Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Mississauga--LakeshoreMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	117,095	...	...
Population, 2016¹	117,444	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	- 0.3	...	...
Total private dwellings²	46,399	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	44,663	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,947.7	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	60.12	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	117,095	57,225	59,870
0 to 14 years	17,655	9,170	8,485
0 to 4 years	5,295	2,760	2,535
5 to 9 years	5,950	3,060	2,885
10 to 14 years	6,415	3,345	3,070
15 to 64 years	76,635	37,725	38,910
15 to 19 years	6,640	3,395	3,235
20 to 24 years	6,905	3,510	3,395
25 to 29 years	6,775	3,540	3,235
30 to 34 years	7,050	3,515	3,530
35 to 39 years	7,415	3,580	3,835
40 to 44 years	7,400	3,540	3,860
45 to 49 years	7,690	3,605	4,085
50 to 54 years	8,635	4,120	4,515
55 to 59 years	9,590	4,740	4,850
60 to 64 years	8,540	4,175	4,370
65 years and over	22,805	10,335	12,470
65 to 69 years	6,805	3,240	3,565
70 to 74 years	5,695	2,660	3,040
75 to 79 years	4,040	1,800	2,245
80 to 84 years	3,060	1,355	1,705
85 years and over	3,205	1,285	1,915
85 to 89 years	1,950	850	1,100
90 to 94 years	975	360	615
95 to 99 years	255	65	190
100 years and over	25	10	15
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.1	16.0	14.2
15 to 64 years	65.4	65.9	65.0
65 years and over	19.5	18.1	20.8
85 years and over	2.7	2.2	3.2
Average age of the population	43.1	42.0	44.1
Median age of the population	44.0	42.4	45.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	44,665	...	...
Single-detached house	20,795	...	...
Semi-detached house	3,060	...	...
Row house	4,360	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,035	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	3,065	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	12,295	...	...
Other single-attached house	45	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	44,660	...	...
1 person	10,845	...	...
2 persons	14,170	...	...
3 persons	8,110	...	...
4 persons	7,355	...	...
5 or more persons	4,180	...	...
Number of persons in private households	115,925	56,795	59,130
Average household size	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	99,445	48,055	51,385
Married or living common-law	56,390	28,190	28,205
Married	49,535	24,750	24,790
Living common-law	6,860	3,445	3,415
Living common law - Never married	4,665	2,335	2,330
Living common law - Separated	315	185	125
Living common law - Divorced	1,710	850	865
Living common law - Widowed	170	75	95
Not married and not living common-law	43,050	19,870	23,185
Not married and not living common law - Never married	28,605	15,355	13,255
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,790	1,130	1,655
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,000	2,230	3,770
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,650	1,150	4,500
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	33,435	...	...
2 persons	15,355	...	...
3 persons	8,035	...	...
4 persons	7,290	...	...
5 or more persons	2,755	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	33,430	...	...
Total couple families	27,495	...	...
Married couples	24,070	...	...
With children⁶	14,695	...	...
Without children	9,370	...	...
Common-law couples	3,430	...	...
With children⁶	1,230	...	...
Without children	2,195	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,935	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,700	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,230	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	115,925	56,795	59,135
Total - Persons in census families	98,545	48,950	49,600
Married spouses or common-law partners	54,990	27,515	27,480
Parents in one-parent families	5,935	1,230	4,705
Children⁶	37,620	20,200	17,420
In a two-parent family	28,845	15,310	13,530
In a one-parent family	8,770	4,890	3,885
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	17,385	7,850	9,535
Living alone	10,845	4,715	6,130
Living with other relatives⁷	3,070	1,160	1,910
Living with non-relatives only	3,465	1,975	1,495
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	44,660	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	28,760	...	...
Couple-family households	24,165	...	...
With children⁶	14,085	...	...
Without children	10,075	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,595	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,735	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	295	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,460	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,570	...	...
One-person households	10,850	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	98,310	47,645	50,665
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	94,435	45,695	48,740
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,600	50,400	41,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	94,470	45,710	48,765
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	44,400	37,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	85,435	42,085	43,345
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	48,000	35,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	68,615	35,005	33,610
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,600	48,400	38,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	84,305	40,380	43,920
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,300	6,360	9,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,870	3,315	4,555
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,640	5,520	5,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	27,360	13,690	13,670
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000	8,000	9,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	98,310	47,645	50,665
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	94,505	45,760	48,750
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	73,900	88,400	60,300
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	94,540	45,775	48,765
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,650	65,500	48,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	85,485	42,110	43,375
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	71,600	87,200	56,350
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	68,605	34,925	33,680
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	70,100	82,300	57,550
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	84,170	40,315	43,855
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,300	9,210	11,290
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	7,785	3,250	4,530
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,980	6,005	7,680
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	27,175	13,605	13,565
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,520	9,380	9,650
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	98,310	47,650	50,665
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	33,895	18,570	15,325
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	75,500	80,000	69,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	112,300	126,400	95,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,905	11,540	13,365
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,600	19,000	16,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,720	36,760	29,240
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	87.6	90.8	83.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	68.8	71.0	66.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	12.4	9.2	16.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.5	1.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.1	3.4	5.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.7	3.2	4.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	98,310	47,645	50,665
Without total income	3,870	1,945	1,925
With total income	94,435	45,695	48,745
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,315	3,670	4,640
$10,000 to $19,999	10,375	4,545	5,830
$20,000 to $29,999	13,370	5,920	7,450
$30,000 to $39,999	10,220	4,425	5,800
$40,000 to $49,999	8,925	4,115	4,810
$50,000 to $59,999	7,775	3,615	4,160
$60,000 to $69,999	6,170	2,975	3,190
$70,000 to $79,999	5,170	2,580	2,595
$80,000 to $89,999	4,130	2,145	1,985
$90,000 to $99,999	3,405	1,780	1,625
$100,000 and over	16,590	9,925	6,660
$100,000 to $149,999	8,985	4,860	4,120
$150,000 and over	7,605	5,070	2,535
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	98,310	47,645	50,665
Without after-tax income	3,840	1,935	1,900
With after-tax income	94,470	45,705	48,765
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,835	3,860	4,970
$10,000 to $19,999	10,850	4,780	6,075
$20,000 to $29,999	14,905	6,550	8,355
$30,000 to $39,999	12,065	5,490	6,575
$40,000 to $49,999	10,800	5,010	5,790
$50,000 to $59,999	8,365	3,985	4,375
$60,000 to $69,999	6,550	3,285	3,270
$70,000 to $79,999	5,035	2,700	2,335
$80,000 to $89,999	4,140	2,020	2,120
$90,000 to $99,999	2,725	1,445	1,280
$100,000 and over	10,190	6,580	3,615
$100,000 to $124,999	4,040	2,430	1,615
$125,000 and over	6,155	4,155	1,995
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	98,310	47,645	50,665
Without employment income	29,690	12,635	17,055
With employment income	68,620	35,005	33,610
Under $5,000 (including loss)	10,155	4,995	5,160
$5,000 to $9,999	5,535	2,475	3,065
$10,000 to $19,999	6,980	3,310	3,665
$20,000 to $29,999	5,180	2,455	2,720
$30,000 to $39,999	4,820	2,240	2,580
$40,000 to $49,999	4,955	2,390	2,560
$50,000 to $59,999	4,910	2,405	2,505
$60,000 to $69,999	4,145	2,030	2,110
$70,000 to $79,999	3,535	1,830	1,710
$80,000 to $89,999	2,930	1,585	1,350
$90,000 to $99,999	2,610	1,345	1,270
$100,000 and over	12,870	7,945	4,930
$100,000 to $124,999	4,745	2,520	2,225
$125,000 and over	8,130	5,420	2,705
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	98,310	47,645	50,665
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	92,175	44,500	47,675
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,000	50,000	39,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	92,205	44,505	47,700
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	43,600	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	84,190	41,405	42,790
