	10.7	7.1	15.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.6	1.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	51,385	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	8,910	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	42,480	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	126,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	51,405	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	128,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	106,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	8,850	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	63,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,450	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	42,555	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	142,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	51,385	...	...
Under $5,000	285	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	145	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	295	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	475	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	770	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	940	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	860	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,025	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,200	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,335	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,750	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,870	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,095	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,005	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,045	...	...
$100,000 and over	29,285	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	7,180	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	6,055	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	8,330	...	...
$200,000 and over	7,715	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	51,385	...	...
Under $5,000	350	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	145	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	310	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	500	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	825	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,080	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,020	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,255	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,530	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,535	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,310	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,670	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,800	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,895	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,735	...	...
$100,000 and over	24,430	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	8,130	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	6,170	...	...
$150,000 and over	10,130	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	41,500	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	12,435	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	21,740	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	127,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	6,110	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	13,165	6,435	6,720
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,200	48,800	42,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,400	42,800	38,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	41,490	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	141,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,410	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	120,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	99,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	21,775	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	165,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	136,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	6,065	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	95,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	83,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	13,040	6,585	6,455
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	56,850	59,250	54,400
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	47,520	48,800	46,200
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	149,120	73,480	75,640
0 to 17 years	35,180	18,020	17,155
0 to 5 years	10,970	5,620	5,350
18 to 64 years	92,430	45,495	46,935
65 years and over	21,510	9,965	11,545
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	8,420	4,065	4,360
0 to 17 years	2,260	1,195	1,065
0 to 5 years	725	375	350
18 to 64 years	4,760	2,350	2,415
65 years and over	1,400	520	880
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	5.7	5.5	5.8
0 to 17 years (%)	6.4	6.6	6.2
0 to 5 years (%)	6.6	6.7	6.6
18 to 64 years (%)	5.2	5.2	5.1
65 years and over (%)	6.5	5.2	7.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	148,995	73,415	75,585
0 to 17 years	35,145	18,010	17,140
0 to 5 years	10,960	5,615	5,345
18 to 64 years	92,345	45,445	46,905
65 years and over	21,505	9,965	11,545
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	3,355	1,815	1,545
0 to 17 years	625	315	310
0 to 5 years	165	85	80
18 to 64 years	2,495	1,395	1,100
65 years and over	240	105	135
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	2.3	2.5	2.0
0 to 17 years (%)	1.8	1.7	1.8
0 to 5 years (%)	1.5	1.5	1.5
18 to 64 years (%)	2.7	3.1	2.4
65 years and over (%)	1.1	1.1	1.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	149,120	73,485	75,640
In bottom half of the distribution	57,400	27,695	29,705
In bottom decile	7,850	3,975	3,870
In second decile	9,805	4,495	5,310
In third decile	11,575	5,450	6,125
In fourth decile	13,470	6,500	6,965
In fifth decile	14,705	7,275	7,430
In top half of the distribution	91,725	45,790	45,935
In sixth decile	16,125	7,890	8,230
In seventh decile	18,155	8,995	9,160
In eighth decile	18,890	9,415	9,480
In ninth decile	20,655	10,330	10,320
In top decile	17,905	9,160	8,745
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	149,125	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.294	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.391	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.256	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	149,480	73,640	75,840
English only	137,105	68,455	68,645
French only	165	70	90
English and French	11,045	4,665	6,385
Neither English nor French	1,170	450	710
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	149,480	73,640	75,840
English	145,705	72,020	73,680
French	2,105	960	1,145
English and French	545	230	320
Neither English nor French	1,125	430	695
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	149,480	73,640	75,840
Single responses	144,920	71,475	73,450
Official languages	124,335	61,470	62,865
English	122,250	60,525	61,720
French	2,085	945	1,140
Non-official languages	20,585	10,000	10,585
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	5	5
Algonquian languages	10	0	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	5	0	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	20,570	9,995	10,580
Afro-Asiatic languages	880	465	410
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	10	5	0
Hausa	10	5	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	5	0	0
Cushitic languages	15	10	10
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	15	5	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	850	455	395
Amharic	10	0	10
Arabic	755	400	355
Aramaic languages	25	10	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	5	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	5	5	0
Hebrew	20	15	10
Maltese	40	25	15
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	235	115	120
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	15	15
Vietnamese	200	100	105
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	995	395	600
Bikol	5	0	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	5
Cebuano	30	5	20
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	25	10	15
Ilocano	40	15	30
Indonesian	20	5	10
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	5	0	5
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	10	10
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	845	345	500
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Creole languages	85	35	45
Haitian Creole	40	20	20
Jamaican English Creole	10	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	0	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Dravidian languages	3,080	1,535	1,550
