Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Scarborough CentreMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	113,104	...	...
Population, 2016¹	112,603	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	0.4	...	...
Total private dwellings²	42,672	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	40,564	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	4,021.6	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	28.12	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	113,105	54,685	58,420
0 to 14 years	17,110	8,805	8,300
0 to 4 years	5,310	2,700	2,615
5 to 9 years	5,835	2,995	2,835
10 to 14 years	5,960	3,110	2,855
15 to 64 years	76,340	37,350	38,995
15 to 19 years	6,390	3,270	3,120
20 to 24 years	8,240	4,280	3,955
25 to 29 years	9,040	4,795	4,245
30 to 34 years	8,015	3,955	4,060
35 to 39 years	7,495	3,580	3,915
40 to 44 years	6,895	3,265	3,635
45 to 49 years	6,880	3,105	3,780
50 to 54 years	7,505	3,535	3,970
55 to 59 years	8,370	3,945	4,425
60 to 64 years	7,510	3,625	3,885
65 years and over	19,655	8,525	11,130
65 to 69 years	6,015	2,820	3,195
70 to 74 years	4,605	2,085	2,520
75 to 79 years	3,255	1,435	1,820
80 to 84 years	2,635	1,050	1,585
85 years and over	3,140	1,135	2,005
85 to 89 years	1,800	715	1,090
90 to 94 years	995	345	650
95 to 99 years	300	75	220
100 years and over	50	10	45
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.1	16.1	14.2
15 to 64 years	67.5	68.3	66.7
65 years and over	17.4	15.6	19.1
85 years and over	2.8	2.1	3.4
Average age of the population	41.3	39.9	42.7
Median age of the population	40.0	38.0	42.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	40,560	...	...
Single-detached house	13,870	...	...
Semi-detached house	805	...	...
Row house	2,860	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	3,960	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	2,180	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	16,840	...	...
Other single-attached house	40	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	40,565	...	...
1 person	10,010	...	...
2 persons	11,295	...	...
3 persons	7,515	...	...
4 persons	6,310	...	...
5 or more persons	5,425	...	...
Number of persons in private households	111,745	54,220	57,525
Average household size	2.8	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	95,995	45,875	50,125
Married or living common-law	47,830	23,935	23,895
Married	43,435	21,765	21,670
Living common-law	4,400	2,175	2,225
Living common law - Never married	3,215	1,570	1,640
Living common law - Separated	205	115	90
Living common law - Divorced	865	450	415
Living common law - Widowed	110	35	70
Not married and not living common-law	48,170	21,940	26,230
Not married and not living common law - Never married	33,660	17,650	16,010
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,935	1,175	1,760
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,680	2,020	3,660
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,890	1,095	4,800
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	29,960	...	...
2 persons	13,065	...	...
3 persons	7,645	...	...
4 persons	6,200	...	...
5 or more persons	3,050	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	29,955	...	...
Total couple families	22,635	...	...
Married couples	20,440	...	...
With children⁶	13,175	...	...
Without children	7,260	...	...
Common-law couples	2,195	...	...
With children⁶	905	...	...
Without children	1,290	...	...
Total one-parent families	7,325	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	6,165	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,160	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	111,745	54,220	57,525
Total - Persons in census families	90,205	43,880	46,325
Married spouses or common-law partners	45,260	22,580	22,685
Parents in one-parent families	7,325	1,160	6,165
Children⁶	37,610	20,145	17,470
In a two-parent family	26,275	14,010	12,265
In a one-parent family	11,335	6,130	5,205
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	21,540	10,340	11,200
Living alone	10,010	4,295	5,720
Living with other relatives⁷	4,735	1,875	2,860
Living with non-relatives only	6,795	4,170	2,625
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	40,560	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	23,070	...	...
Couple-family households	17,720	...	...
With children⁶	11,240	...	...
Without children	6,480	...	...
One-parent-family households	5,350	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,285	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	595	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,055	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,545	...	...
One-person households	10,015	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	94,730	45,470	49,270
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	89,385	42,775	46,610
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	35,600	32,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	89,405	42,785	46,625
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,600	32,800	30,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	74,270	36,775	37,495
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	27,200	31,200	23,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	61,500	31,495	30,010
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,000	33,600	28,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	83,915	39,805	44,110
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,600	8,600	12,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	9,770	4,380	5,390
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	33,035	16,590	16,445
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	10,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	94,595	45,335	49,260
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,355	42,755	46,590
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,560	44,080	39,240
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,370	42,765	46,605
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,480	38,120	34,920
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	74,525	36,840	37,685
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,560	39,920	33,280
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	61,405	31,365	30,040
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	41,240	35,480
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	83,855	39,785	44,070
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,800	10,410	13,060
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	9,770	4,455	5,320
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,190	5,915	6,420
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	33,135	16,790	16,345
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,160	10,300	10,020
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	94,590	45,340	49,255
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	25,785	13,995	11,785
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	55,600	57,200	54,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	61,600	63,900	58,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,785	12,080	12,705
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,000	17,400	16,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,680	24,940	22,480
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	73.4	78.0	68.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	63.5	68.6	58.3
Government transfers (%)²⁰	26.7	22.0	31.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.6	1.4	1.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	10.1	9.8	10.3
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	9.1	9.2	9.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	94,735	45,465	49,265
Without total income	5,350	2,695	2,655
With total income	89,380	42,770	46,615
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,820	3,970	4,855
$10,000 to $19,999	12,615	5,760	6,860
$20,000 to $29,999	17,580	8,025	9,560
$30,000 to $39,999	13,605	6,300	7,310
$40,000 to $49,999	10,225	4,825	5,405
$50,000 to $59,999	7,865	3,640	4,230
$60,000 to $69,999	5,575	2,725	2,855
$70,000 to $79,999	3,795	2,010	1,785
$80,000 to $89,999	2,830	1,665	1,170
$90,000 to $99,999	1,960	1,150	815
$100,000 and over	4,490	2,710	1,775
$100,000 to $149,999	3,645	2,160	1,485
$150,000 and over	845	555	295
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	94,735	45,465	49,265
Without after-tax income	5,325	2,685	2,645
With after-tax income	89,410	42,785	46,620
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,000	4,045	4,950
$10,000 to $19,999	13,060	5,995	7,060
$20,000 to $29,999	19,780	9,095	10,685
$30,000 to $39,999	15,230	7,170	8,055
$40,000 to $49,999	11,550	5,460	6,090
$50,000 to $59,999	7,755	3,715	4,040
$60,000 to $69,999	5,085	2,655	2,435
$70,000 to $79,999	3,070	1,785	1,285
$80,000 to $89,999	2,160	1,175	990
$90,000 to $99,999	1,085	640	445
$100,000 and over	1,635	1,055	585
$100,000 to $124,999	1,050	665	385
$125,000 and over	585	390	195
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	94,735	45,465	49,265
Without employment income	33,230	13,970	19,255
With employment income	61,505	31,495	30,005
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,580	4,610	4,970
$5,000 to $9,999	6,470	3,000	3,465
$10,000 to $19,999	7,955	3,905	4,050
$20,000 to $29,999	6,140	3,040	3,095
$30,000 to $39,999	6,295	3,260	3,035
$40,000 to $49,999	5,925	2,915	3,010
$50,000 to $59,999	5,170	2,590	2,575
$60,000 to $69,999	3,800	2,030	1,770
$70,000 to $79,999	2,815	1,580	1,235
$80,000 to $89,999	2,230	1,415	820
$90,000 to $99,999	1,680	955	725
$100,000 and over	3,450	2,195	1,255
$100,000 to $124,999	2,160	1,315	845
$125,000 and over	1,290	880	410
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	94,730	45,470	49,270
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	87,005	41,515	45,485
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,600	32,800	29,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	87,010	41,520	45,495
