Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Scarborough--GuildwoodMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	103,449	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	102,386	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	1.0	...	...	1.0	...	...
Total private dwellings²	37,800	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	36,174	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	3,988.2	...	...	3,988.2	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	25.94	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	103,445	50,270	53,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17,160	8,800	8,360	16.6	17.5	15.7
0 to 4 years	5,150	2,620	2,530	5.0	5.2	4.8
5 to 9 years	5,895	3,060	2,840	5.7	6.1	5.3
10 to 14 years	6,110	3,125	2,990	5.9	6.2	5.6
15 to 64 years	69,095	33,985	35,110	66.8	67.6	66.0
15 to 19 years	6,025	3,115	2,905	5.8	6.2	5.5
20 to 24 years	7,880	4,230	3,645	7.6	8.4	6.9
25 to 29 years	8,640	4,530	4,110	8.4	9.0	7.7
30 to 34 years	7,250	3,530	3,720	7.0	7.0	7.0
35 to 39 years	6,645	3,170	3,475	6.4	6.3	6.5
40 to 44 years	6,275	2,880	3,400	6.1	5.7	6.4
45 to 49 years	6,190	2,825	3,365	6.0	5.6	6.3
50 to 54 years	6,700	3,165	3,535	6.5	6.3	6.6
55 to 59 years	7,005	3,395	3,615	6.8	6.8	6.8
60 to 64 years	6,490	3,135	3,355	6.3	6.2	6.3
65 years and over	17,195	7,490	9,710	16.6	14.9	18.3
65 to 69 years	5,190	2,415	2,775	5.0	4.8	5.2
70 to 74 years	4,045	1,795	2,250	3.9	3.6	4.2
75 to 79 years	3,015	1,315	1,705	2.9	2.6	3.2
80 to 84 years	2,425	1,000	1,425	2.3	2.0	2.7
85 years and over	2,520	965	1,555	2.4	1.9	2.9
85 to 89 years	1,595	655	945	1.5	1.3	1.8
90 to 94 years	745	260	485	0.7	0.5	0.9
95 to 99 years	170	50	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.6	17.5	15.7	16.6	17.5	15.7
15 to 64 years	66.8	67.6	66.0	66.8	67.6	66.0
65 years and over	16.6	14.9	18.3	16.6	14.9	18.3
85 years and over	2.4	1.9	2.9	2.4	1.9	2.9
Average age of the population	40.2	38.9	41.5	40.2	38.9	41.5
Median age of the population	38.4	36.4	40.4	38.4	36.4	40.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	36,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	12,150	...	...	33.6	...	...
Semi-detached house	715	...	...	2.0	...	...
Row house	2,195	...	...	6.1	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	2,520	...	...	7.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	1,460	...	...	4.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	17,100	...	...	47.3	...	...
Other single-attached house	30	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	36,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	8,650	...	...	23.9	...	...
2 persons	9,580	...	...	26.5	...	...
3 persons	6,640	...	...	18.4	...	...
4 persons	5,940	...	...	16.4	...	...
5 or more persons	5,370	...	...	14.8	...	...
Number of persons in private households	102,570	49,925	52,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	86,290	41,475	44,820	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	43,165	21,570	21,595	50.0	52.0	48.2
Married	39,535	19,755	19,775	45.8	47.6	44.1
Living common-law	3,630	1,810	1,815	4.2	4.4	4.0
Living common law - Never married	2,545	1,265	1,280	2.9	3.1	2.9
Living common law - Separated	200	125	80	0.2	0.3	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	790	385	405	0.9	0.9	0.9
Living common law - Widowed	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	43,125	19,900	23,225	50.0	48.0	51.8
Not married and not living common law - Never married	30,285	16,085	14,205	35.1	38.8	31.7
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,660	990	1,670	3.1	2.4	3.7
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,055	1,815	3,245	5.9	4.4	7.2
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,125	1,020	4,110	5.9	2.5	9.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	27,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	11,525	...	...	42.1	...	...
3 persons	6,905	...	...	25.2	...	...
4 persons	5,830	...	...	21.3	...	...
5 or more persons	3,150	...	...	11.5	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	27,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	20,455	...	...	74.6	...	...
Married couples	18,645	...	...	68.0	...	...
With children⁶	12,140	...	...	44.3	...	...
Without children	6,510	...	...	23.8	...	...
Common-law couples	1,815	...	...	6.6	...	...
With children⁶	775	...	...	2.8	...	...
Without children	1,040	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total one-parent families	6,950	...	...	25.4	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	5,890	...	...	21.5	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,065	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	102,575	49,920	52,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	84,020	40,835	43,190	81.9	81.8	82.0
Married spouses or common-law partners	40,920	20,430	20,485	39.9	40.9	38.9
Parents in one-parent families	6,945	1,060	5,885	6.8	2.1	11.2
Children⁶	36,155	19,340	16,815	35.2	38.7	31.9
In a two-parent family	24,700	13,135	11,560	24.1	26.3	22.0
In a one-parent family	11,460	6,205	5,260	11.2	12.4	10.0
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	18,550	9,090	9,460	18.1	18.2	18.0
Living alone	8,650	3,685	4,965	8.4	7.4	9.4
Living with other relatives⁷	3,860	1,490	2,375	3.8	3.0	4.5
Living with non-relatives only	6,035	3,915	2,125	5.9	7.8	4.0
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	36,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	20,950	...	...	57.9	...	...
Couple-family households	15,815	...	...	43.7	...	...
With children⁶	10,260	...	...	28.4	...	...
Without children	5,560	...	...	15.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	5,135	...	...	14.2	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,180	...	...	6.0	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	540	...	...	1.5	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,835	...	...	5.1	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,020	...	...	5.6	...	...
One-person households	8,650	...	...	23.9	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	85,495	41,170	44,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	80,425	38,575	41,845	94.1	93.7	94.4
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	34,800	32,000	33,200	34,800	32,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	80,440	38,590	41,850	94.1	93.7	94.4
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,200	32,400	30,400	31,200	32,400	30,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	65,455	32,620	32,830	76.6	79.2	74.1
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	27,000	31,200	23,200	27,000	31,200	23,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	54,010	27,940	26,070	63.2	67.9	58.8
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	29,400	32,400	26,000	29,400	32,400	26,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	75,520	35,950	39,575	88.3	87.3	89.3
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,100	8,800	13,000	11,100	8,800	13,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,430	3,690	4,745	9.9	9.0	10.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,520	5,480	5,480	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	30,085	14,985	15,100	35.2	36.4	34.1
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	85,580	41,100	44,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	80,470	38,475	42,000	94.0	93.6	94.4
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,760	44,880	38,880	41,760	44,880	38,880
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	80,485	38,480	42,005	94.0	93.6	94.4
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,640	38,680	34,760	36,640	38,680	34,760
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	65,425	32,565	32,855	76.4	79.2	73.9
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,240	41,440	33,080	37,240	41,440	33,080
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	54,030	27,940	26,085	63.1	68.0	58.6
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,280	41,520	34,800	38,280	41,520	34,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	75,750	35,865	39,880	88.5	87.3	89.7
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,190	10,510	13,700	12,190	10,510	13,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,145	3,570	4,570	9.5	8.7	10.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,140	5,580	6,580	6,140	5,580	6,580
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	30,475	15,125	15,355	35.6	36.8	34.5
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,160	10,290	10,020	10,160	10,290	10,020
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	85,580	41,100	44,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	22,215	12,290	9,920	26.0	29.9	22.3
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	55,200	57,200	54,000	55,200	57,200	54,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	63,400	66,200	60,050	63,400	66,200	60,050
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	22,215	10,750	11,460	26.0	26.2	25.8
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,800	17,200	14,800	15,800	17,200	14,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,960	24,780	21,260	22,960	24,780	21,260
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	72.6	78.2	66.6	72.6	78.2	66.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	61.5	67.2	55.6	61.5	67.2	55.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	27.5	21.8	33.4	27.5	21.8	33.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	1.2	1.8	1.5	1.2	1.8
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	10.3	9.7	10.8	10.3	9.7	10.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	9.2	9.0	9.4	9.2	9.0	9.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	85,495	41,175	44,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	5,075	2,600	2,475	5.9	6.3	5.6
With total income	80,420	38,575	41,845	94.1	93.7	94.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,235	3,755	4,480	10.2	9.7	10.7
$10,000 to $19,999	11,960	5,550	6,405	14.9	14.4	15.3
$20,000 to $29,999	15,665	7,205	8,460	19.5	18.7	20.2
$30,000 to $39,999	12,065	5,485	6,575	15.0	14.2	15.7
$40,000 to $49,999	8,960	4,140	4,820	11.1	10.7	11.5
$50,000 to $59,999	6,845	3,210	3,635	8.5	8.3	8.7
$60,000 to $69,999	4,650	2,300	2,350	5.8	6.0	5.6
$70,000 to $79,999	3,345	1,725	1,620	4.2	4.5	3.9
$80,000 to $89,999	2,440	1,405	1,040	3.0	3.6	2.5
$90,000 to $99,999	1,905	1,125	775	2.4	2.9	1.9
$100,000 and over	4,360	2,670	1,690	5.4	6.9	4.0
$100,000 to $149,999	3,325	1,970	1,355	4.1	5.1	3.2
$150,000 and over	1,035	700	335	1.3	1.8	0.8
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	85,495	41,175	44,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	5,060	2,585	2,470	5.9	6.3	5.6
With after-tax income	80,435	38,585	41,850	94.1	93.7	94.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,405	3,810	4,590	10.4	9.9	11.0
$10,000 to $19,999	12,360	5,785	6,570	15.4	15.0	15.7
$20,000 to $29,999	17,470	8,030	9,440	21.7	20.8	22.6
$30,000 to $39,999	13,525	6,280	7,250	16.8	16.3	17.3
$40,000 to $49,999	9,905	4,680	5,225	12.3	12.1	12.5
$50,000 to $59,999	6,720	3,215	3,510	8.4	8.3	8.4
$60,000 to $69,999	4,355	2,260	2,090	5.4	5.9	5.0
$70,000 to $79,999	2,910	1,650	1,260	3.6	4.3	3.0
$80,000 to $89,999	1,915	1,045	870	2.4	2.7	2.1
$90,000 to $99,999	1,060	640	415	1.3	1.7	1.0
$100,000 and over	1,815	1,185	630	2.3	3.1	1.5
$100,000 to $124,999	1,060	675	385	1.3	1.7	0.9
$125,000 and over	750	505	245	0.9	1.3	0.6
