Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Scarborough NorthMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	94,717	...	...
Population, 2016¹	98,800	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	- 4.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	30,674	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	29,482	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	3,119.1	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	30.37	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	94,715	45,930	48,785
0 to 14 years	13,070	6,735	6,335
0 to 4 years	3,780	1,980	1,795
5 to 9 years	4,565	2,335	2,225
10 to 14 years	4,730	2,415	2,310
15 to 64 years	62,160	30,345	31,820
15 to 19 years	4,885	2,480	2,400
20 to 24 years	6,685	3,480	3,210
25 to 29 years	7,200	3,815	3,390
30 to 34 years	6,420	3,250	3,170
35 to 39 years	5,715	2,750	2,965
40 to 44 years	5,200	2,410	2,790
45 to 49 years	5,390	2,490	2,900
50 to 54 years	6,275	2,805	3,470
55 to 59 years	7,485	3,530	3,955
60 to 64 years	6,905	3,335	3,570
65 years and over	19,485	8,850	10,630
65 to 69 years	5,990	2,810	3,180
70 to 74 years	5,120	2,430	2,685
75 to 79 years	3,275	1,505	1,770
80 to 84 years	2,450	1,065	1,380
85 years and over	2,655	1,035	1,610
85 to 89 years	1,515	645	870
90 to 94 years	835	295	545
95 to 99 years	245	90	150
100 years and over	55	10	45
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13.8	14.7	13.0
15 to 64 years	65.6	66.1	65.2
65 years and over	20.6	19.3	21.8
85 years and over	2.8	2.3	3.3
Average age of the population	43.3	42.0	44.4
Median age of the population	43.2	40.8	45.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	29,485	...	...
Single-detached house	11,740	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,560	...	...
Row house	4,570	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	2,320	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	1,470	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	6,640	...	...
Other single-attached house	180	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	29,480	...	...
1 person	4,440	...	...
2 persons	7,820	...	...
3 persons	6,000	...	...
4 persons	5,460	...	...
5 or more persons	5,760	...	...
Number of persons in private households	93,835	45,615	48,230
Average household size	3.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	81,650	39,195	42,450
Married or living common-law	44,375	22,125	22,250
Married	41,960	20,920	21,035
Living common-law	2,415	1,200	1,210
Living common law - Never married	1,570	770	800
Living common law - Separated	160	90	65
Living common law - Divorced	635	320	320
Living common law - Widowed	45	20	25
Not married and not living common-law	37,275	17,070	20,200
Not married and not living common law - Never married	26,000	13,605	12,400
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,825	755	1,065
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	4,840	1,830	3,010
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,615	885	3,725
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	26,490	...	...
2 persons	11,275	...	...
3 persons	6,945	...	...
4 persons	5,760	...	...
5 or more persons	2,505	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	26,490	...	...
Total couple families	20,895	...	...
Married couples	19,690	...	...
With children⁶	12,470	...	...
Without children	7,225	...	...
Common-law couples	1,210	...	...
With children⁶	645	...	...
Without children	560	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,590	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,490	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,100	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	93,840	45,610	48,225
Total - Persons in census families	79,710	39,075	40,630
Married spouses or common-law partners	41,795	20,885	20,915
Parents in one-parent families	5,595	1,100	4,495
Children⁶	32,320	17,095	15,225
In a two-parent family	23,790	12,590	11,200
In a one-parent family	8,530	4,500	4,025
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	14,130	6,535	7,600
Living alone	4,440	1,820	2,620
Living with other relatives⁷	4,420	1,610	2,815
Living with non-relatives only	5,270	3,105	2,160
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	29,485	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	17,625	...	...
Couple-family households	14,265	...	...
With children⁶	9,255	...	...
Without children	5,015	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,360	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	3,185	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	775	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,080	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,370	...	...
One-person households	4,440	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	80,775	38,885	41,895
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	76,510	36,770	39,735
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,400	30,800	30,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	76,535	36,785	39,750
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	28,800	29,000	28,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	63,510	31,350	32,165
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	21,800	24,600	19,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	50,815	25,910	24,900
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	25,400	28,000	23,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	72,620	34,755	37,870
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,100	9,400	12,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,880	3,540	4,335
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	29,615	14,845	14,770
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,500	10,500	10,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	80,930	38,930	41,995
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	76,620	36,785	39,830
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,560	41,120	36,240
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	76,640	36,800	39,845
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,040	35,680	32,480
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	63,945	31,585	32,360
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,880	36,400	29,440
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	50,915	26,020	24,895
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,040	38,320	31,640
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	72,670	34,745	37,930
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,740	10,460	12,920
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	7,940	3,535	4,405
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,080	5,920	6,205
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	29,545	14,755	14,790
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,580	10,650	10,500
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	80,930	38,935	42,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	19,705	10,810	8,895
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	54,000	55,600	52,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	60,400	63,300	56,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	21,535	10,415	11,125
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	13,500	14,200	12,900
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,080	22,500	19,740
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	71.2	76.0	66.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	60.4	66.0	54.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	28.9	24.0	34.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.6	1.4	1.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	11.7	11.2	12.2
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	10.6	10.4	10.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	80,780	38,885	41,895
Without total income	4,270	2,110	2,155
With total income	76,510	36,770	39,740
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,315	3,735	4,575
$10,000 to $19,999	12,890	6,340	6,550
$20,000 to $29,999	16,550	7,875	8,675
$30,000 to $39,999	11,175	4,890	6,280
$40,000 to $49,999	8,140	3,690	4,445
$50,000 to $59,999	5,770	2,725	3,045
$60,000 to $69,999	4,060	2,040	2,015
$70,000 to $79,999	2,920	1,505	1,415
$80,000 to $89,999	2,065	1,170	895
$90,000 to $99,999	1,435	840	595
$100,000 and over	3,185	1,950	1,240
$100,000 to $149,999	2,555	1,535	1,020
$150,000 and over	635	415	220
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	80,780	38,885	41,895
Without after-tax income	4,245	2,100	2,145
With after-tax income	76,535	36,785	39,750
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,495	3,820	4,675
$10,000 to $19,999	13,395	6,615	6,780
$20,000 to $29,999	18,280	8,660	9,615
$30,000 to $39,999	12,290	5,485	6,805
$40,000 to $49,999	8,765	4,075	4,685
$50,000 to $59,999	5,705	2,775	2,925
$60,000 to $69,999	3,740	1,920	1,825
$70,000 to $79,999	2,290	1,295	995
$80,000 to $89,999	1,490	860	635
$90,000 to $99,999	815	475	335
$100,000 and over	1,260	790	475
$100,000 to $124,999	815	495	320
$125,000 and over	450	295	150
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	80,780	38,885	41,895
Without employment income	29,965	12,975	16,995
With employment income	50,810	25,910	24,900
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,065	4,435	4,630
$5,000 to $9,999	6,775	3,255	3,520
$10,000 to $19,999	6,785	3,340	3,445
$20,000 to $29,999	4,910	2,320	2,585
$30,000 to $39,999	5,135	2,480	2,650
$40,000 to $49,999	4,510	2,320	2,190
$50,000 to $59,999	3,745	1,950	1,790
$60,000 to $69,999	2,795	1,530	1,265
$70,000 to $79,999	2,035	1,135	895
$80,000 to $89,999	1,515	920	595
$90,000 to $99,999	1,180	680	495
$100,000 and over	2,375	1,530	840
$100,000 to $124,999	1,465	925	540
$125,000 and over	905	610	295
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	80,775	38,885	41,895