Kannada	25	10	10
Malayalam	430	220	210
Tamil	2,355	1,160	1,200
Telugu	270	135	130
Tulu	5	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	5	0	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	12,345	6,045	6,300
Albanian	90	50	35
Armenian	45	20	20
Balto-Slavic languages	1,950	910	1,035
Baltic languages	40	15	25
Latvian	20	10	10
Lithuanian	20	5	15
Slavic languages	1,910	895	1,015
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	15	0	10
Czech	35	15	15
Macedonian	205	105	100
Polish	850	385	460
Russian	290	135	155
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	190	100	90
Bosnian	10	10	0
Croatian	90	50	40
Serbian	85	40	45
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Slovak	35	20	20
Slovene (Slovenian)	35	20	15
Ukrainian	255	110	140
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	5	5
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,310	600	715
Frisian	20	5	15
High German languages	640	285	355
German	625	285	340
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	10	5	10
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	600	290	310
Afrikaans	35	20	15
Dutch	560	270	285
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	5
Scandinavian languages	50	15	30
Danish	20	10	10
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	10	0	5
Swedish	15	5	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	255	125	135
Indo-Iranian languages	5,885	2,980	2,905
Indo-Aryan languages	4,555	2,305	2,250
Assamese	10	5	5
Bengali	335	165	170
Gujarati	695	355	345
Hindi	530	290	240
Kacchi	15	5	5
Kashmiri	5	5	0
Konkani	15	5	10
Marathi	50	25	20
Nepali	20	10	10
Oriya languages	10	5	0
Odia	10	5	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	610	300	305
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	0	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	105	50	55
Urdu	2,140	1,080	1,060
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Iranian languages	1,325	675	650
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	25	15	5
Parsi	5	0	0
Pashto	215	110	100
Persian languages	1,075	535	540
Dari	765	370	395
Iranian Persian	180	95	85
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	135	75	60
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,805	1,360	1,450
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	880	460	420
Portuguese	740	360	385
Romanian	145	70	80
Spanish	1,030	475	560
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	30	15	20
Korean	235	115	120
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	400	190	205
Akan (Twi)	70	35	30
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	15	5	10
Éwé	10	0	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	5
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	0	0
Gikuyu	5	0	5
Igbo	35	15	15
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	5
Lingala	10	5	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	5	5	5
Ndebele	5	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	10	10
Shona	10	5	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	35	15	15
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	15	10	10
Yoruba	120	60	65
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	30	15	15
American Sign Language	25	10	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,780	855	930
Chinese languages	1,770	850	920
Hakka	10	5	5
Mandarin	1,075	515	560
Min Dong	5	0	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	10	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	5
Yue (Cantonese)	630	305	330
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	5	5
Burmese	5	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	40	15	25
Lao	10	5	0
Thai	30	10	15
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	90	50	45
Azerbaijani	15	5	10
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	60	35	25
Uyghur	15	5	5
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	320	145	180
Estonian	25	15	10
Finnish	50	20	30
Hungarian	245	110	140
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Multiple responses	4,560	2,170	2,385
English and French	705	305	400
English and non-official language(s)	3,420	1,670	1,745
French and non-official language(s)	95	45	55
English, French and non-official language(s)	105	50	65
Multiple non-official languages	230	105	125
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	149,480	73,640	75,840
English	125,195	61,985	63,215
French	585	255	330
Non-official language	4,835	2,320	2,515
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	4,835	2,320	2,515
English and French	1,710	695	1,015
English and non-official language(s)	16,045	7,900	8,140
French and non-official language(s)	60	25	35
English, French and non-official language(s)	615	265	350
Multiple non-official languages	430	200	230
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	149,480	73,640	75,840
Single responses	145,075	71,480	73,595
Official languages	134,610	66,400	68,205
English	133,790	66,035	67,750
French	820	365	460
Non-official languages	10,465	5,075	5,390
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	10,465	5,075	5,390
Afro-Asiatic languages	450	220	235
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	5	0
Hausa	5	5	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	5	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	5	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	435	210	225
Amharic	5	0	5
Arabic	395	195	205
Aramaic languages	25	10	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	10	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	5	0	0
Hebrew	5	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	145	70	70
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	10	10
Vietnamese	125	60	65
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	395	170	220
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Cebuano	15	5	5
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	15	5	10
Ilocano	20	5	15
Indonesian	5	0	5
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	330	150	185
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Creole languages	30	15	20
Haitian Creole	15	5	10
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	5	0	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	2,210	1,070	1,135
Kannada	10	10	5
Malayalam	280	140	140
Tamil	1,750	840	905
Telugu	175	85	90
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	5,500	2,705	2,800
Albanian	45	25	20
Armenian	15	10	10
Balto-Slavic languages	665	315	345
Baltic languages	5	5	0
Latvian	5	5	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	655	310	345
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	10	5	5
Macedonian	75	35	40
Polish	315	155	160
Russian	165	75	85
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	50	25	25
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	25	5	15
Serbian	25	10	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	10	5	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	5	5
Ukrainian	40	15	25
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	80	35	50
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	45	20	25
German	45	20	25
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	35	15	20
Afrikaans	10	5	5
Dutch	25	5	15
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	75	30	45
Indo-Iranian languages	3,660	1,825	1,830
Indo-Aryan languages	2,910	1,460	1,445
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	235	115	120
Gujarati	455	235	220
Hindi	310	165	150
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	15	10	5
Nepali	5	5	5
Oriya languages	5	0	5
Odia	5	0	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	350	175	170
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	20	20
Urdu	1,465	730	735
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Iranian languages	750	365	380
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	15	10	5
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	115	55	65
Persian languages	615	295	315
Dari	445	215	230
Iranian Persian	95	45	50
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	70	40	35
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	965	470	495
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	140	65	75
Portuguese	285	135	155
Romanian	50	20	25
Spanish	490	245	245
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	5	0	0
Korean	155	80	80
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	100	40	60
Akan (Twi)	30	15	15
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	10	0	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	5
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	15	10	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	5	5	5
Yoruba	25	10	15
