Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Scarborough--GuildwoodMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	103,449	...	...
Population, 2016¹	102,386	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	1.0	...	...
Total private dwellings²	37,800	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	36,174	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	3,988.2	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	25.94	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	103,445	50,270	53,175
0 to 14 years	17,160	8,800	8,360
0 to 4 years	5,150	2,620	2,530
5 to 9 years	5,895	3,060	2,840
10 to 14 years	6,110	3,125	2,990
15 to 64 years	69,095	33,985	35,110
15 to 19 years	6,025	3,115	2,905
20 to 24 years	7,880	4,230	3,645
25 to 29 years	8,640	4,530	4,110
30 to 34 years	7,250	3,530	3,720
35 to 39 years	6,645	3,170	3,475
40 to 44 years	6,275	2,880	3,400
45 to 49 years	6,190	2,825	3,365
50 to 54 years	6,700	3,165	3,535
55 to 59 years	7,005	3,395	3,615
60 to 64 years	6,490	3,135	3,355
65 years and over	17,195	7,490	9,710
65 to 69 years	5,190	2,415	2,775
70 to 74 years	4,045	1,795	2,250
75 to 79 years	3,015	1,315	1,705
80 to 84 years	2,425	1,000	1,425
85 years and over	2,520	965	1,555
85 to 89 years	1,595	655	945
90 to 94 years	745	260	485
95 to 99 years	170	50	115
100 years and over	10	5	10
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.6	17.5	15.7
15 to 64 years	66.8	67.6	66.0
65 years and over	16.6	14.9	18.3
85 years and over	2.4	1.9	2.9
Average age of the population	40.2	38.9	41.5
Median age of the population	38.4	36.4	40.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	36,175	...	...
Single-detached house	12,150	...	...
Semi-detached house	715	...	...
Row house	2,195	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	2,520	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	1,460	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	17,100	...	...
Other single-attached house	30	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	36,175	...	...
1 person	8,650	...	...
2 persons	9,580	...	...
3 persons	6,640	...	...
4 persons	5,940	...	...
5 or more persons	5,370	...	...
Number of persons in private households	102,570	49,925	52,645
Average household size	2.8	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	86,290	41,475	44,820
Married or living common-law	43,165	21,570	21,595
Married	39,535	19,755	19,775
Living common-law	3,630	1,810	1,815
Living common law - Never married	2,545	1,265	1,280
Living common law - Separated	200	125	80
Living common law - Divorced	790	385	405
Living common law - Widowed	90	40	55
Not married and not living common-law	43,125	19,900	23,225
Not married and not living common law - Never married	30,285	16,085	14,205
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,660	990	1,670
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,055	1,815	3,245
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,125	1,020	4,110
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	27,405	...	...
2 persons	11,525	...	...
3 persons	6,905	...	...
4 persons	5,830	...	...
5 or more persons	3,150	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	27,405	...	...
Total couple families	20,455	...	...
Married couples	18,645	...	...
With children⁶	12,140	...	...
Without children	6,510	...	...
Common-law couples	1,815	...	...
With children⁶	775	...	...
Without children	1,040	...	...
Total one-parent families	6,950	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	5,890	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,065	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	102,575	49,920	52,650
Total - Persons in census families	84,020	40,835	43,190
Married spouses or common-law partners	40,920	20,430	20,485
Parents in one-parent families	6,945	1,060	5,885
Children⁶	36,155	19,340	16,815
In a two-parent family	24,700	13,135	11,560
In a one-parent family	11,460	6,205	5,260
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	18,550	9,090	9,460
Living alone	8,650	3,685	4,965
Living with other relatives⁷	3,860	1,490	2,375
Living with non-relatives only	6,035	3,915	2,125
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	36,175	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	20,950	...	...
Couple-family households	15,815	...	...
With children⁶	10,260	...	...
Without children	5,560	...	...
One-parent-family households	5,135	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,180	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	540	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,835	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,020	...	...
One-person households	8,650	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	85,495	41,170	44,325
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	80,425	38,575	41,845
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	34,800	32,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	80,440	38,590	41,850
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,200	32,400	30,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	65,455	32,620	32,830
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	27,000	31,200	23,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	54,010	27,940	26,070
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	29,400	32,400	26,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	75,520	35,950	39,575
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,100	8,800	13,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,430	3,690	4,745
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	30,085	14,985	15,100
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	10,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	85,580	41,100	44,480
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	80,470	38,475	42,000
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,760	44,880	38,880
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	80,485	38,480	42,005
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,640	38,680	34,760
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	65,425	32,565	32,855
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,240	41,440	33,080
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	54,030	27,940	26,085
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,280	41,520	34,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	75,750	35,865	39,880
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,190	10,510	13,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,145	3,570	4,570
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,140	5,580	6,580
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	30,475	15,125	15,355
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,160	10,290	10,020
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	85,580	41,100	44,480
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	22,215	12,290	9,920
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	55,200	57,200	54,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	63,400	66,200	60,050
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	22,215	10,750	11,460
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,800	17,200	14,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,960	24,780	21,260
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	72.6	78.2	66.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	61.5	67.2	55.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	27.5	21.8	33.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	1.2	1.8
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	10.3	9.7	10.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	9.2	9.0	9.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	85,495	41,175	44,320
Without total income	5,075	2,600	2,475
With total income	80,420	38,575	41,845
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,235	3,755	4,480
$10,000 to $19,999	11,960	5,550	6,405
$20,000 to $29,999	15,665	7,205	8,460
$30,000 to $39,999	12,065	5,485	6,575
$40,000 to $49,999	8,960	4,140	4,820
$50,000 to $59,999	6,845	3,210	3,635
$60,000 to $69,999	4,650	2,300	2,350
$70,000 to $79,999	3,345	1,725	1,620
$80,000 to $89,999	2,440	1,405	1,040
$90,000 to $99,999	1,905	1,125	775
$100,000 and over	4,360	2,670	1,690
$100,000 to $149,999	3,325	1,970	1,355
$150,000 and over	1,035	700	335
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	85,495	41,175	44,320
Without after-tax income	5,060	2,585	2,470
With after-tax income	80,435	38,585	41,850
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,405	3,810	4,590
$10,000 to $19,999	12,360	5,785	6,570
$20,000 to $29,999	17,470	8,030	9,440
$30,000 to $39,999	13,525	6,280	7,250
$40,000 to $49,999	9,905	4,680	5,225
$50,000 to $59,999	6,720	3,215	3,510
$60,000 to $69,999	4,355	2,260	2,090
$70,000 to $79,999	2,910	1,650	1,260
$80,000 to $89,999	1,915	1,045	870
$90,000 to $99,999	1,060	640	415
$100,000 and over	1,815	1,185	630
$100,000 to $124,999	1,060	675	385
$125,000 and over	750	505	245
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	85,495	41,175	44,320
Without employment income	31,485	13,235	18,250
With employment income	54,010	27,940	26,070
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,975	4,445	4,535
$5,000 to $9,999	5,885	2,720	3,165
$10,000 to $19,999	7,075	3,425	3,650
$20,000 to $29,999	5,385	2,635	2,750
$30,000 to $39,999	5,475	2,835	2,635
$40,000 to $49,999	4,990	2,600	2,395
$50,000 to $59,999	4,270	2,195	2,075
$60,000 to $69,999	3,105	1,670	1,430
$70,000 to $79,999	2,245	1,305	945
$80,000 to $89,999	1,760	1,095	660
$90,000 to $99,999	1,545	915	635
$100,000 and over	3,300	2,110	1,185
$100,000 to $124,999	1,875	1,140	740
$125,000 and over	1,420	975	450
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	85,495	41,170	44,325
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	78,010	37,350	40,660
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	29,600	31,600	28,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	78,025	37,350	40,675
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	28,000	29,600	26,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	64,285	32,025	32,255