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,800	50,000	37,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	68,750	35,035	33,715
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,400	49,600	40,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	78,860	37,845	41,010
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,540	830	3,640
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,830	1,850	2,980
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,160	5,480	6,700
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	98,310	47,645	50,665
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	92,105	44,490	47,615
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	71,400	85,200	58,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	92,145	44,510	47,640
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,500	63,000	46,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	84,140	41,410	42,730
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	71,900	86,500	57,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	68,625	34,960	33,665
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	70,400	83,000	57,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	78,745	37,785	40,960
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,750	5,585	7,820
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,840	1,900	2,940
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,700	6,375	8,560
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	98,310	47,650	50,665
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	33,610	18,415	15,200
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	71,000	77,500	64,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	105,400	120,400	87,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,360	10,880	12,480
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,200	27,400	24,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	41,600	48,200	35,880
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	92.0	94.4	88.6
Employment income (%)	73.4	76.6	69.0
Government transfers (%)	8.1	5.6	11.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6	0.3	0.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	44,665	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	10,850	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	33,820	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	128,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	44,670	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	156,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	119,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	10,880	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	64,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	33,790	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	185,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	141,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	44,665	...	...
Under $5,000	425	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	225	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	380	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	595	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,125	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,130	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,065	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,180	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,215	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,290	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,760	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,685	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,565	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,530	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,290	...	...
$100,000 and over	23,210	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,015	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,785	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,405	...	...
$200,000 and over	9,005	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	44,665	...	...
Under $5,000	560	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	240	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	395	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	630	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,220	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,250	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,250	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,400	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,550	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,615	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,225	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,155	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,080	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,870	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,550	...	...
$100,000 and over	19,675	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,225	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,990	...	...
$150,000 and over	10,460	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	32,820	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	128,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,295	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	16,010	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	164,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,425	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	14,310	6,695	7,620
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,200	46,000	44,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,000	40,400	40,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	32,765	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	187,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	142,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,275	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	156,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	119,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	15,935	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	230,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	172,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,405	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	100,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	14,345	6,645	7,695
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	59,300	61,650	57,250
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,680	49,640	47,880
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	115,925	56,795	59,130
0 to 17 years	21,675	11,230	10,450
0 to 5 years	6,485	3,375	3,110
18 to 64 years	72,360	35,540	36,815
65 years and over	21,890	10,030	11,860
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	9,735	4,575	5,160
0 to 17 years	2,095	1,095	1,005
0 to 5 years	600	305	295
18 to 64 years	5,575	2,705	2,870
65 years and over	2,065	780	1,280
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.4	8.1	8.7
0 to 17 years (%)	9.7	9.7	9.6
0 to 5 years (%)	9.2	9.0	9.5
18 to 64 years (%)	7.7	7.6	7.8
65 years and over (%)	9.4	7.8	10.8
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	115,925	56,795	59,135
0 to 17 years	21,680	11,225	10,450
0 to 5 years	6,480	3,375	3,105
18 to 64 years	72,360	35,540	36,820
65 years and over	21,885	10,025	11,860
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	5,910	3,000	2,905
0 to 17 years	1,100	580	525
0 to 5 years	300	160	145
18 to 64 years	4,045	2,115	1,930
65 years and over	765	305	455
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.1	5.3	4.9
0 to 17 years (%)	5.1	5.2	5.0
0 to 5 years (%)	4.6	4.7	4.6
18 to 64 years (%)	5.6	6.0	5.2
65 years and over (%)	3.5	3.1	3.8
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	115,925	56,795	59,130
In bottom half of the distribution	44,350	21,220	23,130
In bottom decile	8,725	4,245	4,475
In second decile	8,465	3,935	4,525
In third decile	8,720	4,155	4,570
In fourth decile	9,020	4,280	4,745
In fifth decile	9,425	4,610	4,820
In top half of the distribution	71,575	35,570	36,000
In sixth decile	9,960	4,825	5,135
In seventh decile	10,460	5,140	5,315
In eighth decile	11,775	5,855	5,920
In ninth decile	14,385	7,150	7,230
In top decile	24,995	12,600	12,395
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	115,925	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.428	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.517	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.362	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	116,325	56,960	59,370
English only	104,270	51,940	52,330
French only	100	40	60
English and French	9,500	4,035	5,460
Neither English nor French	2,460	940	1,515
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	116,325	56,960	59,370
English	111,550	55,005	56,550
French	1,575	685	890
English and French	800	360	435
Neither English nor French	2,395	910	1,485
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	116,325	56,960	59,370
Single responses	109,975	53,935	56,040
Official languages	71,960	35,960	36,005
English	70,490	35,325	35,165
French	1,470	635	835
Non-official languages	38,010	17,970	20,040
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	38,005	17,970	20,040
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,420	1,765	1,650
Berber languages	15	10	5
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Chadic languages	5	5	5
Hausa	5	5	5
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	5	0
Cushitic languages	170	75	95
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	160	70	85
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Semitic languages	3,220	1,680	1,545
Amharic	65	30	35
Arabic	2,765	1,460	1,310
Aramaic languages	255	120	130
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	205	95	105
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	45	20	20
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	5	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	15	5	10
Maltese	75	35	40
Tigrigna	45	20	20
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	785	360	425
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	10
Vietnamese	775	355	420
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,140	880	1,260