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	74,840	35,885	38,950
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	26,600	27,600	25,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	74,850	35,890	38,965
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	25,600	26,400	25,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	63,010	31,105	31,905
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	26,400	28,800	24,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	51,150	26,085	25,065
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	29,200	31,200	27,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	68,970	32,970	36,005
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,140	1,260	4,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,075	1,640	2,430
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,920	5,560	6,200
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	80,930	38,930	41,995
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	75,170	36,040	39,135
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,360	38,000	32,920
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	75,180	36,040	39,140
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,160	32,920	29,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	63,115	31,210	31,900
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,680	38,240	31,160
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	51,055	26,005	25,055
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,480	39,840	33,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	69,260	33,130	36,135
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,790	5,305	8,160
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,195	1,715	2,485
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,260	6,630	7,690
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	80,930	38,935	42,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	19,515	10,700	8,820
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	50,000	52,000	48,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	56,550	59,650	52,750
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	20,125	9,765	10,365
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,000	21,400	20,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,760	28,680	24,900
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	82.2	87.2	77.2
Employment income (%)	70.0	75.6	64.2
Government transfers (%)	17.7	12.8	22.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	29,485	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	4,440	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	35,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	32,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	25,040	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	29,545	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	88,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	4,420	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,160	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,040	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	25,125	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	109,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	96,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	29,485	...	...
Under $5,000	310	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	125	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	200	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	350	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,045	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	755	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	995	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,080	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	945	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,020	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,115	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,240	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,130	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,075	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	1,950	...	...
$100,000 and over	12,140	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	3,915	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,800	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,255	...	...
$200,000 and over	2,175	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	29,485	...	...
Under $5,000	340	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	130	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	200	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	385	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,105	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	820	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,075	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,180	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,075	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,175	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,515	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,555	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,470	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,315	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,080	...	...
$100,000 and over	10,070	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	3,790	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,700	...	...
$150,000 and over	3,580	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	24,650	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.4	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	5,705	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	62,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	58,400	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	13,125	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,580	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	9,710	4,925	4,780
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	27,600	26,800	28,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	26,400	25,600	27,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	24,735	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	93,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,635	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	76,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	66,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,035	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	110,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,755	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	85,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	9,520	4,820	4,695
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,560	35,640	35,480
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	31,080	30,800	31,320
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	93,840	45,610	48,230
0 to 17 years	15,875	8,140	7,735
0 to 5 years	4,620	2,420	2,200
18 to 64 years	59,245	28,870	30,370
65 years and over	18,720	8,600	10,120
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	11,020	5,245	5,775
0 to 17 years	2,245	1,155	1,090
0 to 5 years	725	390	335
18 to 64 years	5,645	2,720	2,925
65 years and over	3,125	1,370	1,755
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.7	11.5	12.0
0 to 17 years (%)	14.2	14.2	14.1
0 to 5 years (%)	15.7	16.1	15.3
18 to 64 years (%)	9.5	9.4	9.6
65 years and over (%)	16.7	16.0	17.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	93,840	45,610	48,225
0 to 17 years	15,875	8,140	7,735
0 to 5 years	4,615	2,420	2,195
18 to 64 years	59,245	28,870	30,375
65 years and over	18,720	8,600	10,120
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	7,365	3,830	3,530
0 to 17 years	1,180	615	560
0 to 5 years	365	190	170
18 to 64 years	5,165	2,770	2,400
65 years and over	1,020	450	575
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	7.9	8.4	7.3
0 to 17 years (%)	7.4	7.6	7.3
0 to 5 years (%)	7.9	8.0	7.8
18 to 64 years (%)	8.7	9.6	7.9
65 years and over (%)	5.5	5.2	5.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	93,840	45,610	48,225
In bottom half of the distribution	55,735	27,115	28,620
In bottom decile	11,260	5,675	5,585
In second decile	11,675	5,630	6,045
In third decile	11,870	5,750	6,120
In fourth decile	11,035	5,315	5,720
In fifth decile	9,880	4,740	5,140
In top half of the distribution	38,105	18,500	19,610
In sixth decile	9,280	4,490	4,785
In seventh decile	8,645	4,160	4,485
In eighth decile	8,430	4,075	4,355
In ninth decile	7,410	3,610	3,805
In top decile	4,345	2,165	2,180
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	93,840	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.286	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.448	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.256	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.3	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	94,325	45,820	48,505
English only	75,870	37,705	38,165
French only	45	20	25
English and French	3,430	1,495	1,940
Neither English nor French	14,975	6,595	8,375
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	94,325	45,820	48,505
English	78,600	38,865	39,735
French	465	215	255
English and French	535	255	280
Neither English nor French	14,720	6,490	8,235
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	94,325	45,820	48,505
Single responses	86,990	42,150	44,845
Official languages	28,655	14,300	14,355
English	28,310	14,155	14,155
French	345	145	195
Non-official languages	58,340	27,850	30,485
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	58,335	27,850	30,490
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,005	490	515
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	10	5	5
Cushitic languages	85	35	50
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	80	30	45
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	905	455	455