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	29,400	32,800	26,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	53,670	27,750	25,915
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,400	34,000	29,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	70,880	33,425	37,455
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,540	1,200	6,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,505	1,745	2,760
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,640	5,520	5,680
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	85,580	41,100	44,480
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	78,205	37,355	40,855
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,160	41,280	35,280
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	78,220	37,355	40,865
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,320	35,360	31,440
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	64,190	31,965	32,225
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,080	42,160	34,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	53,760	27,880	25,885
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,000	42,200	35,520
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	70,900	33,395	37,505
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,620	5,800	9,240
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,460	1,750	2,715
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,300	6,590	7,750
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	85,580	41,100	44,480
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	21,920	12,120	9,800
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	51,200	53,200	49,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	59,300	62,250	55,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	20,500	10,095	10,400
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,200	23,600	20,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,360	30,760	26,040
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	81.8	87.4	76.0
Employment income (%)	70.2	76.4	63.8
Government transfers (%)	18.1	12.6	24.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	36,175	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	78,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	8,650	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	31,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	27,525	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	36,245	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	92,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	81,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	8,655	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,360	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	27,590	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	36,175	...	...
Under $5,000	435	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	305	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	700	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	740	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,790	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,235	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,250	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,330	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,340	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,320	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,735	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,715	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,575	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,405	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,160	...	...
$100,000 and over	13,130	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,260	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,035	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,395	...	...
$200,000 and over	2,440	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	36,175	...	...
Under $5,000	460	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	315	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	705	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	775	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,860	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,355	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,375	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,540	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,480	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,520	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,115	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,180	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,010	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,575	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,250	...	...
$100,000 and over	10,650	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,260	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,675	...	...
$150,000 and over	3,720	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	26,305	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	6,015	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	12,880	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	6,225	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,800	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	14,685	7,600	7,085
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	29,600	29,000	30,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	28,400	28,000	28,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	26,350	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	93,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	6,050	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	91,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	78,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,850	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	126,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	110,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	6,195	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	14,550	7,430	7,120
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,400	38,160	38,600
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,880	33,520	34,240
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	102,570	49,925	52,645
0 to 17 years	20,635	10,580	10,055
0 to 5 years	6,235	3,190	3,045
18 to 64 years	65,290	32,030	33,260
65 years and over	16,645	7,320	9,335
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	15,130	6,955	8,170
0 to 17 years	4,055	2,040	2,015
0 to 5 years	1,290	665	620
18 to 64 years	8,205	3,830	4,380
65 years and over	2,865	1,090	1,780
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.7	13.9	15.5
0 to 17 years (%)	19.6	19.3	20.0
0 to 5 years (%)	20.6	20.8	20.4
18 to 64 years (%)	12.6	12.0	13.2
65 years and over (%)	17.2	14.9	19.1
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	102,575	49,920	52,650
0 to 17 years	20,635	10,580	10,055
0 to 5 years	6,240	3,190	3,050
18 to 64 years	65,290	32,025	33,265
65 years and over	16,650	7,315	9,330
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	9,470	4,840	4,625
0 to 17 years	1,920	965	960
0 to 5 years	615	325	295
18 to 64 years	6,695	3,550	3,145
65 years and over	850	325	520
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.2	9.7	8.8
0 to 17 years (%)	9.3	9.1	9.5
0 to 5 years (%)	9.9	10.1	9.6
18 to 64 years (%)	10.3	11.1	9.5
65 years and over (%)	5.1	4.5	5.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	102,570	49,925	52,645
In bottom half of the distribution	61,705	29,795	31,910
In bottom decile	14,425	6,995	7,430
In second decile	13,320	6,425	6,900
In third decile	12,210	5,850	6,360
In fourth decile	11,300	5,495	5,805
In fifth decile	10,450	5,025	5,420
In top half of the distribution	40,870	20,130	20,740
In sixth decile	9,785	4,750	5,035
In seventh decile	9,635	4,710	4,925
In eighth decile	8,645	4,290	4,355
In ninth decile	7,725	3,825	3,905
In top decile	5,080	2,565	2,520
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	102,575	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.310	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.474	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.276	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	102,825	49,995	52,830
English only	93,825	46,320	47,505
French only	180	70	115
English and French	5,330	2,360	2,970
Neither English nor French	3,495	1,250	2,240
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	102,825	49,995	52,830
English	97,525	47,900	49,630
French	1,225	550	675
English and French	660	335	330
Neither English nor French	3,410	1,205	2,205
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	102,825	49,995	52,830
Single responses	94,395	45,865	48,535
Official languages	49,740	24,110	25,635
English	48,775	23,660	25,110
French	970	445	525
Non-official languages	44,655	21,755	22,900
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	5
Algonquian languages	10	5	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	5	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	10	5	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	5	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	44,645	21,750	22,895
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,165	1,025	1,140
Berber languages	5	5	5
Kabyle	5	0	5
Tamazight	5	5	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	15	5	5
Hausa	15	5	5
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	255	90	165
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	45	15	30
Somali	205	80	135
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5
Semitic languages	1,890	920	970
Amharic	400	180	215
Arabic	1,180	600	580
Aramaic languages	15	10	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	55	20	35
Hebrew	10	10	5
Maltese	15	5	5
Tigrigna	210	95	115
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	380	165	215
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	5
Vietnamese	375	165	210
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	5,335	2,310	3,030