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	45	25	20
American Sign Language	45	25	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,285	615	665
Chinese languages	1,275	605	665
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	850	415	435
Min Dong	5	0	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	5	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	400	185	215
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	5	5
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	15	5	10
Lao	5	5	5
Thai	10	5	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	35	20	15
Azerbaijani	15	5	10
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	20	10	10
Uyghur	5	0	5
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	75	35	40
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	75	35	40
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	4,400	2,165	2,240
English and French	340	145	190
English and non-official language(s)	3,885	1,945	1,945
French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	85	35	50
Multiple non-official languages	55	20	40
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	149,480	73,645	75,835
None	134,230	66,325	67,905
English	4,740	2,320	2,420
French	1,300	520	785
Non-official language	7,350	3,565	3,785
Indigenous³⁹	20	5	10
Non-Indigenous	7,335	3,560	3,775
English and French	80	35	50
English and non-official language(s)	625	320	305
French and non-official language(s)	290	120	170
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	10	10
Multiple non-official languages	835	435	405
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	149,200	73,510	75,685
Official languages	148,030	73,015	75,015
English	147,825	72,925	74,895
French	11,330	4,785	6,545
Non-official languages	29,795	14,370	15,425
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	15	15
Algonquian languages	20	10	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	0	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	15	0	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	10	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	29,760	14,355	15,415
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,580	835	750
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	25	10	20
Hausa	25	10	20
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	10	0	10
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	10	0	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,545	825	720
Amharic	10	0	0
Arabic	1,385	750	635
Aramaic languages	65	30	35
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	45	25	25
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	60	30	25
Maltese	65	25	40
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	370	165	205
Khmer (Cambodian)	85	45	40
Vietnamese	285	120	165
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,430	570	860
Bikol	15	0	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	0	15
Cebuano	65	10	55
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	50	15	30
Ilocano	90	35	55
Indonesian	30	15	10
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	20	15	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	0	15
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,355	540	825
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	55	30	30
Creole languages	395	175	225
Haitian Creole	75	25	55
Jamaican English Creole	45	30	25
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	210	85	130
Creole languages, n.i.e.	55	35	25
Dravidian languages	4,590	2,300	2,295
Kannada	135	90	45
Malayalam	490	260	230
Tamil	3,685	1,835	1,850
Telugu	515	265	250
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	17,950	8,780	9,170
Albanian	155	70	85
Armenian	70	40	25
Balto-Slavic languages	2,315	1,135	1,180
Baltic languages	60	20	40
Latvian	40	10	30
Lithuanian	20	10	10
Slavic languages	2,265	1,115	1,145
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	30	10	15
Czech	55	25	30
Macedonian	350	185	165
Polish	1,030	495	535
Russian	325	135	195
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	215	105	110
Bosnian	10	0	10
Croatian	115	60	55
Serbian	130	60	75
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	55	25	30
Slovene (Slovenian)	80	45	30
Ukrainian	295	140	155
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	40	30	15
Irish	20	10	10
Scottish Gaelic	25	15	10
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,025	895	1,135
Frisian	55	20	35
High German languages	1,210	565	640
German	1,185	560	625
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	40	15	25
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	755	315	430
Afrikaans	65	30	35
Dutch	695	290	400
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	15	10
Scandinavian languages	95	20	75
Danish	45	10	35
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	10	0	10
Swedish	60	10	40
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	585	270	315
Indo-Iranian languages	8,885	4,525	4,360
Indo-Aryan languages	7,425	3,825	3,600
Assamese	25	10	15
Bengali	300	170	130
Gujarati	1,055	545	510
Hindi	2,705	1,390	1,315
Kacchi	45	25	15
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	25	10	20
Marathi	130	65	65
Nepali	35	20	15
Oriya languages	10	15	0
Odia	10	15	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,620	835	790
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	15	0	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	250	130	125
Urdu	3,730	1,940	1,785
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25
Iranian languages	1,710	820	895
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	45	25	20
Parsi	25	0	20
Pashto	290	165	130
Persian languages	1,535	720	815
Dari	1,070	470	600
Iranian Persian	325	180	145
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	155	90	70
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,295	2,045	2,250
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,280	665	620
Portuguese	900	450	450
Romanian	190	70	125
Spanish	2,045	900	1,145
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	55	20	35
Korean	365	160	205
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	1,210	590	620
Akan (Twi)	140	60	80
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	35	20	15
Éwé	10	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	10	0	0
Ganda	10	0	10
Gikuyu	15	10	0
Igbo	175	105	75
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	0	15
Lingala	140	65	70
Luba-Kasai	15	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	45	25	20
Shona	20	0	15
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	10	0
Swahili	195	110	85
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	10	0	0
Yoruba	350	170	175
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	170	75	95
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	160	70	100
American Sign Language	150	60	90
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,305	1,145	1,165
Chinese languages	2,280	1,125	1,150
Hakka	10	0	10
Mandarin	1,565	760	800
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	65	30	35
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,035	530	510
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	20	15
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	25	20	15
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	35	15	25
Lao	15	0	15
Thai	35	15	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	140	70	70
Azerbaijani	25	0	20
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	120	65	60
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	415	170	245
Estonian	55	25	30
Finnish	85	25	60
Hungarian	275	115	160
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	149,195	73,510	75,690
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	3,420	1,620	1,800
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	3,170	1,515	1,650
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,825	835	990
Métis	1,295	650	645
Inuk (Inuit)	50	30	20
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	135	65	70
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	115	40	75
Non-Indigenous identity	145,775	71,885	73,890
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	149,195	73,510	75,690
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	975	455	525
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	148,220	73,060	75,160
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	51,405	...	...
Owner	42,745	...	...
Renter	8,625	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	25	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	51,405	...	...
Condominium	3,610	...	...
Not condominium	47,795	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	51,405	...	...
No bedrooms	225	...	...