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	85,495	41,175	44,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	31,485	13,235	18,250	36.8	32.1	41.2
With employment income	54,010	27,940	26,070	63.2	67.9	58.8
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,975	4,445	4,535	16.6	15.9	17.4
$5,000 to $9,999	5,885	2,720	3,165	10.9	9.7	12.1
$10,000 to $19,999	7,075	3,425	3,650	13.1	12.3	14.0
$20,000 to $29,999	5,385	2,635	2,750	10.0	9.4	10.5
$30,000 to $39,999	5,475	2,835	2,635	10.1	10.1	10.1
$40,000 to $49,999	4,990	2,600	2,395	9.2	9.3	9.2
$50,000 to $59,999	4,270	2,195	2,075	7.9	7.9	8.0
$60,000 to $69,999	3,105	1,670	1,430	5.7	6.0	5.5
$70,000 to $79,999	2,245	1,305	945	4.2	4.7	3.6
$80,000 to $89,999	1,760	1,095	660	3.3	3.9	2.5
$90,000 to $99,999	1,545	915	635	2.9	3.3	2.4
$100,000 and over	3,300	2,110	1,185	6.1	7.6	4.5
$100,000 to $124,999	1,875	1,140	740	3.5	4.1	2.8
$125,000 and over	1,420	975	450	2.6	3.5	1.7
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	85,495	41,170	44,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	78,010	37,350	40,660	91.2	90.7	91.7
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	29,600	31,600	28,000	29,600	31,600	28,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	78,025	37,350	40,675	91.3	90.7	91.8
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	28,000	29,600	26,800	28,000	29,600	26,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	64,285	32,025	32,255	75.2	77.8	72.8
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	29,400	32,800	26,400	29,400	32,800	26,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	53,670	27,750	25,915	62.8	67.4	58.5
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,400	34,000	29,000	31,400	34,000	29,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	70,880	33,425	37,455	82.9	81.2	84.5
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,540	1,200	6,500	2,540	1,200	6,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,505	1,745	2,760	5.3	4.2	6.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,640	5,520	5,680	5,640	5,520	5,680
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	85,580	41,100	44,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	78,205	37,355	40,855	91.4	90.9	91.9
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,160	41,280	35,280	38,160	41,280	35,280
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	78,220	37,355	40,865	91.4	90.9	91.9
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,320	35,360	31,440	33,320	35,360	31,440
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	64,190	31,965	32,225	75.0	77.8	72.4
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,080	42,160	34,000	38,080	42,160	34,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	53,760	27,880	25,885	62.8	67.8	58.2
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,000	42,200	35,520	39,000	42,200	35,520
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	70,900	33,395	37,505	82.8	81.3	84.3
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,620	5,800	9,240	7,620	5,800	9,240
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,460	1,750	2,715	5.2	4.3	6.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,300	6,590	7,750	7,300	6,590	7,750
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	85,580	41,100	44,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	21,920	12,120	9,800	25.6	29.5	22.0
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	51,200	53,200	49,200	51,200	53,200	49,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	59,300	62,250	55,600	59,300	62,250	55,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	20,500	10,095	10,400	24.0	24.6	23.4
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,200	23,600	20,400	22,200	23,600	20,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,360	30,760	26,040	28,360	30,760	26,040
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	81.8	87.4	76.0	81.8	87.4	76.0
Employment income (%)	70.2	76.4	63.8	70.2	76.4	63.8
Government transfers (%)	18.1	12.6	24.0	18.1	12.6	24.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.5	1.1	0.8	1.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	36,175	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	78,500	...	...	78,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...	71,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	8,650	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,000	...	...	34,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	31,800	...	...	31,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	27,525	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	36,245	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	92,700	...	...	92,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	81,300	...	...	81,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	8,655	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,360	...	...	44,360	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,600	...	...	38,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	27,590	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,900	...	...	107,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,700	...	...	94,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	36,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	435	...	...	1.2	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	305	...	...	0.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	700	...	...	1.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	740	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,790	...	...	4.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,235	...	...	3.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,250	...	...	3.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,330	...	...	3.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,340	...	...	3.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,320	...	...	3.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,735	...	...	7.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,715	...	...	7.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,575	...	...	7.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,405	...	...	6.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,160	...	...	6.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	13,130	...	...	36.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,260	...	...	11.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,035	...	...	8.4	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,395	...	...	9.4	...	...
$200,000 and over	2,440	...	...	6.7	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	36,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	460	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	315	...	...	0.9	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	705	...	...	1.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	775	...	...	2.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,860	...	...	5.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,355	...	...	3.7	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,375	...	...	3.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,540	...	...	4.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,480	...	...	4.1	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,520	...	...	4.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,115	...	...	8.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,180	...	...	8.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,010	...	...	8.3	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,575	...	...	7.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,250	...	...	6.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	10,650	...	...	29.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,260	...	...	11.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,675	...	...	7.4	...	...
$150,000 and over	3,720	...	...	10.3	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	26,305	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	6,015	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...	71,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	12,880	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...	112,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...	101,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.2	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	6,225	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...	66,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,800	...	...	62,800	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	14,685	7,600	7,085	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	29,600	29,000	30,200	29,600	29,000	30,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	28,400	28,000	28,800	28,400	28,000	28,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	26,350	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,300	...	...	106,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	93,200	...	...	93,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	6,050	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	91,700	...	...	91,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	78,600	...	...	78,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,850	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	126,700	...	...	126,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	110,700	...	...	110,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	6,195	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,800	...	...	76,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,000	...	...	70,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	14,550	7,430	7,120	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,400	38,160	38,600	38,400	38,160	38,600
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,880	33,520	34,240	33,880	33,520	34,240
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	102,570	49,925	52,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	20,635	10,580	10,055	20.1	21.2	19.1
0 to 5 years	6,235	3,190	3,045	6.1	6.4	5.8
18 to 64 years	65,290	32,030	33,260	63.7	64.2	63.2
65 years and over	16,645	7,320	9,335	16.2	14.7	17.7
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	15,130	6,955	8,170	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	4,055	2,040	2,015	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,290	665	620	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	8,205	3,830	4,380	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,865	1,090	1,780	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.7	13.9	15.5	14.7	13.9	15.5
0 to 17 years (%)	19.6	19.3	20.0	19.6	19.3	20.0
0 to 5 years (%)	20.6	20.8	20.4	20.6	20.8	20.4
18 to 64 years (%)	12.6	12.0	13.2	12.6	12.0	13.2
65 years and over (%)	17.2	14.9	19.1	17.2	14.9	19.1
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	102,575	49,920	52,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	20,635	10,580	10,055	20.1	21.2	19.1
0 to 5 years	6,240	3,190	3,050	6.1	6.4	5.8
18 to 64 years	65,290	32,025	33,265	63.7	64.2	63.2
65 years and over	16,650	7,315	9,330	16.2	14.7	17.7
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	9,470	4,840	4,625	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,920	965	960	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	615	325	295	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	6,695	3,550	3,145	...	...	...
