Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Mississauga--Erin MillsMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	123,371	...	...
Population, 2016¹	122,560	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	0.7	...	...
Total private dwellings²	40,168	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	39,022	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	3,644.3	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	33.85	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	123,370	59,980	63,390
0 to 14 years	20,090	10,290	9,805
0 to 4 years	5,205	2,640	2,565
5 to 9 years	6,525	3,360	3,165
10 to 14 years	8,365	4,290	4,075
15 to 64 years	84,385	40,965	43,425
15 to 19 years	9,085	4,740	4,340
20 to 24 years	9,280	4,815	4,470
25 to 29 years	8,410	4,370	4,040
30 to 34 years	7,430	3,620	3,810
35 to 39 years	7,455	3,505	3,945
40 to 44 years	7,490	3,305	4,180
45 to 49 years	8,510	3,860	4,650
50 to 54 years	9,295	4,280	5,010
55 to 59 years	9,485	4,600	4,885
60 to 64 years	7,955	3,865	4,090
65 years and over	18,890	8,725	10,170
65 to 69 years	6,065	2,950	3,120
70 to 74 years	4,920	2,315	2,600
75 to 79 years	3,330	1,575	1,760
80 to 84 years	2,205	1,040	1,165
85 years and over	2,365	845	1,525
85 to 89 years	1,440	550	890
90 to 94 years	655	225	435
95 to 99 years	235	60	175
100 years and over	35	5	25
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.3	17.2	15.5
15 to 64 years	68.4	68.3	68.5
65 years and over	15.3	14.5	16.0
85 years and over	1.9	1.4	2.4
Average age of the population	40.2	39.2	41.1
Median age of the population	40.0	38.0	41.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	39,020	...	...
Single-detached house	16,430	...	...
Semi-detached house	5,940	...	...
Row house	9,170	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	655	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	1,600	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	5,225	...	...
Other single-attached house	0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	39,025	...	...
1 person	5,890	...	...
2 persons	9,890	...	...
3 persons	7,745	...	...
4 persons	8,670	...	...
5 or more persons	6,825	...	...
Number of persons in private households	122,305	59,640	62,665
Average household size	3.1	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	103,280	49,685	53,590
Married or living common-law	59,970	29,830	30,140
Married	56,565	28,130	28,430
Living common-law	3,410	1,695	1,710
Living common law - Never married	2,210	1,115	1,095
Living common law - Separated	170	90	80
Living common law - Divorced	930	440	490
Living common law - Widowed	100	50	45
Not married and not living common-law	43,310	19,860	23,450
Not married and not living common law - Never married	32,395	17,110	15,285
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,915	610	1,305
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	4,230	1,230	2,995
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,770	910	3,860
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	34,525	...	...
2 persons	12,390	...	...
3 persons	8,635	...	...
4 persons	9,105	...	...
5 or more persons	4,395	...	...
Average size of census families	3.2	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	34,525	...	...
Total couple families	29,055	...	...
Married couples	27,360	...	...
With children⁶	19,035	...	...
Without children	8,325	...	...
Common-law couples	1,695	...	...
With children⁶	715	...	...
Without children	985	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,465	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,565	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	900	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	122,305	59,640	62,670
Total - Persons in census families	110,565	54,945	55,620
Married spouses or common-law partners	58,115	29,045	29,070
Parents in one-parent families	5,470	900	4,565
Children⁶	46,985	25,005	21,985
In a two-parent family	38,095	20,245	17,850
In a one-parent family	8,885	4,755	4,135
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	11,740	4,690	7,045
Living alone	5,890	2,245	3,645
Living with other relatives⁷	3,470	1,155	2,315
Living with non-relatives only	2,380	1,290	1,085
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	39,020	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	27,365	...	...
Couple-family households	23,410	...	...
With children⁶	16,315	...	...
Without children	7,095	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,960	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,880	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	550	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,410	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	925	...	...
One-person households	5,890	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	102,230	49,355	52,875
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	96,155	46,365	49,780
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	44,800	35,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	96,275	46,420	49,855
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	40,000	32,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	85,195	42,275	42,920
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	42,800	29,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	69,960	35,885	34,075
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	46,000	34,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,550	41,295	45,255
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,600	5,160	8,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,275	3,390	4,890
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	31,520	15,360	16,155
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	8,000	9,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	102,165	49,355	52,805
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	96,150	46,455	49,700
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,550	62,900	46,720
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	96,290	46,525	49,765
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,040	50,720	39,760
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	85,070	42,365	42,705
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,950	60,800	43,160
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	69,935	35,980	33,955
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,800	61,600	45,480
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,805	41,465	45,340
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,520	8,360	10,590
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,360	3,505	4,860
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,075	5,735	6,320
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	31,565	15,410	16,160
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,580	9,530	9,630
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	102,160	49,355	52,810
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	34,035	18,855	15,180
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	72,000	79,000	65,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	84,800	93,700	73,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,370	12,425	13,940
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,300	16,000	14,500
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,800	29,360	24,540
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.2	88.2	79.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	71.8	75.8	66.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.8	11.9	20.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.7	1.3
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.4	5.4	7.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.8	5.0	6.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	102,225	49,350	52,870
Without total income	6,075	2,985	3,090
With total income	96,150	46,370	49,785
Under $10,000 (including loss)	11,615	4,825	6,790
$10,000 to $19,999	12,320	5,525	6,790
$20,000 to $29,999	14,270	6,440	7,830
$30,000 to $39,999	10,335	4,570	5,770
$40,000 to $49,999	8,870	3,785	5,085
$50,000 to $59,999	7,215	3,265	3,955
$60,000 to $69,999	5,985	2,890	3,095
$70,000 to $79,999	5,075	2,610	2,470
$80,000 to $89,999	3,985	2,195	1,790
$90,000 to $99,999	3,405	1,920	1,485
$100,000 and over	13,080	8,345	4,730
$100,000 to $149,999	8,910	5,375	3,540
$150,000 and over	4,170	2,975	1,195
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	102,225	49,350	52,870
Without after-tax income	5,950	2,930	3,020
With after-tax income	96,275	46,425	49,850
Under $10,000 (including loss)	12,065	4,995	7,070
$10,000 to $19,999	12,795	5,780	7,020
$20,000 to $29,999	15,690	7,030	8,660
$30,000 to $39,999	12,035	5,350	6,680
$40,000 to $49,999	10,235	4,520	5,715
$50,000 to $59,999	8,225	3,985	4,240
$60,000 to $69,999	6,530	3,390	3,145
$70,000 to $79,999	5,000	2,745	2,255
$80,000 to $89,999	4,260	2,260	2,000
$90,000 to $99,999	2,750	1,690	1,060
$100,000 and over	6,680	4,670	2,010
$100,000 to $124,999	3,640	2,445	1,190
$125,000 and over	3,040	2,220	820
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	102,225	49,350	52,870
Without employment income	32,265	13,465	18,805
With employment income	69,965	35,890	34,070
Under $5,000 (including loss)	10,545	5,075	5,465
$5,000 to $9,999	6,450	2,875	3,575
$10,000 to $19,999	7,610	3,555	4,050
$20,000 to $29,999	5,420	2,640	2,775
$30,000 to $39,999	5,105	2,435	2,665
$40,000 to $49,999	5,130	2,295	2,840
$50,000 to $59,999	4,845	2,325	2,520
$60,000 to $69,999	4,335	2,240	2,100
$70,000 to $79,999	3,820	1,985	1,840
$80,000 to $89,999	3,160	1,820	1,345
$90,000 to $99,999	2,835	1,625	1,205
$100,000 and over	10,715	7,025	3,685
$100,000 to $124,999	5,035	2,950	2,085
$125,000 and over	5,680	4,080	1,600
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	102,230	49,355	52,875
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	93,000	44,690	48,310
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	43,200	32,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	93,025	44,695	48,335
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	38,800	30,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	83,315	41,385	41,930