1 bedroom	2,250	...	...
2 bedrooms	6,500	...	...
3 bedrooms	21,745	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	20,685	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	51,405	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	6,120	...	...
5 rooms	6,880	...	...
6 rooms	8,915	...	...
7 rooms	8,925	...	...
8 or more rooms	20,560	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	7.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	51,405	...	...
One person or fewer per room	50,640	...	...
More than one person per room	760	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	51,405	...	...
Suitable	49,375	...	...
Not suitable	2,025	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	51,405	...	...
1960 or before	5,810	...	...
1961 to 1980	7,560	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,175	...	...
1991 to 2000	8,855	...	...
2001 to 2005	5,195	...	...
2006 to 2010	5,170	...	...
2011 to 2015	5,315	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	6,320	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	51,405	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	49,690	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,715	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	51,405	...	...
One-maintainer household	20,780	...	...
Two-maintainer household	27,600	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,025	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	51,405	...	...
15 to 24 years	550	...	...
25 to 34 years	6,475	...	...
35 to 44 years	10,920	...	...
45 to 54 years	10,570	...	...
55 to 64 years	10,640	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,080	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,835	...	...
85 years and over	1,330	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	50,825	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	39,975	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	10,845	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,865	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	51,400	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	13,610	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,990	...	...
Not suitable only	1,545	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,135	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	370	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	460	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	90	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	30	...	...
Acceptable housing	37,790	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	49,845	...	...
In core need	3,735	...	...
Not in core need	46,105	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	42,385	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	69.1	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,840	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,884	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	775,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	804,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	8,580	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	6.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	41.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	21.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,720	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,722	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	25	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	60.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	765	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	850	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	149,195	73,510	75,685
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	915	440	475
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	890	425	465
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	530	255	270
Métis single ancestry	345	155	190
Inuit single ancestry	20	10	10
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	20	15	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	20	15	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	4,145	1,975	2,175
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	4,050	1,935	2,115
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,940	1,380	1,560
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,090	540	550
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	100	40	60
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	85	35	50
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	144,135	71,095	73,040
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	149,195	73,510	75,685
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	141,125	69,565	71,560
Canadian citizens aged under 18	34,160	17,495	16,660
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	106,965	52,065	54,900
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	8,070	3,945	4,125
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	149,195	73,510	75,685
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	117,775	58,310	59,465
Immigrants⁸¹	29,940	14,295	15,640
Before 1980	7,245	3,435	3,810
1980 to 1990	3,320	1,580	1,735
1991 to 2000	5,710	2,785	2,930
2001 to 2010	6,795	3,245	3,550
2011 to 2021⁸²	6,870	3,250	3,620
2011 to 2015	3,230	1,530	1,700
2016 to 2021	3,635	1,715	1,915
Non-permanent residents⁸³	1,485	900	580
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	29,940	14,295	15,640
Under 5 years	3,260	1,555	1,700
5 to 14 years	6,335	3,225	3,105
15 to 24 years	6,285	2,895	3,395
25 to 44 years	12,155	5,770	6,380
45 years and over	1,905	840	1,060
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	29,940	14,295	15,640
Americas	5,850	2,590	3,265
Brazil	165	90	80
Colombia	150	55	95
El Salvador	75	45	35
Guyana	940	445	490
Haiti	75	25	50
Jamaica	1,820	805	1,015
Mexico	105	35	70
Peru	65	35	25
Trinidad and Tobago	625	300	330
United States of America	795	345	455
Other places of birth in Americas	1,025	410	620
Europe	8,505	4,085	4,420
Bosnia and Herzegovina	20	10	15
Croatia	65	30	35
France	80	45	35
Germany	570	280	290
Greece	225	120	105
Hungary	110	60	45
Italy	525	305	220
Netherlands	590	295	300
Poland	650	300	350
Portugal	335	180	155
Romania	180	65	115
Russian Federation	90	35	55
Serbia⁸⁶	105	35	75
Ukraine	165	65	105
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,905	1,870	2,035
Other places of birth in Europe	895	400	490
Africa	2,095	1,065	1,035
Algeria	35	15	20
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	175	70	105
Egypt	190	110	85
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	20	15	0
Morocco	55	30	30
Nigeria	605	320	280
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	205	125	80
Other places of birth in Africa	805	380	425
Asia	13,395	6,500	6,900
Afghanistan	820	395	425
Iran⁸⁸	220	125	95
Iraq	155	75	80
Lebanon	100	60	40
Syria⁸⁹	60	35	25
Turkey	50	30	25
China⁹⁰	1,295	590	705
Hong Kong⁹¹	165	85	85
Korea, South⁹²	220	95	125
Taiwan	10	0	0
Philippines	1,395	600	795
Viet Nam	225	95	130
Bangladesh	165	90	70
India	3,315	1,615	1,695
Pakistan	2,135	1,095	1,040
Sri Lanka	2,140	1,065	1,070
Other places of birth in Asia	935	450	490
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	85	55	30
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	3,640	1,715	1,920
Americas	595	275	325
Brazil	75	50	25
Colombia	25	0	20
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	160	80	80
Mexico	10	0	10
United States of America	140	40	95
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Americas	180	95	85
Europe	195	105	90
France	10	0	0
Germany	0	0	0
Ireland⁹⁶	10	0	0
Italy	0	0	0
Russian Federation	15	0	10
Ukraine	0	0	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	80	55	30
Other places of birth in Europe	60	30	30
Africa	400	225	175
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	25	0	15