Bikol	5	5	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	15	25
Cebuano	105	45	60
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	60	25	35
Ilocano	285	130	150
Indonesian	50	20	25
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	5	5	5
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	10	5	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	55	25	40
Pangasinan	35	15	25
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,620	1,990	2,625
Waray-Waray	20	10	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	40	15	20
Creole languages	285	120	170
Haitian Creole	185	75	110
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	5
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	25	10	15
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	50	20	30
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Dravidian languages	8,845	4,430	4,415
Kannada	45	25	25
Malayalam	1,360	800	565
Tamil	6,965	3,335	3,630
Telugu	470	275	195
Tulu	5	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	5	5	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	22,500	11,370	11,130
Albanian	175	75	95
Armenian	100	50	50
Balto-Slavic languages	1,590	720	865
Baltic languages	35	15	20
Latvian	30	10	15
Lithuanian	5	0	5
Slavic languages	1,550	710	845
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	75	35	45
Czech	155	75	80
Macedonian	415	185	235
Polish	420	210	215
Russian	180	80	100
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	155	70	85
Bosnian	10	5	5
Croatian	45	20	25
Serbian	90	45	50
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Slovak	35	15	20
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	10	20
Ukrainian	85	40	45
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	5
Irish	5	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	565	250	320
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	475	205	265
German	465	200	265
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	0	5
Yiddish	5	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	70	35	35
Afrikaans	10	0	5
Dutch	60	30	35
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	20	10	10
Danish	10	5	5
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	5	0	5
Swedish	5	0	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	730	340	390
Indo-Iranian languages	16,975	8,820	8,155
Indo-Aryan languages	14,815	7,730	7,085
Assamese	5	5	0
Bengali	3,110	1,585	1,525
Gujarati	5,310	2,790	2,520
Hindi	1,405	780	620
Kacchi	35	20	20
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	35	15	15
Marathi	165	85	75
Nepali	380	190	190
Oriya languages	10	5	5
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,000	570	430
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	25	15	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	285	130	155
Urdu	3,015	1,520	1,490
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25
Iranian languages	2,160	1,090	1,070
Baluchi	30	15	15
Kurdish	50	30	25
Parsi	5	0	0
Pashto	390	200	190
Persian languages	1,680	845	840
Dari	1,235	615	625
Iranian Persian	265	145	125
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	180	90	90
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,370	1,115	1,255
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	575	275	295
Portuguese	340	150	190
Romanian	275	135	140
Spanish	1,175	550	625
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	95	25	65
Korean	195	90	105
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	590	250	335
Akan (Twi)	105	50	60
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	20	10	15
Éwé	5	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5
Ga	10	5	10
Ganda	10	5	5
Gikuyu	5	5	5
Igbo	35	10	20
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	10	5
Lingala	25	10	15
Luba-Kasai	0	0	5
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	5	5	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	5	5
Shona	30	15	10
Soninke	5	0	5
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5
Swahili	95	35	55
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	5	0	5
Yoruba	110	45	65
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	70	25	40
Nilo-Saharan languages	45	25	25
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
African, n.o.s.	10	10	5
Sign languages	30	10	15
American Sign Language	20	10	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,715	1,710	2,010
Chinese languages	3,655	1,675	1,975
Hakka	75	35	40
Mandarin	1,710	790	915
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	50	20	25
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	10	20
Yue (Cantonese)	1,740	785	950
Chinese, n.o.s.	55	25	25
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	55	25	25
Burmese	15	10	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	10	5	5
S'gaw Karen	10	5	5
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	25	15	15
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Tai-Kadai languages	30	10	20
Lao	10	5	5
Thai	20	5	15
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	130	70	65
Azerbaijani	5	5	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	90	50	40
Uyghur	15	5	15
Uzbek	20	5	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	290	135	155
Estonian	20	10	10
Finnish	30	15	20
Hungarian	240	110	130
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	8,425	4,130	4,295
English and French	310	150	160
English and non-official language(s)	7,210	3,550	3,660
French and non-official language(s)	165	75	90
English, French and non-official language(s)	160	80	85
Multiple non-official languages	585	275	315
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	102,825	49,995	52,830
English	49,415	23,950	25,470
French	325	145	185
Non-official language	13,770	6,525	7,250
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	13,770	6,520	7,250
English and French	865	395	465
English and non-official language(s)	35,970	17,820	18,145
French and non-official language(s)	175	85	90
English, French and non-official language(s)	940	425	515
Multiple non-official languages	1,365	650	715
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	102,825	49,995	52,830
Single responses	92,445	44,905	47,540
Official languages	62,570	30,350	32,215
English	61,955	30,070	31,885
French	615	290	330
Non-official languages	29,880	14,555	15,325
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	0
Algonquian languages	5	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	29,875	14,555	15,325
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,305	595	715
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	5	5
Hausa	5	5	5
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	135	50	90
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	30	5	20
Somali	110	40	70
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Semitic languages	1,160	545	620
Amharic	220	105	120
Arabic	775	370	405
Aramaic languages	10	0	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	35	15	20
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	115	45	70
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	215	100	115
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	210	100	115
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,260	1,460	1,805
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	10	10
Cebuano	65	30	35
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	35	15	20
Ilocano	135	60	75
Indonesian	15	10	10
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	5
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	30	10	20
Pangasinan	20	10	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,910	1,305	1,600
Waray-Waray	5	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15
Creole languages	180	75	100
Haitian Creole	105	40	60
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	5	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	45	20	30
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Dravidian languages	7,030	3,480	3,550
Kannada	20	10	10
Malayalam	1,015	580	435
Tamil	5,690	2,700	2,985
Telugu	305	190	120
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	14,295	7,205	7,090
Albanian	95	40	55
Armenian	60	30	30
Balto-Slavic languages	695	335	365
Baltic languages	5	0	0
Latvian	5	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	690	330	360
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	20	10	15
Czech	85	40	50
Macedonian	195	90	100
Polish	215	110	110
Russian	90	50	40
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	60	25	35
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	5	5	5
Serbian	45	20	25
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	10	5	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	10	5	10
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	65	30	40
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	65	25	40
German	60	25	35
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	5	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	370	160	210
Indo-Iranian languages	11,855	6,090	5,765
Indo-Aryan languages	10,385	5,370	5,010
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	2,175	1,105	1,075
Gujarati	3,925	2,045	1,880
Hindi	900	510	390
Kacchi	10	10	5
Kashmiri	5	5	5
Konkani	10	5	5
Marathi	80	40	40
Nepali	285	150	135
Oriya languages	5	5	5
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	685	385	295
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	20	10	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	165	75	85
Urdu	2,090	1,025	1,065
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Iranian languages	1,475	715	755
Baluchi	35	15	15
Kurdish	30	20	15
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	285	135	145
Persian languages	1,115	540	575
Dari	835	400	435
Iranian Persian	145	75	70
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	135	65	70
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,150	530	625
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	185	80	110
Portuguese	145	65	80
Romanian	155	75	80
Spanish	670	310	355
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	50	15	25
Korean	140	60	75
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	215	80	130
Akan (Twi)	50	20	30
