Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Scarborough--AgincourtMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	104,423	...	...
Population, 2016¹	105,542	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	- 1.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	40,000	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	38,337	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	4,891.1	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	21.35	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	104,420	49,665	54,755
0 to 14 years	13,335	6,920	6,415
0 to 4 years	3,985	2,075	1,910
5 to 9 years	4,555	2,360	2,195
10 to 14 years	4,800	2,495	2,305
15 to 64 years	66,530	32,270	34,260
15 to 19 years	5,075	2,595	2,480
20 to 24 years	6,575	3,510	3,070
25 to 29 years	7,570	3,925	3,640
30 to 34 years	7,180	3,675	3,500
35 to 39 years	6,340	3,035	3,305
40 to 44 years	5,535	2,610	2,920
45 to 49 years	6,005	2,670	3,335
50 to 54 years	7,085	3,175	3,915
55 to 59 years	8,000	3,800	4,195
60 to 64 years	7,175	3,275	3,900
65 years and over	24,560	10,475	14,080
65 to 69 years	6,415	2,915	3,500
70 to 74 years	5,920	2,570	3,350
75 to 79 years	4,175	1,810	2,365
80 to 84 years	3,595	1,455	2,145
85 years and over	4,450	1,725	2,725
85 to 89 years	2,655	1,115	1,540
90 to 94 years	1,350	470	880
95 to 99 years	380	130	255
100 years and over	60	10	50
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	12.8	13.9	11.7
15 to 64 years	63.7	65.0	62.6
65 years and over	23.5	21.1	25.7
85 years and over	4.3	3.5	5.0
Average age of the population	45.0	43.2	46.7
Median age of the population	45.6	42.0	48.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	38,340	...	...
Single-detached house	11,110	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,340	...	...
Row house	4,495	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,550	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	1,665	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	18,090	...	...
Other single-attached house	75	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	38,335	...	...
1 person	9,170	...	...
2 persons	11,565	...	...
3 persons	7,220	...	...
4 persons	5,705	...	...
5 or more persons	4,670	...	...
Number of persons in private households	103,725	49,465	54,255
Average household size	2.7	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	91,090	42,745	48,340
Married or living common-law	48,300	24,085	24,210
Married	45,165	22,535	22,630
Living common-law	3,140	1,550	1,585
Living common law - Never married	2,155	1,060	1,095
Living common law - Separated	150	85	65
Living common law - Divorced	770	375	400
Living common law - Widowed	70	35	30
Not married and not living common-law	42,785	18,660	24,125
Not married and not living common law - Never married	27,835	14,425	13,405
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,425	920	1,500
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,105	2,155	3,945
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	6,430	1,155	5,280
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	29,305	...	...
2 persons	14,065	...	...
3 persons	7,585	...	...
4 persons	5,580	...	...
5 or more persons	2,080	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	29,310	...	...
Total couple families	22,925	...	...
Married couples	21,360	...	...
With children⁶	12,330	...	...
Without children	9,030	...	...
Common-law couples	1,570	...	...
With children⁶	640	...	...
Without children	930	...	...
Total one-parent families	6,380	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	5,285	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,100	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	103,725	49,470	54,260
Total - Persons in census families	84,305	41,115	43,190
Married spouses or common-law partners	45,850	22,900	22,945
Parents in one-parent families	6,385	1,095	5,285
Children⁶	32,075	17,115	14,960
In a two-parent family	22,470	11,930	10,535
In a one-parent family	9,605	5,180	4,425
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	19,420	8,355	11,065
Living alone	9,170	3,380	5,790
Living with other relatives⁷	4,305	1,525	2,785
Living with non-relatives only	5,940	3,445	2,495
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	38,340	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	22,020	...	...
Couple-family households	17,545	...	...
With children⁶	10,060	...	...
Without children	7,485	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,475	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,460	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	635	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,145	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,905	...	...
One-person households	9,170	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	90,400	42,555	47,845
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	85,880	40,290	45,590
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,400	32,800	30,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	85,890	40,295	45,595
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	29,600	30,600	28,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	71,875	34,745	37,135
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	23,800	27,200	21,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	54,730	27,730	27,000
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	28,200	31,200	25,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	80,705	37,665	43,040
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,300	9,200	12,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,695	3,290	4,395
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,640	5,600	5,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	29,460	14,645	14,815
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,500	10,500	10,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	90,390	42,510	47,885
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	85,835	40,195	45,640
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,560	44,440	39,040
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	85,840	40,195	45,645
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,160	38,040	34,480
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	71,955	34,680	37,270
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,440	40,120	32,960
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	54,760	27,685	27,070
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,640	42,000	35,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	80,860	37,740	43,115
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,710	10,450	12,820
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	7,630	3,230	4,395
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,500	6,045	6,830
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	29,555	14,705	14,855
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,610	10,640	10,580
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	90,390	42,510	47,885
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	22,070	11,865	10,200
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,600	60,400	54,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	66,200	69,500	62,250
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	22,615	10,860	11,755
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	14,300	14,900	13,900
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,420	23,720	21,240
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	73.4	78.0	69.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	59.3	65.0	53.5
Government transfers (%)²⁰	26.6	22.1	31.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.1	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	9.8	9.5	10.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	8.8	8.8	8.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	90,395	42,555	47,845
Without total income	4,520	2,265	2,255
With total income	85,880	40,285	45,590
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,485	4,220	5,265
$10,000 to $19,999	13,590	6,270	7,315
$20,000 to $29,999	17,955	8,115	9,835
$30,000 to $39,999	11,780	5,165	6,615
$40,000 to $49,999	8,755	3,900	4,855
$50,000 to $59,999	6,600	3,015	3,580
$60,000 to $69,999	4,610	2,215	2,390
$70,000 to $79,999	3,385	1,715	1,665
$80,000 to $89,999	2,560	1,380	1,185
$90,000 to $99,999	1,915	1,115	805
$100,000 and over	5,245	3,175	2,070
$100,000 to $149,999	3,990	2,350	1,645
$150,000 and over	1,255	825	425
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	90,395	42,555	47,845
Without after-tax income	4,510	2,260	2,250
With after-tax income	85,890	40,295	45,595
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,735	4,330	5,410
$10,000 to $19,999	14,125	6,565	7,560
$20,000 to $29,999	19,650	8,905	10,745
$30,000 to $39,999	13,095	5,785	7,305
$40,000 to $49,999	9,760	4,450	5,305
$50,000 to $59,999	6,475	3,035	3,445
$60,000 to $69,999	4,345	2,165	2,180
$70,000 to $79,999	2,980	1,660	1,315
$80,000 to $89,999	2,165	1,175	985
$90,000 to $99,999	1,300	760	545
$100,000 and over	2,255	1,465	790
$100,000 to $124,999	1,340	870	475
$125,000 and over	915	595	320
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	90,395	42,555	47,845
Without employment income	35,665	14,825	20,845
With employment income	54,730	27,735	26,995
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,680	4,675	5,000
$5,000 to $9,999	6,645	3,105	3,540
$10,000 to $19,999	6,950	3,415	3,535
$20,000 to $29,999	4,945	2,330	2,615
$30,000 to $39,999	5,120	2,535	2,585
$40,000 to $49,999	4,715	2,335	2,380
$50,000 to $59,999	4,090	1,995	2,095
$60,000 to $69,999	3,035	1,610	1,425
$70,000 to $79,999	2,275	1,280	1,000
$80,000 to $89,999	1,825	1,035	795
$90,000 to $99,999	1,610	925	690
$100,000 and over	3,835	2,495	1,345
$100,000 to $124,999	2,165	1,335	835
$125,000 and over	1,675	1,165	505
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	90,400	42,555	47,845
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	83,850	39,225	44,620
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	28,000	29,800	26,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	83,865	39,225	44,635