Amharic	90	45	50
Arabic	750	375	370
Aramaic languages	5	5	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Harari	10	5	5
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	5	5	0
Tigrigna	45	20	20
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	515	225	285
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	5
Vietnamese	505	220	285
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	4,085	1,795	2,295
Bikol	25	10	20
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	20	20
Cebuano	95	35	60
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	45	15	30
Ilocano	310	130	180
Indonesian	105	55	50
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	5	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	5	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	25	10	15
Pangasinan	15	10	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,355	1,480	1,875
Waray-Waray	10	5	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	40	10	25
Creole languages	85	40	45
Haitian Creole	15	0	10
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	5
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	35	20	15
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	10	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Dravidian languages	8,770	4,270	4,500
Kannada	35	10	20
Malayalam	410	245	165
Tamil	8,135	3,900	4,235
Telugu	195	120	80
Tulu	5	5	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	10,130	5,110	5,025
Albanian	20	10	10
Armenian	145	75	70
Balto-Slavic languages	405	205	200
Baltic languages	5	5	0
Latvian	5	0	0
Lithuanian	5	5	0
Slavic languages	400	205	195
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	10	0	5
Czech	5	5	0
Macedonian	130	65	60
Polish	90	45	40
Russian	65	35	30
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	45	20	20
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	20	10	10
Serbian	20	15	5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	5	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	5	10
Ukrainian	30	15	15
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	150	65	80
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	120	55	70
German	120	55	70
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	20	10	15
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	20	5	15
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	5
Danish	5	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	370	175	195
Indo-Iranian languages	7,825	3,985	3,840
Indo-Aryan languages	7,215	3,695	3,515
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	640	315	325
Gujarati	2,120	1,120	1,005
Hindi	740	425	310
Kacchi	80	45	30
Kashmiri	5	0	5
Konkani	30	15	15
Marathi	60	30	25
Nepali	30	15	20
Oriya languages	10	5	0
Odia	10	5	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,040	540	495
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	10	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	195	95	105
Urdu	2,245	1,085	1,165
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Iranian languages	605	280	320
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	20	10	5
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	160	75	85
Persian languages	425	195	235
Dari	310	135	175
Iranian Persian	85	45	40
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30	15	15
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,210	590	620
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	320	165	150
Portuguese	160	85	80
Romanian	60	25	35
Spanish	665	315	355
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Japanese	65	20	45
Korean	205	105	100
Mongolian	5	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	215	95	120
Akan (Twi)	40	20	20
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	5	0	5
Éwé	5	0	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	5	0	5
Ganda	10	5	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	5	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	5	5	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	5	5	5
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	5	5	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	30	15	15
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	65	25	40
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	20	10	10
American Sign Language	20	10	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	33,015	15,575	17,435
Chinese languages	32,950	15,545	17,405
Hakka	655	305	355
Mandarin	11,635	5,715	5,915
Min Dong	150	75	75
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	415	185	225
Wu (Shanghainese)	155	75	75
Yue (Cantonese)	19,760	9,100	10,655
Chinese, n.o.s.	175	75	100
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	60	30	30
Burmese	30	15	15
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	35	15	20
Lao	10	10	5
Thai	15	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Turkic languages	65	30	30
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	50	25	25
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	5	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	120	50	65
Estonian	45	20	25
Finnish	10	5	5
Hungarian	65	30	35
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	7,330	3,670	3,665
English and French	140	65	70
English and non-official language(s)	6,495	3,270	3,225
French and non-official language(s)	85	50	35
English, French and non-official language(s)	115	50	70
Multiple non-official languages	500	240	260
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	94,325	45,820	48,505
English	27,945	13,910	14,035
French	115	50	60
Non-official language	27,285	12,755	14,530
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	27,285	12,755	14,530
English and French	405	190	215
English and non-official language(s)	34,585	17,070	17,515
French and non-official language(s)	35	15	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	805	350	455
Multiple non-official languages	3,165	1,480	1,680
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	94,325	45,820	48,505
Single responses	84,705	41,155	43,550
Official languages	38,760	19,220	19,540
English	38,545	19,120	19,420
French	210	100	115
Non-official languages	45,945	21,940	24,005
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	45,945	21,940	24,005
Afro-Asiatic languages	585	280	300
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	20	10	15
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	20	10	15
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	565	275	285
Amharic	40	20	25
Arabic	480	240	240
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	5	5	5
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	25	10	15
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	315	135	175
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	0
Vietnamese	305	135	175
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,375	1,060	1,320
Bikol	5	0	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	5
Cebuano	60	30	35
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	5	5
Ilocano	170	80	95
Indonesian	55	25	25
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	5	15
Pangasinan	5	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,010	890	1,125
Waray-Waray	15	10	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Creole languages	55	30	30
Haitian Creole	5	5	5
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	30	15	15
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	10	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	6,980	3,405	3,575
Kannada	20	10	15
Malayalam	265	165	100
Tamil	6,550	3,145	3,405
Telugu	145	90	60
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	6,515	3,260	3,260
Albanian	10	5	5
Armenian	110	55	55
Balto-Slavic languages	245	115	130
Baltic languages	0	0	5
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	240	110	130
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	75	40	40
Polish	40	20	20
Russian	40	20	20
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	15	5	10
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	5	0	0
Serbian	5	5	5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	5	0
Ukrainian	55	20	35
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	20	5	10
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	15	5	10
German	15	5	10
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	195	90	105
Indo-Iranian languages	5,320	2,695	2,620
Indo-Aryan languages	4,915	2,515	2,400
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	430	205	225
Gujarati	1,485	790	695
Hindi	485	275	215
Kacchi	45	25	20
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	10	5	0
Marathi	35	20	20
Nepali	20	10	10
Oriya languages	5	5	0
Odia	5	5	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	775	400	375
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	145	75	65
Urdu	1,460	690	765
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Iranian languages	410	185	225
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	10	5	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	115	55	55
Persian languages	280	115	160
Dari	215	90	125
Iranian Persian	50	20	25
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	5	10
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	625	290	335
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	130	55	70
Portuguese	75	30	40
Romanian	45	20	20
Spanish	380	180	200
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	30	20	15
Korean	150	75	75
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	75	30	40
Akan (Twi)	20	15	15
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	5	0	0
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	15	5	15
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	30	25	10
American Sign Language	30	20	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	28,720	13,580	15,145
Chinese languages	28,685	13,560	15,125
Hakka	405	185	215
Mandarin	10,300	5,155	5,150
Min Dong	110	50	60
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	220	95	125
Wu (Shanghainese)	115	55	55