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	44,000	31,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	69,650	35,710	33,940
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,000	45,600	35,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	80,665	38,370	42,300
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,210	820	2,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,640	1,740	2,900
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,680	5,240	5,960
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	102,165	49,355	52,805
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	92,985	44,815	48,170
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,650	60,200	43,720
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	93,005	44,815	48,185
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,520	48,520	36,960
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	83,150	41,515	41,635
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,400	60,950	43,880
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	69,750	35,845	33,900
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,600	61,100	45,640
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	80,615	38,560	42,055
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,550	4,340	6,660
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,400	1,715	2,685
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,110	6,115	7,750
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	102,160	49,355	52,810
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	33,615	18,635	14,975
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	67,000	73,500	60,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	79,500	87,800	69,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,550	11,640	12,915
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,200	22,600	20,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,000	36,120	30,200
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.6	93.8	86.8
Employment income (%)	77.8	81.2	73.4
Government transfers (%)	9.3	6.2	13.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	39,020	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	5,890	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	33,135	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	126,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	39,025	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	134,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	111,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	5,875	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	66,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	54,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	33,150	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	146,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	121,300	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	39,020	...	...
Under $5,000	520	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	180	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	295	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	355	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	775	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	660	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	710	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	815	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	910	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	905	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,945	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,135	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,245	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,055	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,105	...	...
$100,000 and over	22,425	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,110	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,150	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	6,080	...	...
$200,000 and over	7,085	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	39,020	...	...
Under $5,000	575	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	200	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	295	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	380	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	830	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	705	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	820	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	960	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,065	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,095	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,420	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,625	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,595	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,685	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,620	...	...
$100,000 and over	19,165	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,625	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,425	...	...
$150,000 and over	9,115	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	32,715	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	7,340	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	19,700	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	148,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	127,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,715	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	8,270	3,535	4,735
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,000	46,400	45,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,200	40,800	41,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	32,690	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	145,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	120,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,330	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	118,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	97,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	19,770	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	167,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,695	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	99,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	85,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	8,380	3,640	4,740
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	58,000	58,500	57,650
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	47,880	47,680	48,040
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	122,305	59,640	62,665
0 to 17 years	25,525	13,150	12,375
0 to 5 years	6,400	3,245	3,155
18 to 64 years	78,820	38,030	40,795
65 years and over	17,955	8,460	9,495
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	10,805	5,015	5,795
0 to 17 years	3,010	1,530	1,475
0 to 5 years	755	370	385
18 to 64 years	5,930	2,710	3,220
65 years and over	1,870	770	1,095
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.8	8.4	9.2
0 to 17 years (%)	11.8	11.7	11.9
0 to 5 years (%)	11.8	11.5	12.2
18 to 64 years (%)	7.5	7.1	7.9
65 years and over (%)	10.4	9.1	11.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	122,305	59,640	62,665
0 to 17 years	25,525	13,150	12,375
0 to 5 years	6,405	3,245	3,155
18 to 64 years	78,825	38,030	40,795
65 years and over	17,955	8,465	9,495
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	6,575	3,160	3,420
0 to 17 years	1,705	875	830
0 to 5 years	455	220	240
18 to 64 years	4,095	1,955	2,140
65 years and over	785	330	450
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.4	5.3	5.5
0 to 17 years (%)	6.7	6.6	6.7
0 to 5 years (%)	7.2	6.8	7.6
18 to 64 years (%)	5.2	5.1	5.3
65 years and over (%)	4.4	3.9	4.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	122,310	59,640	62,665
In bottom half of the distribution	49,200	23,490	25,705
In bottom decile	9,455	4,430	5,015
In second decile	9,125	4,295	4,835
In third decile	9,635	4,650	4,990
In fourth decile	10,130	4,835	5,290
In fifth decile	10,855	5,280	5,575
In top half of the distribution	73,105	36,150	36,955
In sixth decile	11,840	5,840	6,005
In seventh decile	13,060	6,430	6,635
In eighth decile	14,155	6,945	7,215
In ninth decile	16,370	8,090	8,280
In top decile	17,680	8,850	8,825
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	122,305	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.326	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.422	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.285	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	122,720	59,785	62,930
English only	109,595	54,455	55,145
French only	75	20	50
English and French	9,425	3,975	5,455
Neither English nor French	3,620	1,335	2,290
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	122,720	59,785	62,930
English	116,540	57,325	59,220
French	1,225	535	695
English and French	1,385	620	765
Neither English nor French	3,565	1,310	2,255
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	122,720	59,785	62,930
Single responses	111,280	54,145	57,130
Official languages	53,755	26,650	27,105
English	52,755	26,220	26,540
French	1,000	430	570
Non-official languages	57,525	27,495	30,025
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	5
Algonquian languages	5	0	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	57,520	27,495	30,020
Afro-Asiatic languages	10,430	5,215	5,215
Berber languages	5	0	5
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	5	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	65	30	35
Cushitic languages	195	75	115
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	195	75	115
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	10,165	5,105	5,060
Amharic	40	15	25
Arabic	9,750	4,910	4,840
Aramaic languages	235	110	125
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	120	60	55
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	90	40	55
Aramaic, n.o.s.	25	5	20
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	15	10	0
Maltese	80	45	40
Tigrigna	45	20	20