Bikol	5	0	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	15	20
Cebuano	45	20	30
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	20	5	10
Ilocano	105	50	55
Indonesian	70	30	40
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	5	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	35	15	20
Pangasinan	15	10	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,775	715	1,050
Waray-Waray	5	0	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	5	15
Creole languages	80	40	40
Haitian Creole	5	5	5
Jamaican English Creole	10	0	0
Krio	5	0	0
Morisyen	20	10	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	5	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Dravidian languages	710	365	345
Kannada	25	10	20
Malayalam	200	110	100
Tamil	375	190	180
Telugu	95	55	45
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	10	5	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	24,845	11,790	13,050
Albanian	580	290	295
Armenian	85	40	45
Balto-Slavic languages	9,440	4,365	5,075
Baltic languages	160	60	90
Latvian	30	10	15
Lithuanian	130	50	75
Slavic languages	9,285	4,305	4,985
Belarusian	10	0	5
Bulgarian	245	110	130
Czech	155	60	100
Macedonian	155	75	80
Polish	4,755	2,190	2,565
Russian	1,055	450	605
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,510	750	755
Bosnian	260	140	120
Croatian	600	290	310
Serbian	620	310	315
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Slovak	205	100	110
Slovene (Slovenian)	220	105	115
Ukrainian	985	460	520
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	0	5
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,060	470	585
Frisian	5	0	5
High German languages	740	330	410
German	715	325	395
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	20	10	10
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	215	95	120
Afrikaans	30	15	15
Dutch	180	80	105
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	5	0
Scandinavian languages	100	45	60
Danish	55	25	30
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	15	5	5
Swedish	35	15	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	350	170	180
Indo-Iranian languages	5,985	3,020	2,965
Indo-Aryan languages	4,930	2,480	2,460
Assamese	5	5	0
Bengali	345	180	165
Gujarati	395	190	200
Hindi	810	410	400
Kacchi	20	10	15
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	15	5	10
Marathi	70	30	40
Nepali	35	20	15
Oriya languages	15	5	5
Odia	5	5	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	750	380	370
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	35	20	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	100	50	50
Urdu	2,345	1,160	1,180
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Iranian languages	1,045	545	505
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	60	35	25
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	125	70	55
Persian languages	860	440	425
Dari	305	150	160
Iranian Persian	445	235	210
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	110	55	55
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,335	3,430	3,900
Catalan	5	5	5
Italian	2,075	1,020	1,050
Portuguese	2,585	1,175	1,410
Romanian	455	210	250
Spanish	2,210	1,015	1,190
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Japanese	130	45	90
Korean	725	325	405
Mongolian	10	5	5
Niger-Congo languages	245	120	125
Akan (Twi)	50	20	25
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	15	5	10
Éwé	10	5	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	25	15	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	5
Lingala	5	0	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	0	5
Shona	5	5	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	30	20	15
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	5	0	5
Yoruba	50	25	25
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	20	10	10
American Sign Language	15	5	5
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,140	1,870	2,265
Chinese languages	4,050	1,830	2,225
Hakka	5	0	10
Mandarin	2,810	1,265	1,550
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	85	35	55
Wu (Shanghainese)	25	15	10
Yue (Cantonese)	1,075	490	580
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	15	25
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	80	45	40
Burmese	15	10	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	70	35	35
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	70	25	40
Lao	20	10	10
Thai	55	15	35
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	255	160	90
Azerbaijani	15	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	220	140	85
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	10	5	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	425	205	220
Estonian	25	20	5
Finnish	30	10	15
Hungarian	370	175	200
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	6,350	3,025	3,325
English and French	515	245	275
English and non-official language(s)	5,050	2,435	2,620
French and non-official language(s)	115	50	65
English, French and non-official language(s)	155	70	80
Multiple non-official languages	515	230	290
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	116,325	56,960	59,370
English	76,375	38,070	38,305
French	365	180	180
Non-official language	9,420	4,365	5,050
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	9,415	4,365	5,050
English and French	1,215	530	685
English and non-official language(s)	27,120	13,010	14,110
French and non-official language(s)	75	35	40
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,045	445	600
Multiple non-official languages	715	325	390
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	116,325	56,960	59,370
Single responses	109,850	53,865	55,985
Official languages	90,715	44,810	45,905
English	90,130	44,525	45,610
French	580	280	300
Non-official languages	19,135	9,060	10,075
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	19,140	9,060	10,075
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,045	995	1,055
Berber languages	10	5	5
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	125	60	60
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	120	55	65
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,905	920	980
Amharic	30	15	15
Arabic	1,675	825	850
Aramaic languages	175	80	95
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	135	60	80
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35	20	15
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	10	0	5
Tigrigna	15	5	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	550	260	290
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	0	5
Vietnamese	550	255	290
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,080	490	585
Bikol	5	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	15	15
Cebuano	15	10	5
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	5	5
Ilocano	60	30	30
Indonesian	15	10	10
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	10	10
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	930	420	510
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	25	15	15
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Dravidian languages	395	195	200
Kannada	15	5	5
Malayalam	100	60	45
Tamil	225	105	115
Telugu	55	25	25
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	11,235	5,320	5,915
Albanian	255	125	135
Armenian	45	20	25
Balto-Slavic languages	4,570	2,180	2,395
Baltic languages	40	20	25
Latvian	5	0	5
Lithuanian	35	15	20
Slavic languages	4,530	2,160	2,370
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	110	50	60
Czech	55	25	25
Macedonian	65	25	35
Polish	2,410	1,140	1,270
Russian	660	295	365
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	640	320	320
Bosnian	110	60	50
Croatian	205	100	105
Serbian	320	160	160
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Slovak	60	30	30
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	15	20
Ukrainian	495	250	250
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	70	30	35
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	50	20	30
German	50	20	30
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	5	5
Afrikaans	5	0	0
Dutch	5	5	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	5	5	5
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	5	5	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	75	35	45
Indo-Iranian languages	3,465	1,695	1,770
Indo-Aryan languages	2,815	1,380	1,435
Assamese	5	5	5
Bengali	215	105	110
Gujarati	205	105	105
Hindi	395	200	195
Kacchi	5	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	30	20	15
Nepali	15	10	10
Oriya languages	5	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	350	180	170
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	20	10	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	50	20	30
Urdu	1,500	725	770
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	650	320	330
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	40	20	20
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	80	45	40
Persian languages	530	250	280
Dari	210	100	115
Iranian Persian	250	125	125
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	70	30	35
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,750	1,235	1,515
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	440	190	255
Portuguese	990	450	540
Romanian	205	100	105
Spanish	1,110	500	610
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	60	25	35
Korean	455	215	240
Mongolian	10	5	5
Niger-Congo languages	95	45	55
Akan (Twi)	15	10	10
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	5	5	5
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	15	5	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	10	5	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	20	5	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	20	10	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	45	30	20
American Sign Language	25	10	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,805	1,295	1,505
Chinese languages	2,730	1,260	1,470
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	2,065	955	1,110
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	40	15	25
Wu (Shanghainese)	25	10	15
Yue (Cantonese)	580	270	315
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	5	5
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	75	35	40
Burmese	15	5	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	55	25	30
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	35	20	20
Lao	10	5	5