65 years and over	850	325	520	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.2	9.7	8.8	9.2	9.7	8.8
0 to 17 years (%)	9.3	9.1	9.5	9.3	9.1	9.5
0 to 5 years (%)	9.9	10.1	9.6	9.9	10.1	9.6
18 to 64 years (%)	10.3	11.1	9.5	10.3	11.1	9.5
65 years and over (%)	5.1	4.5	5.6	5.1	4.5	5.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	102,570	49,925	52,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	61,705	29,795	31,910	60.2	59.7	60.6
In bottom decile	14,425	6,995	7,430	14.1	14.0	14.1
In second decile	13,320	6,425	6,900	13.0	12.9	13.1
In third decile	12,210	5,850	6,360	11.9	11.7	12.1
In fourth decile	11,300	5,495	5,805	11.0	11.0	11.0
In fifth decile	10,450	5,025	5,420	10.2	10.1	10.3
In top half of the distribution	40,870	20,130	20,740	39.8	40.3	39.4
In sixth decile	9,785	4,750	5,035	9.5	9.5	9.6
In seventh decile	9,635	4,710	4,925	9.4	9.4	9.4
In eighth decile	8,645	4,290	4,355	8.4	8.6	8.3
In ninth decile	7,725	3,825	3,905	7.5	7.7	7.4
In top decile	5,080	2,565	2,520	5.0	5.1	4.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	102,575	...	...	102,575	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.310	...	...	0.310	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.474	...	...	0.474	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.276	...	...	0.276	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6	...	...	3.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	102,825	49,995	52,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	93,825	46,320	47,505	91.2	92.6	89.9
French only	180	70	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
English and French	5,330	2,360	2,970	5.2	4.7	5.6
Neither English nor French	3,495	1,250	2,240	3.4	2.5	4.2
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	102,825	49,995	52,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	97,525	47,900	49,630	94.8	95.8	93.9
French	1,225	550	675	1.2	1.1	1.3
English and French	660	335	330	0.6	0.7	0.6
Neither English nor French	3,410	1,205	2,205	3.3	2.4	4.2
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	102,825	49,995	52,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	94,395	45,865	48,535	91.8	91.7	91.9
Official languages	49,740	24,110	25,635	48.4	48.2	48.5
English	48,775	23,660	25,110	47.4	47.3	47.5
French	970	445	525	0.9	0.9	1.0
Non-official languages	44,655	21,755	22,900	43.4	43.5	43.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	44,645	21,750	22,895	43.4	43.5	43.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,165	1,025	1,140	2.1	2.1	2.2
Berber languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	255	90	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Somali	205	80	135	0.2	0.2	0.3
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,890	920	970	1.8	1.8	1.8
Amharic	400	180	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Arabic	1,180	600	580	1.1	1.2	1.1
Aramaic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hebrew	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	210	95	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	380	165	215	0.4	0.3	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	375	165	210	0.4	0.3	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	5,335	2,310	3,030	5.2	4.6	5.7
Bikol	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	285	130	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indonesian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	55	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,620	1,990	2,625	4.5	4.0	5.0
Waray-Waray	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	285	120	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Haitian Creole	185	75	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	8,845	4,430	4,415	8.6	8.9	8.4
Kannada	45	25	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Malayalam	1,360	800	565	1.3	1.6	1.1
Tamil	6,965	3,335	3,630	6.8	6.7	6.9
Telugu	470	275	195	0.5	0.6	0.4
Tulu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	22,500	11,370	11,130	21.9	22.7	21.1
Albanian	175	75	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	1,590	720	865	1.5	1.4	1.6
Baltic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,550	710	845	1.5	1.4	1.6
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	155	75	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	415	185	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Polish	420	210	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	180	80	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	155	70	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bosnian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	565	250	320	0.5	0.5	0.6
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	475	205	265	0.5	0.4	0.5
German	465	200	265	0.5	0.4	0.5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	730	340	390	0.7	0.7	0.7
Indo-Iranian languages	16,975	8,820	8,155	16.5	17.6	15.4
Indo-Aryan languages	14,815	7,730	7,085	14.4	15.5	13.4
Assamese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	3,110	1,585	1,525	3.0	3.2	2.9
Gujarati	5,310	2,790	2,520	5.2	5.6	4.8
Hindi	1,405	780	620	1.4	1.6	1.2
Kacchi	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	165	85	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Nepali	380	190	190	0.4	0.4	0.4
Oriya languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,000	570	430	1.0	1.1	0.8
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	285	130	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Urdu	3,015	1,520	1,490	2.9	3.0	2.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages	2,160	1,090	1,070	2.1	2.2	2.0
Baluchi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Parsi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	390	200	190	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian languages	1,680	845	840	1.6	1.7	1.6
Dari	1,235	615	625	1.2	1.2	1.2
Iranian Persian	265	145	125	0.3	0.3	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	180	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,370	1,115	1,255	2.3	2.2	2.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	575	275	295	0.6	0.6	0.6
Portuguese	340	150	190	0.3	0.3	0.4
Romanian	275	135	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	1,175	550	625	1.1	1.1	1.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	95	25	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	195	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	590	250	335	0.6	0.5	0.6
Akan (Twi)	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	95	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	70	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	45	25	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,715	1,710	2,010	3.6	3.4	3.8
Chinese languages	3,655	1,675	1,975	3.6	3.4	3.7
Hakka	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	1,710	790	915	1.7	1.6	1.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,740	785	950	1.7	1.6	1.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	55	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	55	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Burmese	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	130	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	290	135	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	240	110	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,425	4,130	4,295	8.2	8.3	8.1
English and French	310	150	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	7,210	3,550	3,660	7.0	7.1	6.9
French and non-official language(s)	165	75	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	160	80	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	585	275	315	0.6	0.6	0.6
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	102,825	49,995	52,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	49,415	23,950	25,470	48.1	47.9	48.2
French	325	145	185	0.3	0.3	0.4
Non-official language	13,770	6,525	7,250	13.4	13.1	13.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	13,770	6,520	7,250	13.4	13.0	13.7
English and French	865	395	465	0.8	0.8	0.9
English and non-official language(s)	35,970	17,820	18,145	35.0	35.6	34.3
French and non-official language(s)	175	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	940	425	515	0.9	0.9	1.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,365	650	715	1.3	1.3	1.4
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	102,825	49,995	52,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	92,445	44,905	47,540	89.9	89.8	90.0
Official languages	62,570	30,350	32,215	60.9	60.7	61.0
English	61,955	30,070	31,885	60.3	60.1	60.4
French	615	290	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
Non-official languages	29,880	14,555	15,325	29.1	29.1	29.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	29,875	14,555	15,325	29.1	29.1	29.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,305	595	715	1.3	1.2	1.4
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	135	50	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	30	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	110	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,160	545	620	1.1	1.1	1.2
Amharic	220	105	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arabic	775	370	405	0.8	0.7	0.8
Aramaic languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	115	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	215	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	210	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	3,260	1,460	1,805	3.2	2.9	3.4
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,910	1,305	1,600	2.8	2.6	3.0
Waray-Waray	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	180	75	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian Creole	105	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	7,030	3,480	3,550	6.8	7.0	6.7
Kannada	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,015	580	435	1.0	1.2	0.8
Tamil	5,690	2,700	2,985	5.5	5.4	5.7
Telugu	305	190	120	0.3	0.4	0.2
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	14,295	7,205	7,090	13.9	14.4	13.4
Albanian	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	695	335	365	0.7	0.7	0.7
Baltic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	690	330	360	0.7	0.7	0.7
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	195	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Polish	215	110	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	65	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	370	160	210	0.4	0.3	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	11,855	6,090	5,765	11.5	12.2	10.9
Indo-Aryan languages	10,385	5,370	5,010	10.1	10.7	9.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	2,175	1,105	1,075	2.1	2.2	2.0
Gujarati	3,925	2,045	1,880	3.8	4.1	3.6
Hindi	900	510	390	0.9	1.0	0.7
Kacchi	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	285	150	135	0.3	0.3	0.3
Oriya languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	685	385	295	0.7	0.8	0.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	165	75	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Urdu	2,090	1,025	1,065	2.0	2.1	2.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,475	715	755	1.4	1.4	1.4
Baluchi	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	285	135	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian languages	1,115	540	575	1.1	1.1	1.1
Dari	835	400	435	0.8	0.8	0.8
Iranian Persian	145	75	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,150	530	625	1.1	1.1	1.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	185	80	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Portuguese	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Romanian	155	75	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	670	310	355	0.7	0.6	0.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	50	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	140	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	215	80	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
American Sign Language	40	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,890	1,335	1,555	2.8	2.7	2.9
Chinese languages	2,845	1,310	1,535	2.8	2.6	2.9