Yue (Cantonese)	17,290	7,915	9,375
Chinese, n.o.s.	240	100	135
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	35	20	15
Burmese	25	10	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	5	10
Lao	5	5	5
Thai	5	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Turkic languages	40	15	20
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	35	15	20
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	45	25	20
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	5	0
Hungarian	45	20	20
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	9,625	4,670	4,960
English and French	95	35	60
English and non-official language(s)	9,210	4,485	4,725
French and non-official language(s)	25	15	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	80	40	40
Multiple non-official languages	210	95	115
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	94,325	45,820	48,505
None	63,270	30,540	32,730
English	13,285	6,615	6,670
French	485	225	255
Non-official language	13,035	6,405	6,635
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5
Non-Indigenous	13,030	6,400	6,630
English and French	115	60	55
English and non-official language(s)	2,385	1,160	1,225
French and non-official language(s)	320	130	195
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	10	15
Multiple non-official languages	1,415	685	735
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	94,025	45,725	48,300
Official languages	79,115	39,240	39,875
English	79,050	39,210	39,840
French	3,515	1,600	1,925
Non-official languages	71,570	34,525	37,045
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	0	20
Algonquian languages	20	0	20
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	71,555	34,520	37,030
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,680	830	850
Berber languages	30	20	10
Kabyle	30	20	10
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	15	0	10
Cushitic languages	175	75	100
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	170	75	95
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,555	775	780
Amharic	205	90	115
Arabic	1,320	655	665
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	30	15	15
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	75	35	40
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	935	465	470
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	10	10
Vietnamese	915	450	465
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	5,490	2,440	3,050
Bikol	45	15	30
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	10	0
Cebuano	155	60	95
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	115	50	70
Ilocano	390	200	190
Indonesian	165	90	70
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	65	30	35
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	90	25	60
Pangasinan	35	15	20
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	5,110	2,235	2,875
Waray-Waray	45	15	40
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30
Creole languages	315	155	165
Haitian Creole	50	30	25
Jamaican English Creole	55	30	25
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	70	35	35
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	90	40	50
Creole languages, n.i.e.	50	15	30
Dravidian languages	11,595	5,730	5,865
Kannada	80	45	40
Malayalam	620	325	300
Tamil	10,690	5,280	5,410
Telugu	420	210	210
Tulu	20	20	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	15,510	7,795	7,715
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	235	130	105
Balto-Slavic languages	515	270	245
Baltic languages	20	15	0
Latvian	10	0	0
Lithuanian	10	10	0
Slavic languages	500	265	235
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	10	0	0
Czech	20	20	0
Macedonian	120	65	55
Polish	85	40	45
Russian	165	85	85
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	80	45	35
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	45	20	25
Serbian	60	40	20
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	0
Ukrainian	70	30	35
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	295	145	150
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	265	135	130
German	265	135	130
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	40	25	15
Afrikaans	15	0	10
Dutch	20	15	10
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	650	300	350
Indo-Iranian languages	12,150	6,185	5,965
Indo-Aryan languages	11,535	5,910	5,625
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	1,025	500	525
Gujarati	3,255	1,720	1,530
Hindi	4,660	2,400	2,265
Kacchi	135	65	70
Kashmiri	15	0	15
Konkani	55	30	25
Marathi	255	130	120
Nepali	85	35	50
Oriya languages	25	15	10
Odia	25	15	10
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,820	945	880
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	50	15	35
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	530	295	240
Urdu	4,065	2,045	2,020
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	25	10
Iranian languages	810	375	440
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	20	15	10
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	245	120	125
Persian languages	615	265	355
Dari	445	175	265
Iranian Persian	165	85	85
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,960	935	1,020
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	465	250	215
Portuguese	205	95	115
Romanian	135	60	75
Spanish	1,205	555	650
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	190	95	95
Korean	230	115	115
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	710	355	365
Akan (Twi)	80	30	45
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	20	10	10
Gikuyu	35	15	20
Igbo	65	40	25
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	70	40	25
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	20	15	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	10	10
Shona	45	20	20
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	220	120	100
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	120	35	85
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	75	45	30
Nilo-Saharan languages	30	0	20
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	30	0	20
African, n.o.s.	35	20	15
Sign languages	105	40	65
American Sign Language	100	40	60
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	37,440	17,895	19,540
Chinese languages	37,340	17,845	19,490
Hakka	920	465	455
Mandarin	19,410	9,300	10,115
Min Dong	225	105	115
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	690	330	360
Wu (Shanghainese)	215	100	115
Yue (Cantonese)	23,495	11,000	12,500
Chinese, n.o.s.	205	95	105
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	110	50	60
Burmese	50	25	20
Kuki-Chin languages	10	0	10
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20	0	10
Tai-Kadai languages	75	40	35
Lao	20	10	10
Thai	30	20	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Turkic languages	140	65	75
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	125	55	65
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	10	0	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	125	60	65
Estonian	30	10	20
Finnish	15	0	10
Hungarian	80	45	35
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	94,025	45,725	48,300
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	235	95	135
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	230	95	135
First Nations (North American Indian)	90	30	65
Métis	130	65	65
Inuk (Inuit)	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	0	0	0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	10	0	0
Non-Indigenous identity	93,790	45,625	48,165
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	94,025	45,725	48,300
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	35	10	25
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	93,990	45,720	48,275
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	29,545	...	...
Owner	23,465	...	...
Renter	6,085	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	29,545	...	...
Condominium	8,130	...	...
Not condominium	21,420	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	29,545	...	...
No bedrooms	155	...	...
1 bedroom	2,350	...	...
2 bedrooms	5,985	...	...
3 bedrooms	9,570	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	11,485	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	29,545	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	9,340	...	...
5 rooms	5,150	...	...
6 rooms	4,975	...	...
7 rooms	3,805	...	...
8 or more rooms	6,280	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	29,545	...	...
One person or fewer per room	27,090	...	...
More than one person per room	2,455	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	29,545	...	...
Suitable	25,415	...	...
Not suitable	4,135	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	29,545	...	...
1960 or before	1,435	...	...
1961 to 1980	11,630	...	...
1981 to 1990	8,150	...	...
1991 to 2000	3,365	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,585	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,120	...	...
2011 to 2015	670	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	600	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	29,545	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	27,900	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,650	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	29,545	...	...
One-maintainer household	13,020	...	...
Two-maintainer household	12,170	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	4,350	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	29,545	...	...
15 to 24 years	410	...	...
25 to 34 years	2,405	...	...
35 to 44 years	4,140	...	...
45 to 54 years	5,640	...	...
55 to 64 years	7,300	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,700	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,845	...	...
85 years and over	1,095	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	29,405	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	20,660	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	8,750	...	...
