Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	ThornhillMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	115,292	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	112,719	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Total private dwellings²	43,889	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	41,843	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,839.8	...	...	1,839.8	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	62.66	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	115,295	55,675	59,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16,425	8,360	8,065	14.2	15.0	13.5
0 to 4 years	4,540	2,305	2,235	3.9	4.1	3.7
5 to 9 years	5,485	2,810	2,675	4.8	5.0	4.5
10 to 14 years	6,400	3,245	3,155	5.6	5.8	5.3
15 to 64 years	75,665	36,680	38,985	65.6	65.9	65.4
15 to 19 years	7,245	3,780	3,465	6.3	6.8	5.8
20 to 24 years	7,505	3,860	3,640	6.5	6.9	6.1
25 to 29 years	7,355	3,750	3,600	6.4	6.7	6.0
30 to 34 years	6,920	3,510	3,410	6.0	6.3	5.7
35 to 39 years	6,845	3,320	3,520	5.9	6.0	5.9
40 to 44 years	6,795	3,070	3,725	5.9	5.5	6.2
45 to 49 years	7,655	3,450	4,205	6.6	6.2	7.1
50 to 54 years	8,355	3,940	4,420	7.2	7.1	7.4
55 to 59 years	8,550	4,040	4,515	7.4	7.3	7.6
60 to 64 years	8,435	3,950	4,480	7.3	7.1	7.5
65 years and over	23,205	10,635	12,565	20.1	19.1	21.1
65 to 69 years	7,210	3,410	3,795	6.3	6.1	6.4
70 to 74 years	6,445	3,035	3,405	5.6	5.5	5.7
75 to 79 years	3,820	1,780	2,040	3.3	3.2	3.4
80 to 84 years	2,815	1,250	1,565	2.4	2.2	2.6
85 years and over	2,915	1,160	1,755	2.5	2.1	2.9
85 to 89 years	1,740	735	1,005	1.5	1.3	1.7
90 to 94 years	900	330	575	0.8	0.6	1.0
95 to 99 years	250	85	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
100 years and over	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.2	15.0	13.5	14.2	15.0	13.5
15 to 64 years	65.6	65.9	65.4	65.6	65.9	65.4
65 years and over	20.1	19.1	21.1	20.1	19.1	21.1
85 years and over	2.5	2.1	2.9	2.5	2.1	2.9
Average age of the population	43.1	42.0	44.1	43.1	42.0	44.1
Median age of the population	44.0	42.0	45.6	44.0	42.0	45.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	41,845	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	20,720	...	...	49.5	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,530	...	...	3.7	...	...
Row house	4,390	...	...	10.5	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,735	...	...	4.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	435	...	...	1.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	13,030	...	...	31.1	...	...
Other single-attached house	5	...	...	0.0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	41,845	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	8,775	...	...	21.0	...	...
2 persons	13,195	...	...	31.5	...	...
3 persons	7,790	...	...	18.6	...	...
4 persons	7,445	...	...	17.8	...	...
5 or more persons	4,635	...	...	11.1	...	...
Number of persons in private households	114,505	55,420	59,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	98,870	47,320	51,550	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	58,460	29,075	29,380	59.1	61.4	57.0
Married	54,900	27,295	27,605	55.5	57.7	53.5
Living common-law	3,555	1,780	1,780	3.6	3.8	3.5
Living common law - Never married	2,275	1,120	1,155	2.3	2.4	2.2
Living common law - Separated	175	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	995	510	485	1.0	1.1	0.9
Living common law - Widowed	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	40,410	18,240	22,165	40.9	38.5	43.0
Not married and not living common law - Never married	27,850	14,755	13,095	28.2	31.2	25.4
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,240	855	1,385	2.3	1.8	2.7
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,315	1,705	3,615	5.4	3.6	7.0
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,000	930	4,070	5.1	2.0	7.9
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	33,275	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	14,780	...	...	44.4	...	...
3 persons	8,195	...	...	24.6	...	...
4 persons	7,505	...	...	22.6	...	...
5 or more persons	2,800	...	...	8.4	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	33,275	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	28,330	...	...	85.1	...	...
Married couples	26,555	...	...	79.8	...	...
With children⁶	16,105	...	...	48.4	...	...
Without children	10,445	...	...	31.4	...	...
Common-law couples	1,780	...	...	5.3	...	...
With children⁶	560	...	...	1.7	...	...
Without children	1,215	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,940	...	...	14.8	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,010	...	...	12.1	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	930	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	114,505	55,425	59,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	99,410	49,260	50,150	86.8	88.9	84.9
Married spouses or common-law partners	56,660	28,320	28,345	49.5	51.1	48.0
Parents in one-parent families	4,945	935	4,010	4.3	1.7	6.8
Children⁶	37,805	20,010	17,795	33.0	36.1	30.1
In a two-parent family	30,505	16,150	14,355	26.6	29.1	24.3
In a one-parent family	7,300	3,860	3,440	6.4	7.0	5.8
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	15,090	6,160	8,930	13.2	11.1	15.1
Living alone	8,775	3,565	5,205	7.7	6.4	8.8
Living with other relatives⁷	3,065	1,025	2,040	2.7	1.8	3.5
Living with non-relatives only	3,250	1,570	1,685	2.8	2.8	2.9
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	41,845	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	27,790	...	...	66.4	...	...
Couple-family households	24,045	...	...	57.5	...	...
With children⁶	14,230	...	...	34.0	...	...
Without children	9,810	...	...	23.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,745	...	...	8.9	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,015	...	...	4.8	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	430	...	...	1.0	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,505	...	...	3.6	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,320	...	...	3.2	...	...