Thai	30	20	15
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	135	80	60
Azerbaijani	5	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	120	70	55
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	145	80	65
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	140	70	65
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Multiple responses	6,470	3,090	3,385
English and French	265	115	150
English and non-official language(s)	5,985	2,880	3,105
French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	95	35	65
Multiple non-official languages	95	40	50
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	116,325	56,960	59,365
None	91,545	45,185	46,365
English	8,130	3,940	4,190
French	1,005	435	570
Non-official language	12,515	5,930	6,580
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5
Non-Indigenous	12,505	5,930	6,580
English and French	130	65	70
English and non-official language(s)	995	485	510
French and non-official language(s)	570	235	335
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10
Multiple non-official languages	1,415	675	740
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	115,840	56,795	59,045
Official languages	113,340	55,830	57,515
English	113,250	55,790	57,460
French	9,610	4,150	5,460
Non-official languages	50,595	24,135	26,460
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	10	0
Algonquian languages	10	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	50,580	24,125	26,455
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,205	2,640	2,570
Berber languages	35	20	20
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20
Chadic languages	10	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	30	10	20
Cushitic languages	255	120	130
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	245	115	130
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	4,925	2,505	2,415
Amharic	115	55	60
Arabic	4,430	2,275	2,160
Aramaic languages	385	220	165
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	330	180	145
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	55	30	20
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	100	55	45
Maltese	130	70	65
Tigrigna	90	40	50
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,140	525	615
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	0	10
Vietnamese	1,125	520	610
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,990	1,220	1,770
Bikol	20	10	15
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Cebuano	60	15	55
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	30	15	20
Ilocano	230	110	125
Indonesian	100	50	50
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	40	25	15
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	40	20	20
Pangasinan	20	10	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,795	1,125	1,670
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30
Creole languages	195	90	105
Haitian Creole	50	20	25
Jamaican English Creole	45	20	20
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	20	10	15
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	80	40	50
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Dravidian languages	1,045	575	470
Kannada	125	75	50
Malayalam	320	185	135
Tamil	545	290	250
Telugu	200	100	100
Tulu	25	15	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	35	20	15
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	33,895	16,415	17,480
Albanian	670	330	345
Armenian	105	40	70
Balto-Slavic languages	11,825	5,650	6,175
Baltic languages	170	70	100
Latvian	25	0	20
Lithuanian	140	65	75
Slavic languages	11,690	5,590	6,095
Belarusian	50	30	25
Bulgarian	330	175	155
Czech	260	120	140
Macedonian	315	145	170
Polish	6,245	2,985	3,260
Russian	2,025	935	1,090
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	2,050	1,020	1,030
Bosnian	390	200	190
Croatian	1,185	615	565
Serbian	890	410	480
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	40	30	10
Slovak	215	105	110
Slovene (Slovenian)	285	125	155
Ukrainian	1,510	720	790
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	30	15	15
Irish	20	15	10
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,960	905	1,055
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	1,445	695	750
German	1,425	690	735
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	30	10	20
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	355	145	210
Afrikaans	90	50	40
Dutch	255	85	170
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	0
Scandinavian languages	200	85	120
Danish	115	55	55
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	85	25	55
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	545	300	245
Indo-Iranian languages	9,005	4,585	4,415
Indo-Aryan languages	7,830	3,990	3,840
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	520	275	255
Gujarati	640	310	330
Hindi	3,150	1,610	1,545
Kacchi	45	20	30
Kashmiri	10	10	0
Konkani	95	50	50
Marathi	155	80	75
Nepali	45	25	20
Oriya languages	30	20	10
Odia	30	20	10
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,860	930	930
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	105	60	45
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	180	80	90
Urdu	3,410	1,755	1,655
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	60	40	20
Iranian languages	1,315	670	645
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	70	45	25
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	225	120	105
Persian languages	1,110	565	545
Dari	480	225	250
Iranian Persian	580	320	265
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	85	40	45
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Italic (Romance) languages	10,705	5,040	5,660
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	3,485	1,775	1,710
Portuguese	3,460	1,580	1,880
Romanian	600	270	330
Spanish	3,790	1,735	2,055
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	15	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Japanese	270	115	150
Korean	820	350	470
Mongolian	15	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	635	285	350
Akan (Twi)	135	50	85
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	40	20	20
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	35	20	15
Ga	10	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	20	10	10
Igbo	45	25	20
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	10	15
Lingala	25	10	10
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	160	60	90
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	20	0	15
Yoruba	140	85	55
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	70	20	50
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	0	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	130	60	70
American Sign Language	100	45	55
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,870	2,235	2,640
Chinese languages	4,785	2,180	2,605
Hakka	20	15	0
Mandarin	3,825	1,745	2,075
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	100	50	50
Wu (Shanghainese)	45	25	20
Yue (Cantonese)	1,465	660	805
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	15	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	85	60	30
Burmese	20	20	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	65	35	30
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	105	30	70
Lao	40	15	25
Thai	85	25	55
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	510	305	210
Azerbaijani	45	20	25
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	470	275	195
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	10	10	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Uralic languages	545	240	305
Estonian	20	15	10
Finnish	35	15	20
Hungarian	485	205	275
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	0	20
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	115,840	56,795	59,050
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	985	535	445
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	905	510	395
First Nations (North American Indian)	505	265	240
Métis	395	245	150
Inuk (Inuit)	10	0	10
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	20	0	20
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	65	30	35
Non-Indigenous identity	114,855	56,255	58,600
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	115,840	56,795	59,050
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	300	155	140
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	115,540	56,640	58,905
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	44,670	...	...
Owner	30,640	...	...
Renter	14,025	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	44,670	...	...
Condominium	8,430	...	...
Not condominium	36,240	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	44,670	...	...
No bedrooms	265	...	...
1 bedroom	5,790	...	...
2 bedrooms	9,700	...	...
3 bedrooms	14,060	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	14,855	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	44,670	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	12,845	...	...
5 rooms	5,785	...	...
6 rooms	5,765	...	...
7 rooms	5,050	...	...
8 or more rooms	15,220	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	44,670	...	...
One person or fewer per room	43,270	...	...
More than one person per room	1,400	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	44,670	...	...
Suitable	41,445	...	...
Not suitable	3,225	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	44,670	...	...
1960 or before	9,095	...	...
1961 to 1980	21,550	...	...
1981 to 1990	5,345	...	...
1991 to 2000	3,160	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,515	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,185	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,035	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,775	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	44,670	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	41,940	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,730	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	44,670	...	...
One-maintainer household	21,430	...	...
Two-maintainer household	20,955	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,280	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	44,670	...	...
15 to 24 years	430	...	...
25 to 34 years	4,195	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,985	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,895	...	...