30% to less than 100%	7,870	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	29,545	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	12,910	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	7,405	...	...
Not suitable only	3,060	...	...
Major repairs needed only	900	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	800	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	475	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	210	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	65	...	...
Acceptable housing	16,635	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	28,525	...	...
In core need	5,275	...	...
Not in core need	23,250	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	23,460	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	56.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	28.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	15.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,470	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,636	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	800,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	805,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	6,080	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	33.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	29.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,420	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,408	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	94,025	45,725	48,300
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	50	25	25
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	50	25	25
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	10	0	10
Métis single ancestry	40	20	15
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	215	85	135
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	215	85	135
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	150	45	110
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60	35	20
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	93,755	45,620	48,140
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	94,025	45,725	48,300
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	75,860	36,695	39,165
Canadian citizens aged under 18	14,380	7,540	6,845
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	61,480	29,160	32,320
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	18,165	9,030	9,130
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	94,025	45,725	48,300
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	28,855	14,830	14,020
Immigrants⁸¹	60,740	28,435	32,310
Before 1980	7,350	3,480	3,870
1980 to 1990	8,505	3,895	4,605
1991 to 2000	17,390	8,085	9,305
2001 to 2010	15,665	7,525	8,140
2011 to 2021⁸²	11,835	5,450	6,390
2011 to 2015	5,785	2,660	3,130
2016 to 2021	6,050	2,790	3,260
Non-permanent residents⁸³	4,430	2,465	1,970
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	60,740	28,430	32,310
Under 5 years	2,950	1,520	1,425
5 to 14 years	7,330	3,870	3,455
15 to 24 years	11,280	5,040	6,235
25 to 44 years	29,800	13,740	16,060
45 years and over	9,390	4,255	5,135
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	60,740	28,430	32,310
Americas	6,585	2,820	3,765
Brazil	10	10	0
Colombia	55	30	25
El Salvador	35	20	20
Guyana	1,810	810	1,000
Haiti	40	20	20
Jamaica	2,145	840	1,305
Mexico	110	50	55
Peru	55	25	35
Trinidad and Tobago	910	395	515
United States of America	265	125	135
Other places of birth in Americas	1,150	505	640
Europe	1,910	1,000	915
Bosnia and Herzegovina	10	0	0
Croatia	0	0	0
France	15	10	10
Germany	130	60	75
Greece	350	190	160
Hungary	45	15	30
Italy	320	190	130
Netherlands	10	10	0
Poland	75	35	40
Portugal	75	35	35
Romania	130	60	70
Russian Federation	35	20	20
Serbia⁸⁶	30	10	15
Ukraine	55	35	20
United Kingdom⁸⁷	470	255	215
Other places of birth in Europe	160	80	80
Africa	1,700	800	900
Algeria	75	35	45
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	35	25	10
Egypt	160	75	85
Eritrea	40	20	15
Ethiopia	160	70	90
Morocco	25	0	20
Nigeria	95	50	45
Somalia	95	30	60
South Africa, Republic of	95	45	45
Other places of birth in Africa	925	445	480
Asia	50,475	23,770	26,710
Afghanistan	330	115	210
Iran⁸⁸	125	70	60
Iraq	175	80	90
Lebanon	110	50	65
Syria⁸⁹	170	85	85
Turkey	60	35	25
China⁹⁰	20,425	9,530	10,895
Hong Kong⁹¹	5,555	2,580	2,975
Korea, South⁹²	160	90	65
Taiwan	405	150	255
Philippines	5,120	2,310	2,810
Viet Nam	1,345	625	725
Bangladesh	695	350	345
India	5,530	2,740	2,785
Pakistan	1,680	845	835
Sri Lanka	7,090	3,400	3,690
Other places of birth in Asia	1,505	705	800
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	70	40	25
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	6,050	2,790	3,260
Americas	375	170	205
Brazil	0	0	0
Colombia	10	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	105	50	55
Mexico	0	0	0
United States of America	60	20	40
Venezuela⁹⁵	10	0	10
Other places of birth in Americas	165	75	90
Europe	65	30	35
France	10	0	10
Germany	0	0	0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
Italy	0	0	0
Russian Federation	0	0	0
Ukraine	0	0	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	10	10	0
Other places of birth in Europe	40	20	25
Africa	135	75	65
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	10	0	0
Eritrea	10	0	0
Ethiopia	10	10	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	35	20	20
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	40	15	20
Asia	5,475	2,515	2,955
Afghanistan	75	25	50
Bangladesh	220	115	105
China⁹⁰	2,310	1,020	1,290
Hong Kong⁹¹	55	30	30
India	1,450	745	705
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0
Iraq	50	15	30
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	10	0	10
Jordan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	10	10	0
Lebanon	0	0	0
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	130	45	80
Philippines	405	170	230
Saudi Arabia	30	20	10
Sri Lanka	380	155	225
Syria⁸⁹	130	60	70
Turkey	50	25	25
United Arab Emirates	10	0	10
Viet Nam	60	35	25
Other places of birth in Asia	60	20	40
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0
Australia	0	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	94,025	45,725	48,300
First generation¹⁰⁰	65,980	31,315	34,665
Second generation¹⁰¹	23,960	12,350	11,615
Third generation or more¹⁰²	4,085	2,065	2,020
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	53,390	24,955	28,440
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	20,685	10,215	10,470
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	9,415	5,755	3,660
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	11,270	4,460	6,810
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	21,400	8,665	12,735
Refugees¹⁰⁸	9,520	5,220	4,300
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,790	850	930
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	53,390	24,955	28,440
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	6,610	3,765	2,850
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,495	1,750	1,745
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	830	480	350
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,875	860	1,015
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	255	95	160
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	40,325	18,005	22,325
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	94,025	45,725	48,300
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	86,680	42,045	44,635
South Asian	25,185	12,665	12,525
Chinese	39,710	19,205	20,500
Black	7,735	3,400	4,340
Filipino	6,375	2,995	3,380
Arab	705	355	350
Latin American	920	435	480
Southeast Asian	950	500	450
West Asian	710	300	405
Korean	200	115	85
Japanese	120	65	55
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,330	615	710
Multiple visible minorities	2,735	1,390	1,345
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	7,345	3,680	3,670
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	94,025	45,725	48,300
Canadian	3,485	1,940	1,550
English	1,580	750	830
Irish	1,250	560	690
Scottish	1,410	700	700
French, n.o.s.¹²²	530	225	305
German	635	325	305
Chinese	37,015	17,990	19,025
Italian	855	505	350
Indian (India)	8,580	4,310	4,270
Ukrainian	270	110	165
Dutch	160	95	60
Polish	305	130	170
Québécois	0	0	0
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	530	280	250
Filipino	6,090	2,835	3,255
French Canadian	145	65	80
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	265	105	155
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	75	25	50
Métis	100	55	35
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	235	130	105
Russian	150	75	70
Norwegian	35	15	20
Welsh	125	65	60
Portuguese	535	235	300
American	120	70	50
Spanish	745	325	420
Swedish	70	30	40
Hungarian	115	55	65
Acadian	85	35	45
Pakistani	1,885	930	955
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,510	665	845
Jewish	90	50	30
Punjabi	655	350	305
Vietnamese	1,035	515	515
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	410	195	215