One-person households	8,775	...	...	21.0	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	98,090	47,070	51,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	94,000	45,000	48,995	95.8	95.6	96.0
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	44,000	37,600	40,000	44,000	37,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	94,040	45,030	49,015	95.9	95.7	96.1
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	39,600	34,400	36,800	39,600	34,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	84,980	41,180	43,805	86.6	87.5	85.9
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,400	40,800	29,600	34,400	40,800	29,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	67,685	33,635	34,055	69.0	71.5	66.7
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	44,800	32,800	38,000	44,800	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	84,825	40,375	44,450	86.5	85.8	87.1
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,400	6,550	9,700	8,400	6,550	9,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,090	2,695	4,395	7.2	5.7	8.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,480	5,760	5,600	5,480	5,760
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	32,630	15,780	16,850	33.3	33.5	33.0
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	97,835	46,895	50,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	93,860	44,875	48,990	95.9	95.7	96.2
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	61,750	71,700	52,600	61,750	71,700	52,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	93,900	44,885	49,015	96.0	95.7	96.2
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,240	55,600	43,400	49,240	55,600	43,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	84,930	41,100	43,830	86.8	87.6	86.0
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,950	69,300	47,320	57,950	69,300	47,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	67,430	33,360	34,070	68.9	71.1	66.9
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,950	69,500	46,600	57,950	69,500	46,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	84,735	40,050	44,685	86.6	85.4	87.7
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,330	9,280	11,270	10,330	9,280	11,270
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,910	2,435	4,480	7.1	5.2	8.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,660	5,755	7,150	6,660	5,755	7,150
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	32,635	15,920	16,710	33.4	33.9	32.8
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,180	10,020	10,330	10,180	10,020	10,330
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	97,840	46,895	50,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	31,855	17,290	14,565	32.6	36.9	28.6
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	74,000	82,000	65,500	74,000	82,000	65,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	93,400	106,800	77,400	93,400	106,800	77,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,520	11,395	14,130	26.1	24.3	27.7
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,500	16,200	15,000	15,500	16,200	15,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,640	32,440	25,560	28,640	32,440	25,560
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.8	88.4	80.4	84.8	88.4	80.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.4	72.0	61.6	67.4	72.0	61.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.1	11.6	19.6	15.1	11.6	19.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.4	1.2	0.8	0.4	1.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.3	5.3	7.5	6.3	5.3	7.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.7	5.0	6.7	5.7	5.0	6.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	98,090	47,075	51,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	4,090	2,065	2,025	4.2	4.4	4.0
With total income	94,000	45,005	48,995	95.8	95.6	96.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,820	4,515	5,300	10.4	10.0	10.8
$10,000 to $19,999	11,900	5,415	6,485	12.7	12.0	13.2
$20,000 to $29,999	14,595	6,495	8,100	15.5	14.4	16.5
$30,000 to $39,999	10,490	4,555	5,940	11.2	10.1	12.1
$40,000 to $49,999	8,365	3,610	4,750	8.9	8.0	9.7
$50,000 to $59,999	6,695	2,930	3,760	7.1	6.5	7.7
$60,000 to $69,999	5,610	2,590	3,025	6.0	5.8	6.2
$70,000 to $79,999	4,650	2,230	2,415	4.9	5.0	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	3,870	1,970	1,895	4.1	4.4	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	3,355	1,720	1,640	3.6	3.8	3.3
$100,000 and over	14,645	8,970	5,675	15.6	19.9	11.6
$100,000 to $149,999	8,820	4,970	3,850	9.4	11.0	7.9
$150,000 and over	5,825	3,995	1,825	6.2	8.9	3.7
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	98,090	47,075	51,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	4,045	2,040	2,005	4.1	4.3	3.9
With after-tax income	94,045	45,030	49,015	95.9	95.7	96.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,190	4,680	5,505	10.8	10.4	11.2
$10,000 to $19,999	12,525	5,700	6,825	13.3	12.7	13.9
$20,000 to $29,999	16,080	7,180	8,900	17.1	15.9	18.2
$30,000 to $39,999	11,955	5,155	6,795	12.7	11.4	13.9
$40,000 to $49,999	9,535	4,195	5,340	10.1	9.3	10.9
$50,000 to $59,999	7,530	3,445	4,085	8.0	7.7	8.3
$60,000 to $69,999	6,065	2,920	3,145	6.4	6.5	6.4
$70,000 to $79,999	4,830	2,515	2,315	5.1	5.6	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	4,145	2,115	2,035	4.4	4.7	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	2,775	1,565	1,210	3.0	3.5	2.5
$100,000 and over	8,420	5,550	2,865	9.0	12.3	5.8
$100,000 to $124,999	3,795	2,325	1,470	4.0	5.2	3.0
$125,000 and over	4,620	3,225	1,395	4.9	7.2	2.8
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	98,090	47,075	51,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	30,405	13,440	16,970	31.0	28.6	33.3
With employment income	67,685	33,630	34,050	69.0	71.4	66.7
Under $5,000 (including loss)	10,770	4,955	5,810	15.9	14.7	17.1
$5,000 to $9,999	6,510	2,935	3,575	9.6	8.7	10.5
$10,000 to $19,999	7,365	3,420	3,945	10.9	10.2	11.6
$20,000 to $29,999	5,275	2,340	2,940	7.8	7.0	8.6
$30,000 to $39,999	4,775	2,115	2,655	7.1	6.3	7.8
$40,000 to $49,999	4,615	2,095	2,520	6.8	6.2	7.4
$50,000 to $59,999	4,385	1,925	2,455	6.5	5.7	7.2
$60,000 to $69,999	3,890	1,965	1,920	5.7	5.8	5.6
$70,000 to $79,999	3,295	1,675	1,620	4.9	5.0	4.8
$80,000 to $89,999	2,875	1,555	1,315	4.2	4.6	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	2,800	1,380	1,420	4.1	4.1	4.2
$100,000 and over	11,135	7,270	3,870	16.5	21.6	11.4
$100,000 to $124,999	4,625	2,685	1,940	6.8	8.0	5.7
$125,000 and over	6,510	4,580	1,930	9.6	13.6	5.7
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	98,090	47,070	51,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	91,385	43,670	47,715	93.2	92.8	93.5
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	43,200	35,200	38,400	43,200	35,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	91,395	43,675	47,725	93.2	92.8	93.5
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	38,800	32,400	35,200	38,800	32,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	83,570	40,480	43,085	85.2	86.0	84.4
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	43,200	33,200	37,600	43,200	33,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	68,355	34,035	34,325	69.7	72.3	67.3
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	45,200	35,200	39,600	45,200	35,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	79,170	37,985	41,185	80.7	80.7	80.7
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,350	850	2,500	1,350	850	2,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	3,975	1,430	2,550	4.1	3.0	5.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,240	5,520	6,800	6,240	5,520	6,800
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	97,835	46,895	50,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	91,280	43,465	47,815	93.3	92.7	93.9
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	58,800	68,900	49,560	58,800	68,900	49,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	91,290	43,465	47,825	93.3	92.7	93.9
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,640	52,500	41,280	46,640	52,500	41,280
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	83,455	40,330	43,125	85.3	86.0	84.7
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	58,600	69,700	48,240	58,600	69,700	48,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	68,015	33,725	34,290	69.5	71.9	67.3
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	58,050	69,000	47,280	58,050	69,000	47,280
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	79,100	37,640	41,465	80.9	80.3	81.4
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,010	4,904	7,010	6,010	4,904	7,010
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,025	1,360	2,670	4.1	2.9	5.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,430	6,980	9,180	8,430	6,980	9,180
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	97,840	46,895	50,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	31,640	17,200	14,435	32.3	36.7	28.3
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500	78,500	61,600	69,500	78,500	61,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	87,300	99,900	72,200	87,300	99,900	72,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,165	10,890	13,280	24.7	23.2	26.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,400	21,800	22,800	22,400	21,800	22,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	35,960	40,080	32,600	35,960	40,080	32,600
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.2	93.8	87.8	91.2	93.8	87.8