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15	15	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	15	10	0
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	275	175	95
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	65	20	45
Asia	2,435	1,105	1,330
Afghanistan	90	40	55
Bangladesh	30	20	0
China⁹⁰	170	65	110
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	10
India	1,280	605	680
Iran⁸⁸	20	10	15
Iraq	25	10	15
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	0	0	0
Jordan	15	15	0
Korea, South⁹²	35	15	20
Lebanon	0	0	0
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	250	125	130
Philippines	155	60	100
Saudi Arabia	45	15	30
Sri Lanka	115	45	70
Syria⁸⁹	40	20	20
Turkey	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	15	10	10
Viet Nam	15	0	15
Other places of birth in Asia	90	45	45
Oceania and other⁹³	15	15	0
Australia	15	15	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	149,200	73,510	75,685
First generation¹⁰⁰	32,520	15,625	16,895
Second generation¹⁰¹	34,480	17,015	17,465
Third generation or more¹⁰²	82,200	40,865	41,325
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	22,695	10,860	11,835
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	10,525	5,420	5,105
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	4,075	2,680	1,390
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	6,455	2,745	3,715
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	7,870	3,145	4,720
Refugees¹⁰⁸	3,950	2,130	1,820
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	345	155	185
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	22,695	10,860	11,835
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,220	1,215	1,000
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	1,870	910	965
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	570	290	280
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,220	605	615
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	110	55	55
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	16,705	7,790	8,915
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	149,195	73,510	75,690
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	38,260	18,825	19,435
South Asian	14,105	7,235	6,870
Chinese	2,785	1,365	1,425
Black	10,405	4,925	5,475
Filipino	2,320	1,025	1,295
Arab	1,025	530	495
Latin American	1,330	625	710
Southeast Asian	705	335	370
West Asian	1,850	915	930
Korean	380	190	190
Japanese	220	115	105
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,540	770	770
Multiple visible minorities	1,585	785	805
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	110,935	54,685	56,250
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	149,195	73,510	75,685
Canadian	25,990	13,075	12,915
English	36,955	17,935	19,020
Irish	27,720	13,095	14,625
Scottish	28,455	13,730	14,725
French, n.o.s.¹²²	9,505	4,490	5,005
German	10,825	5,485	5,340
Chinese	3,250	1,600	1,655
Italian	7,265	3,760	3,505
Indian (India)	6,110	3,110	3,010
Ukrainian	3,950	1,965	1,980
Dutch	6,855	3,380	3,485
Polish	4,730	2,285	2,450
Québécois	170	65	110
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	7,095	3,350	3,740
Filipino	2,465	1,120	1,345
French Canadian	1,645	775	875
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,755	1,225	1,530
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,475	665	810
Métis	1,555	755	800
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,875	930	940
Russian	950	455	490
Norwegian	640	340	300
Welsh	2,995	1,475	1,515
Portuguese	2,360	1,200	1,160
American	1,265	605	665
Spanish	1,220	595	630
Swedish	730	380	350
Hungarian	1,390	660	730
Acadian	470	235	240
Pakistani	2,870	1,515	1,360
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,770	800	975
Jewish	390	165	225
Punjabi	565	305	260
Vietnamese	415	205	205
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	485	255	235
Greek	1,530	780	760
Jamaican	3,720	1,710	2,015
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	630	295	330
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	110	55	55
Korean	385	195	195
Romanian	560	275	285
Lebanese	400	230	170
Iranian	305	140	160
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	420	220	195
Danish	610	270	340
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	600	255	345
Sikh	245	125	120
Austrian	840	425	420
Belgian	430	245	185
Haitian	180	50	130
Hindu	920	495	420
Mexican	240	110	135
Mennonite	35	25	15
Swiss	770	350	420
Finnish	720	350	370
Sri Lankan	2,125	995	1,130
Croatian	385	195	190
Japanese	250	120	130
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	735	395	345
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	455	250	200
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	520	260	265
Muslim	615	340	275
Egyptian	240	125	120
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	300	125	175
Tamil	1,590	790	805
Icelandic	210	115	95
Colombian	160	65	90
Moroccan	50	25	20
Czech	390	175	215
Syrian	85	40	50
Guyanese	1,410	675	740
Afghan	1,410	665	740
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	935	420	515
Serbian	295	130	165
Ojibway	310	120	190
Newfoundlander	680	325	355
Hong Konger	105	45	55
Ontarian	880	435	445
Persian	150	90	60
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,030	535	495
Turkish	150	70	80
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	45	25	25
Bangladeshi	150	100	50
Algerian	20	10	10
Brazilian	270	125	145
Nigerian	565	325	240
Armenian	105	55	50
Slovak	365	180	185
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	195	75	120
Somali	10	0	10
Taiwanese	45	40	10
Iraqi	100	55	45
Salvadorean	125	55	65
African Caribbean	755	385	365
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	140	75	70
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	170	105	60
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	675	325	355
Algonquin	170	85	80
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	665	320	345
Lithuanian	255	120	135
South African	355	190	160
Australian	115	60	55
Palestinian	300	170	130
Chilean	140	60	85
Congolese	210	90	120
Nova Scotian	145	80	65
Ethiopian	95	55	40
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	125	70	55
Peruvian	115	75	45
Yoruba	255	135	115
Cambodian (Khmer)	75	35	40
Berber	0	0	0
Albanian	180	85	90
Maltese	600	295	305
Macedonian	775	405	370
Slovenian	275	140	130
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	225	100	125
New Brunswicker	75	20	55
Gujarati	95	50	40
Eritrean	0	0	0
African Canadian	280	115	165
Israeli	65	30	35
Mohawk	245	145	100
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	175	100	75
Bulgarian	95	35	55
Albertan	0	0	0
Ghanaian	165	90	75
Barbadian	380	160	225
African American	130	55	75
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	200	85	115
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	55	25	25
Cuban	125	55	70
Bosnian	30	10	15
Venezuelan	125	50	70
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	230	100	130
Bengali	80	40	35
Cameroonian	225	100	125
Guatemalan	140	80	65
Indonesian	115	60	55
Laotian	20	10	10
Ilocano	55	20	40
Northern Irish	320	170	155
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	125	45	80
British Columbian	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	80	30	50
Franco Ontarian	35	15	25
Argentinian	100	50	60
Estonian	165	70	90
Kurdish	45	30	15
Fijian	80	40	40
Jatt	60	25	30
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	155	80	75
Coptic	85	55	30
Thai	40	15	25
Dominican	100	40	60
Nepali	40	25	15
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	60	30	35
Igbo	135	65	70
Byelorussian	55	30	35
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	25	15	10
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	0	0	0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	20	10	10
New Zealander	40	30	10
Sudanese	35	20	10