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	26,800	28,200	25,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	70,910	34,190	36,725
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	27,600	30,600	24,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	54,745	27,605	27,140
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,200	33,600	29,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,720	35,645	41,075
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,280	1,290	5,360
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,085	1,620	2,465
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,760	5,600	5,880
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	90,390	42,510	47,885
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	83,965	39,225	44,740
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,040	40,880	35,520
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	83,980	39,225	44,750
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	35,160	31,480
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	71,110	34,225	36,890
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,120	40,880	33,680
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	54,850	27,490	27,355
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,120	42,600	35,640
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	76,895	35,680	41,215
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,180	5,745	8,420
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,100	1,610	2,490
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,230	6,670	7,600
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	90,390	42,510	47,885
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	21,885	11,745	10,140
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	52,400	55,600	49,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	60,800	64,300	56,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	21,040	10,085	10,955
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,200	22,800	21,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,320	30,000	26,800
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	82.8	87.2	78.2
Employment income (%)	67.2	73.0	61.4
Government transfers (%)	17.3	12.8	21.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.7	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	38,340	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	77,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	70,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	9,170	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	31,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	29,165	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	38,345	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	80,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	9,200	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,840	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	29,145	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,100	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	38,335	...	...
Under $5,000	610	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	290	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	415	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	670	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,255	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,310	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,525	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,655	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,370	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,410	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,905	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,895	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,590	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,445	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,230	...	...
$100,000 and over	13,755	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,515	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,105	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,445	...	...
$200,000 and over	2,695	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	38,335	...	...
Under $5,000	660	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	300	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	425	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	710	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,355	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,390	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,700	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,775	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,590	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,685	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,405	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,175	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,965	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,645	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,425	...	...
$100,000 and over	11,115	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,365	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,750	...	...
$150,000 and over	4,000	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	28,325	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	8,220	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	62,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	13,020	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,660	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	15,110	6,830	8,285
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	29,400	29,600	29,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	28,200	28,200	28,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	28,300	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	91,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	8,145	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	82,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	71,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,170	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	128,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	111,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,590	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	83,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	15,240	6,940	8,300
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,080	38,920	39,200
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,880	33,480	34,240
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	103,725	49,470	54,255
0 to 17 years	16,280	8,415	7,865
0 to 5 years	4,860	2,520	2,335
18 to 64 years	63,470	30,710	32,760
65 years and over	23,970	10,345	13,630
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	15,335	6,890	8,445
0 to 17 years	2,565	1,335	1,235
0 to 5 years	810	400	410
18 to 64 years	7,485	3,545	3,935
65 years and over	5,280	2,010	3,270
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.8	13.9	15.6
0 to 17 years (%)	15.8	15.8	15.7
0 to 5 years (%)	16.6	15.9	17.5
18 to 64 years (%)	11.8	11.6	12.0
65 years and over (%)	22.0	19.4	24.0
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	103,725	49,470	54,255
0 to 17 years	16,285	8,415	7,865
0 to 5 years	4,855	2,525	2,335
18 to 64 years	63,470	30,705	32,765
65 years and over	23,975	10,345	13,625
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	9,310	4,575	4,730
0 to 17 years	1,355	700	660
0 to 5 years	395	185	210
18 to 64 years	6,235	3,215	3,020
65 years and over	1,720	665	1,055
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.0	9.3	8.7
0 to 17 years (%)	8.3	8.3	8.3
0 to 5 years (%)	8.1	7.4	8.9
18 to 64 years (%)	9.8	10.5	9.2
65 years and over (%)	7.2	6.4	7.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	103,725	49,470	54,255
In bottom half of the distribution	62,200	29,320	32,885
In bottom decile	14,695	6,870	7,825
In second decile	13,765	6,460	7,305
In third decile	12,405	5,810	6,600
In fourth decile	11,070	5,240	5,825
In fifth decile	10,265	4,935	5,330
In top half of the distribution	41,530	20,155	21,375
In sixth decile	9,615	4,680	4,935
In seventh decile	8,800	4,190	4,610
In eighth decile	8,775	4,210	4,565
In ninth decile	8,125	3,980	4,150
In top decile	6,210	3,090	3,120
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	103,725	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.320	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.480	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.285	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	103,950	49,540	54,410
English only	84,990	41,470	43,530
French only	95	40	60
English and French	4,800	2,115	2,685
Neither English nor French	14,055	5,920	8,140
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	103,950	49,540	54,410
English	88,230	42,895	45,335
French	870	385	485
English and French	965	420	540
Neither English nor French	13,895	5,845	8,050
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	103,950	49,540	54,410
Single responses	96,555	45,990	50,565
Official languages	32,070	15,880	16,190
English	31,375	15,570	15,805
French	690	310	385
Non-official languages	64,490	30,110	34,375
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	64,485	30,110	34,375
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,575	1,230	1,345
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	5	0
Hausa	5	5	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	10	5	0
Cushitic languages	245	100	145
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	20	5	15
Somali	225	90	130
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Semitic languages	2,320	1,125	1,190
Amharic	75	30	45
Arabic	2,085	1,020	1,060
Aramaic languages	60	30	30
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	45	20	20
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Harari	20	10	10
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	5	5	5
Tigrigna	70	30	40
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	580	255	320
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	5
Vietnamese	565	250	315
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	4,040	1,670	2,365