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	960	435	530
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	0
Vietnamese	955	425	525
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	0	5
Austronesian languages	3,185	1,365	1,815
Bikol	5	5	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	15
Cebuano	50	20	25
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	25	10	15
Ilocano	90	35	55
Indonesian	240	125	115
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	5	0	5
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	10	0	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	30	15	15
Pangasinan	5	5	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,675	1,135	1,535
Waray-Waray	5	5	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Creole languages	80	40	40
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	55	30	30
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Dravidian languages	2,505	1,245	1,265
Kannada	145	70	75
Malayalam	415	210	205
Tamil	1,420	710	710
Telugu	495	250	245
Tulu	20	5	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	28,225	13,650	14,570
Albanian	140	70	70
Armenian	100	45	55
Balto-Slavic languages	5,355	2,485	2,875
Baltic languages	50	15	30
Latvian	20	5	10
Lithuanian	30	10	20
Slavic languages	5,300	2,465	2,840
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	105	45	60
Czech	60	25	35
Macedonian	95	50	50
Polish	2,815	1,285	1,530
Russian	525	220	305
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,165	590	580
Bosnian	105	55	55
Croatian	735	365	370
Serbian	315	165	145
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Slovak	80	30	50
Slovene (Slovenian)	45	15	25
Ukrainian	410	195	215
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	445	190	260
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	315	140	180
German	310	135	175
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	10	5	5
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	85	35	50
Afrikaans	20	5	10
Dutch	65	25	35
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	0
Scandinavian languages	40	10	30
Danish	20	5	15
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	5	0	0
Swedish	20	0	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	250	130	120
Indo-Iranian languages	16,660	8,260	8,400
Indo-Aryan languages	15,515	7,700	7,815
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	645	315	325
Gujarati	930	450	480
Hindi	1,690	845	845
Kacchi	50	20	25
Kashmiri	10	10	5
Konkani	100	45	50
Marathi	315	160	155
Nepali	30	10	20
Oriya languages	25	10	10
Odia	20	10	10
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,685	865	825
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	135	65	70
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	215	100	120
Urdu	9,620	4,770	4,855
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	65	30	30
Iranian languages	1,145	560	585
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	30	10	15
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	235	135	105
Persian languages	870	415	460
Dari	390	175	220
Iranian Persian	410	200	210
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	70	35	35
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,265	2,475	2,785
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,070	515	550
Portuguese	1,545	740	805
Romanian	380	180	195
Spanish	2,270	1,035	1,235
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Japanese	210	80	125
Korean	1,100	510	590
Mongolian	5	5	5
Niger-Congo languages	370	145	225
Akan (Twi)	105	40	65
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	10	0	5
Éwé	10	5	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	0
Ga	10	5	5
Ganda	5	0	5
Gikuyu	5	0	5
Igbo	30	10	15
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	5
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	5	0	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	5	5
Shona	10	0	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	55	25	30
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	65	35	35
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	10	25
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	20	15	10
American Sign Language	20	10	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	9,895	4,550	5,340
Chinese languages	9,850	4,530	5,320
Hakka	50	25	25
Mandarin	6,305	2,905	3,400
Min Dong	5	0	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	190	85	110
Wu (Shanghainese)	90	45	45
Yue (Cantonese)	3,125	1,440	1,690
Chinese, n.o.s.	70	30	40
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	30	15	20
Burmese	10	0	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	25	15	15
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages	25	5	15
Lao	10	5	10
Thai	15	5	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	265	135	130
Azerbaijani	0	5	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	220	110	105
Uyghur	35	15	20
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Uralic languages	240	105	135
Estonian	20	5	10
Finnish	20	5	15
Hungarian	195	90	105
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	11,440	5,640	5,800
English and French	480	220	260
English and non-official language(s)	9,750	4,840	4,910
French and non-official language(s)	180	90	95
English, French and non-official language(s)	310	135	170
Multiple non-official languages	725	355	365
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	122,720	59,785	62,930
English	55,265	27,250	28,020
French	215	90	125
Non-official language	15,225	6,990	8,235
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	15,225	6,990	8,235
English and French	1,135	500	630
English and non-official language(s)	47,825	23,660	24,160
French and non-official language(s)	80	30	45
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,770	750	1,015
Multiple non-official languages	1,205	515	690
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	122,720	59,785	62,930
Single responses	108,480	52,745	55,740
Official languages	74,555	36,560	37,990
English	74,145	36,380	37,760
French	410	180	235
Non-official languages	33,930	16,190	17,745
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	33,930	16,190	17,740
Afro-Asiatic languages	6,140	2,975	3,160
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	5	5
Hausa	5	5	5
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	20	5	10
Cushitic languages	65	20	45
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	65	20	45
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	6,045	2,945	3,100
Amharic	15	5	10
Arabic	5,820	2,840	2,980
Aramaic languages	190	90	100
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	95	45	50
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	70	35	40
Aramaic, n.o.s.	20	5	15
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	20	10	10
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	625	300	330
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	625	300	325
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,705	775	930
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	5
Cebuano	25	10	10
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	15	10	5
Ilocano	40	20	20
Indonesian	110	50	55
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	5	5
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,485	675	815
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	65	30	35
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	55	25	30
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	1,475	700	770
Kannada	65	35	40
Malayalam	205	100	100
Tamil	950	450	495
Telugu	250	110	135
Tulu	5	5	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	15,195	7,340	7,860
Albanian	60	35	30
Armenian	40	15	25
Balto-Slavic languages	2,695	1,270	1,420
Baltic languages	10	5	10
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	10	5	0
Slavic languages	2,680	1,270	1,420
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	45	20	25
Czech	15	10	10
Macedonian	40	15	25
Polish	1,505	710	800
Russian	295	135	160
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	555	270	285
Bosnian	45	25	25
Croatian	325	160	170
Serbian	175	90	85
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Slovak	35	15	25
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	185	95	90
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	45	15	30
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	35	15	15
German	30	15	15
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5	5	5
Afrikaans	5	5	5
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	5
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	5	0	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	70	30	40
Indo-Iranian languages	10,090	4,945	5,145
Indo-Aryan languages	9,440	4,625	4,815
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	400	185	215
Gujarati	475	215	260
Hindi	950	480	470
Kacchi	20	10	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	20	10	10
Marathi	160	75	80
Nepali	10	5	10
Oriya languages	15	10	10
Odia	5	5	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	975	495	480
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	65	35	30
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	125	55	70
Urdu	6,190	3,040	3,145
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Iranian languages	650	320	330
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	15	5	5
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	155	85	70
Persian languages	485	230	255
Dari	190	85	100
Iranian Persian	250	115	130
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	45	25	25
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,195	1,025	1,170
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	155	70	85
Portuguese	525	240	280
Romanian	175	85	90
Spanish	1,345	630	710
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	150	65	85
Korean	770	365	405
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	120	45	70
Akan (Twi)	40	15	25
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	10	5	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	10	0	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	10	5	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	25	10	15