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	115	45	70
Malaysian	70	40	30
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0
Huron (Wendat)	20	10	10
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0
Buddhist	25	15	10
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	20	0	15
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	65	25	45
Ivorian	10	0	10
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	50	25	25
Burundian	30	15	10
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	30	25	10
Mauritian	0	0	0
Kenyan	40	25	15
Oji-Cree	10	0	10
Vincentian	135	55	75
Jordanian	90	60	30
Manitoban	25	10	15
Cape Bretoner	25	20	0
Rwandan	15	0	15
Grenadian	105	50	55
Malayali	155	60	95
Chaldean	15	0	15
Sinhalese	100	55	50
Mayan	0	0	0
Honduran	30	0	25
Cherokee	35	10	25
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	65	30	35
Indo-Caribbean	160	65	95
Flemish	25	10	15
United Empire Loyalist	20	10	10
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Sicilian	100	70	30
Pashtun	130	80	55
Malay	0	0	0
Goan	25	10	15
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	70	35	35
Tibetan	30	15	15
Zimbabwean	10	0	10
Burmese	10	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Azorean	15	0	15
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	45	20	30
Indo-Guyanese	115	70	45
Ugandan	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	50	35	25
Yemeni	0	0	0
Central African	90	40	50
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	0	0	0
Uruguayan	35	25	10
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	40	15	20
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	10	0	0
St. Lucian	95	50	45
Prince Edward Islander	25	10	10
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	20	10	10
Telugu	60	25	30
Roma	15	10	10
Costa Rican	30	10	20
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	55	25	35
Singaporean	15	0	10
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	40	25	10
Tajik	80	40	45
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	149,195	73,505	75,690
Buddhist	690	320	360
Christian	77,770	36,170	41,600
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	12,725	5,945	6,785
Anabaptist	50	20	30
Anglican	6,645	3,005	3,640
Baptist	2,125	995	1,125
Catholic	32,325	15,320	17,010
Christian Orthodox	2,010	1,000	1,010
Jehovah's Witness	500	235	270
Latter Day Saints	360	170	200
Lutheran	860	390	475
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	525	220	305
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,875	1,340	1,535
Presbyterian	1,725	800	930
Reformed	760	365	400
United Church	10,405	4,630	5,770
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,870	1,745	2,120
Hindu	6,135	3,120	3,010
Jewish	365	160	210
Muslim	7,910	4,065	3,845
Sikh	660	315	345
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	55	30	20
Other religions and spiritual traditions	670	280	390
No religion and secular perspectives	54,940	29,045	25,900
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	147,595	72,680	74,910
Non-movers	130,825	64,370	66,455
Movers	16,765	8,315	8,455
Non-migrants	6,365	3,130	3,235
Migrants	10,405	5,180	5,220
Internal migrants	9,745	4,830	4,910
Intraprovincial migrants	9,560	4,740	4,830
Interprovincial migrants	180	95	85
External migrants	655	350	310
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	140,250	69,050	71,200
Non-movers	82,295	40,550	41,750
Movers	57,950	28,500	29,450
Non-migrants	15,420	7,570	7,850
Migrants	42,535	20,935	21,605
Internal migrants	39,075	19,200	19,875
Intraprovincial migrants	37,500	18,360	19,135
Interprovincial migrants	1,575	835	740
External migrants	3,460	1,735	1,725
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	119,750	58,415	61,330
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	18,020	9,705	8,310
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	101,730	48,710	53,020
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	79,660	38,665	41,000
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	6,345	3,690	2,660
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	73,315	34,975	38,340
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	119,750	58,415	61,335
No certificate, diploma or degree	16,285	8,615	7,675
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	34,675	17,770	16,910
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	68,785	32,030	36,755
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	41,710	20,725	20,990
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,250	5,585	1,670
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,030	1,920	1,110
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	4,215	3,660	550
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	32,155	14,155	18,000
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,310	980	1,320
Bachelor's degree or higher	27,070	11,310	15,760
Bachelor's degree	19,255	7,700	11,560
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,750	700	1,055
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	505	235	270
Master's degree	5,025	2,345	2,680
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	540	335	205
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	79,665	38,660	41,000
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,330	3,080	2,250
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	19,920	10,670	9,250
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	54,415	24,915	29,505
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	32,270	15,900	16,375
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,040	3,935	1,105
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,005	1,270	740
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,035	2,665	370
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	25,550	11,280	14,270
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,680	685	1,000
Bachelor's degree or higher	22,140	9,015	13,130
Bachelor's degree	15,565	6,130	9,435
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,445	545	900
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	400	155	250
Master's degree	4,330	1,965	2,365
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	400	215	180
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	119,745	58,415	61,335
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	50,965	26,380	24,580
Education	3,895	875	3,015
13. Education	3,895	875	3,015
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,330	1,065	1,265
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	355	270	85
50. Visual and performing arts	1,970	795	1,180
Humanities	3,085	1,055	2,035
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	295	55	245
23. English language and literature/letters	760	150	610
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	890	310	580
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	165	50	120
38. Philosophy and religious studies	120	45	75
39. Theology and religious vocations	325	200	125
54. History	415	230	185
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	120	20	100
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,045	2,310	6,735
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	95	10	90
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,040	375	665
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,845	90	1,760
22. Legal professions and studies	1,685	375	1,310
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	195	50	145
42. Psychology	1,530	245	1,280
45. Social sciences	2,650	1,165	1,485
Business, management and public administration	13,905	5,420	8,485
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	0	15
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,415	195	1,220
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	12,465	5,220	7,245
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,270	965	1,310