Bikol	10	5	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	10	15
Cebuano	100	40	65
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	80	35	45
Ilocano	310	120	185
Indonesian	150	70	75
Kankanaey	10	5	5
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	5	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	35	15	20
Pangasinan	15	5	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,270	1,350	1,915
Waray-Waray	15	5	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Creole languages	100	45	60
Haitian Creole	25	10	15
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	50	20	25
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	10	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Dravidian languages	4,645	2,290	2,350
Kannada	45	20	20
Malayalam	410	240	175
Tamil	3,745	1,760	1,980
Telugu	430	260	165
Tulu	10	5	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	13,695	6,635	7,060
Albanian	90	50	45
Armenian	2,660	1,265	1,395
Balto-Slavic languages	1,085	475	610
Baltic languages	25	10	15
Latvian	20	10	15
Lithuanian	5	5	0
Slavic languages	1,065	465	600
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	80	40	40
Czech	30	10	20
Macedonian	300	135	160
Polish	165	70	90
Russian	245	110	135
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	140	55	80
Bosnian	10	5	5
Croatian	45	25	20
Serbian	80	30	50
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Slovak	20	10	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	10
Ukrainian	60	20	40
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	5	0
Irish	5	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	290	125	165
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	230	95	135
German	220	90	130
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	0	5
Yiddish	5	0	5
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	45	25	20
Afrikaans	5	5	5
Dutch	30	10	20
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	20	10	5
Danish	5	5	5
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	5	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	1,310	610	705
Indo-Iranian languages	5,870	3,020	2,855
Indo-Aryan languages	4,660	2,415	2,245
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	585	280	310
Gujarati	905	480	425
Hindi	805	445	360
Kacchi	120	55	65
Kashmiri	5	0	5
Konkani	65	30	35
Marathi	120	60	60
Nepali	40	25	20
Oriya languages	15	10	5
Odia	15	10	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	430	250	180
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	20	10	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	210	95	115
Urdu	1,325	670	650
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Iranian languages	1,210	600	605
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	80	50	35
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	115	55	55
Persian languages	1,015	500	520
Dari	410	200	210
Iranian Persian	480	235	245
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	125	60	60
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,365	1,085	1,280
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	920	425	495
Portuguese	295	145	150
Romanian	265	120	145
Spanish	885	395	485
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	135	50	85
Korean	555	250	305
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	275	130	145
Akan (Twi)	50	25	20
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	10	5	5
Éwé	5	5	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5
Ga	5	0	5
Ganda	0	0	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	15	10	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	5
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	5	0
Shona	5	5	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	50	25	25
Wojenaka	10	0	5
Wolof	5	5	0
Yoruba	60	30	35
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	10	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	30	15	20
American Sign Language	25	10	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	37,290	17,260	20,030
Chinese languages	37,240	17,235	20,005
Hakka	495	220	275
Mandarin	17,690	8,470	9,220
Min Dong	135	70	65
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	515	220	295
Wu (Shanghainese)	305	140	165
Yue (Cantonese)	17,775	7,960	9,810
Chinese, n.o.s.	310	145	165
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	50	25	25
Burmese	35	15	20
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	15	10	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Tai-Kadai languages	45	15	30
Lao	10	10	5
Thai	20	10	15
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Turkic languages	265	135	130
Azerbaijani	20	10	10
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	225	115	110
Uyghur	5	0	0
Uzbek	10	5	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	240	120	125
Estonian	25	10	15
Finnish	40	20	25
Hungarian	180	90	85
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	7,395	3,550	3,845
English and French	235	115	115
English and non-official language(s)	6,195	3,015	3,180
French and non-official language(s)	125	50	75
English, French and non-official language(s)	135	65	75
Multiple non-official languages	705	305	400
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	103,950	49,540	54,410
English	32,905	16,160	16,745
French	215	95	120
Non-official language	28,645	13,125	15,515
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	28,645	13,125	15,515
English and French	600	275	330
English and non-official language(s)	37,170	17,930	19,240
French and non-official language(s)	80	25	50
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,000	450	555
Multiple non-official languages	3,325	1,480	1,845
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	103,950	49,540	54,410
Single responses	94,665	45,120	49,545
Official languages	45,750	22,355	23,395
English	45,395	22,200	23,195
French	355	155	200
Non-official languages	48,920	22,770	26,150
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	48,915	22,770	26,150
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,545	720	820
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	95	30	60
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	10	5	5
Somali	85	30	55
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,450	690	760
Amharic	50	15	25
Arabic	1,325	635	690
Aramaic languages	40	25	15
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	30	20	15
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Harari	10	0	5
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	30	15	20
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	320	145	175
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	315	145	170
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,465	1,075	1,390
Bikol	5	0	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Cebuano	45	25	25
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	55	25	30
Ilocano	200	80	120
Indonesian	90	45	45
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	5	5
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,035	885	1,145
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Creole languages	75	30	45
Haitian Creole	20	5	10
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	35	15	20
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	10	15
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	3,480	1,705	1,775
Kannada	20	10	10
Malayalam	275	145	135
Tamil	2,885	1,360	1,525
Telugu	300	190	110
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	8,365	3,990	4,375
Albanian	40	25	20
Armenian	2,085	980	1,105
Balto-Slavic languages	530	235	295
Baltic languages	5	5	0
Latvian	5	5	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	525	235	290
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	55	30	30
Czech	10	5	5
Macedonian	150	70	80
Polish	75	30	40
Russian	135	65	75
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	70	30	40
Bosnian	5	5	5
Croatian	15	15	5
Serbian	45	10	30
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	0	5
Ukrainian	20	5	10
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	35	10	25
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	30	10	20
German	25	10	15
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5	0	5
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	5
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	5	0	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	635	295	345
Indo-Iranian languages	3,780	1,890	1,890
Indo-Aryan languages	2,950	1,505	1,450
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	370	170	200
Gujarati	630	330	300
Hindi	470	255	215
Kacchi	55	20	30
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	25	10	15
Marathi	65	35	35
Nepali	20	10	15
Oriya languages	5	5	5
Odia	5	5	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	255	140	110
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	20	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	115	55	60
Urdu	905	450	455
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Iranian languages	825	390	435
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	55	30	25
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	65	30	35
Persian languages	710	330	375
Dari	275	130	145
Iranian Persian	340	150	185
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	90	45	40
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,255	555	700
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	440	170	265
Portuguese	150	70	75
Romanian	150	65	85
Spanish	515	240	275
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	45	20	30
Korean	395	180	215
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	110	55	55
Akan (Twi)	35	20	15
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	5	5
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	30	15	15
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	20	5	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	5	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	40	25	20
American Sign Language	40	25	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	31,740	14,680	17,060
Chinese languages	31,695	14,660	17,035
Hakka	255	115	145
Mandarin	15,310	7,425	7,885
Min Dong	105	55	50
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	305	140	160