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	5
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	10	0	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	0
Lingala	15	5	10
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	5	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	0
Swahili	30	15	25
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	40	15	25
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	5	15
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
African, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Sign languages	55	30	25
American Sign Language	40	25	20
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,890	1,335	1,555
Chinese languages	2,845	1,310	1,535
Hakka	30	15	20
Mandarin	1,365	650	705
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	5	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	15	5
Yue (Cantonese)	1,370	610	760
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	20	20
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	40	20	20
Burmese	10	5	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	25	10	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	5	0	5
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	90	40	50
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	55	30	30
Uyghur	20	5	15
Uzbek	15	5	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	120	55	65
Estonian	5	0	0
Finnish	10	0	5
Hungarian	105	50	55
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	10,375	5,090	5,290
English and French	200	80	125
English and non-official language(s)	9,835	4,840	4,995
French and non-official language(s)	65	30	35
English, French and non-official language(s)	125	60	65
Multiple non-official languages	145	80	75
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	102,825	49,990	52,830
None	71,750	34,610	37,140
English	12,585	6,265	6,320
French	760	355	405
Non-official language	13,080	6,405	6,680
Indigenous³⁹	10	5	5
Non-Indigenous	13,075	6,400	6,675
English and French	105	50	55
English and non-official language(s)	2,350	1,210	1,140
French and non-official language(s)	400	165	235
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	15	10
Multiple non-official languages	1,760	910	855
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	102,755	49,870	52,880
Official languages	99,205	48,670	50,535
English	99,000	48,605	50,400
French	5,535	2,420	3,115
Non-official languages	59,745	29,165	30,580
Indigenous languages³⁹	35	20	15
Algonquian languages	35	20	15
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	20	10	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	20	10	10
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	30	15	15
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	30	15	15
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	30	15	15
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	59,710	29,140	30,570
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,020	1,480	1,540
Berber languages	10	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	10	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	20	20	0
Hausa	20	20	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	10	0	10
Cushitic languages	310	140	165
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	35	20	10
Somali	240	90	145
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	2,755	1,355	1,400
Amharic	645	285	360
Arabic	1,900	995	905
Aramaic languages	30	15	15
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	10	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	55	25	25
Hebrew	25	10	10
Maltese	30	15	15
Tigrigna	325	125	200
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	435	205	230
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	420	205	215
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	7,515	3,210	4,295
Bikol	25	10	15
Bisaya, n.o.s.	65	15	55
Cebuano	160	80	75
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	175	50	125
Ilocano	545	225	320
Indonesian	60	25	40
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	85	45	40
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	85	30	50
Pangasinan	105	50	55
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	7,220	3,075	4,145
Waray-Waray	30	15	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	130	50	80
Creole languages	880	375	505
Haitian Creole	480	225	250
Jamaican English Creole	100	25	75
Krio	15	0	15
Morisyen	90	40	45
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	215	85	130
Creole languages, n.i.e.	65	30	35
Dravidian languages	12,565	6,360	6,200
Kannada	205	100	110
Malayalam	1,895	1,100	795
Tamil	10,170	4,965	5,210
Telugu	820	500	320
Tulu	15	0	15
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	31,110	15,945	15,155
Albanian	185	90	95
Armenian	155	70	80
Balto-Slavic languages	2,220	1,045	1,180
Baltic languages	40	0	35
Latvian	30	0	30
Lithuanian	10	0	10
Slavic languages	2,190	1,035	1,150
Belarusian	10	10	0
Bulgarian	140	60	80
Czech	195	90	110
Macedonian	680	325	350
Polish	490	230	255
Russian	490	255	235
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	270	130	145
Bosnian	40	15	25
Croatian	95	30	65
Serbian	175	95	80
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Slovak	80	35	45
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	10	25
Ukrainian	145	55	95
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	0	10
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	825	360	470
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	715	305	410
German	710	295	410
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	85	50	40
Afrikaans	10	0	10
Dutch	85	50	35
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	40	20	30
Danish	15	0	10
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	15	0	15
Swedish	10	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	1,065	500	565
Indo-Iranian languages	23,775	12,500	11,280
Indo-Aryan languages	21,410	11,280	10,130
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	3,785	1,980	1,800
Gujarati	7,515	3,930	3,585
Hindi	9,235	4,945	4,290
Kacchi	55	25	30
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	80	30	45
Marathi	465	255	220
Nepali	370	195	175
Oriya languages	35	10	25
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	25	0	25
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,060	1,030	1,030
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	45	35	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	895	495	400
Urdu	5,520	2,845	2,680
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	150	80	65
Iranian languages	2,760	1,430	1,330
Baluchi	75	50	30
Kurdish	70	35	35
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	595	325	275
Persian languages	2,300	1,180	1,120
Dari	1,775	920	855
Iranian Persian	355	165	185
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	200	105	95
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	10	10
Italic (Romance) languages	3,460	1,700	1,755
Catalan	10	10	0
Italian	965	455	510
Portuguese	510	235	270
Romanian	275	135	140
Spanish	1,885	965	925
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Japanese	230	125	110
Korean	225	105	120
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	1,455	595	860
Akan (Twi)	235	115	125
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	30	15	15
Éwé	20	10	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	25	20	10
Ga	10	10	0
Ganda	30	15	15
Gikuyu	15	0	15
Igbo	80	25	55
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	35	15	20
Lingala	135	60	75
Luba-Kasai	20	10	10
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	20	10	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	35	10	20
Shona	35	15	20
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	0	10
Swahili	290	110	185
Wojenaka	30	10	15
Wolof	10	10	0
Yoruba	335	125	205
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	215	80	135
Nilo-Saharan languages	45	15	30
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	45	15	30
African, n.o.s.	15	10	10
Sign languages	100	50	50
American Sign Language	80	40	45
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,510	2,140	2,370
Chinese languages	4,430	2,100	2,330
Hakka	145	65	85
Mandarin	2,255	1,035	1,220
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	115	65	55
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	0	20
Yue (Cantonese)	2,560	1,200	1,365
Chinese, n.o.s.	90	35	50
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	75	40	35
Burmese	15	10	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	40	20	20
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	65	30	40
Lao	25	15	10
Thai	40	20	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	170	75	100
Azerbaijani	10	0	10
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	115	55	65
Uyghur	35	0	30
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	420	220	205
Estonian	40	25	15
Finnish	20	10	10
Hungarian	370	190	175
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	102,755	49,875	52,880
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,215	575	635
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,160	550	615
First Nations (North American Indian)	795	395	400
Métis	340	150	190
Inuk (Inuit)	30	0	20
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	20	0	0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	35	20	20
Non-Indigenous identity	101,540	49,300	52,245
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	102,755	49,875	52,880
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	405	210	195
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	102,350	49,665	52,685
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	36,245	...	...
Owner	19,925	...	...
Renter	16,320	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	36,245	...	...
Condominium	7,980	...	...
Not condominium	28,260	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	36,245	...	...
No bedrooms	700	...	...
1 bedroom	6,545	...	...
2 bedrooms	10,315	...	...
3 bedrooms	10,310	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	8,370	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	36,245	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	16,970	...	...