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	55	30	30
American Sign Language	55	25	25
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,410	3,455	3,960
Chinese languages	7,395	3,440	3,950
Hakka	15	10	5
Mandarin	4,990	2,360	2,635
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	85	35	50
Wu (Shanghainese)	65	30	35
Yue (Cantonese)	2,190	990	1,195
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	20	20
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	5	10
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	15	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	5	5	5
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	150	75	80
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	125	60	60
Uyghur	20	10	15
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	55	25	30
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	5	0	0
Hungarian	55	25	25
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Multiple responses	14,230	7,040	7,195
English and French	295	130	165
English and non-official language(s)	13,380	6,655	6,720
French and non-official language(s)	65	35	35
English, French and non-official language(s)	235	105	130
Multiple non-official languages	255	120	140
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	122,720	59,785	62,930
None	82,465	40,160	42,305
English	15,675	7,760	7,915
French	1,230	520	710
Non-official language	18,285	8,890	9,395
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	0
Non-Indigenous	18,280	8,885	9,395
English and French	260	110	145
English and non-official language(s)	1,980	1,000	980
French and non-official language(s)	680	285	395
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	20	5
Multiple non-official languages	2,120	1,040	1,075
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	122,285	59,590	62,700
Official languages	118,715	58,175	60,535
English	118,655	58,155	60,500
French	9,285	3,860	5,420
Non-official languages	78,305	37,590	40,710
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	78,305	37,590	40,710
Afro-Asiatic languages	15,170	7,595	7,570
Berber languages	10	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	20	10	15
Hausa	15	0	15
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	215	105	115
Cushitic languages	385	150	235
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	375	150	230
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	14,695	7,415	7,280
Amharic	100	40	60
Arabic	14,290	7,225	7,060
Aramaic languages	375	170	200
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	165	80	85
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	145	70	75
Aramaic, n.o.s.	65	20	45
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	90	40	45
Maltese	105	45	50
Tigrigna	125	60	65
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,270	595	670
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	10	0
Vietnamese	1,245	585	665
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	4,545	1,905	2,635
Bikol	10	0	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	20	15
Cebuano	130	55	80
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	85	20	60
Ilocano	140	65	80
Indonesian	300	135	165
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	75	35	45
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	70	30	40
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,090	1,705	2,385
Waray-Waray	50	20	25
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	110	50	60
Creole languages	435	195	240
Haitian Creole	25	0	20
Jamaican English Creole	60	10	50
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	185	95	85
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	155	60	95
Creole languages, n.i.e.	55	30	20
Dravidian languages	4,145	2,060	2,085
Kannada	405	205	200
Malayalam	715	365	355
Tamil	2,530	1,280	1,250
Telugu	1,085	560	525
Tulu	50	25	25
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	40,780	19,985	20,800
Albanian	175	90	85
Armenian	155	80	75
Balto-Slavic languages	6,510	3,135	3,375
Baltic languages	60	25	35
Latvian	20	0	15
Lithuanian	40	25	20
Slavic languages	6,460	3,115	3,345
Belarusian	15	10	10
Bulgarian	175	90	85
Czech	125	55	70
Macedonian	120	55	65
Polish	3,360	1,620	1,740
Russian	935	420	515
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,525	755	770
Bosnian	200	80	120
Croatian	1,030	495	540
Serbian	455	245	215
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	0	25
Slovak	95	45	45
Slovene (Slovenian)	80	30	45
Ukrainian	660	310	355
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	15	0	10
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	10	0	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,050	470	580
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	795	365	430
German	795	360	430
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	205	90	115
Afrikaans	95	40	55
Dutch	100	45	50
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	90	35	60
Danish	40	15	25
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	15	10	0
Swedish	35	10	25
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	400	185	220
Indo-Iranian languages	26,140	12,935	13,205
Indo-Aryan languages	24,705	12,240	12,465
Assamese	15	0	10
Bengali	1,045	515	530
Gujarati	2,010	925	1,085
Hindi	8,040	3,980	4,065
Kacchi	80	35	45
Kashmiri	75	40	35
Konkani	340	175	170
Marathi	760	360	405
Nepali	55	25	30
Oriya languages	70	40	25
Odia	45	25	20
Oriya, n.o.s.	25	20	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,650	2,375	2,275
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	305	150	160
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	320	160	165
Urdu	14,625	7,295	7,330
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	195	110	80
Iranian languages	1,840	920	920
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	95	45	50
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	470	260	205
Persian languages	1,410	695	715
Dari	655	325	335
Iranian Persian	680	340	340
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	110	45	60
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,050	3,435	3,620
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,655	805	850
Portuguese	2,085	980	1,105
Romanian	430	215	205
Spanish	3,210	1,565	1,640
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	470	215	255
Korean	1,290	625	670
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	1,165	505	660
Akan (Twi)	165	65	100
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	85	30	55
Éwé	30	10	20
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20	10	15
Ga	10	0	0
Ganda	10	0	10
Gikuyu	20	0	15
Igbo	80	35	45
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	10
Lingala	40	10	30
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	0	10
Shona	40	15	25
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	325	155	175
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	340	160	180
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	65	45	20
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	95	50	45
American Sign Language	85	45	45
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	11,815	5,445	6,370
Chinese languages	11,775	5,425	6,350
Hakka	130	60	70
Mandarin	8,325	3,850	4,475
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	385	145	235
Wu (Shanghainese)	170	80	90
Yue (Cantonese)	4,430	2,050	2,380
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	10	30
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	35	20	15
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	35	20	15
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Tai-Kadai languages	60	25	35
Lao	30	10	20
Thai	40	15	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	275	150	125
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	260	145	110
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	330	160	165
Estonian	45	15	30
Finnish	15	0	10
Hungarian	270	145	120
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	20	10
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	122,290	59,585	62,705
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	530	290	240
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	505	275	225
First Nations (North American Indian)	305	170	135
Métis	195	110	85
Inuk (Inuit)	10	0	10
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	0	0	0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	20	10	10
Non-Indigenous identity	121,755	59,300	62,460
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	122,290	59,585	62,705
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	135	85	50
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	122,155	59,505	62,655
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	39,025	...	...
Owner	29,990	...	...
Renter	9,035	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	39,025	...	...
Condominium	11,140	...	...
Not condominium	27,885	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	39,025	...	...
No bedrooms	185	...	...
1 bedroom	3,240	...	...
2 bedrooms	5,370	...	...
3 bedrooms	13,635	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	16,595	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	39,025	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	9,410	...	...
5 rooms	5,895	...	...
6 rooms	6,095	...	...
7 rooms	5,345	...	...
8 or more rooms	12,275	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	39,025	...	...
One person or fewer per room	36,995	...	...
More than one person per room	2,025	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	39,025	...	...
Suitable	35,495	...	...
Not suitable	3,530	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	39,025	...	...
1960 or before	490	...	...
1961 to 1980	6,220	...	...
1981 to 1990	8,455	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,950	...	...
2001 to 2005	6,915	...	...
2006 to 2010	4,795	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,295	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,890	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	39,025	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	37,730	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,290	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	39,025	...	...