Greek	850	435	420
Jamaican	2,530	1,125	1,400
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,560	1,235	1,320
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	10	0	10
Korean	225	140	85
Romanian	155	75	90
Lebanese	115	65	50
Iranian	190	80	105
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	540	240	300
Danish	20	10	10
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	10	0	10
Sikh	265	125	140
Austrian	55	25	30
Belgian	10	0	10
Haitian	45	25	15
Hindu	1,850	940	910
Mexican	160	70	90
Mennonite	0	0	0
Swiss	0	0	0
Finnish	25	10	10
Sri Lankan	5,895	2,905	2,990
Croatian	20	0	15
Japanese	185	80	105
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,550	770	785
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	40	10	30
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	30	10	20
Muslim	710	315	395
Egyptian	220	100	120
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	245	100	145
Tamil	5,435	2,725	2,715
Icelandic	0	0	0
Colombian	130	55	75
Moroccan	35	10	25
Czech	40	20	15
Syrian	175	85	90
Guyanese	1,330	565	765
Afghan	495	210	280
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	735	280	455
Serbian	50	20	30
Ojibway	10	0	10
Newfoundlander	45	15	30
Hong Konger	1,740	835	905
Ontarian	125	40	85
Persian	100	55	40
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	755	350	405
Turkish	110	50	60
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0	0	0
Bangladeshi	600	300	300
Algerian	95	45	50
Brazilian	15	0	10
Nigerian	205	120	85
Armenian	235	130	105
Slovak	0	0	0
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	15	0	15
Somali	210	105	115
Taiwanese	310	130	180
Iraqi	95	55	40
Salvadorean	60	25	35
African Caribbean	655	270	380
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	995	495	500
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	120	55	60
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	495	200	295
Algonquin	0	0	0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	595	265	325
Lithuanian	0	0	0
South African	90	65	25
Australian	0	0	0
Palestinian	55	20	30
Chilean	0	0	0
Congolese	35	30	15
Nova Scotian	20	15	0
Ethiopian	125	60	65
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	80	50	30
Peruvian	55	30	20
Yoruba	65	20	45
Cambodian (Khmer)	30	20	10
Berber	60	25	35
Albanian	0	0	0
Maltese	30	15	15
Macedonian	145	90	55
Slovenian	10	10	0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	25	10	10
New Brunswicker	0	0	0
Gujarati	400	215	185
Eritrean	135	70	65
African Canadian	165	75	95
Israeli	0	0	0
Mohawk	10	0	10
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	10	0	10
Bulgarian	10	0	10
Albertan	0	0	0
Ghanaian	105	45	60
Barbadian	280	115	165
African American	165	60	100
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	0	0	0
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	20	0	15
Cuban	105	55	50
Bosnian	0	0	0
Venezuelan	15	10	10
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	15	0	15
Bengali	305	155	155
Cameroonian	50	30	25
Guatemalan	30	0	25
Indonesian	125	85	40
Laotian	20	10	10
Ilocano	275	155	120
Northern Irish	25	15	10
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	50	25	20
British Columbian	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	35	25	15
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0
Argentinian	0	0	0
Estonian	30	0	20
Kurdish	10	10	0
Fijian	0	0	0
Jatt	0	0	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	0	0	0
Coptic	75	30	45
Thai	15	15	0
Dominican	30	0	25
Nepali	50	35	25
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	60	35	30
Byelorussian	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	0	0	0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0
New Zealander	0	0	0
Sudanese	120	50	70
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0
Malaysian	165	95	65
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0
Buddhist	255	120	135
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	0	0	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	30	10	20
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	20	15	10
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	60	25	30
Mauritian	75	35	35
Kenyan	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	140	50	90
Jordanian	0	0	0
Manitoban	0	0	0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	180	85	95
Malayali	30	15	15
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	105	45	55
Mayan	0	0	0
Honduran	0	0	0
Cherokee	0	0	0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	115	40	75
Flemish	0	0	0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	25	0	20
Sicilian	0	0	0
Pashtun	170	90	75
Malay	45	20	20
Goan	100	40	60
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	10	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0
Burmese	50	20	30
Mongolian	10	0	0
Azorean	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	200	75	125
Ugandan	50	15	35
Oromo	15	15	0
Tanzanian	40	25	15
Yemeni	0	0	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	15	10	10
Basque	0	0	0
Uruguayan	0	0	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	15	0	10
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	35	20	20
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	10	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	45	25	20
Roma	55	40	15
Costa Rican	0	0	0
African Nova Scotian	40	0	30
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	35	15	20
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	20	10	10
Amhara	50	20	30
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	94,025	45,725	48,300
Buddhist	4,255	1,830	2,425
Christian	31,075	14,420	16,660
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	8,005	3,580	4,425
Anabaptist	0	0	0
Anglican	1,335	540	800
Baptist	1,015	430	585
Catholic	15,160	7,350	7,805
Christian Orthodox	1,405	670	730
Jehovah's Witness	210	60	150
Latter Day Saints	45	25	25
Lutheran	135	55	75
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	255	120	135
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,160	505	660
Presbyterian	395	190	205
Reformed	10	0	10
United Church	525	235	290
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,385	635	750
Hindu	13,840	6,870	6,975
Jewish	60	35	25
Muslim	8,605	4,265	4,340
Sikh	1,120	535	585
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	630	295	330
No religion and secular perspectives	34,440	17,485	16,955
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	93,415	45,405	48,010
Non-movers	85,200	41,375	43,825
Movers	8,210	4,025	4,185
Non-migrants	6,180	3,070	3,110
Migrants	2,030	955	1,075
Internal migrants	1,035	495	535
Intraprovincial migrants	875	425	450
Interprovincial migrants	165	75	85
External migrants	995	460	535
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	90,255	43,815	46,445
Non-movers	64,475	30,860	33,615
Movers	25,785	12,955	12,830
Non-migrants	14,865	7,405	7,455
Migrants	10,925	5,550	5,375
Internal migrants	4,420	2,335	2,085
Intraprovincial migrants	3,695	1,940	1,755
Interprovincial migrants	725	395	330
External migrants	6,505	3,215	3,290
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	80,930	38,935	42,000
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	18,280	8,415	9,870
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	62,650	30,520	32,130
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	50,595	24,445	26,145
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	9,155	4,450	4,700
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	41,440	19,990	21,450
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	80,930	38,930	41,995
No certificate, diploma or degree	17,560	8,060	9,500
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	23,610	11,955	11,650
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	39,765	18,920	20,850
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	18,105	8,500	9,605
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,660	1,585	1,070
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,565	870	695
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,090	720	370
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,975	5,840	7,135
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,470	1,075	1,395
Bachelor's degree or higher	21,660	10,415	11,245
Bachelor's degree	15,905	7,540	8,365
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,280	645	640
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	415	160	260
Master's degree	3,675	1,820	1,855
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	380	255	125
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	50,595	24,445	26,150
No certificate, diploma or degree	8,750	4,290	4,460
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	13,055	6,790	6,265
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	28,785	13,360	15,420
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	12,455	5,650	6,805
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	1,595	910	685