5 rooms	5,550	...	...
6 rooms	4,050	...	...
7 rooms	3,390	...	...
8 or more rooms	6,285	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	36,245	...	...
One person or fewer per room	32,305	...	...
More than one person per room	3,935	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	36,245	...	...
Suitable	29,355	...	...
Not suitable	6,890	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	36,245	...	...
1960 or before	9,575	...	...
1961 to 1980	15,150	...	...
1981 to 1990	3,565	...	...
1991 to 2000	3,930	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,505	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,140	...	...
2011 to 2015	520	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	850	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	36,245	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	32,955	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,290	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	36,245	...	...
One-maintainer household	18,940	...	...
Two-maintainer household	13,435	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,870	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	36,245	...	...
15 to 24 years	655	...	...
25 to 34 years	4,130	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,240	...	...
45 to 54 years	7,125	...	...
55 to 64 years	7,600	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,535	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,355	...	...
85 years and over	1,600	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	36,030	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	25,885	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	10,145	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,350	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	36,245	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	17,240	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	7,870	...	...
Not suitable only	4,610	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,780	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,470	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	705	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	700	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	105	...	...
Acceptable housing	19,000	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	35,230	...	...
In core need	7,815	...	...
Not in core need	27,415	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	19,920	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	61.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	11.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,700	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,776	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	800,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	799,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	16,320	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	29.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	31.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	35.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,210	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,197	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	102,755	49,875	52,880
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	440	205	240
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	440	205	240
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	390	180	210
Métis single ancestry	50	20	30
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	950	415	540
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	950	415	535
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	760	340	415
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	170	70	100
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	0	20
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	101,355	49,255	52,100
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	102,755	49,875	52,885
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	83,635	40,185	43,450
Canadian citizens aged under 18	18,260	9,330	8,930
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	65,375	30,855	34,520
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	19,120	9,690	9,435
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	102,755	49,875	52,885
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	42,060	20,950	21,110
Immigrants⁸¹	54,840	25,495	29,340
Before 1980	7,000	3,145	3,860
1980 to 1990	5,840	2,795	3,045
1991 to 2000	12,660	5,745	6,910
2001 to 2010	14,515	6,780	7,735
2011 to 2021⁸²	14,825	7,030	7,800
2011 to 2015	6,755	3,085	3,680
2016 to 2021	8,070	3,945	4,120
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,855	3,425	2,430
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	54,840	25,495	29,340
Under 5 years	3,940	2,170	1,770
5 to 14 years	8,490	4,245	4,245
15 to 24 years	10,790	4,445	6,345
25 to 44 years	25,435	11,940	13,500
45 years and over	6,185	2,695	3,490
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	54,840	25,495	29,340
Americas	10,260	4,345	5,915
Brazil	55	35	25
Colombia	105	55	45
El Salvador	200	105	90
Guyana	2,925	1,200	1,725
Haiti	390	175	215
Jamaica	3,055	1,215	1,835
Mexico	95	45	45
Peru	30	20	15
Trinidad and Tobago	1,145	485	660
United States of America	550	260	290
Other places of birth in Americas	1,715	750	965
Europe	5,120	2,275	2,840
Bosnia and Herzegovina	50	25	30
Croatia	50	15	35
France	90	30	55
Germany	315	130	190
Greece	545	250	295
Hungary	175	75	100
Italy	440	195	245
Netherlands	65	35	25
Poland	355	155	200
Portugal	195	75	120
Romania	275	140	135
Russian Federation	140	65	75
Serbia⁸⁶	85	35	50
Ukraine	110	50	60
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,185	525	660
Other places of birth in Europe	1,060	485	570
Africa	3,185	1,435	1,750
Algeria	35	20	15
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	170	45	125
Egypt	185	95	90
Eritrea	215	100	115
Ethiopia	560	250	315
Morocco	30	10	20
Nigeria	345	160	190
Somalia	195	70	125
South Africa, Republic of	55	15	35
Other places of birth in Africa	1,385	665	720
Asia	36,145	17,375	18,775
Afghanistan	1,495	760	740
Iran⁸⁸	335	200	135
Iraq	185	95	90
Lebanon	140	85	55
Syria⁸⁹	310	155	155
Turkey	80	40	40
China⁹⁰	2,100	895	1,200
Hong Kong⁹¹	770	320	450
Korea, South⁹²	205	100	110
Taiwan	90	45	50
Philippines	6,890	2,990	3,905
Viet Nam	420	225	200
Bangladesh	2,725	1,420	1,305
India	9,560	4,865	4,695
Pakistan	2,400	1,170	1,230
Sri Lanka	6,590	3,105	3,485
Other places of birth in Asia	1,845	900	945
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	130	70	60
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	8,070	3,950	4,125
Americas	790	380	410
Brazil	25	10	20
Colombia	20	10	10
Haiti	95	55	45
Jamaica	220	115	105
Mexico	25	10	10
United States of America	145	60	85
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	10	15
Other places of birth in Americas	240	120	125
Europe	215	80	135
France	20	10	10
Germany	0	0	0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
Italy	0	0	0
Russian Federation	15	0	10
Ukraine	10	0	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	25	10	15
Other places of birth in Europe	145	55	90
Africa	730	315	415
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	25	0	25
Cameroon	55	20	30
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	35	10	25
Côte d'Ivoire	10	0	0
Egypt	0	0	0
Eritrea	130	60	70
Ethiopia	120	40	80
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	185	85	105
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	10	0	10
Sudan⁹⁷	50	20	30
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	110	70	35
Asia	6,325	3,165	3,165
Afghanistan	345	190	160
Bangladesh	470	245	225
China⁹⁰	100	35	65
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	10
India	3,150	1,655	1,495
Iran⁸⁸	60	35	25
Iraq	15	0	0
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	10	0	10
Jordan	15	15	0
Korea, South⁹²	30	10	20
Lebanon	65	25	40
Nepal	110	65	50
Pakistan	215	110	110
Philippines	805	310	495
Saudi Arabia	70	50	25
Sri Lanka	440	215	225
Syria⁸⁹	235	110	125
Turkey	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	40	30	10
Viet Nam	25	20	10
Other places of birth in Asia	105	45	55
Oceania and other⁹³	10	10	0
Australia	0	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	102,755	49,870	52,880
First generation¹⁰⁰	61,325	29,210	32,110
Second generation¹⁰¹	27,395	13,910	13,485
Third generation or more¹⁰²	14,040	6,755	7,280
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	47,835	22,355	25,485
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	20,885	10,355	10,530
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	9,035	5,225	3,810
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	11,850	5,130	6,720
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	16,760	6,735	10,025
Refugees¹⁰⁸	9,075	4,785	4,290
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,120	475	640
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	47,835	22,355	25,485
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	5,305	2,930	2,375
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,780	1,560	2,220
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	540	240	295
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,940	970	965
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	240	95	145
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	36,035	16,565	19,475
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	102,755	49,870	52,880
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	78,525	38,250	40,275