One-maintainer household	16,635	...	...
Two-maintainer household	18,955	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,430	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	39,025	...	...
15 to 24 years	430	...	...
25 to 34 years	3,220	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,510	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,455	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,710	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,965	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,830	...	...
85 years and over	905	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	38,770	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	27,965	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	10,805	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,590	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	39,025	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	14,205	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,515	...	...
Not suitable only	2,505	...	...
Major repairs needed only	780	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	890	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	385	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	115	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	15	...	...
Acceptable housing	24,815	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	37,555	...	...
In core need	4,540	...	...
Not in core need	33,015	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	29,990	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	62.3	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	23.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	9.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,900	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,030	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	980,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,014,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	9,030	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	15.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	41.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	22.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,000	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,958	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	122,290	59,590	62,700
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	145	65	85
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	145	65	85
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	65	15	45
Métis single ancestry	80	45	30
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	605	365	240
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	600	365	235
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	460	275	185
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	140	90	50
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	121,540	59,160	62,380
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	122,290	59,590	62,700
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	102,880	50,115	52,765
Canadian citizens aged under 18	21,475	10,870	10,605
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	81,405	39,245	42,160
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	19,410	9,470	9,940
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	122,290	59,590	62,700
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	49,760	24,790	24,970
Immigrants⁸¹	68,935	33,005	35,930
Before 1980	8,370	4,060	4,310
1980 to 1990	7,555	3,585	3,975
1991 to 2000	15,760	7,470	8,290
2001 to 2010	18,850	9,025	9,825
2011 to 2021⁸²	18,395	8,865	9,525
2011 to 2015	8,805	4,185	4,620
2016 to 2021	9,590	4,685	4,905
Non-permanent residents⁸³	3,595	1,795	1,800
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	68,935	33,005	35,925
Under 5 years	6,870	3,500	3,375
5 to 14 years	12,680	6,705	5,970
15 to 24 years	11,300	4,895	6,410
25 to 44 years	30,910	14,330	16,580
45 years and over	7,165	3,565	3,595
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	68,935	33,005	35,925
Americas	6,835	3,030	3,810
Brazil	240	100	145
Colombia	350	160	185
El Salvador	60	35	25
Guyana	690	330	360
Haiti	10	0	10
Jamaica	1,680	630	1,045
Mexico	235	105	130
Peru	200	90	115
Trinidad and Tobago	900	390	510
United States of America	1,215	590	625
Other places of birth in Americas	1,265	595	675
Europe	9,085	4,410	4,675
Bosnia and Herzegovina	335	190	150
Croatia	360	180	175
France	105	55	55
Germany	305	160	150
Greece	145	60	80
Hungary	130	55	70
Italy	555	325	230
Netherlands	60	40	25
Poland	2,220	1,055	1,165
Portugal	905	435	470
Romania	320	145	170
Russian Federation	215	105	110
Serbia⁸⁶	175	90	85
Ukraine	325	155	165
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,770	810	965
Other places of birth in Europe	1,160	555	605
Africa	6,540	3,255	3,290
Algeria	15	10	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	65	30	35
Egypt	3,165	1,630	1,530
Eritrea	75	35	35
Ethiopia	65	25	40
Morocco	80	30	50
Nigeria	640	315	325
Somalia	195	65	130
South Africa, Republic of	290	130	160
Other places of birth in Africa	1,960	980	975
Asia	46,315	22,250	24,070
Afghanistan	460	235	220
Iran⁸⁸	535	270	260
Iraq	2,255	1,095	1,160
Lebanon	790	395	390
Syria⁸⁹	1,820	930	885
Turkey	125	60	70
China⁹⁰	6,065	2,715	3,350
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,660	805	850
Korea, South⁹²	1,115	540	580
Taiwan	430	160	270
Philippines	4,245	1,815	2,425
Viet Nam	1,070	485	585
Bangladesh	540	305	235
India	8,860	4,380	4,480
Pakistan	9,190	4,515	4,675
Sri Lanka	1,010	500	515
Other places of birth in Asia	6,160	3,055	3,105
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	145	55	90
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	9,590	4,685	4,905
Americas	555	270	280
Brazil	50	15	30
Colombia	50	25	25
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	60	20	40
Mexico	30	20	10
United States of America	225	130	100
Venezuela⁹⁵	65	15	45
Other places of birth in Americas	70	45	30
Europe	235	110	125
France	10	0	0
Germany	0	0	0
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	0
Italy	0	0	0
Russian Federation	10	0	10
Ukraine	45	20	20
United Kingdom⁸⁷	45	20	25
Other places of birth in Europe	90	50	45
Africa	1,025	520	500
Algeria	10	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	550	275	275
Eritrea	30	15	10
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	20	10	10
Nigeria	190	105	90
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	35	20	15
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	25	0	20
Other places of birth in Africa	135	75	55
Asia	7,770	3,775	4,000
Afghanistan	65	35	30
Bangladesh	25	10	10
China⁹⁰	695	300	400
Hong Kong⁹¹	20	10	10
India	2,000	970	1,035
Iran⁸⁸	40	20	15
Iraq	535	280	250
Israel	15	10	10
Japan	25	15	10
Jordan	100	55	45
Korea, South⁹²	60	30	30
Lebanon	125	70	50
Nepal	20	10	0
Pakistan	1,085	500	580
Philippines	385	170	220
Saudi Arabia	365	160	210
Sri Lanka	35	10	20
Syria⁸⁹	1,200	615	580
Turkey	40	20	25
United Arab Emirates	480	285	200
Viet Nam	100	55	45
Other places of birth in Asia	365	160	210
Oceania and other⁹³	10	10	0
Australia	10	10	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	122,290	59,590	62,700
First generation¹⁰⁰	73,750	35,440	38,315
Second generation¹⁰¹	32,440	16,285	16,155
Third generation or more¹⁰²	16,105	7,865	8,230
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	60,565	28,945	31,620
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	38,385	19,495	18,890
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	13,515	9,310	4,205
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	24,865	10,180	14,690
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	13,390	5,075	8,310
Refugees¹⁰⁸	8,130	4,115	4,010
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	660	255	405
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	60,565	28,945	31,620
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	3,015	1,450	1,565
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,145	1,440	1,705
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,125	580	545
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,705	735	965
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	255	75	180
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	51,315	24,665	26,655
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	122,290	59,590	62,705
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	84,720	41,185	43,540
South Asian	32,720	16,300	16,420
Chinese	13,210	6,250	6,960
Black	8,065	3,645	4,420
Filipino	5,830	2,720	3,110
Arab	12,210	6,135	6,070
Latin American	2,220	1,055	1,165
Southeast Asian	1,790	850	935
West Asian	1,765	895	870
Korean	1,430	715	710
Japanese	575	255	315
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,850	895	945
Multiple visible minorities	3,080	1,460	1,615
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	37,565	18,405	19,160
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	122,290	59,590	62,700
Canadian	6,560	3,280	3,275
English	6,930	3,270	3,655
Irish	6,040	2,855	3,175
Scottish	5,605	2,685	2,925
French, n.o.s.¹²²	2,380	1,105	1,275
German	2,810	1,415	1,400
Chinese	12,965	6,080	6,890
Italian	4,970	2,495	2,475
Indian (India)	14,355	7,145	7,215
Ukrainian	2,010	1,010	1,000
Dutch	870	450	420
Polish	4,825	2,450	2,380
Québécois	75	45	30