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	990	520	465
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	610	390	215
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,250	4,090	5,160
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,610	645	960
Bachelor's degree or higher	16,335	7,715	8,615
Bachelor's degree	11,675	5,490	6,180
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	955	455	500
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	330	130	200
Master's degree	3,070	1,450	1,615
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	305	190	115
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	80,925	38,930	42,000
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	41,165	20,010	21,150
Education	1,625	310	1,315
13. Education	1,625	310	1,315
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,165	575	590
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	155	110	45
50. Visual and performing arts	1,015	465	550
Humanities	1,830	560	1,265
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	300	70	225
23. English language and literature/letters	370	110	265
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	710	215	490
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	30	15	15
38. Philosophy and religious studies	110	45	65
39. Theology and religious vocations	95	65	35
54. History	165	35	130
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	50	10	40
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,110	1,305	2,805
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	45	0	40
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	415	180	235
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	950	120	825
22. Legal professions and studies	505	180	325
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	65	10	50
42. Psychology	545	125	425
45. Social sciences	1,590	680	910
Business, management and public administration	10,910	4,555	6,360
30.16 Accounting and computer science	30	0	25
44. Public administration and social service professions	545	135	415
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,340	4,420	5,925
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,330	1,100	1,230
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	985	390	590
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	655	270	385
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	65	20	50
40. Physical sciences	540	370	175
41. Science technologies/technicians	80	50	30
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,385	2,185	1,195
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,675	1,855	820
25. Library science	65	15	50
27. Mathematics and statistics	565	290	280
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	75	30	45
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,595	6,505	1,090
04. Architecture and related services	295	195	100
14. Engineering	3,405	2,755	645
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,840	1,575	260
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	715	710	10
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	995	940	55
48. Precision production	350	325	25
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	450	220	230
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	300	135	165
03. Natural resources and conservation	150	85	65
Health and related fields	5,040	990	4,045
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	205	120	85
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,765	860	3,910
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	65	15	45
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,330	610	720
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	935	330	600
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	235	150	80
49. Transportation and materials moving	155	125	35
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	50,595	24,445	26,150
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	21,805	11,085	10,725
Education	1,045	180	865
13. Education	1,045	180	865
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	885	440	450
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	110	70	40
50. Visual and performing arts	775	370	410
Humanities	1,145	330	810
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	190	45	140
23. English language and literature/letters	235	45	185
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	410	130	280
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	10	0	10
38. Philosophy and religious studies	85	40	50
39. Theology and religious vocations	70	40	25
54. History	120	25	90
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	30	0	25
Social and behavioural sciences and law	2,990	900	2,090
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	35	0	30
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	310	135	175
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	665	65	600
22. Legal professions and studies	415	135	280
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	40	10	30
42. Psychology	400	80	315
45. Social sciences	1,130	475	660
Business, management and public administration	8,230	3,310	4,920
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	0	25
44. Public administration and social service professions	415	75	340
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	7,790	3,230	4,560
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,645	760	880
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	740	300	435
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	495	205	285
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	30	0	25
40. Physical sciences	355	230	120
41. Science technologies/technicians	30	20	15
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,705	1,780	925
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,230	1,560	670
25. Library science	45	10	35
27. Mathematics and statistics	365	190	180
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	60	15	45
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	5,120	4,275	840
04. Architecture and related services	190	110	75
14. Engineering	2,455	1,940	520
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,175	985	190
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	465	455	10
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	625	580	45
48. Precision production	220	205	10
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	330	160	170
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	190	80	110
03. Natural resources and conservation	135	75	65
Health and related fields	3,730	765	2,965
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	130	80	45
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	3,555	670	2,885
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	45	20	25
Personal, protective and transportation services	955	460	500
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	650	230	415
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	200	125	70
49. Transportation and materials moving	105	90	15
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	50,595	24,445	26,150
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	21,805	11,085	10,725
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	28,785	13,360	15,425
Location of study inside Canada	17,315	8,140	9,175
Same as province or territory of residence	16,730	7,855	8,875
Different than province or territory of residence	585	285	300
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	11,470	5,220	6,250
Americas	985	475	515
United States of America	500	230	265
Mexico	45	35	10
Cuba	20	10	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	145	70	75
Brazil	10	10	0
Colombia	50	20	30
Peru	0	0	0
Venezuela⁹⁵	10	10	0
Other locations of study in Americas	190	95	95
Europe	570	335	235
Belgium	0	0	0
France	30	20	10
Germany	35	20	15
Netherlands	10	10	0
Switzerland	0	0	0
Hungary	25	20	0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	10	0	0
Romania	40	15	20
Russian Federation	40	25	15
Ukraine	25	0	15
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	330	200	135
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Italy	0	0	0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Europe	20	10	10
Africa	340	140	200
Nigeria	85	25	65
Algeria	35	10	25
Morocco	10	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	50	25	25
South Africa, Republic of	35	15	25
Other locations of study in Africa	120	65	60
Asia	9,495	4,235	5,265
Iran⁸⁸	30	15	15
Iraq	25	20	10
Israel	0	0	0
Lebanon	20	10	10
Syria⁸⁹	35	20	15
Turkey	30	20	10
China⁹⁰	2,710	1,230	1,480
Taiwan	105	35	75
Hong Kong⁹¹	375	150	225
Japan	55	20	35
Korea, South⁹²	50	20	30
Philippines	1,810	700	1,110
Viet Nam	45	20	25
Bangladesh	290	120	170
Sri Lanka	620	255	365
India	2,565	1,275	1,290
Pakistan	500	245	260
Other locations of study in Asia	230	100	130
Oceania	80	40	40
Australia	70	40	30
New Zealand	10	0	10
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	80,930	38,930	41,995