South Asian	37,150	18,970	18,175
Chinese	4,815	2,275	2,535
Black	15,605	7,070	8,525
Filipino	9,035	4,055	4,985
Arab	1,370	670	705
Latin American	1,590	825	765
Southeast Asian	1,055	515	540
West Asian	2,690	1,385	1,310
Korean	270	140	130
Japanese	250	110	140
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	2,370	1,125	1,240
Multiple visible minorities	2,335	1,105	1,230
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	24,230	11,625	12,605
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	102,755	49,875	52,880
Canadian	6,690	3,390	3,300
English	6,285	3,070	3,220
Irish	5,305	2,500	2,800
Scottish	4,905	2,240	2,670
French, n.o.s.¹²²	1,745	820	925
German	2,230	1,030	1,200
Chinese	5,390	2,515	2,880
Italian	2,125	1,060	1,065
Indian (India)	15,420	7,950	7,480
Ukrainian	715	270	445
Dutch	730	330	400
Polish	1,080	500	580
Québécois	45	20	20
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,385	645	735
Filipino	8,355	3,705	4,650
French Canadian	355	130	220
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	975	425	550
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	500	205	300
Métis	225	95	130
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	650	290	355
Russian	465	215	250
Norwegian	120	55	70
Welsh	440	220	225
Portuguese	1,130	525	605
American	365	195	170
Spanish	1,050	550	505
Swedish	130	35	90
Hungarian	480	235	245
Acadian	65	10	50
Pakistani	2,905	1,470	1,435
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,850	1,375	1,470
Jewish	190	90	100
Punjabi	545	290	255
Vietnamese	470	230	240
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	630	340	295
Greek	1,480	710	770
Jamaican	4,170	1,920	2,250
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,805	900	905
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	55	25	30
Korean	285	155	130
Romanian	355	190	165
Lebanese	200	80	120
Iranian	300	145	160
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	635	295	340
Danish	95	45	45
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	205	90	120
Sikh	195	105	95
Austrian	250	110	145
Belgian	35	20	15
Haitian	420	205	210
Hindu	2,825	1,450	1,375
Mexican	120	65	60
Mennonite	20	10	0
Swiss	95	45	55
Finnish	110	45	65
Sri Lankan	5,830	2,820	3,010
Croatian	75	30	45
Japanese	280	125	155
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	2,150	1,110	1,040
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	105	45	60
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	40	20	15
Muslim	1,890	965	920
Egyptian	175	70	110
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	295	140	160
Tamil	4,330	2,135	2,195
Icelandic	25	15	15
Colombian	120	40	80
Moroccan	55	20	35
Czech	165	75	90
Syrian	225	90	135
Guyanese	2,425	1,130	1,295
Afghan	2,240	1,145	1,095
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,600	695	910
Serbian	200	90	110
Ojibway	150	70	85
Newfoundlander	140	90	50
Hong Konger	170	70	100
Ontarian	145	65	80
Persian	145	85	60
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,105	515	590
Turkish	185	100	90
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	25	0	20
Bangladeshi	2,350	1,205	1,145
Algerian	25	15	10
Brazilian	65	30	35
Nigerian	460	205	250
Armenian	165	75	80
Slovak	130	50	80
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	45	10	35
Somali	340	135	205
Taiwanese	100	50	50
Iraqi	155	80	75
Salvadorean	250	115	135
African Caribbean	1,075	420	655
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	505	235	270
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	280	150	130
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	625	280	340
Algonquin	15	15	0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,000	465	535
Lithuanian	35	10	30
South African	60	25	35
Australian	40	10	35
Palestinian	55	20	35
Chilean	65	35	30
Congolese	235	100	130
Nova Scotian	55	20	35
Ethiopian	565	265	300
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	280	140	140
Peruvian	55	15	45
Yoruba	225	70	155
Cambodian (Khmer)	55	35	20
Berber	35	20	10
Albanian	200	90	105
Maltese	130	50	80
Macedonian	735	375	355
Slovenian	75	30	35
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	40	20	20
New Brunswicker	10	0	0
Gujarati	1,150	585	560
Eritrean	285	110	180
African Canadian	535	290	245
Israeli	10	0	0
Mohawk	70	45	25
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	15	0	10
Bulgarian	115	50	65
Albertan	0	0	0
Ghanaian	245	115	125
Barbadian	460	200	265
African American	290	145	150
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	10	0	10
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	100	40	65
Cuban	140	60	80
Bosnian	40	25	15
Venezuelan	25	15	10
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	80	25	55
Bengali	845	460	385
Cameroonian	60	20	45
Guatemalan	65	50	15
Indonesian	65	20	50
Laotian	15	0	15
Ilocano	295	135	160
Northern Irish	90	60	35
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	25	20	10
British Columbian	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	40	10	30
Franco Ontarian	35	10	20
Argentinian	35	25	10
Estonian	60	30	30
Kurdish	35	20	15
Fijian	85	30	55
Jatt	0	0	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	20	0	15
Coptic	25	10	20
Thai	105	35	70
Dominican	75	35	40
Nepali	235	125	115
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	10	0	0
Igbo	50	0	45
Byelorussian	40	15	25
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	15	0	10
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	0	0	0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0
New Zealander	30	10	15
Sudanese	140	55	75
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	30	10	10
Malaysian	125	25	100
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	65	25	35
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0
Buddhist	10	10	0
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	15	15	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	75	35	40
Ivorian	30	15	15
Saulteaux	25	15	20
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	30	10	20
Tigrinya	80	45	35
Nicaraguan	125	50	70
Mauritian	60	30	25
Kenyan	40	20	20
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	255	105	150
Jordanian	70	30	30
Manitoban	0	0	0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	25	20	10
Grenadian	345	140	200
Malayali	290	155	135
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	210	105	105
Mayan	50	30	15
Honduran	0	0	0
Cherokee	25	20	0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	90	40	60
Flemish	0	0	0
United Empire Loyalist	10	0	0
Senegalese	10	0	10
Azerbaijani	45	20	25
Sicilian	50	25	20
Pashtun	105	65	40
Malay	55	20	35
Goan	35	15	15
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	10	10	0
Tibetan	45	25	25
Zimbabwean	15	10	0
Burmese	40	20	20
Mongolian	0	0	0
Azorean	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	280	100	180
Ugandan	65	30	35
Oromo	45	15	30
Tanzanian	65	0	60
Yemeni	25	15	15
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	0	0	0
Uruguayan	0	0	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	30	20	10
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	45	15	35
Igorot	30	10	20
Fulani	35	20	15
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	85	30	50
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	25	10	15
Telugu	85	40	45
Roma	80	30	45
Costa Rican	0	0	0
African Nova Scotian	15	15	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	40	25	15
Singaporean	15	0	15
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	25	20	0
Tajik	105	50	60
Amhara	115	40	75
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	102,755	49,875	52,880
Buddhist	1,000	430	570
Christian	45,975	20,925	25,050
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	11,005	5,255	5,750
Anabaptist	65	30	35
Anglican	2,585	1,060	1,525
Baptist	1,200	555	645
Catholic	20,645	9,475	11,175
Christian Orthodox	3,070	1,475	1,590
Jehovah's Witness	215	75	140
Latter Day Saints	75	40	30
Lutheran	360	120	240
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	265	110	155
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,250	890	1,360
Presbyterian	870	400	470
Reformed	30	10	15
United Church	1,405	580	825
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,935	850	1,085
Hindu	17,995	9,290	8,700
Jewish	145	75	65
Muslim	18,995	9,555	9,440
Sikh	910	460	450
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	40	25	20
Other religions and spiritual traditions	565	295	270
No religion and secular perspectives	17,130	8,810	8,315
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	101,735	49,315	52,415
Non-movers	91,440	44,090	47,350
Movers	10,300	5,230	5,065
Non-migrants	7,330	3,645	3,685
Migrants	2,965	1,585	1,380
Internal migrants	1,400	695	705
Intraprovincial migrants	1,105	550	550
Interprovincial migrants	295	140	150
External migrants	1,570	890	680
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	97,555	47,270	50,285
Non-movers	65,960	31,465	34,490
Movers	31,605	15,805	15,795
Non-migrants	17,075	8,260	8,815
Migrants	14,530	7,545	6,990
Internal migrants	4,120	2,035	2,085
Intraprovincial migrants	3,245	1,595	1,655
Interprovincial migrants	875	445	430
External migrants	10,410	5,510	4,905
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	85,580	41,100	44,480
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	15,870	7,235	8,640
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	69,710	33,870	35,840
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	55,010	26,550	28,460
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	6,935	3,245	3,680