Employment income (%)	73.6	77.6	68.4	73.6	77.6	68.4
Government transfers (%)	8.9	6.2	12.3	8.9	6.2	12.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6	0.3	1.0	0.6	0.3	1.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	41,845	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	8,775	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,400	...	...	46,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,600	...	...	41,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	33,070	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...	123,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	107,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	41,725	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	139,000	...	...	139,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	110,800	...	...	110,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	8,690	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	69,700	...	...	69,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	54,900	...	...	54,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	33,040	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	157,200	...	...	157,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	125,500	...	...	125,500	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	41,840	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	590	...	...	1.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	245	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	395	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	615	...	...	1.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,230	...	...	2.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,040	...	...	2.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,105	...	...	2.6	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,285	...	...	3.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,180	...	...	2.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,185	...	...	2.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,335	...	...	5.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,340	...	...	5.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,225	...	...	5.3	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,295	...	...	5.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,150	...	...	5.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	21,635	...	...	51.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,590	...	...	11.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,795	...	...	9.1	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,370	...	...	12.8	...	...
$200,000 and over	7,885	...	...	18.8	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	41,840	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	695	...	...	1.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	255	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	405	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	655	...	...	1.6	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,300	...	...	3.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,160	...	...	2.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,260	...	...	3.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,420	...	...	3.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,355	...	...	3.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,410	...	...	3.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,710	...	...	6.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,835	...	...	6.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,800	...	...	6.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,600	...	...	6.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,350	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	18,630	...	...	44.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,105	...	...	12.2	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,975	...	...	9.5	...	...
$150,000 and over	9,555	...	...	22.8	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	32,330	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...	123,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,125	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...	95,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	16,710	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	156,000	...	...	156,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,000	...	...	133,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,460	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,000	...	...	73,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	12,025	5,135	6,890	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,000	41,200	39,600	40,000	41,200	39,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,800	37,200	36,400	36,800	37,200	36,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	32,345	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	156,600	...	...	156,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	124,900	...	...	124,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,145	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	131,400	...	...	131,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	102,600	...	...	102,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	16,615	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	190,200	...	...	190,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	151,200	...	...	151,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,520	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	97,400	...	...	97,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,800	...	...	82,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	11,990	4,975	7,010	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	60,850	67,900	55,900	60,850	67,900	55,900
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,760	53,200	45,560	48,760	53,200	45,560
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	114,500	55,420	59,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	20,775	10,665	10,115	18.1	19.2	17.1
0 to 5 years	5,595	2,820	2,780	4.9	5.1	4.7
18 to 64 years	71,205	34,310	36,900	62.2	61.9	62.5
65 years and over	22,520	10,445	12,070	19.7	18.8	20.4
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	11,075	5,160	5,920	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,025	1,030	995	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	640	300	340	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	6,115	2,925	3,185	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,940	1,200	1,740	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.7	9.3	10.0	9.7	9.3	10.0
0 to 17 years (%)	9.8	9.7	9.8	9.8	9.7	9.8
0 to 5 years (%)	11.4	10.6	12.2	11.4	10.6	12.2
18 to 64 years (%)	8.6	8.5	8.6	8.6	8.5	8.6
65 years and over (%)	13.1	11.5	14.4	13.1	11.5	14.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	114,505	55,425	59,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	20,775	10,665	10,110	18.1	19.2	17.1
0 to 5 years	5,595	2,820	2,775	4.9	5.1	4.7
18 to 64 years	71,205	34,305	36,895	62.2	61.9	62.4
65 years and over	22,520	10,450	12,075	19.7	18.9	20.4
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	6,780	3,290	3,490	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,205	645	565	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	350	180	175	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,475	2,190	2,290	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,095	455	635	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.9	5.9	5.9	5.9	5.9	5.9
0 to 17 years (%)	5.8	6.0	5.6	5.8	6.0	5.6
0 to 5 years (%)	6.3	6.3	6.4	6.3	6.3	6.4
18 to 64 years (%)	6.3	6.4	6.2	6.3	6.4	6.2
65 years and over (%)	4.9	4.4	5.3	4.9	4.4	5.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	114,500	55,420	59,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	44,715	20,945	23,770	39.1	37.8	40.2
In bottom decile	9,990	4,720	5,270	8.7	8.5	8.9
In second decile	8,550	3,865	4,690	7.5	7.0	7.9
In third decile	8,240	3,835	4,405	7.2	6.9	7.5
In fourth decile	8,855	4,170	4,685	7.7	7.5	7.9
In fifth decile	9,080	4,355	4,725	7.9	7.9	8.0
In top half of the distribution	69,785	34,475	35,310	60.9	62.2	59.8
In sixth decile	9,915	4,750	5,165	8.7	8.6	8.7
In seventh decile	10,990	5,375	5,615	9.6	9.7	9.5
In eighth decile	12,685	6,200	6,490	11.1	11.2	11.0
In ninth decile	15,185	7,540	7,645	13.3	13.6	12.9
In top decile	21,015	10,615	10,395	18.4	19.2	17.6
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	114,505	...	...	114,505	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.383	...	...	0.383	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.481	...	...	0.481	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.330	...	...	0.330	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.4	...	...	4.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	115,090	55,600	59,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	101,685	49,900	51,785	88.4	89.7	87.0
French only	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	8,650	3,815	4,835	7.5	6.9	8.1
Neither English nor French	4,690	1,855	2,835	4.1	3.3	4.8
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	115,090	55,600	59,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	108,250	52,795	55,450	94.1	95.0	93.2
French	1,050	480	575	0.9	0.9	1.0
English and French	1,175	515	665	1.0	0.9	1.1
Neither English nor French	4,610	1,815	2,795	4.0	3.3	4.7
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	115,090	55,600	59,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	108,780	52,655	56,130	94.5	94.7	94.4