55 to 64 years	10,450	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,560	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,340	...	...
85 years and over	1,815	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	44,440	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	32,410	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	12,030	...	...
30% to less than 100%	10,625	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	44,670	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	16,000	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	10,390	...	...
Not suitable only	2,270	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,455	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	610	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	925	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	245	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	100	...	...
Acceptable housing	28,665	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	43,035	...	...
In core need	6,395	...	...
Not in core need	36,640	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	30,640	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	53.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	21.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	7.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,740	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,206	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,000,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,310,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	14,030	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	31.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,440	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,580	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	115,840	56,795	59,045
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	175	95	85
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	175	95	85
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	125	65	55
Métis single ancestry	50	25	20
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,330	715	615
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,315	710	600
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	930	500	435
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	370	210	155
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	10
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	15	0	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	114,330	55,985	58,350
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	115,845	56,795	59,045
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	105,100	51,535	53,570
Canadian citizens aged under 18	20,140	10,335	9,800
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	84,960	41,195	43,765
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	10,740	5,260	5,480
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	115,845	56,795	59,045
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	70,155	34,930	35,225
Immigrants⁸¹	43,625	20,800	22,815
Before 1980	10,760	5,100	5,665
1980 to 1990	5,975	2,945	3,030
1991 to 2000	8,650	3,995	4,655
2001 to 2010	9,205	4,420	4,780
2011 to 2021⁸²	9,040	4,350	4,690
2011 to 2015	4,200	2,010	2,190
2016 to 2021	4,840	2,340	2,500
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,060	1,060	1,000
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	43,625	20,805	22,820
Under 5 years	3,970	1,940	2,035
5 to 14 years	8,110	4,310	3,800
15 to 24 years	8,695	3,925	4,765
25 to 44 years	19,165	9,030	10,135
45 years and over	3,690	1,600	2,085
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	43,625	20,805	22,820
Americas	5,630	2,495	3,140
Brazil	210	80	125
Colombia	490	215	280
El Salvador	100	55	45
Guyana	485	220	260
Haiti	25	10	10
Jamaica	965	425	540
Mexico	210	95	115
Peru	175	70	110
Trinidad and Tobago	700	325	375
United States of America	920	370	550
Other places of birth in Americas	1,360	625	735
Europe	16,830	8,035	8,800
Bosnia and Herzegovina	395	205	190
Croatia	510	285	230
France	125	60	65
Germany	575	285	290
Greece	195	90	105
Hungary	205	100	105
Italy	1,390	750	640
Netherlands	150	50	105
Poland	4,195	1,935	2,260
Portugal	1,900	900	1,000
Romania	500	235	265
Russian Federation	550	205	345
Serbia⁸⁶	295	130	165
Ukraine	860	410	455
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,570	1,300	1,270
Other places of birth in Europe	2,415	1,105	1,315
Africa	2,530	1,300	1,230
Algeria	85	50	35
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	30	15	15
Egypt	565	285	275
Eritrea	60	40	20
Ethiopia	85	30	55
Morocco	100	40	60
Nigeria	245	155	95
Somalia	180	100	85
South Africa, Republic of	260	135	125
Other places of birth in Africa	925	455	470
Asia	18,490	8,900	9,590
Afghanistan	375	185	195
Iran⁸⁸	505	295	215
Iraq	905	480	425
Lebanon	360	145	210
Syria⁸⁹	615	285	325
Turkey	210	140	75
China⁹⁰	2,685	1,195	1,490
Hong Kong⁹¹	430	200	225
Korea, South⁹²	645	275	370
Taiwan	160	70	95
Philippines	2,795	1,115	1,680
Viet Nam	875	410	465
Bangladesh	255	130	120
India	3,295	1,680	1,615
Pakistan	2,145	1,135	1,005
Sri Lanka	420	220	200
Other places of birth in Asia	1,810	930	885
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	140	80	65
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	4,835	2,340	2,500
Americas	425	185	240
Brazil	65	20	45
Colombia	20	10	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	45	20	25
Mexico	40	10	25
United States of America	155	70	85
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Americas	100	55	45
Europe	695	355	345
France	25	10	15
Germany	10	0	0
Ireland⁹⁶	30	30	0
Italy	20	10	10
Russian Federation	50	10	40
Ukraine	95	45	50
United Kingdom⁸⁷	55	40	15
Other places of birth in Europe	415	195	220
Africa	565	290	280
Algeria	15	0	10
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	120	60	60
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	35	15	15
Morocco	15	0	10
Nigeria	145	80	65
Somalia	55	35	25
South Africa, Republic of	55	25	25
Sudan⁹⁷	10	0	10
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	95	45	55
Asia	3,135	1,510	1,625
Afghanistan	70	30	35
Bangladesh	40	25	15
China⁹⁰	265	105	160
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	770	415	350
Iran⁸⁸	20	10	10
Iraq	210	110	100
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	0	0	0
Jordan	20	20	0
Korea, South⁹²	35	15	25
Lebanon	60	15	40
Nepal	25	15	15
Pakistan	245	115	130
Philippines	520	205	320
Saudi Arabia	40	30	10
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	385	165	220
Turkey	80	50	30
United Arab Emirates	60	30	25
Viet Nam	110	50	60
Other places of birth in Asia	160	100	65
Oceania and other⁹³	15	0	10
Australia	15	0	10
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	115,840	56,795	59,045
First generation¹⁰⁰	46,930	22,500	24,430
Second generation¹⁰¹	33,395	16,610	16,790
Third generation or more¹⁰²	35,515	17,685	17,830
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	32,860	15,710	17,160
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	16,670	8,530	8,140
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	6,905	4,290	2,610
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	9,765	4,235	5,535
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	9,355	3,540	5,815
Refugees¹⁰⁸	6,410	3,440	2,970
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	425	200	220
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	32,860	15,710	17,160
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,240	1,215	1,025
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,815	1,250	1,565
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	745	340	405
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,345	670	675
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	275	90	185
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	25,445	12,145	13,300
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	115,840	56,795	59,050
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	40,550	19,625	20,930
South Asian	11,720	6,015	5,705
Chinese	5,885	2,775	3,105
Black	5,660	2,730	2,930
Filipino	3,770	1,605	2,165
Arab	3,845	1,960	1,885
Latin American	2,170	955	1,215
Southeast Asian	1,795	815	980
West Asian	1,335	715	625
Korean	1,020	430	585
Japanese	405	180	230
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	920	450	470
Multiple visible minorities	2,030	1,000	1,030
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	75,285	37,165	38,120
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	115,840	56,790	59,045
Canadian	10,570	5,350	5,215
English	16,145	7,915	8,230
Irish	14,110	6,930	7,175
Scottish	12,955	6,270	6,685
French, n.o.s.¹²²	5,150	2,490	2,660
German	6,925	3,405	3,520
Chinese	6,345	2,930	3,415
Italian	9,805	5,035	4,775
Indian (India)	6,675	3,365	3,315
Ukrainian	4,515	2,160	2,350
Dutch	2,080	1,005	1,070
Polish	9,245	4,460	4,785
Québécois	145	75	70
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	4,275	2,080	2,195
Filipino	3,740	1,600	2,135
French Canadian	970	465	505
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,405	735	670
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	390	190	205
Métis	420	235	185
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,645	785	855
Russian	1,775	765	1,010
Norwegian	500	245	255
Welsh	1,420	650	770
Portuguese	5,180	2,540	2,640
American	1,100	530	565