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	48,075	23,300	24,775
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	85,585	41,100	44,480
No certificate, diploma or degree	14,775	6,635	8,135
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	24,090	12,085	12,005
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	46,715	22,380	24,335
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,600	10,475	11,120
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,505	2,350	1,160
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,925	1,195	725
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,580	1,150	430
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	15,430	6,830	8,605
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,655	1,300	1,355
Bachelor's degree or higher	25,115	11,905	13,220
Bachelor's degree	17,080	7,765	9,315
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,645	790	855
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	490	220	270
Master's degree	5,425	2,835	2,585
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	490	295	190
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	55,010	26,550	28,460
No certificate, diploma or degree	6,255	2,890	3,370
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	13,260	6,895	6,365
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	35,495	16,770	18,725
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	15,435	7,330	8,105
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,305	1,535	770
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,255	795	460
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,050	740	310
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	11,175	4,885	6,290
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,950	910	1,045
Bachelor's degree or higher	20,060	9,440	10,625
Bachelor's degree	13,200	5,980	7,220
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,305	625	680
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	410	195	215
Master's degree	4,795	2,430	2,360
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	360	205	150
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	85,580	41,100	44,480
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	38,865	18,720	20,145
Education	2,055	485	1,570
13. Education	2,055	485	1,570
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,395	630	765
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	180	125	55
50. Visual and performing arts	1,215	505	710
Humanities	2,510	870	1,635
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	250	80	170
23. English language and literature/letters	625	190	440
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	940	270	670
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	55	25	30
38. Philosophy and religious studies	185	75	110
39. Theology and religious vocations	145	95	50
54. History	245	135	115
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	60	10	50
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,440	1,725	3,715
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	85	15	70
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	455	185	270
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,250	120	1,130
22. Legal professions and studies	855	295	565
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	100	25	80
42. Psychology	765	215	550
45. Social sciences	1,925	875	1,050
Business, management and public administration	11,610	5,175	6,435
30.16 Accounting and computer science	40	10	25
44. Public administration and social service professions	755	185	565
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,815	4,975	5,840
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,550	1,115	1,440
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,115	390	725
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	660	270	400
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	65	20	45
40. Physical sciences	630	425	205
41. Science technologies/technicians	80	15	65
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,185	2,185	1,000
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,735	1,945	795
25. Library science	65	0	65
27. Mathematics and statistics	355	210	140
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	35	30	10
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,665	7,485	1,180
04. Architecture and related services	355	215	140
14. Engineering	3,695	2,995	700
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,970	1,700	270
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	960	950	10
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,200	1,165	35
48. Precision production	490	465	20
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	540	280	255
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	315	180	130
03. Natural resources and conservation	220	95	130
Health and related fields	6,855	1,475	5,385
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	280	150	135
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,490	1,285	5,200
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	85	40	45
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,900	955	945
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,105	345	760
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0
43. Security and protective services	485	345	140
49. Transportation and materials moving	290	250	40
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	15
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	55,010	26,555	28,460
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	19,515	9,780	9,730
Education	1,350	300	1,045
13. Education	1,350	300	1,045
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	960	430	535
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	125	85	35
50. Visual and performing arts	835	345	495
Humanities	1,875	645	1,230
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	185	65	125
23. English language and literature/letters	465	130	335
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	720	210	515
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	25	25
38. Philosophy and religious studies	150	60	90
39. Theology and religious vocations	90	65	25
54. History	160	85	70
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	50	10	40
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,280	1,320	2,965
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	70	10	60
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	390	155	230
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	990	85	905
22. Legal professions and studies	705	230	475
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	90	25	60
42. Psychology	555	150	405
45. Social sciences	1,485	655	830
Business, management and public administration	8,995	3,885	5,105
30.16 Accounting and computer science	35	10	20
44. Public administration and social service professions	605	155	450
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,350	3,715	4,635
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,865	805	1,065
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	820	280	540
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	460	175	290
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	35	20	20
40. Physical sciences	475	320	155
41. Science technologies/technicians	65	15	55
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,690	1,850	840
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,325	1,660	665
25. Library science	50	0	50
27. Mathematics and statistics	280	165	120
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	30	20	10
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,320	5,355	965
04. Architecture and related services	270	155	110
14. Engineering	2,915	2,325	585
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,380	1,170	210
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	670	660	10
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	765	745	20
48. Precision production	320	305	20
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	400	200	205
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	245	135	110
03. Natural resources and conservation	160	70	95
Health and related fields	5,310	1,235	4,075
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	195	100	90
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,055	1,100	3,960
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	55	35	20
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,450	745	700
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	810	265	545
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	390	265	125
49. Transportation and materials moving	240	210	30
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	55,010	26,555	28,460
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	19,515	9,780	9,730
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	35,495	16,765	18,730
Location of study inside Canada	19,990	9,155	10,830
Same as province or territory of residence	19,230	8,780	10,450
Different than province or territory of residence	760	380	380
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	15,510	7,610	7,890
Americas	1,240	685	560
United States of America	570	365	210
Mexico	25	10	15
Cuba	25	15	15
Haiti	40	20	20
Jamaica	155	65	80
Brazil	35	15	20
Colombia	35	20	15
Peru	10	0	0
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	0	10
Other locations of study in Americas	330	160	165
Europe	1,140	585	555
Belgium	0	0	0
France	70	25	40
Germany	30	10	20
Netherlands	15	10	10