Official languages	51,100	25,520	25,580	44.4	45.9	43.0
English	50,180	25,090	25,090	43.6	45.1	42.2
French	920	430	485	0.8	0.8	0.8
Non-official languages	57,680	27,135	30,550	50.1	48.8	51.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	57,680	27,130	30,545	50.1	48.8	51.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,110	2,105	2,000	3.6	3.8	3.4
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,075	2,090	1,985	3.5	3.8	3.3
Amharic	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	675	345	325	0.6	0.6	0.5
Aramaic languages	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	3,295	1,695	1,600	2.9	3.0	2.7
Maltese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	650	290	365	0.6	0.5	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	610	270	340	0.5	0.5	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	3,355	1,295	2,060	2.9	2.3	3.5
Bikol	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	365	150	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
Indonesian	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,700	1,025	1,670	2.3	1.8	2.8
Waray-Waray	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	780	395	390	0.7	0.7	0.7
Kannada	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	565	275	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Telugu	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	155	90	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	32,155	15,225	16,930	27.9	27.4	28.5
Albanian	200	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	280	135	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	13,920	6,430	7,485	12.1	11.6	12.6
Baltic languages	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages	13,835	6,400	7,440	12.0	11.5	12.5
Belarusian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	125	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	365	165	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	12,295	5,695	6,600	10.7	10.2	11.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	390	180	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Bosnian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbian	290	140	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	65	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	415	190	220	0.4	0.3	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	860	375	485	0.7	0.7	0.8
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	780	345	435	0.7	0.6	0.7
German	305	125	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	470	215	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Afrikaans	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	60	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	490	235	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	10,155	5,010	5,145	8.8	9.0	8.6
Indo-Aryan languages	2,860	1,435	1,425	2.5	2.6	2.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	195	105	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	960	475	480	0.8	0.9	0.8
Hindi	485	240	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kacchi	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kashmiri	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	555	285	265	0.5	0.5	0.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	395	205	185	0.3	0.4	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	7,280	3,565	3,720	6.3	6.4	6.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	85	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	7,135	3,490	3,645	6.2	6.3	6.1
Dari	200	110	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	6,190	3,005	3,185	5.4	5.4	5.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	745	375	370	0.6	0.7	0.6
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,255	2,930	3,325	5.4	5.3	5.6
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,520	1,170	1,350	2.2	2.1	2.3
Portuguese	805	390	410	0.7	0.7	0.7
Romanian	915	445	470	0.8	0.8	0.8
Spanish	2,010	915	1,090	1.7	1.6	1.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	105	35	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	4,810	2,315	2,490	4.2	4.2	4.2
Mongolian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	130	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	10,045	4,675	5,365	8.7	8.4	9.0
Chinese languages	10,010	4,665	5,345	8.7	8.4	9.0
Hakka	135	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	5,755	2,670	3,080	5.0	4.8	5.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	290	130	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	3,695	1,725	1,970	3.2	3.1	3.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	700	360	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Azerbaijani	195	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kazakh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	470	245	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	570	235	335	0.5	0.4	0.6
Estonian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	515	220	300	0.4	0.4	0.5
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,310	2,950	3,360	5.5	5.3	5.6
English and French	300	130	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	4,860	2,295	2,570	4.2	4.1	4.3
French and non-official language(s)	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	185	75	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	830	390	440	0.7	0.7	0.7
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	115,090	55,600	59,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	55,755	27,670	28,080	48.4	49.8	47.2
French	190	85	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official language	18,275	8,495	9,775	15.9	15.3	16.4
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	18,275	8,495	9,775	15.9	15.3	16.4
English and French	820	330	485	0.7	0.6	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	36,985	17,690	19,295	32.1	31.8	32.4
French and non-official language(s)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,295	510	785	1.1	0.9	1.3
Multiple non-official languages	1,740	805	940	1.5	1.4	1.6
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	115,090	55,600	59,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	106,590	51,605	54,985	92.6	92.8	92.4
Official languages	71,165	34,890	36,280	61.8	62.8	61.0
English	70,870	34,755	36,115	61.6	62.5	60.7
French	295	130	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Non-official languages	35,420	16,720	18,705	30.8	30.1	31.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	35,420	16,720	18,705	30.8	30.1	31.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,895	925	970	1.6	1.7	1.6
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,885	920	960	1.6	1.7	1.6
Amharic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	250	125	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Aramaic languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,585	780	800	1.4	1.4	1.3
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	375	175	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	360	170	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,795	765	1,025	1.6	1.4	1.7
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	205	90	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,455	615	840	1.3	1.1	1.4
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	505	250	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kannada	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	370	180	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	90	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	18,825	8,895	9,935	16.4	16.0	16.7
Albanian	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	120	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	8,720	4,070	4,650	7.6	7.3	7.8
Baltic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	8,705	4,060	4,645	7.6	7.3	7.8
Belarusian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	8,155	3,815	4,345	7.1	6.9	7.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	145	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	105	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	190	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	145	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	7,025	3,415	3,610	6.1	6.1	6.1
Indo-Aryan languages	1,555	765	790	1.4	1.4	1.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	565	270	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Hindi	250	125	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	315	160	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	210	110	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	5,470	2,650	2,820	4.8	4.8	4.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	5,385	2,610	2,770	4.7	4.7	4.7
Dari	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	4,745	2,280	2,460	4.1	4.1	4.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	525	260	260	0.5	0.5	0.4
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,650	1,205	1,450	2.3	2.2	2.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	765	315	450	0.7	0.6	0.8
Portuguese	395	195	200	0.3	0.4	0.3
Romanian	425	205	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	1,060	480	575	0.9	0.9	1.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	3,695	1,800	1,895	3.2	3.2	3.2
Mongolian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Akan (Twi)	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	30	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,455	3,495	3,965	6.5	6.3	6.7
Chinese languages	7,445	3,490	3,955	6.5	6.3	6.6