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,045	385	660
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	550	215	335
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	60	10	50
40. Physical sciences	430	270	160
41. Science technologies/technicians	190	85	105
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,000	2,075	935
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,575	1,865	710
25. Library science	95	10	80
27. Mathematics and statistics	305	165	140
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	30	30	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	14,110	13,005	1,105
04. Architecture and related services	420	345	75
14. Engineering	2,740	2,225	520
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,905	3,550	360
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	2,985	2,935	50
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,750	2,690	65
48. Precision production	1,305	1,265	40
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,360	625	730
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	960	375	585
03. Natural resources and conservation	400	255	145
Health and related fields	10,770	1,905	8,870
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,210	585	625
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	9,405	1,245	8,160
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	35	0	30
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	120	65	50
Personal, protective and transportation services	4,990	2,730	2,260
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,955	445	1,515
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	20	20	0
43. Security and protective services	2,335	1,620	715
49. Transportation and materials moving	675	640	35
Other¹⁷⁹	20	10	15
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	79,660	38,660	41,000
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	25,245	13,745	11,500
Education	2,960	680	2,275
13. Education	2,960	680	2,275
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,820	815	1,005
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	250	205	40
50. Visual and performing arts	1,570	610	965
Humanities	2,240	725	1,510
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	225	25	195
23. English language and literature/letters	555	105	450
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	630	230	400
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	130	45	85
38. Philosophy and religious studies	80	20	60
39. Theology and religious vocations	220	125	95
54. History	320	160	160
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	80	15	65
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,545	1,855	5,685
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	75	10	70
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	915	325	595
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,515	75	1,440
22. Legal professions and studies	1,500	305	1,195
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	150	45	110
42. Psychology	1,215	200	1,015
45. Social sciences	2,175	905	1,270
Business, management and public administration	11,415	4,405	7,010
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,195	150	1,050
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,205	4,250	5,960
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,730	680	1,050
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	825	300	530
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	430	140	290
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	45	10	35
40. Physical sciences	280	165	115
41. Science technologies/technicians	140	55	85
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,580	1,790	795
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,250	1,630	620
25. Library science	70	10	55
27. Mathematics and statistics	240	120	115
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	25	20	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,755	9,795	955
04. Architecture and related services	330	265	65
14. Engineering	2,220	1,755	470
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,070	2,785	285
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	2,245	2,200	45
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,975	1,915	55
48. Precision production	915	880	30
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,125	510	615
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	795	295	500
03. Natural resources and conservation	325	215	115
Health and related fields	8,280	1,460	6,825
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	980	455	525
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,180	955	6,220
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	35	0	30
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	95	45	45
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,960	2,195	1,765
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,505	335	1,175
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0
43. Security and protective services	1,940	1,370	570
49. Transportation and materials moving	505	490	15
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	79,660	38,660	41,000
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	25,245	13,745	11,500
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	54,415	24,915	29,500
Location of study inside Canada	46,345	21,040	25,300
Same as province or territory of residence	44,100	19,960	24,130
Different than province or territory of residence	2,250	1,080	1,170
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	8,070	3,875	4,195
Americas	2,110	1,040	1,075
United States of America	1,325	695	635
Mexico	40	10	30
Cuba	25	10	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	245	110	140
Brazil	85	35	50
Colombia	50	15	35
Peru	10	0	0
Venezuela⁹⁵	55	25	30
Other locations of study in Americas	280	135	140
Europe	1,430	760	665
Belgium	0	0	0
France	35	25	10
Germany	65	40	25
Netherlands	25	15	10
Switzerland	25	10	10
Hungary	20	0	20
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	120	65	60
Romania	75	35	45
Russian Federation	65	40	25
Ukraine	60	25	40
Ireland⁹⁶	40	30	10
United Kingdom⁸⁷	695	395	300
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Italy	0	0	0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Europe	190	80	105
Africa	495	265	230
Nigeria	175	100	80
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	10	10	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	90	45	45
South Africa, Republic of	45	20	20
Other locations of study in Africa	165	90	80
Asia	3,855	1,755	2,095
Iran⁸⁸	95	45	50
Iraq	40	15	25
Israel	10	10	0
Lebanon	30	20	10
Syria⁸⁹	0	0	0
Turkey	15	0	15
China⁹⁰	305	125	185
Taiwan	0	0	0
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	10
Japan	15	10	0
Korea, South⁹²	70	25	45
Philippines	495	180	310
Viet Nam	25	0	20
Bangladesh	50	15	30
Sri Lanka	155	90	65
India	1,735	830	905
Pakistan	610	305	305
Other locations of study in Asia	190	85	100
Oceania	185	50	130
Australia	170	50	120
New Zealand	15	0	0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	119,750	58,415	61,335
In the labour force	79,735	41,295	38,435
Employed	70,270	36,895	33,375
Unemployed	9,460	4,400	5,060
Not in the labour force	40,015	17,115	22,895
Participation rate	66.6	70.7	62.7
Employment rate	58.7	63.2	54.4
Unemployment rate	11.9	10.7	13.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	119,745	58,415	61,335
Did not work¹⁸⁶	41,255	17,745	23,510
Worked	78,495	40,670	37,825
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	44,080	24,715	19,365
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	34,415	15,960	18,460
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.7	42.4	40.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	79,735	41,300	38,435