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	28,800	30,600	27,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	73,000	36,135	36,865
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,400	33,600	27,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	61,315	31,350	29,965
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	35,600	30,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	78,825	37,055	41,775
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,140	1,080	5,120
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,970	1,980	2,990
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,680	5,600	5,800
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	94,595	45,335	49,260
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	86,960	41,495	45,465
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	40,560	35,680
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	86,970	41,495	45,475
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,360	35,080	31,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	73,405	36,195	37,210
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,320	40,840	33,920
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	61,290	31,290	30,000
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,080	42,080	35,920
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	78,845	37,055	41,790
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,160	5,505	8,620
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,040	1,975	3,065
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,170	6,910	7,330
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	94,590	45,340	49,255
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	25,540	13,850	11,695
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	51,600	53,600	49,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	57,300	60,100	53,950
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,050	11,305	11,740
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600	24,600	22,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,280	31,200	27,440
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	83.0	87.8	77.8
Employment income (%)	72.4	78.2	66.4
Government transfers (%)	17.1	12.1	22.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.4
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	40,565	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	78,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	70,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	10,015	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	30,550	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	40,560	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	91,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	80,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	10,065	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,440	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,040	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	30,495	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	40,565	...	...
Under $5,000	645	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	285	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	480	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	805	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,695	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,405	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,440	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,595	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,530	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,590	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,275	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,150	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,895	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,730	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,520	...	...
$100,000 and over	14,515	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,935	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,435	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,720	...	...
$200,000 and over	2,425	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	40,565	...	...
Under $5,000	670	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	300	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	490	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	840	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,790	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,575	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,660	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,725	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,820	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,865	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,745	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,565	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,300	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,045	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,630	...	...
$100,000 and over	11,540	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,730	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,965	...	...
$150,000 and over	3,845	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	29,090	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	6,980	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	75,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	14,045	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	6,545	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	16,805	8,465	8,340
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	32,400	32,800	32,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	30,600	30,600	30,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	29,040	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	92,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,035	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	85,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	74,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	14,030	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	125,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	109,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	6,415	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	80,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	16,840	8,450	8,390
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,680	39,480	39,920
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,600	34,360	34,840
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	111,745	54,220	57,525
0 to 17 years	20,750	10,670	10,075
0 to 5 years	6,410	3,265	3,145
18 to 64 years	72,365	35,325	37,040
65 years and over	18,630	8,220	10,410
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	14,835	6,800	8,030
0 to 17 years	3,575	1,845	1,735
0 to 5 years	1,210	600	605
18 to 64 years	8,085	3,735	4,350
65 years and over	3,175	1,225	1,950
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.3	12.6	14.0
0 to 17 years (%)	17.2	17.3	17.2
0 to 5 years (%)	18.8	18.4	19.4
18 to 64 years (%)	11.2	10.6	11.7
65 years and over (%)	17.0	14.8	18.8
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	111,745	54,220	57,525
0 to 17 years	20,745	10,675	10,075
0 to 5 years	6,405	3,265	3,145
18 to 64 years	72,365	35,320	37,040
65 years and over	18,635	8,225	10,410
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	9,205	4,655	4,545
0 to 17 years	1,675	825	850
0 to 5 years	610	310	305
18 to 64 years	6,535	3,460	3,080
65 years and over	985	365	620
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	8.2	8.6	7.9
0 to 17 years (%)	8.1	7.8	8.4
0 to 5 years (%)	9.6	9.4	9.7
18 to 64 years (%)	9.0	9.8	8.3
65 years and over (%)	5.3	4.5	5.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	111,745	54,220	57,525
In bottom half of the distribution	66,600	31,880	34,720
In bottom decile	14,030	6,850	7,185
In second decile	14,165	6,640	7,525
In third decile	13,930	6,610	7,315
In fourth decile	12,650	6,160	6,490
In fifth decile	11,825	5,610	6,210
In top half of the distribution	45,145	22,340	22,805
In sixth decile	11,235	5,475	5,760
In seventh decile	10,690	5,320	5,370
In eighth decile	9,790	4,845	4,950
In ninth decile	8,645	4,270	4,375
In top decile	4,785	2,430	2,350
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	111,745	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.294	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.449	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.263	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	111,785	54,240	57,540
English only	101,850	50,155	51,700
French only	135	65	70
English and French	5,375	2,365	3,010
Neither English nor French	4,425	1,655	2,765
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	111,785	54,240	57,540
English	105,485	51,740	53,750
French	1,095	500	595
English and French	860	385	475
Neither English nor French	4,340	1,620	2,725
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	111,785	54,240	57,540
Single responses	102,490	49,815	52,675
Official languages	49,310	24,475	24,835
English	48,380	24,030	24,350
French	925	445	490
Non-official languages	53,180	25,345	27,840
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	0
Algonquian languages	5	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	53,175	25,340	27,835
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,975	2,000	1,975
Berber languages	0	5	5
Kabyle	0	5	5
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	5	5
Hausa	5	5	5
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	285	135	150
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	65	35	25
Somali	210	95	115
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Semitic languages	3,680	1,855	1,825
Amharic	460	210	250
Arabic	2,830	1,475	1,360
Aramaic languages	30	15	20
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	10	15
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Harari	60	25	40
Hebrew	10	0	10
Maltese	15	5	10
Tigrigna	265	120	140