Spanish	1,555	680	870
Swedish	620	330	290
Hungarian	1,275	565	700
Acadian	185	85	100
Pakistani	2,765	1,460	1,300
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,040	490	550
Jewish	665	335	330
Punjabi	635	290	345
Vietnamese	1,465	675	790
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,560	805	750
Greek	1,225	615	610
Jamaican	1,815	860	955
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	790	385	405
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	35	15	15
Korean	1,090	465	630
Romanian	915	435	475
Lebanese	650	320	335
Iranian	675	375	300
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	795	420	375
Danish	515	270	250
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	195	105	90
Sikh	255	115	145
Austrian	660	335	325
Belgian	235	125	110
Haitian	95	65	35
Hindu	755	390	360
Mexican	370	160	210
Mennonite	65	40	20
Swiss	420	195	225
Finnish	360	200	160
Sri Lankan	475	255	215
Croatian	1,520	865	660
Japanese	535	250	290
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	825	430	395
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	140	100	45
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	245	120	125
Muslim	520	265	260
Egyptian	705	335	370
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	395	190	205
Tamil	160	95	70
Icelandic	55	25	35
Colombian	570	300	275
Moroccan	80	35	50
Czech	490	215	275
Syrian	645	310	335
Guyanese	735	360	380
Afghan	575	300	280
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	445	170	280
Serbian	955	440	520
Ojibway	80	55	30
Newfoundlander	205	90	115
Hong Konger	115	45	65
Ontarian	250	105	150
Persian	330	170	160
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	640	330	315
Turkish	755	420	335
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	25	10	15
Bangladeshi	265	155	110
Algerian	100	55	45
Brazilian	265	125	140
Nigerian	235	120	120
Armenian	185	80	105
Slovak	420	205	220
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	325	140	185
Somali	270	125	145
Taiwanese	190	95	95
Iraqi	670	375	290
Salvadorean	210	115	95
African Caribbean	355	160	195
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	450	225	220
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	405	230	175
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	415	155	255
Algonquin	35	20	15
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	375	220	155
Lithuanian	405	195	210
South African	240	135	105
Australian	150	85	65
Palestinian	435	220	215
Chilean	240	110	130
Congolese	45	35	0
Nova Scotian	155	60	100
Ethiopian	125	60	60
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	200	100	100
Peruvian	285	125	165
Yoruba	135	65	65
Cambodian (Khmer)	50	15	35
Berber	15	0	10
Albanian	810	400	410
Maltese	690	365	325
Macedonian	435	200	235
Slovenian	875	445	425
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	110	55	55
New Brunswicker	35	20	15
Gujarati	115	55	60
Eritrean	135	70	70
African Canadian	135	75	60
Israeli	95	45	45
Mohawk	50	30	20
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	95	45	50
Bulgarian	290	140	150
Albertan	0	0	0
Ghanaian	85	35	50
Barbadian	265	115	160
African American	95	55	45
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	145	70	70
Tunisian	20	20	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	300	165	135
Cuban	190	110	75
Bosnian	365	180	185
Venezuelan	115	60	60
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	160	60	100
Bengali	85	50	40
Cameroonian	10	0	0
Guatemalan	130	70	65
Indonesian	150	70	80
Laotian	70	30	45
Ilocano	145	80	65
Northern Irish	210	120	85
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	95	55	35
British Columbian	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	150	70	75
Franco Ontarian	15	15	0
Argentinian	135	70	65
Estonian	120	65	55
Kurdish	60	45	20
Fijian	20	0	15
Jatt	65	35	30
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	50	25	20
Coptic	130	65	60
Thai	85	25	60
Dominican	40	25	20
Nepali	65	35	35
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	145	80	60
Igbo	85	35	50
Byelorussian	145	55	90
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	10	0	10
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0
New Zealander	30	10	20
Sudanese	70	45	25
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	65	20	45
Malaysian	85	35	50
Plains Cree	30	10	20
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	95	65	30
Huron (Wendat)	20	10	10
Saskatchewanian	30	10	20
Buddhist	80	45	35
Gaspesian	10	0	10
Norman	0	0	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	85	35	50
Ivorian	55	35	15
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	90	30	60
Mauritian	15	10	10
Kenyan	65	35	35
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	40	15	15
Jordanian	30	0	25
Manitoban	15	0	10
Cape Bretoner	15	10	0
Rwandan	35	20	10
Grenadian	65	45	20
Malayali	45	20	25
Chaldean	60	25	30
Sinhalese	50	15	35
Mayan	30	20	10
Honduran	10	0	10
Cherokee	20	15	10
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	20	10	10
Indo-Caribbean	85	40	45
Flemish	25	0	20
United Empire Loyalist	60	35	30
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	40	20	20
Sicilian	70	35	30
Pashtun	100	50	50
Malay	25	10	15
Goan	185	85	100
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	30	25	0
Tibetan	35	20	20
Zimbabwean	20	15	10
Burmese	50	25	25
Mongolian	40	25	15
Azorean	130	55	75
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	50	15	30
Ugandan	15	0	10
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	30	15	10
Yemeni	35	25	15
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	35	15	25
Basque	10	0	0
Uruguayan	55	20	40
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	10	10	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	20	15	0
Igorot	15	0	0
Fulani	50	25	25
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	35	15	20
Prince Edward Islander	20	10	10
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	25	15	10
Roma	40	25	20
Costa Rican	15	0	10
African Nova Scotian	10	10	0
Malagasy	15	0	15
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	25	10	20
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	45	30	15
Tajik	40	15	30
Amhara	30	15	10
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	115,840	56,795	59,050
Buddhist	1,310	605	710
Christian	67,820	31,790	36,030
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7,965	3,690	4,270
Anabaptist	100	40	55
Anglican	4,500	2,055	2,440
Baptist	1,145	525	615
Catholic	40,285	19,235	21,050
Christian Orthodox	4,215	1,980	2,235
Jehovah's Witness	355	165	190
Latter Day Saints	60	20	40
Lutheran	690	330	360
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	200	105	95
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	910	395	515
Presbyterian	1,640	700	940
Reformed	105	40	65
United Church	3,795	1,625	2,170
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,875	880	995
Hindu	3,550	1,805	1,740
Jewish	440	210	225
Muslim	10,325	5,265	5,055
Sikh	1,050	505	540
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	20	10	10
Other religions and spiritual traditions	775	330	445
No religion and secular perspectives	30,550	16,260	14,285
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	114,785	56,235	58,550
Non-movers	103,875	50,760	53,115
Movers	10,915	5,470	5,440
Non-migrants	6,280	3,155	3,120
Migrants	4,630	2,315	2,315
Internal migrants	3,665	1,810	1,860
Intraprovincial migrants	3,430	1,695	1,735
Interprovincial migrants	235	110	120
External migrants	965	510	455
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	110,510	54,100	56,410
Non-movers	74,820	36,335	38,485
Movers	35,685	17,755	17,925
Non-migrants	16,295	8,020	8,275
Migrants	19,390	9,740	9,650
Internal migrants	14,295	7,200	7,105
Intraprovincial migrants	13,055	6,555	6,500
Interprovincial migrants	1,240	645	595
External migrants	5,095	2,545	2,550
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	98,310	47,650	50,665
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	14,055	7,145	6,910
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	84,255	40,500	43,755
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	62,750	30,670	32,085
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	5,155	2,980	2,175
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	57,600	27,685	29,910
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	98,310	47,645	50,665
No certificate, diploma or degree	13,035	6,515	6,520
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	24,400	12,025	12,375
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	60,880	29,105	31,765
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	24,160	11,970	12,185
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,150	3,050	1,100
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,165	1,450	715
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,985	1,600	385
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	17,270	7,715	9,560
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,735	1,200	1,535
Bachelor's degree or higher	36,720	17,140	19,580
Bachelor's degree	23,620	10,610	13,015
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,530	1,065	1,465
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,145	610	540
Master's degree	8,360	4,215	4,145
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,060	645	425
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	62,755	30,670	32,085