Wu (Shanghainese)	205	95	110
Yue (Cantonese)	15,310	6,735	8,570
Chinese, n.o.s.	205	90	110
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	40	25	20
Burmese	25	10	15
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	15	10	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	20	10	15
Lao	5	0	0
Thai	15	5	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Turkic languages	195	85	110
Azerbaijani	10	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	170	75	90
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	20	5	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	100	50	50
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	15	5	10
Hungarian	85	40	40
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	9,285	4,420	4,865
English and French	180	95	90
English and non-official language(s)	8,690	4,145	4,545
French and non-official language(s)	45	15	25
English, French and non-official language(s)	110	45	60
Multiple non-official languages	260	115	145
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	103,955	49,540	54,410
None	69,300	32,965	36,335
English	14,330	6,895	7,430
French	575	255	320
Non-official language	14,575	6,945	7,630
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	0
Non-Indigenous	14,570	6,940	7,630
English and French	190	85	105
English and non-official language(s)	2,725	1,315	1,410
French and non-official language(s)	385	160	225
English, French and non-official language(s)	55	25	30
Multiple non-official languages	1,810	890	925
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	103,690	49,390	54,305
Official languages	89,720	43,515	46,205
English	89,630	43,480	46,150
French	4,915	2,035	2,880
Non-official languages	78,040	36,965	41,075
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	10	10
Algonquian languages	20	10	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	10	0	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	78,030	36,965	41,065
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,835	2,375	2,460
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	15	15	0
Hausa	15	15	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	45	20	25
Cushitic languages	360	165	195
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	40	20	15
Somali	325	140	185
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	4,495	2,210	2,290
Amharic	110	45	65
Arabic	4,245	2,090	2,155
Aramaic languages	130	65	65
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	115	55	60
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	20	10	0
Harari	15	10	10
Hebrew	45	25	15
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	85	40	50
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,105	495	610
Khmer (Cambodian)	55	25	30
Vietnamese	1,045	470	580
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	5,735	2,380	3,355
Bikol	55	10	40
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	10	20
Cebuano	175	60	115
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	110	55	55
Ilocano	375	140	235
Indonesian	195	90	105
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	90	45	45
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	55	20	35
Pangasinan	20	0	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	5,285	2,165	3,115
Waray-Waray	50	20	30
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	130	55	80
Creole languages	340	150	195
Haitian Creole	45	15	25
Jamaican English Creole	10	0	10
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	150	70	80
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	125	55	65
Creole languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30
Dravidian languages	6,845	3,440	3,405
Kannada	155	75	80
Malayalam	820	485	330
Tamil	5,470	2,555	2,905
Telugu	820	565	260
Tulu	20	10	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Georgian	10	0	10
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	19,215	9,550	9,660
Albanian	135	80	55
Armenian	3,130	1,500	1,625
Balto-Slavic languages	1,665	730	940
Baltic languages	30	15	20
Latvian	25	10	20
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	1,635	715	920
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	70	25	45
Czech	15	0	10
Macedonian	505	225	275
Polish	265	105	155
Russian	525	245	275
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	205	90	115
Bosnian	30	15	15
Croatian	90	50	40
Serbian	155	50	105
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	25	15	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	50	20	30
Ukrainian	105	30	75
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	555	250	305
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	430	180	245
German	425	180	240
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	15	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	105	50	55
Afrikaans	35	20	15
Dutch	75	30	40
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	25	20	0
Danish	10	10	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	10	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	2,205	1,055	1,150
Indo-Iranian languages	8,950	4,745	4,210
Indo-Aryan languages	7,370	3,940	3,435
Assamese	10	10	0
Bengali	680	380	295
Gujarati	1,590	840	750
Hindi	3,935	2,205	1,730
Kacchi	245	90	155
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	185	90	95
Marathi	360	180	180
Nepali	40	20	20
Oriya languages	55	25	30
Odia	45	20	25
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	995	575	420
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	50	20	30
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	460	220	235
Urdu	1,970	1,020	950
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	50	25	20
Iranian languages	1,700	865	835
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	120	70	45
Parsi	20	15	0
Pashto	145	80	70
Persian languages	1,540	765	780
Dari	590	290	300
Iranian Persian	835	395	440
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	145	85	60
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,540	1,670	1,870
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,395	655	740
Portuguese	375	185	190
Romanian	290	125	160
Spanish	1,630	785	850
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	245	130	110
Korean	655	290	365
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	1,000	425	580
Akan (Twi)	90	40	50
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	30	0	25
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	25	10	15
Ganda	20	0	15
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	85	45	40
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	40	15	25
Lingala	45	15	30
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	30	15	10
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	325	150	175
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	250	90	160
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	150	65	85
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	15	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	105	35	65
American Sign Language	90	30	60
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	41,955	19,755	22,200
Chinese languages	41,900	19,720	22,180
Hakka	765	370	390
Mandarin	25,730	12,125	13,595
Min Dong	165	80	85
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	925	500	430
Wu (Shanghainese)	435	210	225
Yue (Cantonese)	21,975	10,085	11,890
Chinese, n.o.s.	245	95	150
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Tibeto-Burman languages	65	45	15
Burmese	30	20	15
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	35	25	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Tai-Kadai languages	100	40	60
Lao	10	0	0
Thai	80	30	50
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Turkic languages	845	390	450
Azerbaijani	80	40	40
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	740	350	385
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	65	20	45
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	260	125	135
Estonian	30	10	20
Finnish	40	10	30
Hungarian	190	110	85
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	103,690	49,385	54,300
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	380	165	215
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	365	160	205
First Nations (North American Indian)	230	105	125
Métis	135	50	80
Inuk (Inuit)	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	0	0	0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous identity	103,310	49,225	54,085
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	103,690	49,385	54,300
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	115	40	80
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	103,575	49,345	54,230
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	38,350	...	...
Owner	25,370	...	...
Renter	12,975	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	38,350	...	...
Condominium	14,370	...	...
Not condominium	23,980	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	38,350	...	...
No bedrooms	435	...	...
1 bedroom	6,385	...	...
2 bedrooms	10,900	...	...
3 bedrooms	10,470	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	10,160	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	38,350	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	16,830	...	...
5 rooms	6,345	...	...
6 rooms	4,750	...	...
7 rooms	3,710	...	...
8 or more rooms	6,705	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	38,350	...	...
One person or fewer per room	35,625	...	...
More than one person per room	2,725	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	38,350	...	...
Suitable	33,285	...	...
Not suitable	5,060	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	38,350	...	...
1960 or before	3,365	...	...
1961 to 1980	18,390	...	...
1981 to 1990	6,975	...	...
1991 to 2000	3,660	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,325	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,030	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,670	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,930	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	38,350	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	36,285	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,065	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	38,350	...	...