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	455	200	260
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	5	15
Vietnamese	435	190	240
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	8,605	3,555	5,050
Bikol	35	20	15
Bisaya, n.o.s.	115	50	60
Cebuano	250	110	145
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	170	75	100
Ilocano	675	290	390
Indonesian	75	25	45
Kankanaey	25	10	15
Kinaray-a	25	10	15
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	20	5	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	80	35	40
Pangasinan	30	10	20
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	7,055	2,885	4,165
Waray-Waray	10	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25
Creole languages	170	75	90
Haitian Creole	65	30	40
Jamaican English Creole	10	10	5
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	35	20	20
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	25	10	15
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Dravidian languages	8,765	4,365	4,400
Kannada	50	25	25
Malayalam	725	425	305
Tamil	7,330	3,540	3,795
Telugu	645	380	265
Tulu	5	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Georgian	35	10	20
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	21,930	10,940	10,985
Albanian	420	225	200
Armenian	495	245	250
Balto-Slavic languages	1,710	755	955
Baltic languages	30	5	15
Latvian	25	5	15
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	1,685	745	940
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	110	50	60
Czech	60	25	35
Macedonian	600	290	310
Polish	325	140	185
Russian	215	85	130
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	250	115	135
Bosnian	25	10	15
Croatian	50	20	30
Serbian	160	80	80
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Slovak	25	10	15
Slovene (Slovenian)	35	10	25
Ukrainian	60	20	35
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	395	175	220
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	315	140	180
German	310	135	175
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	0	5
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	45	20	25
Afrikaans	5	0	5
Dutch	40	15	20
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	5
Scandinavian languages	25	15	15
Danish	15	5	10
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	10	5	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	2,380	1,130	1,255
Indo-Iranian languages	13,320	6,915	6,405
Indo-Aryan languages	10,795	5,655	5,140
Assamese	5	5	5
Bengali	2,980	1,515	1,470
Gujarati	1,985	1,060	925
Hindi	1,340	755	580
Kacchi	50	25	30
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	50	20	30
Marathi	130	65	65
Nepali	715	365	345
Oriya languages	45	25	20
Odia	40	25	15
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	800	455	350
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	45	25	20
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	270	135	135
Urdu	2,320	1,180	1,145
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	50	30	25
Iranian languages	2,515	1,250	1,265
Baluchi	5	5	0
Kurdish	170	95	75
Parsi	5	5	5
Pashto	475	240	235
Persian languages	1,845	900	940
Dari	1,235	590	645
Iranian Persian	455	235	220
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	150	75	70
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,200	1,510	1,690
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	945	435	510
Portuguese	450	220	235
Romanian	350	170	175
Spanish	1,450	685	765
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	145	45	100
Korean	395	185	210
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	515	235	280
Akan (Twi)	65	30	35
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	20	5	10
Éwé	5	0	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5
Ga	5	5	0
Ganda	10	0	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	40	20	20
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	30	10	20
Lingala	10	5	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	10	10
Shona	25	10	15
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	120	65	65
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	5	0	5
Yoruba	100	50	55
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Nilo-Saharan languages	25	10	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Sign languages	15	10	10
American Sign Language	20	10	5
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,230	3,255	3,970
Chinese languages	7,120	3,205	3,915
Hakka	155	75	85
Mandarin	3,345	1,485	1,860
Min Dong	5	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	30	25
Wu (Shanghainese)	65	30	35
Yue (Cantonese)	3,370	1,520	1,855
Chinese, n.o.s.	110	60	55
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	95	45	50
Burmese	25	15	15
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	60	30	35
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Tai-Kadai languages	40	15	20
Lao	10	5	5
Thai	30	10	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	490	260	230
Azerbaijani	40	20	25
Kazakh	0	5	0
Turkish	390	215	175
Uyghur	35	20	20
Uzbek	15	5	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Uralic languages	390	175	215
Estonian	30	10	20
Finnish	40	15	25
Hungarian	320	150	170
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Multiple responses	9,300	4,430	4,870
English and French	325	140	190
English and non-official language(s)	7,885	3,795	4,090
French and non-official language(s)	130	50	80
English, French and non-official language(s)	200	95	110
Multiple non-official languages	750	350	405
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	111,785	54,240	57,540
English	49,835	24,605	25,225
French	320	150	170
Non-official language	16,640	7,745	8,885
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	16,640	7,745	8,885
English and French	765	360	405
English and non-official language(s)	41,290	19,995	21,285
French and non-official language(s)	95	40	55
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,105	510	595
Multiple non-official languages	1,740	830	915
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	111,785	54,240	57,540
Single responses	100,085	48,570	51,515
Official languages	65,030	31,925	33,100
English	64,490	31,675	32,815
French	540	250	290
Non-official languages	35,055	16,640	18,410
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	35,055	16,640	18,410
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,285	1,115	1,170
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	0	5
Hausa	5	0	5
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	150	70	80
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	40	20	20
Somali	100	40	55
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Semitic languages	2,130	1,045	1,085
Amharic	225	95	125
Arabic	1,720	870	850
Aramaic languages	20	5	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	5	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	20	10	10
Hebrew	5	5	5
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	135	60	75
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	270	115	155
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	0	0
Vietnamese	265	115	150
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	5,260	2,310	2,955
Bikol	10	5	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	70	30	40
Cebuano	145	65	75
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	80	40	40
Ilocano	375	175	195
Indonesian	20	5	15
Kankanaey	10	5	5
Kinaray-a	20	5	15
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	15	10	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	45	20	25
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,455	1,940	2,510
Waray-Waray	5	0	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15
Creole languages	100	35	60
Haitian Creole	25	10	15
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	35	15	20
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	10	15
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10
Dravidian languages	6,810	3,335	3,475
Kannada	20	15	10
Malayalam	475	265	205
Tamil	5,835	2,785	3,045
Telugu	470	265	205
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	20	5	15
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	13,545	6,640	6,910
Albanian	225	115	110
Armenian	350	180	170
Balto-Slavic languages	845	375	475
Baltic languages	5	0	0
Latvian	5	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	840	370	465
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	60	25	35
Czech	20	10	10
Macedonian	320	150	170
Polish	145	70	75
Russian	120	50	70
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	140	55	85
Bosnian	15	5	10
Croatian	20	5	10
Serbian	110	50	60
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	10	5	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	5	5
Ukrainian	15	10	10
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	35	10	20
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	30	10	15
German	25	10	15
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5	5	0
Afrikaans	5	0	0
Dutch	5	5	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	1,325	605	720
Indo-Iranian languages	9,015	4,550	4,465
Indo-Aryan languages	7,310	3,750	3,555
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	1,980	965	1,015
Gujarati	1,330	695	635
Hindi	910	495	410
Kacchi	20	10	15
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	10	5	5
Marathi	85	45	45
Nepali	500	255	245
Oriya languages	25	15	15
Odia	25	10	10
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	580	340	240
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	20	10	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	160	80	75
Urdu	1,655	820	830
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20
Iranian languages	1,700	790	910
Baluchi	5	5	5
Kurdish	80	40	35
Parsi	5	0	5
Pashto	355	165	190
Persian languages	1,240	575	665
Dari	835	380	460
Iranian Persian	285	140	145
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	120	55	65
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,755	810	945
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	440	180	260
Portuguese	220	105	120
Romanian	200	100	100
Spanish	890	425	465
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	55	20	40