In the labour force	45,490	23,630	21,860
Employed	37,745	19,750	17,995
Unemployed	7,745	3,880	3,865
Not in the labour force	35,440	15,300	20,145
Participation rate	56.2	60.7	52.1
Employment rate	46.6	50.7	42.9
Unemployment rate	17.0	16.4	17.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	80,925	38,930	42,000
Did not work¹⁸⁶	37,375	16,510	20,860
Worked	43,550	22,420	21,140
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	20,485	11,225	9,260
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	23,065	11,190	11,880
Average weeks worked in reference year	38.0	38.8	37.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	45,490	23,630	21,855
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,295	1,235	1,055
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	43,195	22,400	20,800
Employee	37,465	18,640	18,825
Permanent position	30,385	15,385	15,000
Temporary position	7,080	3,260	3,820
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,860	1,325	1,530
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,225	1,930	2,290
Self-employed¹⁹²	5,730	3,755	1,980
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	45,490	23,630	21,855
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,295	1,235	1,055
All occupations¹⁹¹	43,195	22,400	20,800
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	145	105	40
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	7,740	2,820	4,920
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	4,195	3,155	1,040
3 Health occupations	2,960	610	2,350
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	3,590	995	2,595
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	850	370	475
6 Sales and service occupations	12,920	6,465	6,460
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	6,415	5,760	660
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	175	150	25
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	4,195	1,965	2,230
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	45,490	23,630	21,855
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,295	1,235	1,055
All industries¹⁹¹	43,195	22,400	20,800
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	70	35	30
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	35	30	0
22 Utilities	130	85	45
23 Construction	2,350	2,070	280
31-33 Manufacturing	5,310	3,075	2,240
41 Wholesale trade	1,865	1,140	725
44-45 Retail trade	5,145	2,725	2,415
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,345	1,855	485
51 Information and cultural industries	1,095	605	490
52 Finance and insurance	3,260	1,535	1,725
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	840	455	385
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	3,730	2,155	1,575
55 Management of companies and enterprises	140	75	70
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,555	1,395	1,155
61 Educational services	2,365	695	1,670
62 Health care and social assistance	4,655	875	3,780
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	455	225	230
72 Accommodation and food services	3,955	1,995	1,960
81 Other services (except public administration)	1,660	790	865
91 Public administration	1,250	585	665
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	48,795	25,090	23,700
English	37,255	19,370	17,885
French	85	15	70
Non-official language	5,055	2,690	2,370
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	5,055	2,690	2,370
English and French	390	155	235
English and non-official language(s)	5,330	2,540	2,795
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	35	0	30
Multiple non-official languages	635	310	320
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	48,795	25,090	23,700
Single responses	47,225	24,350	22,875
Official languages	39,945	20,580	19,370
English	39,795	20,540	19,255
French	150	35	110
Non-official languages	7,280	3,775	3,505
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	7,280	3,775	3,505
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	0	0	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	0	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	35	15	15
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	35	15	15
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	85	50	45
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	80	50	40
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	210	90	120
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	210	90	120
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	195	90	105
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	10	0	10
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	10	0	10
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	10	0	10
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	10	0	10
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	10	0	10
German	10	0	10
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	10	10	0
Indo-Iranian languages	125	60	65
Indo-Aryan languages	120	60	60
Bengali	10	0	10
Gujarati	45	30	15
Hindi	10	10	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	15	15	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	35	0	30
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	10	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	10	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	30	15	15
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	10	10	0
Spanish	15	0	10
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	25	15	10
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,725	3,515	3,205
Chinese languages	6,725	3,515	3,205
Hakka	15	10	0
Mandarin	3,200	1,690	1,510
Min Dong	10	0	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	3,460	1,790	1,670
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	15	20
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,570	745	830
English and French	105	35	70
English and non-official language(s)	1,380	670	715
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	75	35	40
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	48,795	25,090	23,700
None	43,665	22,680	20,980
English	1,335	660	680
French	230	100	135
Non-official language	2,610	1,245	1,365
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	2,610	1,245	1,365
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	385	175	220
French and non-official language(s)	25	0	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	535	235	300
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	37,745	19,750	17,995
Worked at home	9,145	4,320	4,825
Worked outside Canada	210	130	80
No fixed workplace address	4,950	3,495	1,450
Usual place of work	23,440	11,800	11,640
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	23,440	11,800	11,640
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	16,950	7,895	9,050
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0	0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	6,445	3,870	2,570
Commute to a different province or territory	50	35	15
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	28,385	15,300	13,085
Car, truck or van	21,615	12,785	8,830
Car, truck or van - as a driver	18,590	11,855	6,735
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,025	925	2,095
Public transit	5,475	2,050	3,420
Walked	625	170	455
Bicycle	125	65	60
Other method	550	235	315
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	28,385	15,300	13,085
Less than 15 minutes	4,805	2,285	2,515
15 to 29 minutes	8,960	4,545	4,410
30 to 44 minutes	7,325	4,480	2,845
45 to 59 minutes	2,895	1,705	1,195
60 minutes and over	4,400	2,280	2,120
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	28,385	15,300	13,085
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,345	890	450
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	3,695	2,165	1,530
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	5,350	2,560	2,790
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	5,820	2,960	2,855
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,655	3,620	3,035
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,525	3,105	2,420
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	16,170	8,285	7,890
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,185	595	590
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,995	7,695	7,300
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	12,090	6,145	5,945
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,015	495	515
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	760	355	405
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	255	140	110
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,075	5,645	5,430

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

Language selection

Search and menus

Search

Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Symbol legend

Note(s):

Census Profile, 2021 Census of PopulationProfile table

Add a geography

Add or remove data

Symbol legend

Source

How to cite

Note(s):

Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table