One-maintainer household	19,110	...	...
Two-maintainer household	14,970	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	4,265	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	38,350	...	...
15 to 24 years	625	...	...
25 to 34 years	3,745	...	...
35 to 44 years	5,040	...	...
45 to 54 years	6,420	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,265	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,950	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,595	...	...
85 years and over	2,705	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	38,085	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	25,390	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	12,700	...	...
30% to less than 100%	11,280	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	38,350	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	17,810	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	11,000	...	...
Not suitable only	3,675	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,160	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,070	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	590	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	270	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	45	...	...
Acceptable housing	20,535	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	36,665	...	...
In core need	8,415	...	...
Not in core need	28,255	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	25,370	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	49.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	32.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	18.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,340	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,640	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	800,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	827,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	12,975	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	18.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	36.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	31.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,370	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,358	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	103,685	49,385	54,305
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	125	40	80
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	120	40	80
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	90	35	60
Métis single ancestry	25	0	20
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	400	170	225
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	400	170	225
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	320	145	170
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	75	30	50
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	103,170	49,170	54,000
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	103,690	49,385	54,305
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	81,240	38,325	42,910
Canadian citizens aged under 18	13,980	7,050	6,930
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	67,255	31,280	35,975
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	22,450	11,060	11,390
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	103,690	49,385	54,305
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	31,595	16,040	15,555
Immigrants⁸¹	66,065	29,975	36,090
Before 1980	9,800	4,360	5,445
1980 to 1990	9,330	4,085	5,245
1991 to 2000	15,765	7,095	8,665
2001 to 2010	16,330	7,430	8,905
2011 to 2021⁸²	14,840	7,005	7,835
2011 to 2015	6,850	3,080	3,765
2016 to 2021	7,990	3,925	4,070
Non-permanent residents⁸³	6,030	3,375	2,655
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	66,060	29,975	36,090
Under 5 years	3,300	1,760	1,540
5 to 14 years	8,370	4,220	4,145
15 to 24 years	11,390	5,175	6,215
25 to 44 years	32,280	14,220	18,060
45 years and over	10,725	4,600	6,130
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	66,060	29,975	36,090
Americas	5,580	2,200	3,380
Brazil	45	25	25
Colombia	140	55	90
El Salvador	85	45	45
Guyana	1,115	465	650
Haiti	30	15	15
Jamaica	1,755	610	1,145
Mexico	85	40	40
Peru	60	25	30
Trinidad and Tobago	830	340	490
United States of America	395	150	240
Other places of birth in Americas	1,045	425	615
Europe	4,395	1,940	2,450
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Croatia	40	30	10
France	95	40	50
Germany	130	45	80
Greece	1,050	470	585
Hungary	95	45	55
Italy	795	335	455
Netherlands	40	10	30
Poland	195	75	125
Portugal	100	60	40
Romania	295	120	175
Russian Federation	120	55	70
Serbia⁸⁶	80	30	45
Ukraine	55	25	30
United Kingdom⁸⁷	705	330	375
Other places of birth in Europe	580	275	310
Africa	2,875	1,340	1,535
Algeria	25	10	10
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	60	20	40
Egypt	390	205	185
Eritrea	45	25	20
Ethiopia	100	55	45
Morocco	65	25	40
Nigeria	230	110	115
Somalia	220	85	130
South Africa, Republic of	90	50	40
Other places of birth in Africa	1,655	750	900
Asia	53,130	24,470	28,665
Afghanistan	440	225	215
Iran⁸⁸	855	430	430
Iraq	740	340	405
Lebanon	800	395	410
Syria⁸⁹	1,420	715	700
Turkey	325	160	165
China⁹⁰	23,345	10,640	12,700
Hong Kong⁹¹	6,300	2,830	3,470
Korea, South⁹²	440	190	250
Taiwan	655	280	375
Philippines	5,295	2,165	3,130
Viet Nam	1,440	665	775
Bangladesh	435	230	210
India	3,685	2,010	1,680
Pakistan	1,090	530	560
Sri Lanka	3,515	1,595	1,920
Other places of birth in Asia	2,345	1,070	1,270
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	85	25	65
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	7,990	3,920	4,070
Americas	420	205	210
Brazil	30	15	15
Colombia	25	10	15
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	75	35	40
Mexico	0	0	0
United States of America	100	40	65
Venezuela⁹⁵	55	35	20
Other places of birth in Americas	135	65	65
Europe	115	45	75
France	15	0	10
Germany	0	0	0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
Italy	0	0	0
Russian Federation	25	10	15
Ukraine	0	0	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	10	10	0
Other places of birth in Europe	60	20	35
Africa	405	190	215
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	35	15	20
Eritrea	15	15	0
Ethiopia	25	20	0
Morocco	15	10	10
Nigeria	120	60	60
Somalia	20	0	10
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0
Sudan⁹⁷	25	10	20
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	125	60	65
Asia	7,030	3,475	3,555
Afghanistan	85	45	40
Bangladesh	125	50	70
China⁹⁰	2,435	1,070	1,360
Hong Kong⁹¹	75	45	30
India	1,385	825	560
Iran⁸⁸	65	35	30
Iraq	160	60	95
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	0	0	0
Jordan	35	15	20
Korea, South⁹²	50	20	25
Lebanon	80	55	30
Nepal	20	15	10
Pakistan	100	60	40
Philippines	1,050	475	570
Saudi Arabia	85	60	20
Sri Lanka	115	50	60
Syria⁸⁹	800	425	380
Turkey	30	25	0
United Arab Emirates	45	10	30
Viet Nam	60	20	40
Other places of birth in Asia	210	90	120
Oceania and other⁹³	20	10	10
Australia	0	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	10	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	103,690	49,385	54,300
First generation¹⁰⁰	72,955	33,770	39,185
Second generation¹⁰¹	23,925	12,215	11,710
Third generation or more¹⁰²	6,810	3,400	3,410
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	56,265	25,615	30,650
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	26,800	12,995	13,805
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	11,980	6,980	5,000
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	14,825	6,015	8,805
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	18,225	6,930	11,300
Refugees¹⁰⁸	9,580	4,920	4,665
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,655	780	880
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	56,265	25,615	30,650
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	5,365	2,830	2,535
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,385	1,325	2,060
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,090	530	560
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,650	1,195	1,455
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	240	80	165
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	43,540	19,655	23,875
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	103,690	49,385	54,300
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	85,345	40,585	44,760
South Asian	15,565	7,910	7,655
Chinese	44,450	21,225	23,225
Black	7,500	3,260	4,240
Filipino	6,515	2,755	3,760
Arab	2,220	1,085	1,140
Latin American	1,150	530	620
Southeast Asian	1,335	650	685
West Asian	2,015	1,010	1,005
Korean	705	320	395
Japanese	235	110	130
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,225	560	660
Multiple visible minorities	2,420	1,165	1,255
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	18,345	8,805	9,540
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	103,690	49,390	54,305
Canadian	3,555	1,820	1,730
English	3,110	1,505	1,600
Irish	2,580	1,185	1,395
Scottish	2,540	1,230	1,310
French, n.o.s.¹²²	930	445	490
German	1,070	505	570
Chinese	41,320	19,640	21,680
Italian	2,195	1,115	1,080
Indian (India)	7,080	3,690	3,385
Ukrainian	440	185	255
Dutch	375	180	195
Polish	600	285	320
Québécois	15	0	10
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,015	480	535