Korean	290	135	155
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	190	80	110
Akan (Twi)	30	10	15
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	5	0	5
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	0
Ga	0	0	5
Ganda	5	0	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	10	5	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	10
Lingala	5	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	5	5
Shona	10	5	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	55	30	30
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	30	10	15
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	35	20	15
American Sign Language	25	15	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,580	2,520	3,060
Chinese languages	5,515	2,495	3,025
Hakka	75	30	45
Mandarin	2,630	1,205	1,425
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	15	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	50	15	30
Yue (Cantonese)	2,665	1,180	1,485
Chinese, n.o.s.	70	40	35
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	60	30	30
Burmese	10	5	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	45	20	25
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	20	5	15
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	20	5	15
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	350	185	170
Azerbaijani	35	10	20
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	270	150	125
Uyghur	35	15	20
Uzbek	5	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	220	105	115
Estonian	5	0	5
Finnish	5	5	5
Hungarian	205	100	105
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Multiple responses	11,700	5,675	6,025
English and French	220	100	120
English and non-official language(s)	11,060	5,385	5,675
French and non-official language(s)	45	20	25
English, French and non-official language(s)	150	65	85
Multiple non-official languages	230	110	120
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	111,785	54,240	57,540
None	76,440	37,155	39,280
English	14,615	7,020	7,590
French	695	345	350
Non-official language	15,290	7,390	7,905
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	15,285	7,385	7,900
English and French	190	85	110
English and non-official language(s)	2,240	1,125	1,110
French and non-official language(s)	415	185	230
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	10	20
Multiple non-official languages	1,875	925	950
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	111,560	54,205	57,350
Official languages	107,055	52,510	54,545
English	106,905	52,460	54,445
French	5,600	2,525	3,070
Non-official languages	70,945	34,085	36,855
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	70,940	34,085	36,850
Afro-Asiatic languages	6,040	3,065	2,975
Berber languages	20	10	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	15	10	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	20	15	0
Cushitic languages	410	160	250
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	130	65	70
Somali	270	95	175
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	5,695	2,935	2,760
Amharic	750	365	385
Arabic	4,770	2,500	2,265
Aramaic languages	40	20	20
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	10	20
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	115	45	70
Hebrew	70	25	55
Maltese	10	0	0
Tigrigna	365	165	205
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	695	320	375
Khmer (Cambodian)	70	30	40
Vietnamese	630	285	340
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	12,165	5,050	7,115
Bikol	80	45	35
Bisaya, n.o.s.	160	65	95
Cebuano	485	205	285
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	315	125	190
Ilocano	1,120	465	650
Indonesian	120	50	70
Kankanaey	15	10	10
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	55	30	25
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	175	80	105
Pangasinan	50	25	25
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	11,690	4,845	6,845
Waray-Waray	55	25	30
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	220	70	150
Creole languages	420	175	245
Haitian Creole	100	30	70
Jamaican English Creole	45	10	35
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	100	55	45
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	130	65	65
Creole languages, n.i.e.	55	20	35
Dravidian languages	12,240	6,195	6,050
Kannada	265	135	130
Malayalam	1,070	605	465
Tamil	10,240	5,030	5,210
Telugu	1,220	735	485
Tulu	15	10	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Georgian	30	0	30
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	31,195	15,845	15,350
Albanian	490	275	215
Armenian	500	230	270
Balto-Slavic languages	2,600	1,180	1,420
Baltic languages	30	10	20
Latvian	30	10	20
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	2,580	1,170	1,405
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	190	110	80
Czech	80	30	50
Macedonian	940	405	530
Polish	495	200	295
Russian	555	280	275
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	415	195	220
Bosnian	50	25	25
Croatian	140	65	75
Serbian	275	130	145
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Slovak	45	20	25
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	10	30
Ukrainian	80	30	50
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Celtic languages	10	10	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	740	335	405
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	610	280	330
German	590	280	320
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	25	0	20
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	95	40	55
Afrikaans	15	0	15
Dutch	70	40	35
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	45	20	20
Danish	20	15	15
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	20	10	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	3,500	1,715	1,790
Indo-Iranian languages	19,655	10,320	9,340
Indo-Aryan languages	16,985	8,965	8,030
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	3,745	1,880	1,870
Gujarati	2,995	1,585	1,415
Hindi	6,585	3,655	2,930
Kacchi	85	25	60
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	180	60	125
Marathi	365	200	165
Nepali	960	485	470
Oriya languages	105	65	40
Odia	85	55	40
Oriya, n.o.s.	20	10	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,960	1,100	860
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	25	10	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	830	410	415
Urdu	4,855	2,510	2,340
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	175	105	65
Iranian languages	3,020	1,530	1,490
Baluchi	20	0	10
Kurdish	255	140	110
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	615	360	250
Persian languages	2,325	1,145	1,175
Dari	1,595	745	850
Iranian Persian	685	345	340
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	175	100	70
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	20	10
Italic (Romance) languages	4,515	2,195	2,320
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,405	660	745
Portuguese	585	270	315
Romanian	335	135	200
Spanish	2,400	1,230	1,180
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	0	25
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Japanese	330	150	180
Korean	430	190	240
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	1,190	535	660
Akan (Twi)	55	15	40
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	30	10	20
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	30	10	25
Ganda	40	0	35
Gikuyu	15	0	15
Igbo	65	30	35
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	80	25	55
Lingala	55	35	25
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	35	15	20
Shona	30	10	20
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	480	230	250
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	305	165	145
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	80	30	45
Nilo-Saharan languages	50	30	15
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	50	30	15
African, n.o.s.	20	0	15
Sign languages	105	45	60
American Sign Language	90	40	55
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	8,720	3,875	4,840
Chinese languages	8,605	3,830	4,780
Hakka	220	85	140
Mandarin	4,995	2,190	2,810
Min Dong	15	10	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	185	65	120
Wu (Shanghainese)	100	45	50
Yue (Cantonese)	4,735	2,080	2,655
Chinese, n.o.s.	110	55	55
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	105	50	60
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	90	40	45
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Tai-Kadai languages	70	30	40
Lao	20	10	15
Thai	55	25	30
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	705	360	350
Azerbaijani	20	10	0
Kazakh	20	0	0
Turkish	625	310	315
Uyghur	20	10	10
Uzbek	25	15	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	490	240	250
Estonian	30	10	20
Finnish	55	25	30
Hungarian	410	205	200
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	111,560	54,200	57,355
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	705	315	390
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	675	300	370
First Nations (North American Indian)	440	195	245
Métis	220	100	120
Inuk (Inuit)	15	10	0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	20	0	15
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	15	10	0
Non-Indigenous identity	110,850	53,890	56,965
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	111,560	54,200	57,355
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	140	30	105
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	111,420	54,170	57,250
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	40,560	...	...
Owner	23,045	...	...
Renter	17,520	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	40,560	...	...
Condominium	10,250	...	...
Not condominium	30,315	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	40,560	...	...
No bedrooms	435	...	...
1 bedroom	7,890	...	...
2 bedrooms	12,195	...	...
3 bedrooms	11,895	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	8,145	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	40,560	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	19,505	...	...
5 rooms	6,585	...	...
6 rooms	4,685	...	...
7 rooms	3,390	...	...