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,065	970	1,095
Filipino	5,880	2,715	3,155
French Canadian	495	240	255
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	670	320	350
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	280	160	110
Métis	225	140	90
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	855	410	450
Russian	915	380	530
Norwegian	180	80	100
Welsh	465	205	260
Portuguese	3,420	1,625	1,790
American	650	300	350
Spanish	1,455	715	740
Swedish	185	65	120
Hungarian	660	315	345
Acadian	80	60	20
Pakistani	11,205	5,655	5,550
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,605	645	955
Jewish	475	175	300
Punjabi	1,215	635	580
Vietnamese	1,435	705	730
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	4,345	2,230	2,120
Greek	915	460	455
Jamaican	2,585	1,065	1,515
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,765	815	955
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	20	15	15
Korean	1,435	720	715
Romanian	570	275	295
Lebanese	1,055	510	550
Iranian	630	325	305
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,280	615	665
Danish	75	45	30
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	30	20	10
Sikh	550	275	275
Austrian	310	190	120
Belgian	70	35	35
Haitian	55	30	30
Hindu	1,815	895	920
Mexican	345	160	185
Mennonite	35	25	15
Swiss	95	60	40
Finnish	100	50	50
Sri Lankan	1,020	495	525
Croatian	1,330	650	680
Japanese	705	330	375
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	2,355	1,080	1,270
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	50	10	35
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	140	65	75
Muslim	2,730	1,420	1,310
Egyptian	3,655	1,855	1,795
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	520	260	260
Tamil	945	460	480
Icelandic	45	20	30
Colombian	525	260	260
Moroccan	70	30	40
Czech	175	95	80
Syrian	1,935	990	940
Guyanese	805	400	400
Afghan	880	475	405
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	420	205	215
Serbian	510	280	230
Ojibway	55	35	25
Newfoundlander	95	55	40
Hong Konger	750	365	385
Ontarian	115	65	45
Persian	245	125	115
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,010	450	560
Turkish	445	210	235
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0	0	0
Bangladeshi	590	330	265
Algerian	25	15	10
Brazilian	270	105	160
Nigerian	505	235	270
Armenian	225	110	115
Slovak	160	90	70
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	210	115	95
Somali	525	220	300
Taiwanese	475	190	280
Iraqi	1,610	790	825
Salvadorean	45	30	15
African Caribbean	555	260	300
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	720	350	375
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	1,240	610	635
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	515	265	250
Algonquin	10	0	0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	605	270	330
Lithuanian	135	75	60
South African	330	150	180
Australian	135	80	55
Palestinian	1,790	900	890
Chilean	200	115	90
Congolese	80	30	45
Nova Scotian	30	25	15
Ethiopian	160	65	95
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	190	90	95
Peruvian	175	75	95
Yoruba	290	170	120
Cambodian (Khmer)	50	40	15
Berber	45	25	15
Albanian	210	115	100
Maltese	485	255	230
Macedonian	165	95	70
Slovenian	240	125	120
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	65	40	25
New Brunswicker	35	10	25
Gujarati	275	140	135
Eritrean	115	55	65
African Canadian	275	135	140
Israeli	30	15	15
Mohawk	15	15	0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	50	10	35
Bulgarian	245	125	120
Albertan	0	0	0
Ghanaian	220	115	115
Barbadian	195	95	100
African American	125	65	55
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	40	20	20
Tunisian	70	30	40
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	210	90	120
Cuban	155	65	85
Bosnian	235	115	120
Venezuelan	150	55	90
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	55	0	50
Bengali	240	140	100
Cameroonian	0	0	0
Guatemalan	55	20	25
Indonesian	215	90	125
Laotian	65	30	40
Ilocano	105	55	50
Northern Irish	70	35	35
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	45	25	15
British Columbian	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	130	60	70
Franco Ontarian	40	20	15
Argentinian	95	65	30
Estonian	75	25	50
Kurdish	145	50	95
Fijian	80	40	40
Jatt	25	10	15
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	25	10	20
Coptic	1,480	730	750
Thai	20	10	10
Dominican	45	20	25
Nepali	35	15	15
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	155	75	85
Igbo	75	40	40
Byelorussian	60	30	30
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	40	20	15
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	25	20	10
New Zealander	25	10	15
Sudanese	300	150	150
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	40	25	20
Malaysian	120	45	75
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	75	30	45
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0
Buddhist	35	15	20
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	0	0	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	110	45	60
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	50	30	20
Mauritian	155	75	80
Kenyan	125	70	60
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	95	20	75
Jordanian	375	190	185
Manitoban	0	0	0
Cape Bretoner	10	10	0
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	45	25	20
Malayali	185	95	90
Chaldean	165	85	85
Sinhalese	125	70	55
Mayan	25	20	10
Honduran	25	10	20
Cherokee	0	0	0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	130	50	85
Flemish	10	10	0
United Empire Loyalist	15	10	10
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Sicilian	15	10	10
Pashtun	215	120	100
Malay	90	55	35
Goan	470	240	230
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	40	20	20
Zimbabwean	70	35	35
Burmese	15	0	10
Mongolian	60	30	30
Azorean	35	20	15
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	60	25	35
Ugandan	15	0	10
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	85	30	60
Yemeni	110	50	60
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	70	40	30
Basque	0	0	0
Uruguayan	85	35	50
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	55	30	20
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	35	15	20
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	10	10	0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	45	20	30
Telugu	205	95	115
Roma	25	25	0
Costa Rican	0	0	0
African Nova Scotian	10	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	160	80	80
Singaporean	35	15	15
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	100	70	30
Tajik	100	60	40
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	122,290	59,585	62,705
Buddhist	1,960	845	1,115
Christian	55,485	25,980	29,505
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	9,035	4,105	4,930
Anabaptist	70	30	40
Anglican	2,510	1,120	1,390
Baptist	1,020	425	590
Catholic	32,340	15,580	16,760
Christian Orthodox	4,035	1,910	2,120
Jehovah's Witness	200	60	140
Latter Day Saints	90	50	40
Lutheran	390	155	235
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	130	60	70
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,410	640	770
Presbyterian	910	350	550
Reformed	85	50	35
United Church	1,580	680	910
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,680	770	910
Hindu	9,205	4,520	4,685
Jewish	295	115	180
Muslim	30,490	15,340	15,150
Sikh	2,180	1,050	1,125
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	870	350	520
No religion and secular perspectives	21,810	11,385	10,425
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	121,375	59,110	62,260
Non-movers	108,450	52,765	55,690
Movers	12,920	6,350	6,575
Non-migrants	7,555	3,715	3,835
Migrants	5,370	2,625	2,745
Internal migrants	2,970	1,440	1,530
Intraprovincial migrants	2,575	1,230	1,345
Interprovincial migrants	395	210	185
External migrants	2,400	1,190	1,215
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	117,170	56,960	60,220
Non-movers	78,885	38,095	40,790
Movers	38,295	18,865	19,430
Non-migrants	16,815	8,170	8,645
Migrants	21,475	10,690	10,790
Internal migrants	9,480	4,675	4,810
Intraprovincial migrants	8,025	3,965	4,060
Interprovincial migrants	1,460	705	750
External migrants	11,995	6,020	5,975
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	102,160	49,355	52,805
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	11,560	5,355	6,210
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	90,600	43,995	46,600
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	65,910	31,345	34,565
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,395	1,670	1,725
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	62,510	29,675	32,840
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	102,165	49,355	52,805
No certificate, diploma or degree	10,825	5,000	5,825
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	24,120	11,820	12,305
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	67,215	32,540	34,680
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,895	10,340	11,555
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,045	2,010	1,030
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,775	1,040	740
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,265	975	290
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	15,640	6,865	8,770
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,210	1,460	1,750
Bachelor's degree or higher	45,320	22,200	23,125
Bachelor's degree	29,330	13,890	15,435