Filipino	6,005	2,545	3,460
French Canadian	165	50	115
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	400	165	235
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	125	50	75
Métis	110	35	70
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	350	155	195
Russian	360	160	200
Norwegian	135	60	75
Welsh	270	135	135
Portuguese	740	355	385
American	260	140	120
Spanish	760	305	455
Swedish	60	20	35
Hungarian	270	155	110
Acadian	45	20	25
Pakistani	1,100	530	570
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,540	695	850
Jewish	210	95	120
Punjabi	180	85	90
Vietnamese	1,190	560	635
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,185	565	620
Greek	2,560	1,270	1,290
Jamaican	2,130	940	1,190
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	3,035	1,460	1,570
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	40	30	10
Korean	790	365	425
Romanian	280	115	170
Lebanese	465	245	220
Iranian	645	350	295
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	680	280	395
Danish	90	50	40
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	65	35	35
Sikh	60	45	10
Austrian	110	25	80
Belgian	40	15	20
Haitian	90	30	60
Hindu	1,090	565	520
Mexican	105	65	40
Mennonite	0	0	0
Swiss	110	55	60
Finnish	115	45	70
Sri Lankan	2,980	1,370	1,605
Croatian	115	75	45
Japanese	320	155	170
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	830	450	375
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	45	10	35
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	25	25	0
Muslim	510	260	250
Egyptian	435	195	240
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	245	120	130
Tamil	2,695	1,305	1,395
Icelandic	20	10	10
Colombian	215	110	105
Moroccan	90	40	55
Czech	50	20	25
Syrian	590	325	265
Guyanese	810	370	445
Afghan	710	385	325
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	860	335	525
Serbian	190	80	110
Ojibway	55	35	20
Newfoundlander	55	15	40
Hong Konger	1,890	930	965
Ontarian	150	60	85
Persian	255	120	135
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	560	295	265
Turkish	300	160	140
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0	0	0
Bangladeshi	405	220	185
Algerian	20	0	10
Brazilian	120	70	50
Nigerian	165	65	100
Armenian	2,790	1,335	1,455
Slovak	35	20	15
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	50	20	30
Somali	435	240	200
Taiwanese	430	200	230
Iraqi	195	70	120
Salvadorean	90	40	55
African Caribbean	505	200	300
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	865	400	470
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	325	165	160
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	370	150	215
Algonquin	25	15	10
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	450	165	285
Lithuanian	35	20	20
South African	40	20	20
Australian	15	15	0
Palestinian	160	70	90
Chilean	40	15	20
Congolese	105	30	75
Nova Scotian	25	0	20
Ethiopian	130	55	75
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	185	95	90
Peruvian	85	45	35
Yoruba	225	95	130
Cambodian (Khmer)	80	30	45
Berber	0	0	0
Albanian	140	90	55
Maltese	30	10	20
Macedonian	535	265	270
Slovenian	55	20	30
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	0	0	0
New Brunswicker	0	0	0
Gujarati	120	50	65
Eritrean	125	65	55
African Canadian	115	60	50
Israeli	20	20	0
Mohawk	40	10	30
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	0	0	0
Bulgarian	70	40	30
Albertan	0	0	0
Ghanaian	135	55	75
Barbadian	170	55	120
African American	55	20	35
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	30	15	20
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	40	15	30
Cuban	110	50	60
Bosnian	0	0	0
Venezuelan	35	10	30
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	60	25	35
Bengali	175	105	70
Cameroonian	20	10	10
Guatemalan	55	25	30
Indonesian	165	85	80
Laotian	30	0	30
Ilocano	130	75	60
Northern Irish	15	10	0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	30	15	15
British Columbian	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	65	35	30
Franco Ontarian	15	10	0
Argentinian	30	15	10
Estonian	70	25	45
Kurdish	130	85	50
Fijian	35	10	30
Jatt	0	0	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	20	10	10
Coptic	325	150	180
Thai	65	30	35
Dominican	35	10	25
Nepali	45	20	20
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	160	75	85
Igbo	85	30	60
Byelorussian	25	15	10
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	0	0	0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0
New Zealander	25	20	0
Sudanese	250	120	130
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	25	10	10
Malaysian	185	75	105
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	30	20	10
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0
Buddhist	175	90	90
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	0	0	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	165	55	110
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	30	10	20
Mauritian	50	15	40
Kenyan	65	20	45
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	145	55	90
Jordanian	0	0	0
Manitoban	0	0	0
Cape Bretoner	10	0	0
Rwandan	10	0	0
Grenadian	85	30	60
Malayali	155	85	75
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	145	75	60
Mayan	20	10	10
Honduran	0	0	0
Cherokee	0	0	0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	35	10	25
Flemish	0	0	0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Sicilian	20	10	10
Pashtun	30	10	20
Malay	35	20	20
Goan	150	55	95
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	50	15	40
Tibetan	25	20	0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0
Burmese	40	20	20
Mongolian	35	0	25
Azorean	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	45	10	40
Indo-Guyanese	50	10	40
Ugandan	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	50	30	20
Yemeni	35	15	20
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	0	0	0
Uruguayan	35	10	25
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	25	15	10
Igorot	30	20	15
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	35	10	20
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	130	95	40
Roma	0	0	0
Costa Rican	0	0	0
African Nova Scotian	25	10	15
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	25	0	20
Singaporean	50	20	30
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	75	35	40
Tajik	40	25	15
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	103,690	49,385	54,300
Buddhist	4,875	2,115	2,755
Christian	42,725	18,860	23,865
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	11,630	5,095	6,535
Anabaptist	55	40	20
Anglican	1,625	745	880
Baptist	1,200	440	760
Catholic	17,405	7,835	9,570
Christian Orthodox	5,150	2,395	2,755
Jehovah's Witness	145	65	80
Latter Day Saints	75	45	40
Lutheran	145	55	95
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	215	90	130
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,390	585	810
Presbyterian	760	310	450
Reformed	50	10	40
United Church	965	385	580
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,910	785	1,130
Hindu	8,055	4,130	3,930
Jewish	165	80	90
Muslim	7,870	3,970	3,905
Sikh	355	195	160
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	755	325	430
No religion and secular perspectives	38,875	19,705	19,170
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	102,950	49,040	53,910
Non-movers	92,150	43,575	48,580
Movers	10,795	5,465	5,330
Non-migrants	7,780	3,950	3,830
Migrants	3,010	1,520	1,500
Internal migrants	1,445	700	740
Intraprovincial migrants	1,305	630	675
Interprovincial migrants	140	70	70
External migrants	1,565	815	755
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	99,690	47,375	52,310
Non-movers	66,835	31,115	35,720
Movers	32,855	16,260	16,590
Non-migrants	18,295	8,795	9,500
Migrants	14,560	7,470	7,090
Internal migrants	5,545	2,720	2,825
Intraprovincial migrants	4,635	2,305	2,335
Interprovincial migrants	905	415	495
External migrants	9,015	4,750	4,270
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	90,390	42,510	47,885
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	17,655	7,930	9,725
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	72,735	34,575	38,160
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	54,820	26,075	28,745
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	7,355	3,680	3,680
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	47,460	22,395	25,065
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	90,390	42,505	47,885
No certificate, diploma or degree	16,795	7,480	9,315
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	24,195	11,530	12,670
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	49,405	23,500	25,900
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	20,490	9,140	11,350
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,890	1,745	1,145
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,605	865	740
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,285	880	405
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	14,495	6,075	8,420
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,105	1,325	1,775
Bachelor's degree or higher	28,910	14,360	14,550
Bachelor's degree	20,350	9,830	10,520
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,890	960	930
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	580	260	325