8 or more rooms	6,390	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	40,560	...	...
One person or fewer per room	36,705	...	...
More than one person per room	3,860	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	40,560	...	...
Suitable	33,075	...	...
Not suitable	7,480	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	40,560	...	...
1960 or before	14,470	...	...
1961 to 1980	13,315	...	...
1981 to 1990	2,880	...	...
1991 to 2000	3,590	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,260	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,550	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,305	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,195	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	40,560	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	37,815	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,745	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	40,560	...	...
One-maintainer household	20,635	...	...
Two-maintainer household	15,610	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	4,310	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	40,560	...	...
15 to 24 years	935	...	...
25 to 34 years	4,365	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,650	...	...
45 to 54 years	7,855	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,150	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,155	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,635	...	...
85 years and over	1,810	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	40,280	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	28,110	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	12,165	...	...
30% to less than 100%	11,010	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	40,560	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	19,215	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,630	...	...
Not suitable only	5,225	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,360	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,615	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	740	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	460	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	185	...	...
Acceptable housing	21,345	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	39,125	...	...
In core need	8,710	...	...
Not in core need	30,415	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	23,040	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	58.4	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	26.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	13.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,520	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,668	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	800,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	794,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	17,515	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	13.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	35.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	34.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,280	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,338	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	111,555	54,205	57,355
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	195	85	115
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	195	85	110
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	150	60	95
Métis single ancestry	45	25	20
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	745	305	440
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	730	305	425
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	535	220	315
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	195	85	115
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	15	0	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	15
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	110,615	53,820	56,800
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	111,560	54,205	57,350
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	90,505	43,755	46,745
Canadian citizens aged under 18	18,110	9,445	8,670
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	72,390	34,310	38,080
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	21,060	10,455	10,605
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	111,560	54,205	57,350
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	43,560	22,165	21,400
Immigrants⁸¹	61,670	28,425	33,250
Before 1980	8,400	3,730	4,665
1980 to 1990	6,505	2,955	3,550
1991 to 2000	14,715	6,705	8,010
2001 to 2010	16,050	7,495	8,555
2011 to 2021⁸²	16,000	7,540	8,465
2011 to 2015	7,240	3,365	3,875
2016 to 2021	8,760	4,170	4,590
Non-permanent residents⁸³	6,330	3,620	2,705
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	61,665	28,420	33,250
Under 5 years	4,020	2,065	1,955
5 to 14 years	9,200	4,525	4,675
15 to 24 years	11,630	5,060	6,575
25 to 44 years	29,900	13,790	16,105
45 years and over	6,915	2,975	3,940
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	61,665	28,420	33,250
Americas	8,625	3,625	5,000
Brazil	100	40	55
Colombia	145	80	65
El Salvador	125	60	70
Guyana	2,730	1,195	1,540
Haiti	75	20	60
Jamaica	1,975	795	1,185
Mexico	180	100	80
Peru	50	10	40
Trinidad and Tobago	1,125	450	675
United States of America	590	235	360
Other places of birth in Americas	1,525	640	880
Europe	7,000	3,240	3,760
Bosnia and Herzegovina	70	20	45
Croatia	90	30	60
France	50	30	15
Germany	330	155	175
Greece	1,880	900	985
Hungary	205	90	110
Italy	750	375	380
Netherlands	55	15	40
Poland	395	160	230
Portugal	215	115	105
Romania	290	120	175
Russian Federation	135	75	65
Serbia⁸⁶	105	65	40
Ukraine	95	40	55
United Kingdom⁸⁷	970	415	555
Other places of birth in Europe	1,365	640	725
Africa	3,200	1,395	1,805
Algeria	65	25	45
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	90	25	65
Egypt	305	145	155
Eritrea	215	90	125
Ethiopia	685	320	365
Morocco	135	35	95
Nigeria	220	120	100
Somalia	215	85	130
South Africa, Republic of	40	10	30
Other places of birth in Africa	1,235	550	690
Asia	42,745	20,125	22,620
Afghanistan	1,350	615	730
Iran⁸⁸	525	295	230
Iraq	495	265	235
Lebanon	830	425	400
Syria⁸⁹	815	400	420
Turkey	235	110	120
China⁹⁰	4,265	1,960	2,305
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,350	575	775
Korea, South⁹²	345	155	185
Taiwan	135	45	85
Philippines	11,515	4,825	6,690
Viet Nam	660	315	345
Bangladesh	2,590	1,280	1,305
India	6,190	3,265	2,925
Pakistan	2,265	1,170	1,100
Sri Lanka	6,445	3,040	3,410
Other places of birth in Asia	2,740	1,385	1,355
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	105	40	60
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	8,760	4,170	4,595
Americas	650	265	380
Brazil	35	15	20
Colombia	40	20	20
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	140	80	65
Mexico	35	10	30
United States of America	115	30	85
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	0	15
Other places of birth in Americas	260	105	150
Europe	375	190	180
France	0	0	0
Germany	30	20	15
Ireland⁹⁶	10	10	0
Italy	10	10	0
Russian Federation	20	15	10
Ukraine	10	10	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	25	10	15
Other places of birth in Europe	265	120	145
Africa	685	260	430
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	15	0	15
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	0	20
Côte d'Ivoire	15	0	0
Egypt	50	15	30
Eritrea	75	30	50
Ethiopia	105	35	70
Morocco	30	10	20
Nigeria	110	55	55
Somalia	30	15	10
South Africa, Republic of	10	0	10
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	10	0	10
Other places of birth in Africa	185	65	115
Asia	7,035	3,445	3,590
Afghanistan	400	180	220
Bangladesh	360	160	200
China⁹⁰	495	210	285
Hong Kong⁹¹	55	30	25
India	2,215	1,185	1,025
Iran⁸⁸	90	45	45
Iraq	125	75	50
Israel	15	10	10
Japan	0	0	0
Jordan	15	10	0
Korea, South⁹²	25	10	20
Lebanon	100	45	50
Nepal	250	120	130
Pakistan	240	115	120
Philippines	1,360	595	765
Saudi Arabia	170	100	70
Sri Lanka	395	195	195
Syria⁸⁹	520	255	270
Turkey	75	40	30
United Arab Emirates	25	15	10
Viet Nam	20	10	10
Other places of birth in Asia	95	55	45
Oceania and other⁹³	20	10	10
Australia	0	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	111,560	54,205	57,355
First generation¹⁰⁰	68,765	32,400	36,360
Second generation¹⁰¹	28,815	14,980	13,835
Third generation or more¹⁰²	13,980	6,820	7,155
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	53,270	24,690	28,580
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	24,300	11,715	12,585
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	11,200	5,775	5,415
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	13,105	5,940	7,170
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	17,835	7,135	10,700
Refugees¹⁰⁸	10,085	5,375	4,705
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,050	460	590
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	53,270	24,690	28,580
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	6,050	3,415	2,635
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	4,950	1,885	3,065
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	560	275	280
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,455	865	1,590
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	240	100	145
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	39,015	18,150	20,865
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	111,560	54,200	57,355
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	83,025	40,325	42,700
South Asian	31,780	16,385	15,400
Chinese	8,890	4,060	4,830