Hakka	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	4,585	2,175	2,405	4.0	3.9	4.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	150	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	2,550	1,160	1,390	2.2	2.1	2.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	450	220	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Azerbaijani	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	345	170	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	155	60	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Estonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	135	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,505	3,995	4,505	7.4	7.2	7.6
English and French	170	65	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	7,990	3,770	4,220	6.9	6.8	7.1
French and non-official language(s)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	215	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	115,095	55,600	59,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	81,025	39,480	41,545	70.4	71.0	69.8
English	13,135	6,335	6,800	11.4	11.4	11.4
French	855	345	505	0.7	0.6	0.8
Non-official language	14,840	7,045	7,795	12.9	12.7	13.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	14,840	7,045	7,795	12.9	12.7	13.1
English and French	190	70	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	2,345	1,125	1,215	2.0	2.0	2.0
French and non-official language(s)	655	245	410	0.6	0.4	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	2,000	925	1,075	1.7	1.7	1.8
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	114,185	55,210	58,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	109,470	53,335	56,135	95.9	96.6	95.2
English	109,435	53,325	56,110	95.8	96.6	95.1
French	8,570	3,760	4,810	7.5	6.8	8.2
Non-official languages	72,865	34,445	38,420	63.8	62.4	65.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	72,860	34,440	38,420	63.8	62.4	65.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	12,050	5,940	6,110	10.6	10.8	10.4
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	12,005	5,915	6,090	10.5	10.7	10.3
Amharic	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,175	620	560	1.0	1.1	0.9
Aramaic languages	70	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10,895	5,360	5,540	9.5	9.7	9.4
Maltese	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,180	505	675	1.0	0.9	1.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	1,105	475	630	1.0	0.9	1.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	4,395	1,645	2,755	3.8	3.0	4.7
Bikol	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	705	280	430	0.6	0.5	0.7
Indonesian	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,195	1,555	2,640	3.7	2.8	4.5
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Creole languages	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,440	755	685	1.3	1.4	1.2
Kannada	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	175	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	1,115	590	520	1.0	1.1	0.9
Telugu	170	95	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	135	80	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	40,490	19,475	21,010	35.5	35.3	35.6
Albanian	300	150	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Armenian	315	150	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	16,330	7,645	8,685	14.3	13.8	14.7
Baltic languages	165	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Latvian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages	16,285	7,630	8,655	14.3	13.8	14.7
Belarusian	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	175	80	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Czech	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	500	240	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	14,950	7,025	7,925	13.1	12.7	13.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	510	220	290	0.4	0.4	0.5
Bosnian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	130	45	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	405	185	220	0.4	0.3	0.4
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	1,480	705	770	1.3	1.3	1.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,255	1,080	1,165	2.0	2.0	2.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,885	905	980	1.7	1.6	1.7
German	815	410	400	0.7	0.7	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	1,105	500	600	1.0	0.9	1.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	345	170	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afrikaans	250	140	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Dutch	105	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	785	375	410	0.7	0.7	0.7
Indo-Iranian languages	12,675	6,440	6,240	11.1	11.7	10.6
Indo-Aryan languages	4,320	2,275	2,045	3.8	4.1	3.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	265	145	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Gujarati	1,475	790	685	1.3	1.4	1.2
Hindi	2,270	1,195	1,075	2.0	2.2	1.8
Kacchi	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	160	90	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Nepali	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	960	490	470	0.8	0.9	0.8
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	685	365	320	0.6	0.7	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	8,380	4,185	4,200	7.3	7.6	7.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	190	105	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Parsi	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	8,240	4,120	4,120	7.2	7.5	7.0
Dari	215	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	7,510	3,705	3,805	6.6	6.7	6.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	670	380	285	0.6	0.7	0.5
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	9,215	4,310	4,905	8.1	7.8	8.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,725	1,725	2,000	3.3	3.1	3.4
Portuguese	1,180	585	595	1.0	1.1	1.0
Romanian	1,155	555	600	1.0	1.0	1.0
Spanish	3,660	1,700	1,960	3.2	3.1	3.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	260	110	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Korean	5,395	2,605	2,790	4.7	4.7	4.7
Mongolian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	465	255	215	0.4	0.5	0.4
Akan (Twi)	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	120	75	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	145	90	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	135	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	135	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	11,975	5,605	6,375	10.5	10.2	10.8
Chinese languages	11,950	5,595	6,360	10.5	10.1	10.8
Hakka	155	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	7,960	3,735	4,225	7.0	6.8	7.2
Min Dong	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	405	160	245	0.4	0.3	0.4
Wu (Shanghainese)	175	70	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	5,105	2,300	2,805	4.5	4.2	4.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	50	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,380	680	700	1.2	1.2	1.2
Azerbaijani	385	215	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Kazakh	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,085	525	560	1.0	1.0	0.9
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	800	305	495	0.7	0.6	0.8
Estonian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	35	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	750	295	455	0.7	0.5	0.8
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	114,185	55,210	58,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	280	100	180	0.2	0.2	0.3
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	225	85	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian)	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis	95	25	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Inuk (Inuit)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	113,905	55,110	58,795	99.8	99.8	99.7
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	114,185	55,210	58,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	85	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	114,105	55,175	58,920	99.9	99.9	99.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	41,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	32,565	...	...	78.0	...	...
Renter	9,160	...	...	22.0	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	41,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	13,945	...	...	33.4	...	...
Not condominium	27,780	...	...	66.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	41,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	145	...	...	0.3	...	...
1 bedroom	5,330	...	...	12.8	...	...
2 bedrooms	8,635	...	...	20.7	...	...
3 bedrooms	10,805	...	...	25.9	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	16,810	...	...	40.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	41,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	13,235	...	...	31.7	...	...
5 rooms	5,715	...	...	13.7	...	...
6 rooms	5,405	...	...	13.0	...	...
7 rooms	4,665	...	...	11.2	...	...
8 or more rooms	12,710	...	...	30.5	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	41,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	40,345	...	...	96.7	...	...
More than one person per room	1,375	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	41,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	38,810	...	...	93.0	...	...
Not suitable	2,915	...	...	7.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	41,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	1,310	...	...	3.1	...	...
1961 to 1980	7,450	...	...	17.9	...	...