Hakka	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,365	650	705	1.3	1.3	1.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,370	610	760	1.3	1.2	1.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,375	5,090	5,290	10.1	10.2	10.0
English and French	200	80	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	9,835	4,840	4,995	9.6	9.7	9.5
French and non-official language(s)	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	145	80	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	102,825	49,990	52,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	71,750	34,610	37,140	69.8	69.2	70.3
English	12,585	6,265	6,320	12.2	12.5	12.0
French	760	355	405	0.7	0.7	0.8
Non-official language	13,080	6,405	6,680	12.7	12.8	12.6
Indigenous³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	13,075	6,400	6,675	12.7	12.8	12.6
English and French	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	2,350	1,210	1,140	2.3	2.4	2.2
French and non-official language(s)	400	165	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,760	910	855	1.7	1.8	1.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	102,755	49,870	52,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	99,205	48,670	50,535	96.5	97.6	95.6
English	99,000	48,605	50,400	96.3	97.5	95.3
French	5,535	2,420	3,115	5.4	4.9	5.9
Non-official languages	59,745	29,165	30,580	58.1	58.5	57.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	59,710	29,140	30,570	58.1	58.4	57.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,020	1,480	1,540	2.9	3.0	2.9
Berber languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	310	140	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	240	90	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,755	1,355	1,400	2.7	2.7	2.6
Amharic	645	285	360	0.6	0.6	0.7
Arabic	1,900	995	905	1.8	2.0	1.7
Aramaic languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	55	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hebrew	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	325	125	200	0.3	0.3	0.4
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	435	205	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	420	205	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	7,515	3,210	4,295	7.3	6.4	8.1
Bikol	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	65	15	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	160	80	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	175	50	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ilocano	545	225	320	0.5	0.5	0.6
Indonesian	60	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	85	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	7,220	3,075	4,145	7.0	6.2	7.8
Waray-Waray	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Creole languages	880	375	505	0.9	0.8	1.0
Haitian Creole	480	225	250	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jamaican English Creole	100	25	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Krio	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	215	85	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dravidian languages	12,565	6,360	6,200	12.2	12.8	11.7
Kannada	205	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Malayalam	1,895	1,100	795	1.8	2.2	1.5
Tamil	10,170	4,965	5,210	9.9	10.0	9.9
Telugu	820	500	320	0.8	1.0	0.6
Tulu	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	31,110	15,945	15,155	30.3	32.0	28.7
Albanian	185	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	155	70	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	2,220	1,045	1,180	2.2	2.1	2.2
Baltic languages	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Latvian	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lithuanian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,190	1,035	1,150	2.1	2.1	2.2
Belarusian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	140	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Czech	195	90	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	680	325	350	0.7	0.7	0.7
Polish	490	230	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian	490	255	235	0.5	0.5	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	270	130	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	95	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	175	95	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	145	55	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	825	360	470	0.8	0.7	0.9
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	715	305	410	0.7	0.6	0.8
German	710	295	410	0.7	0.6	0.8
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	85	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	40	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Danish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,065	500	565	1.0	1.0	1.1
Indo-Iranian languages	23,775	12,500	11,280	23.1	25.1	21.3
Indo-Aryan languages	21,410	11,280	10,130	20.8	22.6	19.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	3,785	1,980	1,800	3.7	4.0	3.4
Gujarati	7,515	3,930	3,585	7.3	7.9	6.8
Hindi	9,235	4,945	4,290	9.0	9.9	8.1
Kacchi	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Marathi	465	255	220	0.5	0.5	0.4
Nepali	370	195	175	0.4	0.4	0.3
Oriya languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,060	1,030	1,030	2.0	2.1	1.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	895	495	400	0.9	1.0	0.8
Urdu	5,520	2,845	2,680	5.4	5.7	5.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	150	80	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Iranian languages	2,760	1,430	1,330	2.7	2.9	2.5
Baluchi	75	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	595	325	275	0.6	0.7	0.5
Persian languages	2,300	1,180	1,120	2.2	2.4	2.1
Dari	1,775	920	855	1.7	1.8	1.6
Iranian Persian	355	165	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	200	105	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,460	1,700	1,755	3.4	3.4	3.3
Catalan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	965	455	510	0.9	0.9	1.0
Portuguese	510	235	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	275	135	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	1,885	965	925	1.8	1.9	1.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	230	125	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Korean	225	105	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,455	595	860	1.4	1.2	1.6
Akan (Twi)	235	115	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	80	25	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	290	110	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
Wojenaka	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	335	125	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	215	80	135	0.2	0.2	0.3
Nilo-Saharan languages	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
African, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,510	2,140	2,370	4.4	4.3	4.5
Chinese languages	4,430	2,100	2,330	4.3	4.2	4.4
Hakka	145	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mandarin	2,255	1,035	1,220	2.2	2.1	2.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	115	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,560	1,200	1,365	2.5	2.4	2.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	90	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	170	75	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	115	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	420	220	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Estonian	40	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Finnish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	370	190	175	0.4	0.4	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	102,755	49,875	52,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,215	575	635	1.2	1.2	1.2
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,160	550	615	1.1	1.1	1.2
First Nations (North American Indian)	795	395	400	0.8	0.8	0.8
Métis	340	150	190	0.3	0.3	0.4
Inuk (Inuit)	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	20	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	101,540	49,300	52,245	98.8	98.8	98.8
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	102,755	49,875	52,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	405	210	195	0.4	0.4	0.4
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	102,350	49,665	52,685	99.6	99.6	99.6
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	36,245	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	19,925	...	...	55.0	...	...
Renter	16,320	...	...	45.0	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	36,245	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	7,980	...	...	22.0	...	...
Not condominium	28,260	...	...	78.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	36,245	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	700	...	...	1.9	...	...
1 bedroom	6,545	...	...	18.1	...	...
2 bedrooms	10,315	...	...	28.5	...	...
3 bedrooms	10,310	...	...	28.4	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	8,370	...	...	23.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	36,245	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	16,970	...	...	46.8	...	...
5 rooms	5,550	...	...	15.3	...	...
6 rooms	4,050	...	...	11.2	...	...
7 rooms	3,390	...	...	9.4	...	...
8 or more rooms	6,285	...	...	17.3	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.1	...	...	5.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	36,245	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	32,305	...	...	89.1	...	...
More than one person per room	3,935	...	...	10.9	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	36,245	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	29,355	...	...	81.0	...	...
Not suitable	6,890	...	...	19.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	36,245	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	9,575	...	...	26.4	...	...
1961 to 1980	15,150	...	...	41.8	...	...
1981 to 1990	3,565	...	...	9.8	...	...
1991 to 2000	3,930	...	...	10.8	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,505	...	...	4.2	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,140	...	...	3.1	...	...
2011 to 2015	520	...	...	1.4	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	850	...	...	2.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	36,245	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	32,955	...	...	90.9	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,290	...	...	9.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	36,245	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	18,940	...	...	52.3	...	...
Two-maintainer household	13,435	...	...	37.1	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,870	...	...	10.7	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	36,245	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	655	...	...	1.8	...	...
25 to 34 years	4,130	...	...	11.4	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,240	...	...	17.2	...	...
45 to 54 years	7,125	...	...	19.7	...	...
55 to 64 years	7,600	...	...	21.0	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,535	...	...	15.3	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,355	...	...	9.3	...	...
85 years and over	1,600	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	36,030	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	25,885	...	...	71.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	10,145	...	...	28.2	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,350	...	...	26.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	36,245	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	17,240	...	...	47.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	7,870	...	...	21.7	...	...
Not suitable only	4,610	...	...	12.7	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,780	...	...	4.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,470	...	...	4.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	705	...	...	1.9	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	700	...	...	1.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	105	...	...	0.3	...	...
Acceptable housing	19,000	...	...	52.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	35,230	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	7,815	...	...	22.2	...	...