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,710	1,325	1,380
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,405	640	765
Master's degree	10,680	5,525	5,155
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,205	820	385
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	65,905	31,350	34,560
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,930	1,460	1,470
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	10,835	5,340	5,490
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	52,145	24,545	27,605
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	15,790	7,215	8,580
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	1,920	1,260	660
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,110	640	475
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	805	615	190
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	11,620	4,980	6,645
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,250	975	1,270
Bachelor's degree or higher	36,355	17,330	19,020
Bachelor's degree	22,925	10,625	12,305
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,150	1,010	1,140
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,145	465	675
Master's degree	9,210	4,630	4,575
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	925	600	325
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	102,165	49,350	52,810
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	34,950	16,815	18,130
Education	3,010	515	2,495
13. Education	3,010	515	2,495
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,895	720	1,175
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	210	130	85
50. Visual and performing arts	1,685	590	1,095
Humanities	3,930	1,070	2,865
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	385	70	315
23. English language and literature/letters	970	170	805
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,585	410	1,170
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	75	15	60
38. Philosophy and religious studies	275	120	150
39. Theology and religious vocations	165	100	60
54. History	365	170	205
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	115	10	110
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,790	2,690	5,100
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	90	10	80
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	755	295	460
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,065	75	990
22. Legal professions and studies	1,205	500	705
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	180	55	130
42. Psychology	1,180	230	950
45. Social sciences	3,315	1,530	1,785
Business, management and public administration	18,025	8,465	9,565
30.16 Accounting and computer science	30	10	15
44. Public administration and social service professions	680	145	535
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	17,325	8,310	9,015
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,730	1,510	2,215
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,495	510	980
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,000	370	630
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	75	15	55
40. Physical sciences	1,055	580	470
41. Science technologies/technicians	105	35	70
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,245	3,410	1,830
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,160	2,795	1,360
25. Library science	105	15	85
27. Mathematics and statistics	825	480	350
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	160	120	40
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	12,900	10,590	2,310
04. Architecture and related services	635	380	255
14. Engineering	7,635	5,990	1,645
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,170	1,840	330
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	875	855	20
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,065	1,035	30
48. Precision production	515	495	20
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	685	320	365
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	480	210	270
03. Natural resources and conservation	210	105	100
Health and related fields	8,085	2,345	5,740
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	565	315	245
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,205	1,880	5,325
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	305	145	155
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,880	880	1,000
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,075	290	785
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0
43. Security and protective services	525	340	190
49. Transportation and materials moving	260	235	25
Other¹⁷⁹	35	15	20
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	65,910	31,345	34,565
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	13,765	6,800	6,965
Education	2,205	390	1,815
13. Education	2,205	390	1,815
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,460	530	930
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	160	85	65
50. Visual and performing arts	1,305	445	860
Humanities	2,935	740	2,190
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	285	45	240
23. English language and literature/letters	775	135	640
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,210	275	930
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	15	30
38. Philosophy and religious studies	195	85	105
39. Theology and religious vocations	115	65	50
54. History	230	110	115
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	80	0	75
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,875	1,890	3,985
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	70	0	70
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	550	190	360
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	800	60	735
22. Legal professions and studies	980	350	630
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	120	40	80
42. Psychology	855	150	700
45. Social sciences	2,505	1,090	1,410
Business, management and public administration	14,505	6,680	7,825
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	10	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	550	120	435
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,935	6,555	7,380
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,745	1,040	1,710
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,110	350	760
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	740	265	475
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	60	15	45
40. Physical sciences	765	385	375
41. Science technologies/technicians	75	25	50
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,505	2,865	1,640
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,675	2,435	1,240
25. Library science	65	10	55
27. Mathematics and statistics	635	330	305
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	135	95	35
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,785	7,830	1,950
04. Architecture and related services	515	305	215
14. Engineering	6,050	4,650	1,405
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,595	1,305	285
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	570	560	10
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	725	705	25
48. Precision production	325	310	15
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	455	185	280
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	290	110	180
03. Natural resources and conservation	170	75	90
Health and related fields	6,225	1,735	4,480
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	360	210	150
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,610	1,430	4,185
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	240	100	140
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,420	635	780
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	815	200	615
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0
43. Security and protective services	390	240	145
49. Transportation and materials moving	210	190	20
Other¹⁷⁹	25	10	15
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	65,910	31,345	34,565
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	13,765	6,800	6,965
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	52,145	24,545	27,600
Location of study inside Canada	28,315	13,340	14,970
Same as province or territory of residence	26,435	12,435	13,990
Different than province or territory of residence	1,880	905	975
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	23,835	11,200	12,635
Americas	2,615	1,400	1,210
United States of America	1,705	995	710
Mexico	110	35	75
Cuba	25	20	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	65	25	40
Brazil	120	60	65
Colombia	180	80	100
Peru	60	30	30
Venezuela⁹⁵	110	40	70
Other locations of study in Americas	235	125	115
Europe	2,815	1,500	1,310
Belgium	40	15	20
France	70	35	30
Germany	55	40	15
Netherlands	40	10	30
Switzerland	20	20	0
Hungary	25	10	10
Moldova¹⁸³	15	0	10
Poland	575	265	320
Romania	165	80	85
Russian Federation	85	45	40
Ukraine	230	105	130
Ireland⁹⁶	35	20	15
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,075	615	455
Bosnia and Herzegovina	60	30	30
Italy	10	0	0
Serbia⁸⁶	25	20	0
Other locations of study in Europe	285	180	105
Africa	2,150	960	1,190
Nigeria	205	95	115
Algeria	10	0	0
Morocco	30	0	30
Tunisia	25	10	15
Egypt	1,510	715	795
South Africa, Republic of	100	55	45
Other locations of study in Africa	275	85	190
Asia	16,065	7,240	8,825