Black	11,060	5,100	5,960
Filipino	14,645	6,540	8,110
Arab	3,765	1,965	1,800
Latin American	1,840	945	890
Southeast Asian	1,340	655	685
West Asian	2,960	1,525	1,440
Korean	475	210	265
Japanese	330	155	170
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	2,630	1,205	1,420
Multiple visible minorities	3,310	1,580	1,730
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	28,530	13,880	14,655
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	111,560	54,205	57,350
Canadian	6,480	3,450	3,030
English	5,830	2,835	2,995
Irish	4,925	2,230	2,695
Scottish	4,505	2,060	2,445
French, n.o.s.¹²²	1,875	815	1,055
German	2,115	935	1,180
Chinese	9,685	4,430	5,250
Italian	3,000	1,450	1,555
Indian (India)	11,655	6,150	5,505
Ukrainian	620	280	340
Dutch	585	215	370
Polish	1,060	495	565
Québécois	30	20	10
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,740	820	920
Filipino	13,580	6,050	7,530
French Canadian	275	120	155
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	710	335	370
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	275	120	155
Métis	240	110	125
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	635	310	325
Russian	425	185	240
Norwegian	175	105	70
Welsh	405	165	240
Portuguese	1,315	625	690
American	320	150	175
Spanish	1,640	755	885
Swedish	90	35	60
Hungarian	540	310	230
Acadian	80	30	50
Pakistani	2,795	1,475	1,325
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,255	1,095	1,160
Jewish	150	80	65
Punjabi	440	250	190
Vietnamese	715	345	370
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,635	855	775
Greek	4,120	2,035	2,080
Jamaican	2,545	1,165	1,375
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,380	1,165	1,220
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	50	25	30
Korean	525	240	290
Romanian	385	175	210
Lebanese	1,135	575	560
Iranian	475	270	205
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	680	325	355
Danish	145	75	70
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	130	40	90
Sikh	130	70	55
Austrian	140	85	55
Belgian	60	40	20
Haitian	130	55	75
Hindu	2,255	1,120	1,135
Mexican	335	200	130
Mennonite	10	0	0
Swiss	155	70	85
Finnish	155	65	85
Sri Lankan	5,525	2,685	2,845
Croatian	130	70	55
Japanese	400	185	220
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	2,175	1,100	1,075
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	60	25	40
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	75	35	35
Muslim	1,190	580	615
Egyptian	425	225	205
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	400	200	200
Tamil	4,610	2,315	2,295
Icelandic	25	20	10
Colombian	235	140	100
Moroccan	185	85	105
Czech	95	40	55
Syrian	465	225	240
Guyanese	2,170	1,035	1,135
Afghan	1,875	905	970
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,025	435	590
Serbian	205	95	110
Ojibway	65	25	40
Newfoundlander	150	75	75
Hong Konger	370	165	195
Ontarian	115	35	85
Persian	360	180	175
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	890	400	495
Turkish	445	235	205
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	15	0	15
Bangladeshi	2,375	1,205	1,170
Algerian	120	65	60
Brazilian	150	65	85
Nigerian	305	115	185
Armenian	575	290	285
Slovak	75	35	40
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	70	40	30
Somali	405	180	220
Taiwanese	160	55	110
Iraqi	330	180	150
Salvadorean	175	90	75
African Caribbean	620	290	330
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	690	345	340
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	245	150	100
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	880	420	460
Algonquin	0	0	0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	905	355	555
Lithuanian	70	35	40
South African	55	30	25
Australian	75	25	50
Palestinian	270	150	120
Chilean	60	40	20
Congolese	70	20	45
Nova Scotian	75	25	50
Ethiopian	525	260	265
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	125	55	75
Peruvian	105	45	60
Yoruba	195	95	100
Cambodian (Khmer)	65	25	40
Berber	10	10	10
Albanian	615	335	280
Maltese	60	35	25
Macedonian	1,010	470	535
Slovenian	70	30	35
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	70	30	40
New Brunswicker	20	0	15
Gujarati	365	190	175
Eritrean	325	165	165
African Canadian	265	140	130
Israeli	45	10	30
Mohawk	75	35	40
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	40	10	30
Bulgarian	195	110	85
Albertan	0	0	0
Ghanaian	80	35	40
Barbadian	385	165	220
African American	205	90	115
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	120	40	85
Tunisian	65	30	35
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	85	45	50
Cuban	100	40	60
Bosnian	45	30	15
Venezuelan	50	10	45
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	60	20	40
Bengali	840	445	400
Cameroonian	35	10	20
Guatemalan	55	20	30
Indonesian	160	55	100
Laotian	40	20	20
Ilocano	335	165	170
Northern Irish	95	40	55
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	30	15	15
British Columbian	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	100	60	40
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0
Argentinian	55	30	20
Estonian	60	25	35
Kurdish	270	155	120
Fijian	45	20	25
Jatt	50	25	25
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	25	20	10
Coptic	80	45	40
Thai	45	25	15
Dominican	75	45	25
Nepali	705	345	360
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	55	25	30
Igbo	60	25	30
Byelorussian	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	15	0	15
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	0	0	0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	15	10	10
New Zealander	20	15	10
Sudanese	140	65	70
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	10	0	10
Malaysian	90	15	70
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	20	10	0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0
Buddhist	70	35	35
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	0	0	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	145	70	70
Ivorian	35	20	15
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	25	10	20
Tigrinya	75	30	40
Nicaraguan	50	25	20
Mauritian	25	15	0
Kenyan	110	55	60
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	285	115	170
Jordanian	25	20	0
Manitoban	0	0	0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	50	10	40
Grenadian	120	25	90
Malayali	120	65	55
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	130	40	85
Mayan	50	20	25
Honduran	25	20	10
Cherokee	0	0	0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	235	95	140
Flemish	20	0	15
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0
Senegalese	15	0	10
Azerbaijani	45	35	15
Sicilian	55	25	20
Pashtun	80	40	45
Malay	215	95	120
Goan	85	60	25
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	45	20	25
Tibetan	95	45	50
Zimbabwean	40	25	25
Burmese	10	10	0
Mongolian	25	0	20
Azorean	10	0	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	300	115	190
Ugandan	80	30	50
Oromo	145	70	75
Tanzanian	80	35	35
Yemeni	125	55	70
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	35	15	20
Basque	0	0	0
Uruguayan	30	15	15
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	35	15	20
Igorot	55	25	30
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	85	40	45
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	130	90	40
Roma	40	25	20
Costa Rican	20	15	10
African Nova Scotian	80	25	55
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	20	10	0
Singaporean	25	15	15
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	20	10	0
Tajik	150	75	75
Amhara	185	95	90
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	111,560	54,205	57,355
Buddhist	1,820	765	1,050
Christian	53,500	24,245	29,255
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	10,115	4,730	5,390
Anabaptist	30	20	10
Anglican	2,025	845	1,180
Baptist	1,140	530	615
Catholic	26,460	12,060	14,400
Christian Orthodox	6,315	2,995	3,320
Jehovah's Witness	320	115	200
Latter Day Saints	100	40	65
Lutheran	400	175	225
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	335	145	190
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,670	650	1,020
Presbyterian	865	330	530
Reformed	30	20	15
United Church	1,500	640	855
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,185	940	1,250
Hindu	15,505	8,060	7,445
Jewish	120	55	65
Muslim	19,375	9,830	9,545
Sikh	710	395	310
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	25	15	10
Other religions and spiritual traditions	580	290	295
No religion and secular perspectives	19,930	10,550	9,385
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	110,525	53,640	56,880
Non-movers	100,410	48,510	51,905
Movers	10,110	5,135	4,980
Non-migrants	7,435	3,845	3,585
Migrants	2,675	1,285	1,395
Internal migrants	1,240	575	665
Intraprovincial migrants	960	425	535
Interprovincial migrants	280	150	130
External migrants	1,435	710	725
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	106,395	51,460	54,930
Non-movers	71,635	34,045	37,590
Movers	34,755	17,415	17,340
Non-migrants	19,780	9,550	10,225
Migrants	14,980	7,860	7,120
Internal migrants	4,380	2,225	2,155
Intraprovincial migrants	3,500	1,740	1,765
Interprovincial migrants	880	490	390
External migrants	10,600	5,640	4,965
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	94,590	45,335	49,255
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	17,970	8,420	9,550
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	76,620	36,920	39,705
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	61,385	29,685	31,700
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	7,655	3,840	3,815
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	53,725	25,845	27,880
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	94,595	45,335	49,260