Master's degree	5,385	2,845	2,540
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	705	460	240
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	54,815	26,075	28,740
No certificate, diploma or degree	6,900	3,450	3,445
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	12,110	5,970	6,135
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	35,810	16,650	19,160
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	13,820	6,075	7,745
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	1,655	1,025	625
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	910	495	415
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	745	530	210
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,080	4,180	5,895
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,085	860	1,225
Bachelor's degree or higher	21,990	10,575	11,410
Bachelor's degree	15,330	7,260	8,070
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,415	700	715
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	460	195	260
Master's degree	4,310	2,140	2,170
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	480	280	205
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	90,390	42,505	47,880
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	40,990	19,010	21,980
Education	2,170	465	1,700
13. Education	2,170	465	1,700
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,695	720	975
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	190	125	60
50. Visual and performing arts	1,510	590	915
Humanities	2,755	970	1,785
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	405	130	275
23. English language and literature/letters	765	190	570
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	750	230	520
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	65	15	50
38. Philosophy and religious studies	160	85	75
39. Theology and religious vocations	340	190	145
54. History	210	110	100
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	65	15	50
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,480	1,750	3,730
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	75	25	50
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	490	190	295
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,115	80	1,035
22. Legal professions and studies	750	185	570
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	100	20	85
42. Psychology	740	220	515
45. Social sciences	2,200	1,020	1,180
Business, management and public administration	12,770	5,300	7,465
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	0	25
44. Public administration and social service professions	615	130	485
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	12,125	5,170	6,955
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,720	1,280	1,440
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,000	380	625
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	685	295	395
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	55	10	45
40. Physical sciences	865	550	315
41. Science technologies/technicians	110	40	65
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,165	2,805	1,355
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,255	2,345	910
25. Library science	130	10	120
27. Mathematics and statistics	680	390	290
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	100	60	40
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,520	7,805	1,715
04. Architecture and related services	440	255	185
14. Engineering	5,220	4,055	1,165
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,795	1,495	300
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	645	625	20
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	945	930	15
48. Precision production	475	445	35
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	575	340	240
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	385	225	160
03. Natural resources and conservation	190	115	80
Health and related fields	5,970	1,300	4,670
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	285	130	155
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,555	1,100	4,450
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	120	60	55
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,585	770	815
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,050	380	675
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0
43. Security and protective services	235	170	70
49. Transportation and materials moving	285	210	75
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	54,820	26,075	28,740
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	19,005	9,425	9,585
Education	1,195	240	955
13. Education	1,195	240	955
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,250	520	730
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	125	90	35
50. Visual and performing arts	1,125	430	695
Humanities	1,880	590	1,285
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	250	65	185
23. English language and literature/letters	580	130	455
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	545	160	385
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	25	0	25
38. Philosophy and religious studies	115	60	55
39. Theology and religious vocations	210	115	95
54. History	130	65	65
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	30	0	20
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,110	1,270	2,840
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	60	15	50
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	385	145	235
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	805	55	750
22. Legal professions and studies	610	155	455
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	85	20	60
42. Psychology	535	165	380
45. Social sciences	1,620	725	895
Business, management and public administration	9,625	3,820	5,805
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	15
44. Public administration and social service professions	465	80	390
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	9,145	3,740	5,405
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,810	840	970
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	680	270	410
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	505	210	295
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	35	0	30
40. Physical sciences	515	330	185
41. Science technologies/technicians	85	30	45
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,285	2,230	1,055
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,690	1,940	750
25. Library science	70	10	60
27. Mathematics and statistics	455	245	220
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	65	40	25
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,825	5,410	1,415
04. Architecture and related services	300	150	150
14. Engineering	4,055	3,055	1,000
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,200	995	210
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	430	410	25
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	590	575	15
48. Precision production	245	225	20
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	425	235	185
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	265	145	120
03. Natural resources and conservation	160	90	75
Health and related fields	4,270	910	3,365
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	195	90	100
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	3,980	770	3,210
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	90	50	45
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,130	575	555
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	725	270	460
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	200	140	50
49. Transportation and materials moving	195	155	40
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	54,820	26,075	28,740
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	19,005	9,425	9,585
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	35,810	16,650	19,160
Location of study inside Canada	20,510	9,485	11,020
Same as province or territory of residence	19,560	8,990	10,565
Different than province or territory of residence	950	495	455
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	15,305	7,165	8,140
Americas	1,145	565	585
United States of America	615	340	275
Mexico	20	10	10
Cuba	30	15	15
Haiti	15	0	10
Jamaica	115	45	75
Brazil	70	25	40
Colombia	65	40	25
Peru	0	0	0
Venezuela⁹⁵	35	20	20
Other locations of study in Americas	175	70	105
Europe	940	460	485
Belgium	10	0	0
France	30	25	10
Germany	45	25	15
Netherlands	20	15	0
Switzerland	25	10	15
Hungary	15	0	15
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	30	10	20
Romania	120	55	60
Russian Federation	45	20	30
Ukraine	25	10	15
Ireland⁹⁶	10	10	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	400	210	190
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Italy	10	0	0
Serbia⁸⁶	10	0	0
Other locations of study in Europe	155	60	90
Africa	635	285	350
Nigeria	235	105	125
Algeria	20	0	0
Morocco	15	10	15
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	140	60	85
South Africa, Republic of	15	15	0
Other locations of study in Africa	210	85	125
Asia	12,485	5,815	6,670
Iran⁸⁸	185	80	105
Iraq	175	90	90
Israel	10	10	0
Lebanon	125	50	75
Syria⁸⁹	190	70	120
Turkey	45	20	25
China⁹⁰	5,210	2,450	2,760
Taiwan	100	25	80