Iran⁸⁸	160	65	90
Iraq	710	320	395
Israel	30	15	15
Lebanon	250	120	130
Syria⁸⁹	540	240	305
Turkey	35	10	25
China⁹⁰	2,105	960	1,145
Taiwan	80	30	50
Hong Kong⁹¹	120	75	45
Japan	135	75	60
Korea, South⁹²	420	190	230
Philippines	1,765	665	1,105
Viet Nam	75	30	40
Bangladesh	160	65	100
Sri Lanka	140	65	75
India	4,765	2,285	2,480
Pakistan	3,345	1,440	1,900
Other locations of study in Asia	1,235	605	635
Oceania	195	95	95
Australia	170	85	85
New Zealand	20	15	0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	102,165	49,355	52,805
In the labour force	65,645	34,190	31,455
Employed	56,310	29,840	26,460
Unemployed	9,340	4,350	4,990
Not in the labour force	36,520	15,165	21,355
Participation rate	64.3	69.3	59.6
Employment rate	55.1	60.5	50.1
Unemployment rate	14.2	12.7	15.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	102,165	49,350	52,810
Did not work¹⁸⁶	38,295	16,025	22,270
Worked	63,865	33,330	30,540
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	35,195	19,640	15,560
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	28,675	13,690	14,975
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.3	41.1	39.3
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	65,645	34,195	31,455
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,625	1,210	1,415
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	63,025	32,985	30,040
Employee	53,100	26,470	26,625
Permanent position	44,145	22,365	21,780
Temporary position	8,960	4,110	4,845
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,080	1,450	1,635
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,875	2,660	3,210
Self-employed¹⁹²	9,925	6,510	3,415
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	65,645	34,195	31,455
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,625	1,210	1,415
All occupations¹⁹¹	63,025	32,985	30,040
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	875	635	240
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	14,460	5,675	8,785
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	9,990	7,465	2,530
3 Health occupations	4,710	1,150	3,560
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,495	1,985	4,515
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,650	720	930
6 Sales and service occupations	14,500	6,695	7,810
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	7,680	6,830	850
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	335	285	55
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,320	1,545	775
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	65,645	34,195	31,455
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,625	1,210	1,415
All industries¹⁹¹	63,025	32,985	30,040
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	140	90	50
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	115	95	20
22 Utilities	335	240	95
23 Construction	3,105	2,560	545
31-33 Manufacturing	4,975	3,285	1,695
41 Wholesale trade	3,245	1,870	1,375
44-45 Retail trade	7,540	3,755	3,785
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	4,170	2,960	1,210
51 Information and cultural industries	1,805	1,105	700
52 Finance and insurance	5,305	2,650	2,650
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,425	805	620
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	9,070	5,615	3,455
55 Management of companies and enterprises	410	200	215
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,215	1,215	1,000
61 Educational services	4,515	1,355	3,155
62 Health care and social assistance	6,740	1,425	5,315
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	750	430	325
72 Accommodation and food services	2,905	1,305	1,600
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,065	985	1,080
91 Public administration	2,190	1,045	1,145
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	69,280	35,955	33,325
English	63,595	33,250	30,340
French	90	20	70
Non-official language	695	345	350
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	695	345	350
English and French	1,030	355	675
English and non-official language(s)	3,730	1,930	1,800
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	95	40	60
Multiple non-official languages	40	0	35
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	69,280	35,955	33,325
Single responses	68,395	35,515	32,880
Official languages	66,950	34,855	32,095
English	66,695	34,800	31,895
French	260	60	200
Non-official languages	1,445	655	785
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,445	655	785
Afro-Asiatic languages	150	90	65
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	145	80	65
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	145	80	65
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	40	20	20
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	40	20	20
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	20	15	10
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	15	15	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	50	20	30
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	40	15	25
Telugu	10	0	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	330	140	195
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	115	60	55
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	115	60	55
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	65	30	30
Russian	25	10	15
Serbo-Croatian	10	10	0
Bosnian	10	10	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	160	70	90
Indo-Aryan languages	150	65	90
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	10	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	115	45	70
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	15	10	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	10	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	50	10	40
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	20	10	15
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	15	0	15
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	10	10	0
Korean	70	35	35
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	10	0	10
American Sign Language	10	0	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	715	325	385
Chinese languages	715	325	385
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	550	245	305
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	165	80	80
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	885	435	445
English and French	170	55	110
English and non-official language(s)	685	365	325
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	15	0
Multiple non-official languages	15	0	15
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	69,280	35,955	33,325
None	65,185	34,015	31,175
English	815	315	500
French	715	265	445
Non-official language	2,030	1,100	930
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	2,030	1,100	930
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	70	35	35
French and non-official language(s)	60	25	40
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	400	205	195
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	56,310	29,845	26,460
Worked at home	21,635	10,805	10,825
Worked outside Canada	420	270	145
No fixed workplace address	5,390	3,970	1,420
Usual place of work	28,865	14,800	14,065
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	28,865	14,800	14,065
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	17,115	7,990	9,120
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	1,790	1,115	670
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	9,900	5,655	4,245
Commute to a different province or territory	60	35	35
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	34,260	18,765	15,490
Car, truck or van	29,340	16,710	12,625
Car, truck or van - as a driver	26,545	15,715	10,830
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,790	995	1,795
Public transit	3,065	1,240	1,820
Walked	875	340	530
Bicycle	110	60	50
Other method	875	405	465
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	34,260	18,765	15,490
Less than 15 minutes	6,535	2,820	3,715
15 to 29 minutes	12,865	6,835	6,030
30 to 44 minutes	8,180	4,955	3,225
45 to 59 minutes	3,160	2,045	1,120
60 minutes and over	3,520	2,115	1,400
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	34,260	18,765	15,490
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,945	1,360	585
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	4,730	2,875	1,855
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	8,065	4,275	3,790
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	7,935	3,965	3,970
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,275	3,225	3,045
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,310	3,070	2,245
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	26,150	13,465	12,680
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,050	1,050	1,000
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	24,095	12,415	11,680
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	20,565	10,635	9,930
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,680	865	825
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,080	530	550
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	605	335	270
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	18,875	9,770	9,105

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 6, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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