Switzerland	0	0	0
Hungary	35	20	15
Moldova¹⁸³	10	10	0
Poland	100	50	50
Romania	100	55	45
Russian Federation	130	75	55
Ukraine	55	25	30
Ireland⁹⁶	10	10	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	375	210	170
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Italy	10	0	0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Europe	190	75	110
Africa	765	355	410
Nigeria	245	105	145
Algeria	15	0	10
Morocco	20	0	10
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	65	35	30
South Africa, Republic of	15	0	15
Other locations of study in Africa	395	200	205
Asia	12,250	5,940	6,310
Iran⁸⁸	60	30	30
Iraq	20	15	10
Israel	10	10	0
Lebanon	25	20	0
Syria⁸⁹	30	15	10
Turkey	15	10	0
China⁹⁰	520	240	275
Taiwan	0	0	0
Hong Kong⁹¹	55	10	45
Japan	35	25	10
Korea, South⁹²	30	15	15
Philippines	2,955	1,125	1,830
Viet Nam	10	0	10
Bangladesh	1,095	515	580
Sri Lanka	550	255	295
India	5,625	3,005	2,620
Pakistan	755	385	370
Other locations of study in Asia	460	270	190
Oceania	105	45	60
Australia	90	35	50
New Zealand	15	10	10
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	85,585	41,100	44,480
In the labour force	50,080	26,285	23,785
Employed	41,920	22,265	19,655
Unemployed	8,160	4,025	4,135
Not in the labour force	35,505	14,810	20,695
Participation rate	58.5	64.0	53.5
Employment rate	49.0	54.2	44.2
Unemployment rate	16.3	15.3	17.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	85,580	41,100	44,480
Did not work¹⁸⁶	38,745	16,655	22,095
Worked	46,835	24,450	22,385
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	22,930	12,750	10,180
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	23,905	11,700	12,205
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.1	39.8	38.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	50,075	26,290	23,790
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,555	1,165	1,390
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	47,520	25,125	22,400
Employee	41,840	21,275	20,570
Permanent position	34,050	17,515	16,530
Temporary position	7,795	3,755	4,035
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,665	1,165	1,505
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,125	2,595	2,530
Self-employed¹⁹²	5,680	3,850	1,830
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	50,075	26,290	23,790
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,555	1,165	1,390
All occupations¹⁹¹	47,520	25,125	22,400
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	175	115	60
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	8,350	3,105	5,250
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	4,635	3,515	1,125
3 Health occupations	4,100	790	3,310
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	4,570	1,385	3,180
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,110	535	575
6 Sales and service occupations	13,585	6,680	6,905
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	7,400	6,700	705
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	295	255	35
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,295	2,045	1,245
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	50,075	26,290	23,790
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,555	1,165	1,390
All industries¹⁹¹	47,520	25,125	22,400
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	55	40	15
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	35	20	10
22 Utilities	185	125	60
23 Construction	2,300	1,990	315
31-33 Manufacturing	4,500	3,120	1,380
41 Wholesale trade	1,315	920	395
44-45 Retail trade	5,550	2,765	2,785
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,120	2,530	595
51 Information and cultural industries	1,275	725	550
52 Finance and insurance	3,285	1,585	1,695
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	990	595	390
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	4,010	2,365	1,645
55 Management of companies and enterprises	175	80	95
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,605	2,105	1,500
61 Educational services	2,930	1,090	1,835
62 Health care and social assistance	6,515	1,290	5,220
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	670	325	345
72 Accommodation and food services	3,415	1,695	1,720
81 Other services (except public administration)	1,950	1,055	890
91 Public administration	1,640	700	940
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	52,540	27,530	25,010
English	48,685	25,690	23,000
French	125	30	95
Non-official language	445	195	250
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	445	195	250
English and French	550	215	330
English and non-official language(s)	2,650	1,355	1,295
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	30	20
Multiple non-official languages	30	15	15
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	52,540	27,530	25,010
Single responses	51,905	27,220	24,680
Official languages	50,925	26,765	24,160
English	50,700	26,700	23,995
French	225	65	160
Non-official languages	980	460	525
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	980	460	525
Afro-Asiatic languages	30	20	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	30	20	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	20	20	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	50	10	35
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	35	10	30
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	10	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	175	70	105
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	10	0	0
Tamil	165	65	100
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	340	185	160
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	15	10	10
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	15	10	10
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	10	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	275	155	125
Indo-Aryan languages	260	140	115
Bengali	35	0	30
Gujarati	100	50	50
Hindi	15	15	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	60	50	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	50	20	25
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	15	15	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	15	10	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	40	15	30
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	35	15	20
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	10	0	0
American Sign Language	10	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	350	160	185
Chinese languages	345	160	185
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	200	95	110
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	140	70	75
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	635	310	330
English and French	150	40	110
English and non-official language(s)	465	260	200
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	25	0	15
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	52,540	27,530	25,010
None	49,810	26,175	23,640
English	555	250	305
French	325	155	170
Non-official language	1,465	770	695
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,465	770	695
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	55	25	30
French and non-official language(s)	30	25	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	295	130	165
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	41,920	22,270	19,655
Worked at home	10,155	4,910	5,250
Worked outside Canada	150	120	30
No fixed workplace address	5,580	4,080	1,495
Usual place of work	26,035	13,155	12,880
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	26,035	13,155	12,875
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	21,465	10,020	11,445
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0	0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	4,545	3,120	1,425
Commute to a different province or territory	30	20	0
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	31,615	17,240	14,375
Car, truck or van	21,190	12,910	8,285
Car, truck or van - as a driver	18,185	12,150	6,035
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,010	760	2,250
Public transit	8,680	3,625	5,060
Walked	950	365	585
Bicycle	90	80	10
Other method	690	260	430
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	31,615	17,240	14,375
Less than 15 minutes	4,700	2,060	2,640
15 to 29 minutes	8,990	4,860	4,125
30 to 44 minutes	8,430	5,110	3,320
45 to 59 minutes	3,780	2,150	1,630
60 minutes and over	5,710	3,050	2,660
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	31,615	17,240	14,375
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,150	1,415	735
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	4,585	2,660	1,925
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	6,370	3,250	3,125
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	5,490	2,755	2,730
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,115	2,480	2,635
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,900	4,675	3,220
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	21,035	10,780	10,255
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,820	935	890
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	19,215	9,850	9,370
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	15,510	7,985	7,530
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,485	755	730
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,030	515	515
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	455	240	215
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,025	7,230	6,800

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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