1981 to 1990	10,695	...	...	25.6	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,030	...	...	16.8	...	...
2001 to 2005	5,105	...	...	12.2	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,450	...	...	8.3	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,675	...	...	6.4	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	4,010	...	...	9.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	41,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	40,230	...	...	96.4	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,495	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	41,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	18,670	...	...	44.7	...	...
Two-maintainer household	20,285	...	...	48.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,775	...	...	6.7	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	41,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	695	...	...	1.7	...	...
25 to 34 years	4,055	...	...	9.7	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,335	...	...	15.2	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,395	...	...	20.1	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,230	...	...	22.1	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,630	...	...	18.3	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,760	...	...	9.0	...	...
85 years and over	1,625	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	41,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	27,515	...	...	66.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	13,955	...	...	33.6	...	...
30% to less than 100%	11,970	...	...	28.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	41,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	16,650	...	...	39.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	12,345	...	...	29.6	...	...
Not suitable only	1,815	...	...	4.3	...	...
Major repairs needed only	805	...	...	1.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,000	...	...	2.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	585	...	...	1.4	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	70	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	25	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	25,075	...	...	60.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	39,480	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	6,425	...	...	16.3	...	...
Not in core need	33,060	...	...	83.7	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	32,560	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	55.3	...	...	55.3	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	28.2	...	...	28.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	12.2	...	...	12.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,760	...	...	1,760	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,116	...	...	2,116	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,020,000	...	...	1,020,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,203,000	...	...	1,203,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	9,165	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	6.5	...	...	6.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	53.3	...	...	53.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	31.7	...	...	31.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,900	...	...	1,900	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,882	...	...	1,882	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	114,185	55,215	58,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	240	80	155	0.2	0.1	0.3
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	240	80	155	0.2	0.1	0.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	145	50	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	90	20	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	113,905	55,115	58,795	99.8	99.8	99.7
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	114,190	55,210	58,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	99,600	48,470	51,130	87.2	87.8	86.7
Canadian citizens aged under 18	19,015	9,825	9,190	16.7	17.8	15.6
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	80,585	38,650	41,940	70.6	70.0	71.1
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	14,585	6,745	7,845	12.8	12.2	13.3
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	114,190	55,210	58,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	50,485	25,370	25,115	44.2	46.0	42.6
Immigrants⁸¹	59,625	27,835	31,790	52.2	50.4	53.9
Before 1980	10,515	4,735	5,775	9.2	8.6	9.8
1980 to 1990	8,090	3,905	4,180	7.1	7.1	7.1
1991 to 2000	14,085	6,715	7,370	12.3	12.2	12.5
2001 to 2010	14,630	6,915	7,715	12.8	12.5	13.1
2011 to 2021⁸²	12,310	5,560	6,750	10.8	10.1	11.4
2011 to 2015	6,330	2,930	3,405	5.5	5.3	5.8
2016 to 2021	5,975	2,625	3,345	5.2	4.8	5.7
Non-permanent residents⁸³	4,080	2,010	2,070	3.6	3.6	3.5
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	59,625	27,830	31,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	4,155	2,130	2,025	7.0	7.7	6.4
5 to 14 years	9,265	4,720	4,545	15.5	17.0	14.3
15 to 24 years	10,500	4,660	5,845	17.6	16.7	18.4
25 to 44 years	28,620	13,055	15,565	48.0	46.9	49.0
45 years and over	7,075	3,265	3,815	11.9	11.7	12.0
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	59,625	27,830	31,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	4,625	2,155	2,465	7.8	7.7	7.8
Brazil	230	115	115	0.4	0.4	0.4
Colombia	215	75	140	0.4	0.3	0.4
El Salvador	105	45	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyana	485	230	250	0.8	0.8	0.8
Haiti	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	715	325	390	1.2	1.2	1.2
Mexico	215	100	115	0.4	0.4	0.4
Peru	155	65	90	0.3	0.2	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	335	130	205	0.6	0.5	0.6
United States of America	1,120	575	540	1.9	2.1	1.7
Other places of birth in Americas	1,045	495	550	1.8	1.8	1.7
Europe	17,170	7,885	9,285	28.8	28.3	29.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	90	40	45	0.2	0.1	0.1
France	90	35	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
Germany	405	175	230	0.7	0.6	0.7
Greece	240	115	125	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hungary	385	145	245	0.6	0.5	0.8
Italy	1,745	840	900	2.9	3.0	2.8
Netherlands	40	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	510	230	280	0.9	0.8	0.9
Portugal	510	230	280	0.9	0.8	0.9
Romania	890	440	455	1.5	1.6	1.4
Russian Federation	4,610	2,115	2,500	7.7	7.6	7.9
Serbia⁸⁶	165	80	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ukraine	3,425	1,520	1,900	5.7	5.5	6.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	895	425	475	1.5	1.5	1.5
Other places of birth in Europe	3,100	1,455	1,645	5.2	5.2	5.2
Africa	3,150	1,495	1,650	5.3	5.4	5.2
Algeria	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Egypt	205	105	100	0.3	0.4	0.3
Eritrea	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopia	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	605	250	360	1.0	0.9	1.1
Nigeria	230	125	105	0.4	0.4	0.3
Somalia	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	1,395	670	720	2.3	2.4	2.3
Other places of birth in Africa	605	305	295	1.0	1.1	0.9
Asia	34,540	16,230	18,310	57.9	58.3	57.6
Afghanistan	150	70	75	0.3	0.3	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	6,225	3,135	3,090	10.4	11.3	9.7
Iraq	280	155	125	0.5	0.6	0.4
Lebanon	120	65	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	95	50	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Turkey	475	230	245	0.8	0.8	0.8
China⁹⁰	5,515	2,480	3,035	9.2	8.9	9.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,715	705	1,010	2.9	2.5	3.2
Korea, South⁹²	4,185	2,025	2,160	7.0	7.3	6.8
Taiwan	345	150	200	0.6	0.5	0.6
Philippines	4,125	1,580	2,545	6.9	5.7	8.0
Viet Nam	1,085	500	580	1.8	1.8	1.8
Bangladesh	105	60	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
India	2,615	1,265	1,345	4.4	4.5	4.2
Pakistan	440	230	215	0.7	0.8	0.7
Sri Lanka	650	305	340	1.1	1.1	1.1
Other places of birth in Asia	6,430	3,220	3,210	10.8	11.6	10.1
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	145	70	80	0.2	0.3	0.3
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,975	2,630	3,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	380	195	185	6.4	7.4	5.5
Brazil	55	25	30	0.9	1.0	0.9
Colombia	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	55	30	25	0.9	1.1	0.7
Mexico	50	30	15	0.8	1.1	0.4
United States of America	130	65	65	2.2	2.5	1.9
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	75	35	40	1.3	1.3	1.2