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,540	2,635	1,910
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	12,760	6,810	5,950
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	45,450	21,230	24,225
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	16,880	8,220	8,660
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,525	1,835	690
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,340	890	450
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,180	950	235
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,655	5,620	7,035
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,705	765	935
Bachelor's degree or higher	28,570	13,005	15,570
Bachelor's degree	18,245	8,040	10,200
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,900	755	1,140
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	895	460	430
Master's degree	6,775	3,355	3,420
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	765	390	370
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	98,315	47,645	50,665
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	37,435	18,540	18,895
Education	3,285	530	2,755
13. Education	3,285	530	2,755
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,545	945	1,600
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	255	185	75
50. Visual and performing arts	2,290	765	1,525
Humanities	3,500	1,035	2,470
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	410	70	340
23. English language and literature/letters	980	235	745
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,025	275	750
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	130	50	80
38. Philosophy and religious studies	195	80	115
39. Theology and religious vocations	140	65	75
54. History	485	245	240
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	140	15	130
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,095	3,220	5,880
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	70	10	60
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,180	445	735
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,110	50	1,060
22. Legal professions and studies	1,505	595	915
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	185	70	120
42. Psychology	1,360	325	1,030
45. Social sciences	3,690	1,725	1,965
Business, management and public administration	15,425	7,255	8,160
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	20	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	835	190	645
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	14,570	7,055	7,515
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,100	1,460	1,640
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,265	515	755
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	825	380	445
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	100	25	75
40. Physical sciences	800	515	290
41. Science technologies/technicians	110	35	75
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,185	2,080	1,110
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,290	1,655	635
25. Library science	125	10	120
27. Mathematics and statistics	660	345	315
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	110	70	40
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,460	9,040	1,425
04. Architecture and related services	660	440	220
14. Engineering	4,245	3,405	845
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,085	1,815	270
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,485	1,440	45
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,350	1,340	15
48. Precision production	620	600	25
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	830	450	375
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	535	305	230
03. Natural resources and conservation	295	150	145
Health and related fields	6,980	1,840	5,145
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	775	390	385
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,910	1,265	4,645
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	10	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	280	175	110
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,440	1,235	1,205
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,350	455	895
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	30	25	0
43. Security and protective services	715	450	270
49. Transportation and materials moving	340	305	40
Other¹⁷⁹	30	15	15
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	62,755	30,665	32,080
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	17,300	9,440	7,860
Education	2,215	355	1,860
13. Education	2,215	355	1,860
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,040	705	1,340
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	175	115	60
50. Visual and performing arts	1,870	590	1,280
Humanities	2,565	765	1,795
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	275	40	235
23. English language and literature/letters	755	200	555
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	765	220	545
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	100	35	70
38. Philosophy and religious studies	135	45	90
39. Theology and religious vocations	60	25	35
54. History	365	195	180
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	105	10	95
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,200	2,475	4,735
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	50	0	45
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	995	375	620
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	835	40	795
22. Legal professions and studies	1,240	450	790
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	140	55	85
42. Psychology	1,065	240	825
45. Social sciences	2,885	1,310	1,575
Business, management and public administration	12,090	5,570	6,515
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	20	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	645	140	500
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,425	5,415	6,010
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,010	890	1,120
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	855	335	520
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	550	255	295
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	75	15	60
40. Physical sciences	460	280	185
41. Science technologies/technicians	70	10	55
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,565	1,735	830
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,945	1,440	500
25. Library science	75	10	70
27. Mathematics and statistics	455	230	225
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	90	55	35
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,265	6,105	1,160
04. Architecture and related services	485	325	160
14. Engineering	3,145	2,425	720
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,395	1,170	225
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	0
46. Construction trades	985	945	45
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	895	895	0
48. Precision production	355	340	15
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	595	320	275
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	365	205	160
03. Natural resources and conservation	230	120	110
Health and related fields	5,145	1,420	3,725
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	595	315	280
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,335	970	3,360
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	10	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	210	130	75
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,745	875	865
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	970	330	640
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	565	355	210
49. Transportation and materials moving	205	180	25
Other¹⁷⁹	20	0	15
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	62,755	30,665	32,080
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	17,300	9,440	7,860
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	45,450	21,225	24,225
Location of study inside Canada	33,055	15,470	17,590
Same as province or territory of residence	30,565	14,265	16,300
Different than province or territory of residence	2,490	1,195	1,295
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	12,395	5,760	6,635
Americas	2,210	1,050	1,160
United States of America	1,465	735	730
Mexico	90	40	50
Cuba	70	50	20
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	45	10	40
Brazil	90	30	55
Colombia	155	45	110
Peru	40	0	40
Venezuela⁹⁵	35	15	20
Other locations of study in Americas	225	130	95
Europe	3,535	1,735	1,800
Belgium	10	10	0
France	70	45	30
Germany	75	45	25
Netherlands	15	0	15
Switzerland	40	25	15
Hungary	45	20	25
Moldova¹⁸³	15	0	10
Poland	870	385	485
Romania	210	105	100
Russian Federation	260	90	160
Ukraine	410	195	220
Ireland⁹⁶	85	50	40
United Kingdom⁸⁷	660	375	285
Bosnia and Herzegovina	60	35	20
Italy	55	30	20
Serbia⁸⁶	95	35	60
Other locations of study in Europe	565	280	280
Africa	675	310	360
Nigeria	115	60	50
Algeria	30	15	15
Morocco	30	10	25
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	215	105	110
South Africa, Republic of	90	50	45
Other locations of study in Africa	200	70	125
Asia	5,765	2,570	3,195
Iran⁸⁸	155	85	70
Iraq	200	95	105
Israel	10	0	0
Lebanon	90	40	50
Syria⁸⁹	120	80	40
Turkey	80	60	20
China⁹⁰	970	430	540
Taiwan	20	0	20
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	10	10
Japan	45	10	35
Korea, South⁹²	160	50	115