Not in core need	27,415	...	...	77.8	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	19,920	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	61.9	...	...	61.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.4	...	...	25.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	11.5	...	...	11.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,700	...	...	1,700	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,776	...	...	1,776	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	800,000	...	...	800,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	799,000	...	...	799,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	16,320	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	29.0	...	...	29.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	31.6	...	...	31.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	35.3	...	...	35.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,210	...	...	1,210	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,197	...	...	1,197	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	102,755	49,875	52,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	440	205	240	0.4	0.4	0.5
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	440	205	240	0.4	0.4	0.5
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	390	180	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Métis single ancestry	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	950	415	540	0.9	0.8	1.0
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	950	415	535	0.9	0.8	1.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	760	340	415	0.7	0.7	0.8
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	170	70	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	101,355	49,255	52,100	98.6	98.8	98.5
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	102,755	49,875	52,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	83,635	40,185	43,450	81.4	80.6	82.2
Canadian citizens aged under 18	18,260	9,330	8,930	17.8	18.7	16.9
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	65,375	30,855	34,520	63.6	61.9	65.3
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	19,120	9,690	9,435	18.6	19.4	17.8
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	102,755	49,875	52,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	42,060	20,950	21,110	40.9	42.0	39.9
Immigrants⁸¹	54,840	25,495	29,340	53.4	51.1	55.5
Before 1980	7,000	3,145	3,860	6.8	6.3	7.3
1980 to 1990	5,840	2,795	3,045	5.7	5.6	5.8
1991 to 2000	12,660	5,745	6,910	12.3	11.5	13.1
2001 to 2010	14,515	6,780	7,735	14.1	13.6	14.6
2011 to 2021⁸²	14,825	7,030	7,800	14.4	14.1	14.7
2011 to 2015	6,755	3,085	3,680	6.6	6.2	7.0
2016 to 2021	8,070	3,945	4,120	7.9	7.9	7.8
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,855	3,425	2,430	5.7	6.9	4.6
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	54,840	25,495	29,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,940	2,170	1,770	7.2	8.5	6.0
5 to 14 years	8,490	4,245	4,245	15.5	16.7	14.5
15 to 24 years	10,790	4,445	6,345	19.7	17.4	21.6
25 to 44 years	25,435	11,940	13,500	46.4	46.8	46.0
45 years and over	6,185	2,695	3,490	11.3	10.6	11.9
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	54,840	25,495	29,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	10,260	4,345	5,915	18.7	17.0	20.2
Brazil	55	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	105	55	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
El Salvador	200	105	90	0.4	0.4	0.3
Guyana	2,925	1,200	1,725	5.3	4.7	5.9
Haiti	390	175	215	0.7	0.7	0.7
Jamaica	3,055	1,215	1,835	5.6	4.8	6.3
Mexico	95	45	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peru	30	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidad and Tobago	1,145	485	660	2.1	1.9	2.2
United States of America	550	260	290	1.0	1.0	1.0
Other places of birth in Americas	1,715	750	965	3.1	2.9	3.3
Europe	5,120	2,275	2,840	9.3	8.9	9.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	50	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	50	15	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	90	30	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Germany	315	130	190	0.6	0.5	0.6
Greece	545	250	295	1.0	1.0	1.0
Hungary	175	75	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Italy	440	195	245	0.8	0.8	0.8
Netherlands	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	355	155	200	0.6	0.6	0.7
Portugal	195	75	120	0.4	0.3	0.4
Romania	275	140	135	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian Federation	140	65	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbia⁸⁶	85	35	50	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ukraine	110	50	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,185	525	660	2.2	2.1	2.2
Other places of birth in Europe	1,060	485	570	1.9	1.9	1.9
Africa	3,185	1,435	1,750	5.8	5.6	6.0
Algeria	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	170	45	125	0.3	0.2	0.4
Egypt	185	95	90	0.3	0.4	0.3
Eritrea	215	100	115	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ethiopia	560	250	315	1.0	1.0	1.1
Morocco	30	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nigeria	345	160	190	0.6	0.6	0.6
Somalia	195	70	125	0.4	0.3	0.4
South Africa, Republic of	55	15	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	1,385	665	720	2.5	2.6	2.5
Asia	36,145	17,375	18,775	65.9	68.2	64.0
Afghanistan	1,495	760	740	2.7	3.0	2.5
Iran⁸⁸	335	200	135	0.6	0.8	0.5
Iraq	185	95	90	0.3	0.4	0.3
Lebanon	140	85	55	0.3	0.3	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	310	155	155	0.6	0.6	0.5
Turkey	80	40	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
China⁹⁰	2,100	895	1,200	3.8	3.5	4.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	770	320	450	1.4	1.3	1.5
Korea, South⁹²	205	100	110	0.4	0.4	0.4
Taiwan	90	45	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Philippines	6,890	2,990	3,905	12.6	11.7	13.3
Viet Nam	420	225	200	0.8	0.9	0.7
Bangladesh	2,725	1,420	1,305	5.0	5.6	4.4
India	9,560	4,865	4,695	17.4	19.1	16.0
Pakistan	2,400	1,170	1,230	4.4	4.6	4.2
Sri Lanka	6,590	3,105	3,485	12.0	12.2	11.9
Other places of birth in Asia	1,845	900	945	3.4	3.5	3.2
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	130	70	60	0.2	0.3	0.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	8,070	3,950	4,125	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	790	380	410	9.8	9.6	9.9
Brazil	25	10	20	0.3	0.3	0.5
Colombia	20	10	10	0.2	0.3	0.2
Haiti	95	55	45	1.2	1.4	1.1
Jamaica	220	115	105	2.7	2.9	2.5
Mexico	25	10	10	0.3	0.3	0.2
United States of America	145	60	85	1.8	1.5	2.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	10	15	0.2	0.3	0.4
Other places of birth in Americas	240	120	125	3.0	3.0	3.0
Europe	215	80	135	2.7	2.0	3.3
France	20	10	10	0.2	0.3	0.2
Germany	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.2
Ukraine	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	25	10	15	0.3	0.3	0.4
Other places of birth in Europe	145	55	90	1.8	1.4	2.2
Africa	730	315	415	9.0	8.0	10.1
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	25	0	25	0.3	0.0	0.6
Cameroon	55	20	30	0.7	0.5	0.7
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	35	10	25	0.4	0.3	0.6
Côte d'Ivoire	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Egypt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrea	130	60	70	1.6	1.5	1.7
Ethiopia	120	40	80	1.5	1.0	1.9
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	185	85	105	2.3	2.2	2.5
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Sudan⁹⁷	50	20	30	0.6	0.5	0.7
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	110	70	35	1.4	1.8	0.8
Asia	6,325	3,165	3,165	78.4	80.1	76.7
Afghanistan	345	190	160	4.3	4.8	3.9
Bangladesh	470	245	225	5.8	6.2	5.5
China⁹⁰	100	35	65	1.2	0.9	1.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
India	3,150	1,655	1,495	39.0	41.9	36.2
Iran⁸⁸	60	35	25	0.7	0.9	0.6
Iraq	15	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Jordan	15	15	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	30	10	20	0.4	0.3	0.5
Lebanon	65	25	40	0.8	0.6	1.0
Nepal	110	65	50	1.4	1.6	1.2
Pakistan	215	110	110	2.7	2.8	2.7
Philippines	805	310	495	10.0	7.8	12.0
Saudi Arabia	70	50	25	0.9	1.3	0.6
Sri Lanka	440	215	225	5.5	5.4	5.5
Syria⁸⁹	235	110	125	2.9	2.8	3.0
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Arab Emirates	40	30	10	0.5	0.8	0.2
Viet Nam	25	20	10	0.3	0.5	0.2
Other places of birth in Asia	105	45	55	1.3	1.1	1.3
Oceania and other⁹³	10	10	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	102,755	49,870	52,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	61,325	29,210	32,110	59.7	58.6	60.7
Second generation¹⁰¹	27,395	13,910	13,485	26.7	27.9	25.5
Third generation or more¹⁰²	14,040	6,755	7,280	13.7	13.5	13.8
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	47,835	22,355	25,485	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	20,885	10,355	10,530	43.7	46.3	41.3
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	9,035	5,225	3,810	18.9	23.4	14.9
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	11,850	5,130	6,720	24.8	22.9	26.4
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	16,760	6,735	10,025	35.0	30.1	39.3
Refugees¹⁰⁸	9,075	4,785	4,290	19.0	21.4	16.8
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,120	475	640	2.3	2.1	2.5
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	47,835	22,355	25,485	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	5,305	2,930	2,375	11.1	13.1	9.3
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,780	1,560	2,220	7.9	7.0	8.7
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	540	240	295	1.1	1.1	1.2
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,940	970	965	4.1	4.3	3.8
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	240	95	145	0.5	0.4	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	36,035	16,565	19,475	75.3	74.1	76.4
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	102,755	49,870	52,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	78,525	38,250	40,275	76.4	76.7	76.2
South Asian	37,150	18,970	18,175	36.2	38.0	34.4
Chinese	4,815	2,275	2,535	4.7	4.6	4.8
Black	15,605	7,070	8,525	15.2	14.2	16.1
Filipino	9,035	4,055	4,985	8.8	8.1	9.4
Arab	1,370	670	705	1.3	1.3	1.3
Latin American	1,590	825	765	1.5	1.7	1.4
Southeast Asian	1,055	515	540	1.0	1.0	1.0
West Asian	2,690	1,385	1,310	2.6	2.8	2.5
Korean	270	140	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Japanese	250	110	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	2,370	1,125	1,240	2.3	2.3	2.3
Multiple visible minorities	2,335	1,105	1,230	2.3	2.2	2.3
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	24,230	11,625	12,605	23.6	23.3	23.8
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	102,755	49,875	52,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	6,690	3,390	3,300	6.5	6.8	6.2
English	6,285	3,070	3,220	6.1	6.2	6.1
Irish	5,305	2,500	2,800	5.2	5.0	5.3
Scottish	4,905	2,240	2,670	4.8	4.5	5.0
French, n.o.s.¹²²	1,745	820	925	1.7	1.6	1.7
German	2,230	1,030	1,200	2.2	2.1	2.3
Chinese	5,390	2,515	2,880	5.2	5.0	5.4
Italian	2,125	1,060	1,065	2.1	2.1	2.0
Indian (India)	15,420	7,950	7,480	15.0	15.9	14.1
Ukrainian	715	270	445	0.7	0.5	0.8
Dutch	730	330	400	0.7	0.7	0.8
Polish	1,080	500	580	1.1	1.0	1.1
Québécois	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,385	645	735	1.3	1.3	1.4
Filipino	8,355	3,705	4,650	8.1	7.4	8.8
French Canadian	355	130	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	975	425	550	0.9	0.9	1.0
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	500	205	300	0.5	0.4	0.6
Métis	225	95	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	650	290	355	0.6	0.6	0.7
Russian	465	215	250	0.5	0.4	0.5
Norwegian	120	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	440	220	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Portuguese	1,130	525	605	1.1	1.1	1.1
American	365	195	170	0.4	0.4	0.3
Spanish	1,050	550	505	1.0	1.1	1.0
Swedish	130	35	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Hungarian	480	235	245	0.5	0.5	0.5