No certificate, diploma or degree	16,805	7,830	8,980
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	27,495	13,870	13,620
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	50,290	23,635	26,655
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	23,080	10,850	12,225
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,725	2,415	1,310
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,180	1,305	870
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,555	1,110	445
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	16,310	7,020	9,295
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,045	1,420	1,620
Bachelor's degree or higher	27,210	12,785	14,425
Bachelor's degree	18,920	8,570	10,350
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,820	875	945
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	495	200	295
Master's degree	5,555	2,870	2,680
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	430	270	160
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	61,385	29,685	31,695
No certificate, diploma or degree	6,935	3,505	3,425
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	15,430	8,225	7,200
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	39,025	17,950	21,070
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	16,980	7,740	9,235
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,485	1,585	905
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,505	900	600
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	985	680	300
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,320	5,175	7,145
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,170	990	1,185
Bachelor's degree or higher	22,045	10,210	11,840
Bachelor's degree	14,955	6,710	8,240
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,405	655	750
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	440	160	280
Master's degree	4,900	2,480	2,420
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	350	200	145
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	94,595	45,335	49,255
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	44,300	21,700	22,605
Education	2,350	520	1,830
13. Education	2,350	520	1,830
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,445	685	760
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	185	115	70
50. Visual and performing arts	1,260	570	690
Humanities	2,515	820	1,695
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	310	40	270
23. English language and literature/letters	610	165	450
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	890	320	570
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	35	15	20
38. Philosophy and religious studies	190	85	105
39. Theology and religious vocations	150	75	75
54. History	275	105	165
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	65	20	45
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,320	1,630	3,690
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	85	15	70
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	550	200	345
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,060	90	965
22. Legal professions and studies	680	205	475
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	105	30	80
42. Psychology	745	180	560
45. Social sciences	2,100	900	1,195
Business, management and public administration	12,905	5,675	7,225
30.16 Accounting and computer science	55	30	20
44. Public administration and social service professions	925	200	725
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,930	5,450	6,480
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,525	1,155	1,365
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,015	435	580
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	630	280	350
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	100	25	75
40. Physical sciences	630	355	275
41. Science technologies/technicians	145	60	85
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,670	2,345	1,325
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,070	2,050	1,015
25. Library science	100	20	85
27. Mathematics and statistics	440	240	200
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	65	40	30
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,580	8,085	1,495
04. Architecture and related services	490	300	190
14. Engineering	4,350	3,370	975
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,955	1,710	245
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,005	990	15
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,225	1,170	60
48. Precision production	555	545	10
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	560	315	250
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	405	230	170
03. Natural resources and conservation	160	85	75
Health and related fields	7,370	1,430	5,940
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	265	155	110
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,025	1,250	5,770
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	75	25	60
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,040	970	1,070
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,255	355	900
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0
43. Security and protective services	470	360	110
49. Transportation and materials moving	300	240	60
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	10
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	61,380	29,685	31,700
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	22,360	11,735	10,625
Education	1,585	330	1,255
13. Education	1,585	330	1,255
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,065	510	555
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	100	55	40
50. Visual and performing arts	960	455	515
Humanities	1,890	570	1,315
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	225	25	205
23. English language and literature/letters	475	130	350
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	690	235	455
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	25	10	10
38. Philosophy and religious studies	140	60	85
39. Theology and religious vocations	85	40	45
54. History	200	65	130
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	45	0	35
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,365	1,280	3,080
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	80	15	70
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	470	160	310
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	850	75	775
22. Legal professions and studies	580	160	425
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	85	30	55
42. Psychology	560	130	425
45. Social sciences	1,735	710	1,025
Business, management and public administration	10,170	4,390	5,775
30.16 Accounting and computer science	40	15	25
44. Public administration and social service professions	710	165	540
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	9,415	4,210	5,210
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,825	860	970
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	755	355	405
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	460	205	255
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	65	25	35
40. Physical sciences	465	255	205
41. Science technologies/technicians	85	25	60
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,115	1,970	1,145
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,665	1,750	910
25. Library science	70	10	60
27. Mathematics and statistics	345	195	150
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	45	20	25
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,220	5,950	1,270
04. Architecture and related services	335	195	140
14. Engineering	3,540	2,680	865
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,445	1,255	195
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	670	650	20
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	885	850	40
48. Precision production	335	325	10
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	425	215	210
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	300	155	145
03. Natural resources and conservation	120	65	60
Health and related fields	5,825	1,130	4,695
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	205	110	85
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,545	1,000	4,550
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	70	20	60
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,540	740	800
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	930	250	680
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0
43. Security and protective services	375	290	85
49. Transportation and materials moving	230	195	35
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	61,380	29,685	31,700
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	22,360	11,735	10,625
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	39,025	17,955	21,070
Location of study inside Canada	21,535	9,740	11,795
Same as province or territory of residence	20,750	9,365	11,385
Different than province or territory of residence	785	375	410
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	17,485	8,210	9,275
Americas	1,425	745	680
United States of America	620	355	265
Mexico	85	35	55
Cuba	25	0	15
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	140	65	80
Brazil	60	20	40
Colombia	70	40	25
Peru	15	0	15
Venezuela⁹⁵	35	10	30
Other locations of study in Americas	365	210	155
Europe	1,350	755	595
Belgium	0	0	0
France	60	35	25
Germany	80	55	25
Netherlands	15	0	10
Switzerland	25	20	10
Hungary	30	20	15
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	85	35	50
Romania	120	60	60