Philippines	1,065	360	705
Viet Nam	65	30	35
Bangladesh	65	35	35
Sri Lanka	35	15	20
India	1,465	710	755
Pakistan	795	380	415
Other locations of study in Asia	415	190	225
Oceania	205	90	120
Australia	185	80	105
New Zealand	20	10	15
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	98,310	47,645	50,665
In the labour force	62,420	32,520	29,900
Employed	54,750	28,855	25,895
Unemployed	7,670	3,665	4,010
Not in the labour force	35,895	15,125	20,760
Participation rate	63.5	68.3	59.0
Employment rate	55.7	60.6	51.1
Unemployment rate	12.3	11.3	13.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	98,315	47,645	50,665
Did not work¹⁸⁶	36,210	15,530	20,675
Worked	62,100	32,110	29,990
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	35,090	19,370	15,720
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	27,010	12,745	14,265
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.1	41.9	40.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	62,420	32,520	29,900
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,840	895	945
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	60,585	31,630	28,955
Employee	49,315	24,430	24,885
Permanent position	42,460	21,175	21,280
Temporary position	6,855	3,250	3,605
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,250	1,065	1,185
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,605	2,190	2,415
Self-employed¹⁹²	11,270	7,200	4,075
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	62,420	32,520	29,900
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,840	895	945
All occupations¹⁹¹	60,585	31,630	28,955
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,690	1,230	460
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	13,805	4,805	8,995
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,925	4,430	1,500
3 Health occupations	3,885	1,090	2,795
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,550	2,100	4,450
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,170	990	1,180
6 Sales and service occupations	14,655	6,845	7,805
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	9,130	8,205	925
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	600	505	100
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,170	1,430	745
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	62,420	32,520	29,900
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,840	895	945
All industries¹⁹¹	60,585	31,630	28,955
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	140	75	60
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	160	95	70
22 Utilities	345	235	110
23 Construction	4,350	3,745	605
31-33 Manufacturing	4,850	3,305	1,545
41 Wholesale trade	3,125	1,840	1,285
44-45 Retail trade	6,460	3,185	3,275
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,350	2,265	1,085
51 Information and cultural industries	1,725	1,025	700
52 Finance and insurance	4,950	2,480	2,475
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,995	1,020	980
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	7,685	4,285	3,405
55 Management of companies and enterprises	290	130	160
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,540	1,455	1,080
61 Educational services	4,265	1,145	3,120
62 Health care and social assistance	6,035	1,415	4,615
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,150	635	515
72 Accommodation and food services	2,740	1,235	1,505
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,245	985	1,255
91 Public administration	2,185	1,055	1,125
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	66,725	34,465	32,260
English	61,990	32,285	29,710
French	140	45	95
Non-official language	435	205	235
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	435	205	235
English and French	1,155	375	780
English and non-official language(s)	2,855	1,500	1,350
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	125	55	70
Multiple non-official languages	20	10	10
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	66,725	34,465	32,260
Single responses	65,985	34,125	31,865
Official languages	65,130	33,760	31,370
English	64,865	33,700	31,160
French	265	55	205
Non-official languages	860	365	495
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	860	365	495
Afro-Asiatic languages	50	25	25
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	50	25	25
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	35	25	15
Aramaic languages	15	0	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	0	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	70	30	45
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	70	30	45
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	10	10	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	10	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	10	0	10
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	10	0	10
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	435	190	250
Albanian	20	10	10
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	205	85	120
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	205	85	120
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	130	55	70
Russian	25	10	15
Serbo-Croatian	10	0	10
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	10	0	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	45	15	25
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	10	0	10
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	10	0	10
German	10	0	10
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	70	30	35
Indo-Aryan languages	55	20	35
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	10	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	25	0	15
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	15	0	10
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	10	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	10	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	130	60	70
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	10	0	0
Portuguese	75	40	40
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	45	20	25
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	10	0	10
Korean	40	15	25
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	230	95	135
Chinese languages	230	95	135
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	190	65	125
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	45	35	10
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	740	345	400
English and French	175	30	150
English and non-official language(s)	540	310	230
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	0	15
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	66,725	34,465	32,260
None	63,260	32,845	30,415
English	475	150	320
French	870	330	535
Non-official language	1,740	925	815
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,740	925	815
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	55	20	40
French and non-official language(s)	100	55	45
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	240	155	90
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	54,750	28,855	25,895
Worked at home	20,240	9,400	10,840
Worked outside Canada	230	170	65
No fixed workplace address	5,945	4,620	1,320
Usual place of work	28,335	14,665	13,670
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	28,335	14,665	13,670
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	16,005	7,665	8,345
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	1,280	820	465
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	11,000	6,160	4,840
Commute to a different province or territory	40	25	20
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	34,280	19,285	14,990
Car, truck or van	28,415	16,870	11,545
Car, truck or van - as a driver	25,760	15,925	9,835
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,655	945	1,715
Public transit	3,255	1,395	1,860
Walked	1,510	555	950
Bicycle	185	130	55
Other method	920	335	580
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	34,280	19,285	14,990
Less than 15 minutes	7,385	3,390	3,990
15 to 29 minutes	12,550	6,910	5,635
30 to 44 minutes	8,520	5,375	3,145
45 to 59 minutes	2,835	1,775	1,060
60 minutes and over	2,995	1,830	1,160
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	34,280	19,285	14,990
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,155	1,700	455
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,150	3,390	1,765
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	8,165	4,455	3,705
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	7,830	4,065	3,765
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,940	2,920	3,015
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,040	2,755	2,295
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	22,140	11,455	10,685
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,115	1,105	1,010
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	20,030	10,350	9,675
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	16,445	8,475	7,970
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,635	860	775
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,000	530	475
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	625	325	300
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,810	7,620	7,195

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 6, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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