Acadian	65	10	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Pakistani	2,905	1,470	1,435	2.8	2.9	2.7
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,850	1,375	1,470	2.8	2.8	2.8
Jewish	190	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Punjabi	545	290	255	0.5	0.6	0.5
Vietnamese	470	230	240	0.5	0.5	0.5
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	630	340	295	0.6	0.7	0.6
Greek	1,480	710	770	1.4	1.4	1.5
Jamaican	4,170	1,920	2,250	4.1	3.8	4.3
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,805	900	905	1.8	1.8	1.7
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	285	155	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Romanian	355	190	165	0.3	0.4	0.3
Lebanese	200	80	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	300	145	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	635	295	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Danish	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	205	90	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sikh	195	105	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austrian	250	110	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Belgian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian	420	205	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hindu	2,825	1,450	1,375	2.7	2.9	2.6
Mexican	120	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mennonite	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Finnish	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lankan	5,830	2,820	3,010	5.7	5.7	5.7
Croatian	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	280	125	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	2,150	1,110	1,040	2.1	2.2	2.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	1,890	965	920	1.8	1.9	1.7
Egyptian	175	70	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	295	140	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	4,330	2,135	2,195	4.2	4.3	4.2
Icelandic	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	120	40	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Moroccan	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czech	165	75	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syrian	225	90	135	0.2	0.2	0.3
Guyanese	2,425	1,130	1,295	2.4	2.3	2.4
Afghan	2,240	1,145	1,095	2.2	2.3	2.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,600	695	910	1.6	1.4	1.7
Serbian	200	90	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ojibway	150	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Newfoundlander	140	90	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hong Konger	170	70	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ontarian	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Persian	145	85	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,105	515	590	1.1	1.0	1.1
Turkish	185	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	2,350	1,205	1,145	2.3	2.4	2.2
Algerian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	460	205	250	0.4	0.4	0.5
Armenian	165	75	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovak	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Somali	340	135	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
Taiwanese	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	155	80	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Salvadorean	250	115	135	0.2	0.2	0.3
African Caribbean	1,075	420	655	1.0	0.8	1.2
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	505	235	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	280	150	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	625	280	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Algonquin	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,000	465	535	1.0	0.9	1.0
Lithuanian	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
South African	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Palestinian	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Chilean	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	235	100	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nova Scotian	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ethiopian	565	265	300	0.5	0.5	0.6
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	280	140	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Peruvian	55	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yoruba	225	70	155	0.2	0.1	0.3
Cambodian (Khmer)	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Berber	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	200	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Macedonian	735	375	355	0.7	0.8	0.7
Slovenian	75	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Brunswicker	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	1,150	585	560	1.1	1.2	1.1
Eritrean	285	110	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
African Canadian	535	290	245	0.5	0.6	0.5
Israeli	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	245	115	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Barbadian	460	200	265	0.4	0.4	0.5
African American	290	145	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	100	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	140	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bosnian	40	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Venezuelan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	80	25	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	845	460	385	0.8	0.9	0.7
Cameroonian	60	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Guatemalan	65	50	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indonesian	65	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Laotian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	295	135	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Northern Irish	90	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Franco Ontarian	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	35	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Estonian	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	105	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	235	125	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	50	0	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Byelorussian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	140	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	125	25	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	65	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	25	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nicaraguan	125	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kenyan	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	255	105	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Jordanian	70	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	345	140	200	0.3	0.3	0.4
Malayali	290	155	135	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	210	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mayan	50	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Honduran	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	90	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Flemish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	50	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Pashtun	105	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malay	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Goan	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	45	25	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Zimbabwean	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	280	100	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Ugandan	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oromo	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tanzanian	65	0	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yemeni	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Igorot	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	85	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Roma	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Costa Rican	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	40	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Singaporean	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amhara	115	40	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	102,755	49,875	52,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,000	430	570	1.0	0.9	1.1
Christian	45,975	20,925	25,050	44.7	42.0	47.4
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	11,005	5,255	5,750	10.7	10.5	10.9
Anabaptist	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anglican	2,585	1,060	1,525	2.5	2.1	2.9
Baptist	1,200	555	645	1.2	1.1	1.2
Catholic	20,645	9,475	11,175	20.1	19.0	21.1
Christian Orthodox	3,070	1,475	1,590	3.0	3.0	3.0
Jehovah's Witness	215	75	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Latter Day Saints	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	360	120	240	0.4	0.2	0.5
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	265	110	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,250	890	1,360	2.2	1.8	2.6
Presbyterian	870	400	470	0.8	0.8	0.9
Reformed	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	1,405	580	825	1.4	1.2	1.6
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,935	850	1,085	1.9	1.7	2.1
Hindu	17,995	9,290	8,700	17.5	18.6	16.5
Jewish	145	75	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Muslim	18,995	9,555	9,440	18.5	19.2	17.9
Sikh	910	460	450	0.9	0.9	0.9
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	40	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	565	295	270	0.5	0.6	0.5
No religion and secular perspectives	17,130	8,810	8,315	16.7	17.7	15.7
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	101,735	49,315	52,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	91,440	44,090	47,350	89.9	89.4	90.3
Movers	10,300	5,230	5,065	10.1	10.6	9.7
Non-migrants	7,330	3,645	3,685	7.2	7.4	7.0
Migrants	2,965	1,585	1,380	2.9	3.2	2.6
Internal migrants	1,400	695	705	1.4	1.4	1.3
Intraprovincial migrants	1,105	550	550	1.1	1.1	1.0
Interprovincial migrants	295	140	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
External migrants	1,570	890	680	1.5	1.8	1.3
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	97,555	47,270	50,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	65,960	31,465	34,490	67.6	66.6	68.6
Movers	31,605	15,805	15,795	32.4	33.4	31.4
Non-migrants	17,075	8,260	8,815	17.5	17.5	17.5
Migrants	14,530	7,545	6,990	14.9	16.0	13.9
Internal migrants	4,120	2,035	2,085	4.2	4.3	4.1
Intraprovincial migrants	3,245	1,595	1,655	3.3	3.4	3.3
Interprovincial migrants	875	445	430	0.9	0.9	0.9
External migrants	10,410	5,510	4,905	10.7	11.7	9.8
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	85,580	41,100	44,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	15,870	7,235	8,640	18.5	17.6	19.4
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	69,710	33,870	35,840	81.5	82.4	80.6
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	55,010	26,550	28,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	6,935	3,245	3,680	12.6	12.2	12.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	48,075	23,300	24,775	87.4	87.8	87.1
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	85,585	41,100	44,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	14,775	6,635	8,135	17.3	16.1	18.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	24,090	12,085	12,005	28.1	29.4	27.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	46,715	22,380	24,335	54.6	54.5	54.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,600	10,475	11,120	25.2	25.5	25.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,505	2,350	1,160	4.1	5.7	2.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,925	1,195	725	2.2	2.9	1.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,580	1,150	430	1.8	2.8	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	15,430	6,830	8,605	18.0	16.6	19.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,655	1,300	1,355	3.1	3.2	3.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	25,115	11,905	13,220	29.3	29.0	29.7