Europe	830	355	475	13.9	13.5	14.2
France	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Germany	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	20	10	10	0.3	0.4	0.3
Russian Federation	250	105	145	4.2	4.0	4.3
Ukraine	305	115	190	5.1	4.4	5.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	15	15	0	0.3	0.6	0.0
Other places of birth in Europe	215	95	120	3.6	3.6	3.6
Africa	195	100	95	3.3	3.8	2.8
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.3
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	130	60	70	2.2	2.3	2.1
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	25	10	15	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	15	15	0	0.3	0.6	0.0
Asia	4,565	1,980	2,580	76.4	75.3	77.1
Afghanistan	25	10	15	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	1,050	415	635	17.6	15.8	19.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.3
India	455	220	235	7.6	8.4	7.0
Iran⁸⁸	890	440	455	14.9	16.7	13.6
Iraq	20	15	0	0.3	0.6	0.0
Israel	265	110	150	4.4	4.2	4.5
Japan	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	280	105	175	4.7	4.0	5.2
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepal	15	15	0	0.3	0.6	0.0
Pakistan	110	65	50	1.8	2.5	1.5
Philippines	785	315	470	13.1	12.0	14.1
Saudi Arabia	15	10	0	0.3	0.4	0.0
Sri Lanka	20	10	0	0.3	0.4	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	35	10	20	0.6	0.4	0.6
Turkey	210	90	120	3.5	3.4	3.6
United Arab Emirates	30	10	20	0.5	0.4	0.6
Viet Nam	55	15	40	0.9	0.6	1.2
Other places of birth in Asia	280	110	165	4.7	4.2	4.9
Oceania and other⁹³	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	114,185	55,210	58,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	64,870	30,425	34,440	56.8	55.1	58.4
Second generation¹⁰¹	31,635	16,100	15,540	27.7	29.2	26.4
Third generation or more¹⁰²	17,680	8,690	8,995	15.5	15.7	15.3
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	49,110	23,100	26,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	32,495	15,830	16,660	66.2	68.5	64.1
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	13,090	7,865	5,230	26.7	34.0	20.1
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	19,400	7,965	11,430	39.5	34.5	43.9
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	11,220	4,530	6,685	22.8	19.6	25.7
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,855	2,500	2,360	9.9	10.8	9.1
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	540	235	310	1.1	1.0	1.2
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	49,110	23,100	26,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,660	1,385	1,275	5.4	6.0	4.9
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,715	1,525	2,200	7.6	6.6	8.5
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,540	800	735	3.1	3.5	2.8
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,505	970	1,535	5.1	4.2	5.9
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	155	90	70	0.3	0.4	0.3
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	38,535	18,340	20,195	78.5	79.4	77.6
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	114,185	55,210	58,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	48,890	23,540	25,350	42.8	42.6	43.0
South Asian	7,195	3,690	3,500	6.3	6.7	5.9
Chinese	12,930	6,180	6,750	11.3	11.2	11.4
Black	2,925	1,425	1,500	2.6	2.6	2.5
Filipino	5,460	2,260	3,205	4.8	4.1	5.4
Arab	720	385	335	0.6	0.7	0.6
Latin American	1,670	815	860	1.5	1.5	1.5
Southeast Asian	1,220	545	675	1.1	1.0	1.1
West Asian	7,950	3,980	3,965	7.0	7.2	6.7
Korean	5,855	2,845	3,015	5.1	5.2	5.1
Japanese	145	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,105	510	590	1.0	0.9	1.0
Multiple visible minorities	1,715	845	875	1.5	1.5	1.5
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	65,295	31,670	33,625	57.2	57.4	57.0
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	114,190	55,210	58,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	6,055	2,905	3,145	5.3	5.3	5.3
English	3,985	1,970	2,020	3.5	3.6	3.4
Irish	3,070	1,490	1,575	2.7	2.7	2.7
Scottish	2,975	1,470	1,515	2.6	2.7	2.6
French, n.o.s.¹²²	1,185	525	660	1.0	1.0	1.1
German	2,010	995	1,015	1.8	1.8	1.7
Chinese	12,405	5,935	6,470	10.9	10.7	11.0
Italian	6,680	3,275	3,400	5.8	5.9	5.8
Indian (India)	4,510	2,325	2,175	3.9	4.2	3.7
Ukrainian	3,815	1,795	2,020	3.3	3.3	3.4
Dutch	635	345	295	0.6	0.6	0.5
Polish	6,610	3,225	3,385	5.8	5.8	5.7
Québécois	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,405	735	665	1.2	1.3	1.1
Filipino	5,150	2,140	3,015	4.5	3.9	5.1
French Canadian	250	95	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,210	575	630	1.1	1.0	1.1
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	90	25	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Métis	95	30	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,580	1,220	1,360	2.3	2.2	2.3
Russian	12,050	5,650	6,400	10.6	10.2	10.9
Norwegian	150	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	305	140	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	1,275	625	645	1.1	1.1	1.1
American	805	410	395	0.7	0.7	0.7
Spanish	1,140	590	550	1.0	1.1	0.9
Swedish	175	80	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Hungarian	1,630	795	835	1.4	1.4	1.4
Acadian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistani	550	280	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	700	345	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Jewish	20,320	10,105	10,215	17.8	18.3	17.3
Punjabi	290	165	120	0.3	0.3	0.2
Vietnamese	1,145	510	635	1.0	0.9	1.1
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	265	130	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Greek	1,405	705	695	1.2	1.3	1.2
Jamaican	1,020	470	555	0.9	0.9	0.9
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,375	620	765	1.2	1.1	1.3
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	5,775	2,835	2,940	5.1	5.1	5.0
Romanian	2,120	1,015	1,105	1.9	1.8	1.9
Lebanese	240	110	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	6,365	3,180	3,185	5.6	5.8	5.4
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	540	240	295	0.5	0.4	0.5
Danish	120	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sikh	95	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	480	225	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belgian	90	25	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Haitian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	545	275	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mexican	335	175	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mennonite	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	100	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Finnish	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lankan	510	260	250	0.4	0.5	0.4
Croatian	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	240	95	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	365	160	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	80	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	235	115	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egyptian	335	165	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	355	160	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	670	335	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Icelandic	20	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	220	125	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moroccan	1,305	540	765	1.1	1.0	1.3
Czech	220	100	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syrian	130	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	560	335	225	0.5	0.6	0.4
Afghan	240	90	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	335	150	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	440	180	255	0.4	0.3	0.4
Ojibway	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	45	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hong Konger	775	340	435	0.7	0.6	0.7
Ontarian	175	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian	2,360	1,200	1,160	2.1	2.2	2.0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	320	150	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Turkish	855	410	445	0.7	0.7	0.8
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	315	135	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Nigerian	205	130	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Armenian	630	315	315	0.6	0.6	0.5
Slovak	155	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,875	950	925	1.6	1.7	1.6