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,340	1,130	1,205
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	77,395	40,165	37,230
Employee	66,970	33,885	33,085
Permanent position	57,875	29,520	28,355
Temporary position	9,095	4,365	4,730
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,835	1,345	1,490
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,260	3,015	3,240
Self-employed¹⁹²	10,425	6,285	4,140
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	79,735	41,300	38,435
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,340	1,130	1,205
All occupations¹⁹¹	77,395	40,165	37,230
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	740	500	240
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	13,275	3,930	9,350
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,205	4,855	1,350
3 Health occupations	6,305	965	5,340
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	10,290	3,435	6,855
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,960	780	1,180
6 Sales and service occupations	19,275	8,615	10,655
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	14,440	13,315	1,125
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,660	1,260	405
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,240	2,515	730
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	79,735	41,300	38,435
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,340	1,130	1,205
All industries¹⁹¹	77,395	40,165	37,230
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,220	765	455
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	125	115	10
22 Utilities	2,635	2,005	625
23 Construction	7,265	6,485	780
31-33 Manufacturing	5,240	3,820	1,415
41 Wholesale trade	2,340	1,640	700
44-45 Retail trade	9,205	4,605	4,605
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,610	2,815	800
51 Information and cultural industries	1,605	970	630
52 Finance and insurance	3,660	1,595	2,070
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,445	690	755
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	5,275	2,685	2,585
55 Management of companies and enterprises	290	145	140
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,905	2,215	1,690
61 Educational services	6,495	1,880	4,615
62 Health care and social assistance	9,990	1,515	8,475
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,475	750	720
72 Accommodation and food services	3,800	1,540	2,265
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,090	1,415	1,670
91 Public administration	4,735	2,520	2,215
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	84,110	43,335	40,775
English	81,265	42,045	39,220
French	310	80	225
Non-official language	285	170	115
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	285	170	115
English and French	1,140	440	700
English and non-official language(s)	1,050	585	470
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	35	10	25
Multiple non-official languages	30	10	20
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	84,110	43,335	40,775
Single responses	83,685	43,180	40,500
Official languages	83,175	42,900	40,275
English	82,720	42,795	39,930
French	455	110	345
Non-official languages	510	280	225
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	510	280	225
Afro-Asiatic languages	15	10	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	15	10	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	10	10	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	20	10	10
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	15	10	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	10	0	10
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	30	15	20
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	30	15	20
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	130	65	70
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	15	10	10
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	15	10	10
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	10	10	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	65	25	40
Indo-Aryan languages	35	10	25
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	15	0	10
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	15	10	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	25	15	15
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	25	15	15
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	25	15	15
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	50	30	20
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	10	10	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	35	20	15
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	10	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	285	175	110
Chinese languages	285	175	110
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	195	120	70
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	90	60	30
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	430	155	275
English and French	255	60	190
English and non-official language(s)	175	95	85
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	84,110	43,335	40,775
None	82,260	42,440	39,820
English	310	120	195
French	740	345	395
Non-official language	645	360	285
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	640	360	280
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	25	10	20
French and non-official language(s)	30	10	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	95	50	50
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	70,270	36,895	33,375
Worked at home	17,910	7,875	10,030
Worked outside Canada	170	115	50
No fixed workplace address	9,310	7,250	2,060
Usual place of work	42,885	21,655	21,230
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	42,885	21,655	21,230
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	15,055	6,430	8,625
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	16,670	8,275	8,395
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	11,115	6,920	4,195
Commute to a different province or territory	50	30	20
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	52,190	28,905	23,290
Car, truck or van	48,050	27,185	20,865
Car, truck or van - as a driver	44,815	25,775	19,040
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,230	1,410	1,825
Public transit	1,645	735	905
Walked	1,375	535	840
Bicycle	65	50	10
Other method	1,060	395	665
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	52,190	28,905	23,290
Less than 15 minutes	12,475	5,380	7,100
15 to 29 minutes	16,110	8,140	7,970
30 to 44 minutes	9,955	5,860	4,095
45 to 59 minutes	5,805	3,820	1,990
60 minutes and over	7,850	5,715	2,135
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	52,190	28,905	23,290
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	5,855	4,520	1,335
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	10,235	6,450	3,790
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	11,785	6,040	5,745
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	9,040	3,870	5,170
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,140	2,675	3,470
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	9,130	5,345	3,785
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	35,830	18,360	17,470
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,040	1,475	1,560
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	32,790	16,885	15,905
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	26,165	13,395	12,780
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,325	1,110	1,215
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,320	590	730
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,005	520	485
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	23,845	12,285	11,565

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 23, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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