Russian Federation	105	60	45
Ukraine	35	25	15
Ireland⁹⁶	25	15	10
United Kingdom⁸⁷	370	205	170
Bosnia and Herzegovina	15	0	0
Italy	40	25	20
Serbia⁸⁶	25	10	0
Other locations of study in Europe	325	195	135
Africa	760	365	390
Nigeria	190	75	115
Algeria	20	10	10
Morocco	40	10	30
Tunisia	35	20	20
Egypt	130	80	50
South Africa, Republic of	25	10	10
Other locations of study in Africa	315	160	155
Asia	13,825	6,280	7,545
Iran⁸⁸	130	50	75
Iraq	110	50	60
Israel	10	0	0
Lebanon	210	90	120
Syria⁸⁹	125	60	60
Turkey	120	60	65
China⁹⁰	1,155	535	620
Taiwan	50	15	30
Hong Kong⁹¹	125	50	75
Japan	60	35	20
Korea, South⁹²	75	25	50
Philippines	4,435	1,655	2,785
Viet Nam	30	15	10
Bangladesh	1,055	460	590
Sri Lanka	620	230	395
India	4,025	2,180	1,840
Pakistan	765	420	345
Other locations of study in Asia	720	340	385
Oceania	130	65	60
Australia	115	60	50
New Zealand	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Oceania	10	0	10
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	94,595	45,335	49,260
In the labour force	56,025	29,175	26,855
Employed	47,210	25,060	22,145
Unemployed	8,820	4,110	4,705
Not in the labour force	38,565	16,160	22,405
Participation rate	59.2	64.4	54.5
Employment rate	49.9	55.3	45.0
Unemployment rate	15.7	14.1	17.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	94,595	45,335	49,255
Did not work¹⁸⁶	41,525	17,805	23,720
Worked	53,070	27,530	25,540
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	26,570	14,500	12,070
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	26,495	13,030	13,470
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.3	39.9	38.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	56,030	29,175	26,855
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,530	1,095	1,440
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	53,495	28,075	25,415
Employee	47,280	23,775	23,505
Permanent position	39,185	19,955	19,230
Temporary position	8,095	3,825	4,270
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,095	1,470	1,625
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,000	2,355	2,645
Self-employed¹⁹²	6,210	4,300	1,910
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	56,030	29,175	26,855
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,530	1,095	1,440
All occupations¹⁹¹	53,495	28,075	25,415
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	200	110	85
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	9,655	3,400	6,260
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,240	3,935	1,305
3 Health occupations	4,330	780	3,550
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	4,715	1,240	3,480
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,210	620	585
6 Sales and service occupations	16,015	8,005	8,010
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	8,410	7,570	835
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	380	320	65
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,345	2,105	1,245
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	56,030	29,175	26,855
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,530	1,095	1,440
All industries¹⁹¹	53,495	28,075	25,415
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	90	65	30
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	55	35	20
22 Utilities	225	145	85
23 Construction	2,945	2,620	325
31-33 Manufacturing	4,845	3,360	1,485
41 Wholesale trade	1,730	1,160	575
44-45 Retail trade	6,220	3,160	3,055
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,360	2,695	660
51 Information and cultural industries	1,500	815	685
52 Finance and insurance	4,040	1,865	2,175
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,270	720	550
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	4,475	2,520	1,955
55 Management of companies and enterprises	235	135	95
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,820	2,165	1,655
61 Educational services	3,175	1,140	2,035
62 Health care and social assistance	7,080	1,350	5,735
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	670	355	315
72 Accommodation and food services	4,030	2,125	1,905
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,125	935	1,190
91 Public administration	1,595	715	875
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	59,330	30,855	28,480
English	54,530	28,630	25,895
French	135	40	95
Non-official language	755	355	400
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	755	355	400
English and French	635	225	410
English and non-official language(s)	3,120	1,540	1,580
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	65	20	50
Multiple non-official languages	80	40	40
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	59,330	30,855	28,480
Single responses	58,575	30,465	28,115
Official languages	57,160	29,795	27,360
English	56,950	29,745	27,210
French	205	55	150
Non-official languages	1,415	660	750
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,415	660	750
Afro-Asiatic languages	70	35	35
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	65	30	35
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	65	30	35
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	20	10	10
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	20	10	10
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	75	35	35
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	65	35	30
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	155	85	75
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	150	85	65
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	310	160	155
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	20	15	10
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	15	15	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	10	10	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	10	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	165	90	75
Indo-Aryan languages	150	80	70
Bengali	25	15	10
Gujarati	40	20	20
Hindi	15	0	15
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	65	40	25
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	15	0	10
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	15	0	10
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	110	50	55
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	10	10	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	90	35	55
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	20	10	10
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	745	325	420
Chinese languages	745	325	420
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	420	190	225
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	325	130	190
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	760	395	365
English and French	130	45	90
English and non-official language(s)	600	340	260
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	10
Multiple non-official languages	15	10	10
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	59,330	30,855	28,480
None	56,085	29,370	26,710
English	590	270	325
French	440	175	265
Non-official language	1,830	890	940
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,830	890	940
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	70	20	50
French and non-official language(s)	50	10	45
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	260	120	140
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	47,205	25,060	22,145
Worked at home	11,590	5,360	6,235
Worked outside Canada	165	130	35
No fixed workplace address	6,405	4,780	1,625
Usual place of work	29,050	14,795	14,260
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	29,050	14,790	14,260
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	24,140	11,465	12,670
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0	0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	4,875	3,305	1,570
Commute to a different province or territory	35	25	15
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	35,450	19,570	15,880
Car, truck or van	22,775	14,280	8,500
Car, truck or van - as a driver	19,890	13,530	6,360
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,880	745	2,140
Public transit	10,310	4,250	6,060
Walked	1,365	570	800
Bicycle	135	130	0
Other method	865	350	515
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	35,450	19,570	15,880
Less than 15 minutes	6,045	3,045	3,000
15 to 29 minutes	9,745	5,455	4,290
30 to 44 minutes	9,460	5,730	3,730
45 to 59 minutes	4,595	2,505	2,090
60 minutes and over	5,615	2,840	2,775
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	35,450	19,570	15,880
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,325	1,535	790
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,390	3,100	2,285
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	7,290	3,850	3,440
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	6,630	3,210	3,425
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,015	3,285	2,725
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,810	4,595	3,220
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	21,190	10,915	10,280
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,885	950	935
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	19,310	9,965	9,345
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	15,550	8,060	7,490
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,505	755	750
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,080	520	565
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	430	235	195
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,040	7,305	6,735

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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