Bachelor's degree	17,080	7,765	9,315	20.0	18.9	20.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,645	790	855	1.9	1.9	1.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	490	220	270	0.6	0.5	0.6
Master's degree	5,425	2,835	2,585	6.3	6.9	5.8
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	490	295	190	0.6	0.7	0.4
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	55,010	26,550	28,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	6,255	2,890	3,370	11.4	10.9	11.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	13,260	6,895	6,365	24.1	26.0	22.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	35,495	16,770	18,725	64.5	63.2	65.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	15,435	7,330	8,105	28.1	27.6	28.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,305	1,535	770	4.2	5.8	2.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,255	795	460	2.3	3.0	1.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,050	740	310	1.9	2.8	1.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	11,175	4,885	6,290	20.3	18.4	22.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,950	910	1,045	3.5	3.4	3.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	20,060	9,440	10,625	36.5	35.6	37.3
Bachelor's degree	13,200	5,980	7,220	24.0	22.5	25.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,305	625	680	2.4	2.4	2.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	410	195	215	0.7	0.7	0.8
Master's degree	4,795	2,430	2,360	8.7	9.2	8.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	360	205	150	0.7	0.8	0.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	85,580	41,100	44,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	38,865	18,720	20,145	45.4	45.5	45.3
Education	2,055	485	1,570	2.4	1.2	3.5
13. Education	2,055	485	1,570	2.4	1.2	3.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,395	630	765	1.6	1.5	1.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	180	125	55	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,215	505	710	1.4	1.2	1.6
Humanities	2,510	870	1,635	2.9	2.1	3.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	250	80	170	0.3	0.2	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	625	190	440	0.7	0.5	1.0
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	940	270	670	1.1	0.7	1.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	185	75	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	145	95	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	245	135	115	0.3	0.3	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	60	10	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,440	1,725	3,715	6.4	4.2	8.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	85	15	70	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	455	185	270	0.5	0.5	0.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,250	120	1,130	1.5	0.3	2.5
22. Legal professions and studies	855	295	565	1.0	0.7	1.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	100	25	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	765	215	550	0.9	0.5	1.2
45. Social sciences	1,925	875	1,050	2.2	2.1	2.4
Business, management and public administration	11,610	5,175	6,435	13.6	12.6	14.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
44. Public administration and social service professions	755	185	565	0.9	0.5	1.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,815	4,975	5,840	12.6	12.1	13.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,550	1,115	1,440	3.0	2.7	3.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,115	390	725	1.3	0.9	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	660	270	400	0.8	0.7	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	65	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	630	425	205	0.7	1.0	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	80	15	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,185	2,185	1,000	3.7	5.3	2.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,735	1,945	795	3.2	4.7	1.8
25. Library science	65	0	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	355	210	140	0.4	0.5	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	35	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,665	7,485	1,180	10.1	18.2	2.7
04. Architecture and related services	355	215	140	0.4	0.5	0.3
14. Engineering	3,695	2,995	700	4.3	7.3	1.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,970	1,700	270	2.3	4.1	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	960	950	10	1.1	2.3	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,200	1,165	35	1.4	2.8	0.1
48. Precision production	490	465	20	0.6	1.1	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	540	280	255	0.6	0.7	0.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	315	180	130	0.4	0.4	0.3
03. Natural resources and conservation	220	95	130	0.3	0.2	0.3
Health and related fields	6,855	1,475	5,385	8.0	3.6	12.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	280	150	135	0.3	0.4	0.3
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,490	1,285	5,200	7.6	3.1	11.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,900	955	945	2.2	2.3	2.1
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,105	345	760	1.3	0.8	1.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	485	345	140	0.6	0.8	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	290	250	40	0.3	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	55,010	26,555	28,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	19,515	9,780	9,730	35.5	36.8	34.2
Education	1,350	300	1,045	2.5	1.1	3.7
13. Education	1,350	300	1,045	2.5	1.1	3.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	960	430	535	1.7	1.6	1.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	125	85	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	835	345	495	1.5	1.3	1.7
Humanities	1,875	645	1,230	3.4	2.4	4.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	185	65	125	0.3	0.2	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	465	130	335	0.8	0.5	1.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	720	210	515	1.3	0.8	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	150	60	90	0.3	0.2	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	90	65	25	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	160	85	70	0.3	0.3	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	50	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,280	1,320	2,965	7.8	5.0	10.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	70	10	60	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	390	155	230	0.7	0.6	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	990	85	905	1.8	0.3	3.2
22. Legal professions and studies	705	230	475	1.3	0.9	1.7
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	90	25	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	555	150	405	1.0	0.6	1.4
45. Social sciences	1,485	655	830	2.7	2.5	2.9
Business, management and public administration	8,995	3,885	5,105	16.4	14.6	17.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	35	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
44. Public administration and social service professions	605	155	450	1.1	0.6	1.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,350	3,715	4,635	15.2	14.0	16.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,865	805	1,065	3.4	3.0	3.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	820	280	540	1.5	1.1	1.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	460	175	290	0.8	0.7	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	475	320	155	0.9	1.2	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	65	15	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,690	1,850	840	4.9	7.0	3.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,325	1,660	665	4.2	6.3	2.3
25. Library science	50	0	50	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	280	165	120	0.5	0.6	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,320	5,355	965	11.5	20.2	3.4
04. Architecture and related services	270	155	110	0.5	0.6	0.4
14. Engineering	2,915	2,325	585	5.3	8.8	2.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,380	1,170	210	2.5	4.4	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	670	660	10	1.2	2.5	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	765	745	20	1.4	2.8	0.1
48. Precision production	320	305	20	0.6	1.1	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	400	200	205	0.7	0.8	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	245	135	110	0.4	0.5	0.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	160	70	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
Health and related fields	5,310	1,235	4,075	9.7	4.7	14.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	195	100	90	0.4	0.4	0.3
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,055	1,100	3,960	9.2	4.1	13.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,450	745	700	2.6	2.8	2.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	810	265	545	1.5	1.0	1.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	390	265	125	0.7	1.0	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	240	210	30	0.4	0.8	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	55,010	26,555	28,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	19,515	9,780	9,730	35.5	36.8	34.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	35,495	16,765	18,730	64.5	63.1	65.8
Location of study inside Canada	19,990	9,155	10,830	36.3	34.5	38.1
Same as province or territory of residence	19,230	8,780	10,450	35.0	33.1	36.7
Different than province or territory of residence	760	380	380	1.4	1.4	1.3
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	15,510	7,610	7,890	28.2	28.7	27.7
Americas	1,240	685	560	2.3	2.6	2.0
United States of America	570	365	210	1.0	1.4	0.7
Mexico	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cuba	25	15	15	0.0	0.1	0.1
Haiti	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	155	65	80	0.3	0.2	0.3
Brazil	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	330	160	165	0.6	0.6	0.6
Europe	1,140	585	555	2.1	2.2	2.0
Belgium	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	70	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	30	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Netherlands	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	100	50	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romania	100	55	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	130	75	55	0.2	0.3	0.2
Ukraine	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	375	210	170	0.7	0.8	0.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	190	75	110	0.3	0.3	0.4
Africa	765	355	410	1.4	1.3	1.4
Nigeria	245	105	145	0.4	0.4	0.5
Algeria	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	395	200	205	0.7	0.8	0.7
Asia	12,250	5,940	6,310	22.3	22.4	22.2
Iran⁸⁸	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	20	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Israel	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	30	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Turkey	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	520	240	275	0.9	0.9	1.0
Taiwan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	55	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.2
Japan	35	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Philippines	2,955	1,125	1,830	5.4	4.2	6.4
Viet Nam	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	1,095	515	580	2.0	1.9	2.0
Sri Lanka	550	255	295	1.0	1.0	1.0
India	5,625	3,005	2,620	10.2	11.3	9.2
Pakistan	755	385	370	1.4	1.4	1.3
Other locations of study in Asia	460	270	190	0.8	1.0	0.7
Oceania	105	45	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australia	90	35	50	0.2	0.1	0.2
New Zealand	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	85,585	41,100	44,480	...	...	...