Hong Kong⁹¹	420	170	250
Japan	75	30	45
Korea, South⁹²	105	50	55
Philippines	2,135	825	1,305
Viet Nam	60	30	35
Bangladesh	150	55	95
Sri Lanka	300	120	175
India	2,455	1,420	1,035
Pakistan	310	130	180
Other locations of study in Asia	425	180	245
Oceania	95	45	50
Australia	65	35	30
New Zealand	15	10	10
Other locations of study in Oceania	10	0	10
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	90,390	42,505	47,885
In the labour force	49,440	25,560	23,880
Employed	41,315	21,510	19,805
Unemployed	8,125	4,045	4,075
Not in the labour force	40,950	16,945	24,005
Participation rate	54.7	60.1	49.9
Employment rate	45.7	50.6	41.4
Unemployment rate	16.4	15.8	17.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	90,390	42,505	47,880
Did not work¹⁸⁶	43,030	18,350	24,675
Worked	47,365	24,155	23,210
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	22,880	12,335	10,540
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	24,485	11,820	12,665
Average weeks worked in reference year	38.3	39.2	37.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	49,440	25,560	23,885
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,415	1,235	1,180
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	47,025	24,325	22,700
Employee	40,135	19,970	20,160
Permanent position	32,890	16,445	16,445
Temporary position	7,240	3,525	3,715
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,335	1,585	1,745
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	3,905	1,935	1,970
Self-employed¹⁹²	6,890	4,350	2,540
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	49,440	25,560	23,885
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,415	1,235	1,180
All occupations¹⁹¹	47,025	24,325	22,700
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	260	170	90
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	9,185	3,160	6,020
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,680	4,260	1,425
3 Health occupations	3,440	760	2,680
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	4,170	1,230	2,940
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,405	645	760
6 Sales and service occupations	13,175	6,520	6,655
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	6,160	5,550	610
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	250	220	30
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,300	1,805	1,490
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	49,440	25,560	23,885
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,415	1,235	1,180
All industries¹⁹¹	47,025	24,325	22,700
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	80	50	25
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	35	20	15
22 Utilities	240	170	70
23 Construction	2,435	2,080	360
31-33 Manufacturing	4,825	3,030	1,795
41 Wholesale trade	1,850	1,035	820
44-45 Retail trade	5,495	2,745	2,750
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,335	1,850	485
51 Information and cultural industries	1,220	675	540
52 Finance and insurance	3,710	1,710	2,000
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,160	610	545
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	4,995	2,840	2,155
55 Management of companies and enterprises	210	100	110
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,725	1,460	1,260
61 Educational services	2,805	970	1,840
62 Health care and social assistance	5,255	1,120	4,135
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	580	310	260
72 Accommodation and food services	3,600	2,030	1,570
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,015	865	1,145
91 Public administration	1,460	650	805
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	52,610	26,945	25,670
English	41,410	21,375	20,030
French	65	15	50
Non-official language	4,185	2,280	1,905
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	4,185	2,280	1,905
English and French	530	195	340
English and non-official language(s)	5,880	2,805	3,075
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	55	20	40
Multiple non-official languages	475	250	225
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	52,610	26,945	25,670
Single responses	50,960	26,245	24,715
Official languages	44,625	22,930	21,695
English	44,485	22,900	21,590
French	135	25	110
Non-official languages	6,340	3,315	3,015
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	6,340	3,315	3,015
Afro-Asiatic languages	50	30	20
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	50	30	20
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	50	30	20
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	45	25	20
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	45	25	20
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	55	25	30
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	50	25	30
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	85	55	35
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	80	55	30
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	205	120	90
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	80	35	45
Balto-Slavic languages	10	10	0
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	10	10	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	10	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	50	35	15
Indo-Aryan languages	35	20	0
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	10	10	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	20	15	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	15	10	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	15	10	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	50	30	25
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	10	0	0
Romanian	10	0	0
Spanish	30	20	10
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	35	20	10
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	10	0	10
American Sign Language	10	0	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,820	3,035	2,785
Chinese languages	5,810	3,025	2,785
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	3,575	1,970	1,610
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,205	1,055	1,155
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	0	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	15	0	15
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	15	0	15
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,650	695	950
English and French	160	40	115
English and non-official language(s)	1,425	635	795
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	65	25	40
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	52,610	26,945	25,670
None	47,025	24,245	22,775
English	1,425	690	740
French	305	140	160
Non-official language	2,820	1,460	1,360
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	2,820	1,460	1,360
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	375	135	240
French and non-official language(s)	45	20	30
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	600	250	345
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	41,320	21,510	19,805
Worked at home	12,045	5,855	6,190
Worked outside Canada	215	145	75
No fixed workplace address	5,080	3,745	1,340
Usual place of work	23,980	11,770	12,205
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	23,980	11,775	12,200
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	16,980	7,680	9,300
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0	0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	6,940	4,065	2,880
Commute to a different province or territory	60	35	25
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	29,060	15,510	13,540
Car, truck or van	21,365	12,370	8,990
Car, truck or van - as a driver	18,540	11,595	6,945
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,820	775	2,045
Public transit	6,110	2,495	3,615
Walked	795	280	510
Bicycle	145	95	55
Other method	655	275	375
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	29,060	15,510	13,540
Less than 15 minutes	4,500	2,225	2,275
15 to 29 minutes	9,825	4,950	4,875
30 to 44 minutes	7,890	4,585	3,305
45 to 59 minutes	2,725	1,650	1,075
60 minutes and over	4,110	2,100	2,010
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	29,060	15,510	13,540
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,295	835	455
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	3,675	2,165	1,510
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	5,385	2,700	2,685
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	6,435	3,150	3,285
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	7,030	3,620	3,410
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,235	3,040	2,195
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	16,625	8,585	8,045
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,380	680	695
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,250	7,900	7,350
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	12,330	6,360	5,975
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,120	570	550
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	825	405	415
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	295	165	135
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,215	5,790	5,430

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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