In the labour force	50,080	26,285	23,785	...	...	...
Employed	41,920	22,265	19,655	...	...	...
Unemployed	8,160	4,025	4,135	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	35,505	14,810	20,695	...	...	...
Participation rate	58.5	64.0	53.5	58.5	64.0	53.5
Employment rate	49.0	54.2	44.2	49.0	54.2	44.2
Unemployment rate	16.3	15.3	17.4	16.3	15.3	17.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	85,580	41,100	44,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	38,745	16,655	22,095	45.3	40.5	49.7
Worked	46,835	24,450	22,385	54.7	59.5	50.3
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	22,930	12,750	10,180	26.8	31.0	22.9
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	23,905	11,700	12,205	27.9	28.5	27.4
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.1	39.8	38.4	39.1	39.8	38.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	50,075	26,290	23,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,555	1,165	1,390	5.1	4.4	5.8
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	47,520	25,125	22,400	94.9	95.6	94.2
Employee	41,840	21,275	20,570	83.6	80.9	86.5
Permanent position	34,050	17,515	16,530	68.0	66.6	69.5
Temporary position	7,795	3,755	4,035	15.6	14.3	17.0
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,665	1,165	1,505	5.3	4.4	6.3
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,125	2,595	2,530	10.2	9.9	10.6
Self-employed¹⁹²	5,680	3,850	1,830	11.3	14.6	7.7
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	50,075	26,290	23,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,555	1,165	1,390	5.1	4.4	5.8
All occupations¹⁹¹	47,520	25,125	22,400	94.9	95.6	94.2
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	175	115	60	0.3	0.4	0.3
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	8,350	3,105	5,250	16.7	11.8	22.1
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	4,635	3,515	1,125	9.3	13.4	4.7
3 Health occupations	4,100	790	3,310	8.2	3.0	13.9
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	4,570	1,385	3,180	9.1	5.3	13.4
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,110	535	575	2.2	2.0	2.4
6 Sales and service occupations	13,585	6,680	6,905	27.1	25.4	29.0
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	7,400	6,700	705	14.8	25.5	3.0
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	295	255	35	0.6	1.0	0.1
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,295	2,045	1,245	6.6	7.8	5.2
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	50,075	26,290	23,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,555	1,165	1,390	5.1	4.4	5.8
All industries¹⁹¹	47,520	25,125	22,400	94.9	95.6	94.2
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	55	40	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	35	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
22 Utilities	185	125	60	0.4	0.5	0.3
23 Construction	2,300	1,990	315	4.6	7.6	1.3
31-33 Manufacturing	4,500	3,120	1,380	9.0	11.9	5.8
41 Wholesale trade	1,315	920	395	2.6	3.5	1.7
44-45 Retail trade	5,550	2,765	2,785	11.1	10.5	11.7
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,120	2,530	595	6.2	9.6	2.5
51 Information and cultural industries	1,275	725	550	2.5	2.8	2.3
52 Finance and insurance	3,285	1,585	1,695	6.6	6.0	7.1
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	990	595	390	2.0	2.3	1.6
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	4,010	2,365	1,645	8.0	9.0	6.9
55 Management of companies and enterprises	175	80	95	0.3	0.3	0.4
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,605	2,105	1,500	7.2	8.0	6.3
61 Educational services	2,930	1,090	1,835	5.9	4.1	7.7
62 Health care and social assistance	6,515	1,290	5,220	13.0	4.9	21.9
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	670	325	345	1.3	1.2	1.5
72 Accommodation and food services	3,415	1,695	1,720	6.8	6.4	7.2
81 Other services (except public administration)	1,950	1,055	890	3.9	4.0	3.7
91 Public administration	1,640	700	940	3.3	2.7	4.0
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	52,540	27,530	25,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	48,685	25,690	23,000	92.7	93.3	92.0
French	125	30	95	0.2	0.1	0.4
Non-official language	445	195	250	0.8	0.7	1.0
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	445	195	250	0.8	0.7	1.0
English and French	550	215	330	1.0	0.8	1.3
English and non-official language(s)	2,650	1,355	1,295	5.0	4.9	5.2
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	52,540	27,530	25,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	51,905	27,220	24,680	98.8	98.9	98.7
Official languages	50,925	26,765	24,160	96.9	97.2	96.6
English	50,700	26,700	23,995	96.5	97.0	95.9
French	225	65	160	0.4	0.2	0.6
Non-official languages	980	460	525	1.9	1.7	2.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	980	460	525	1.9	1.7	2.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	30	20	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	30	20	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	50	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	35	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	175	70	105	0.3	0.3	0.4
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	165	65	100	0.3	0.2	0.4
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	340	185	160	0.6	0.7	0.6
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	275	155	125	0.5	0.6	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages	260	140	115	0.5	0.5	0.5
Bengali	35	0	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Gujarati	100	50	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	60	50	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	40	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	350	160	185	0.7	0.6	0.7
Chinese languages	345	160	185	0.7	0.6	0.7
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	200	95	110	0.4	0.3	0.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	140	70	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	635	310	330	1.2	1.1	1.3
English and French	150	40	110	0.3	0.1	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	465	260	200	0.9	0.9	0.8
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	52,540	27,530	25,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	49,810	26,175	23,640	94.8	95.1	94.5
English	555	250	305	1.1	0.9	1.2
French	325	155	170	0.6	0.6	0.7
Non-official language	1,465	770	695	2.8	2.8	2.8
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,465	770	695	2.8	2.8	2.8
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	30	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	295	130	165	0.6	0.5	0.7
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	41,920	22,270	19,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	10,155	4,910	5,250	24.2	22.0	26.7
Worked outside Canada	150	120	30	0.4	0.5	0.2
No fixed workplace address	5,580	4,080	1,495	13.3	18.3	7.6
Usual place of work	26,035	13,155	12,880	62.1	59.1	65.5
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	26,035	13,155	12,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	21,465	10,020	11,445	82.4	76.2	88.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	4,545	3,120	1,425	17.5	23.7	11.1
Commute to a different province or territory	30	20	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	31,615	17,240	14,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	21,190	12,910	8,285	67.0	74.9	57.6
Car, truck or van - as a driver	18,185	12,150	6,035	57.5	70.5	42.0
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,010	760	2,250	9.5	4.4	15.7
Public transit	8,680	3,625	5,060	27.5	21.0	35.2
Walked	950	365	585	3.0	2.1	4.1
Bicycle	90	80	10	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other method	690	260	430	2.2	1.5	3.0
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	31,615	17,240	14,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	4,700	2,060	2,640	14.9	11.9	18.4
15 to 29 minutes	8,990	4,860	4,125	28.4	28.2	28.7
30 to 44 minutes	8,430	5,110	3,320	26.7	29.6	23.1
45 to 59 minutes	3,780	2,150	1,630	12.0	12.5	11.3
60 minutes and over	5,710	3,050	2,660	18.1	17.7	18.5
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	31,615	17,240	14,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,150	1,415	735	6.8	8.2	5.1
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	4,585	2,660	1,925	14.5	15.4	13.4
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	6,370	3,250	3,125	20.1	18.9	21.7
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	5,490	2,755	2,730	17.4	16.0	19.0
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,115	2,480	2,635	16.2	14.4	18.3
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,900	4,675	3,220	25.0	27.1	22.4
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	21,035	10,780	10,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,820	935	890	8.7	8.7	8.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	19,215	9,850	9,370	91.3	91.4	91.4
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	15,510	7,985	7,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,485	755	730	9.6	9.5	9.7
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,030	515	515	6.6	6.4	6.8
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	455	240	215	2.9	3.0	2.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,025	7,230	6,800	90.4	90.5	90.3

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 16, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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