Somali	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	305	170	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Iraqi	470	220	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Salvadorean	110	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	265	95	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	485	240	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	445	215	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	220	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquin	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	200	85	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lithuanian	1,080	580	495	0.9	1.1	0.8
South African	1,005	485	510	0.9	0.9	0.9
Australian	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Palestinian	110	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	140	90	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Congolese	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	260	135	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	130	45	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Yoruba	60	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	135	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	335	170	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Maltese	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	180	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Slovenian	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	325	195	135	0.3	0.4	0.2
Eritrean	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	4,065	2,090	1,975	3.6	3.8	3.3
Mohawk	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	105	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	230	105	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	120	70	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	65	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	320	155	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cuban	120	40	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	280	115	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Bengali	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cameroonian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	90	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	150	60	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Northern Irish	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	175	95	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Franco Ontarian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	205	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	195	115	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Fijian	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	485	240	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	285	145	145	0.2	0.3	0.2
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	115	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	80	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jordanian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Flemish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	565	280	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Sicilian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Azorean	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ugandan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Yemeni	155	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	40	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Basque	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	114,185	55,210	58,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	2,095	880	1,215	1.8	1.6	2.1
Christian	38,235	17,615	20,620	33.5	31.9	35.0
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7,560	3,395	4,160	6.6	6.1	7.1
Anabaptist	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	1,220	605	620	1.1	1.1	1.1
Baptist	625	295	330	0.5	0.5	0.6
Catholic	18,365	8,485	9,875	16.1	15.4	16.7
Christian Orthodox	5,700	2,565	3,135	5.0	4.6	5.3
Jehovah's Witness	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latter Day Saints	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lutheran	205	75	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	580	275	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Presbyterian	1,450	690	760	1.3	1.2	1.3
Reformed	80	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	790	385	405	0.7	0.7	0.7
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,415	670	745	1.2	1.2	1.3
Hindu	3,690	1,970	1,715	3.2	3.6	2.9
Jewish	34,775	16,830	17,945	30.5	30.5	30.4
Muslim	7,480	3,735	3,745	6.6	6.8	6.4
Sikh	645	320	325	0.6	0.6	0.6
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	685	300	380	0.6	0.5	0.6
No religion and secular perspectives	26,585	13,555	13,030	23.3	24.6	22.1
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	113,390	54,815	58,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	100,225	48,450	51,775	88.4	88.4	88.4
Movers	13,160	6,365	6,795	11.6	11.6	11.6
Non-migrants	7,130	3,335	3,795	6.3	6.1	6.5
Migrants	6,030	3,030	3,000	5.3	5.5	5.1
Internal migrants	4,840	2,415	2,420	4.3	4.4	4.1
Intraprovincial migrants	4,460	2,250	2,205	3.9	4.1	3.8
Interprovincial migrants	385	165	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
External migrants	1,190	615	575	1.0	1.1	1.0
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	109,620	52,900	56,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	74,430	35,900	38,530	67.9	67.9	67.9
Movers	35,195	17,005	18,190	32.1	32.1	32.1
Non-migrants	10,620	5,165	5,455	9.7	9.8	9.6
Migrants	24,575	11,840	12,735	22.4	22.4	22.5
Internal migrants	17,315	8,350	8,965	15.8	15.8	15.8
Intraprovincial migrants	15,960	7,655	8,300	14.6	14.5	14.6
Interprovincial migrants	1,360	685	670	1.2	1.3	1.2
External migrants	7,255	3,490	3,770	6.6	6.6	6.6
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	97,835	46,895	50,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	10,710	5,305	5,410	10.9	11.3	10.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	87,120	41,585	45,535	89.0	88.7	89.4
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	60,640	28,695	31,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	2,795	1,455	1,335	4.6	5.1	4.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	57,845	27,240	30,615	95.4	94.9	95.8
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	97,835	46,890	50,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	9,945	4,870	5,075	10.2	10.4	10.0
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	21,640	10,545	11,095	22.1	22.5	21.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	66,255	31,480	34,775	67.7	67.1	68.3
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,270	9,990	11,275	21.7	21.3	22.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,450	2,040	1,405	3.5	4.4	2.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,015	1,050	965	2.1	2.2	1.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,435	995	440	1.5	2.1	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	14,430	6,545	7,875	14.7	14.0	15.5
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,395	1,400	1,990	3.5	3.0	3.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	44,990	21,490	23,500	46.0	45.8	46.1
Bachelor's degree	27,820	12,815	15,005	28.4	27.3	29.5
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,820	1,830	1,985	3.9	3.9	3.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,720	920	800	1.8	2.0	1.6
Master's degree	9,945	4,905	5,040	10.2	10.5	9.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,680	1,010	665	1.7	2.2	1.3
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	60,645	28,690	31,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,405	1,260	1,145	4.0	4.4	3.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	9,505	4,830	4,670	15.7	16.8	14.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	48,735	22,600	26,135	80.4	78.8	81.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	14,375	6,695	7,680	23.7	23.3	24.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,040	1,165	880	3.4	4.1	2.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,200	585	620	2.0	2.0	1.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	835	580	260	1.4	2.0	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,080	4,590	5,490	16.6	16.0	17.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,250	940	1,315	3.7	3.3	4.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	34,360	15,905	18,450	56.7	55.4	57.7
Bachelor's degree	21,045	9,475	11,575	34.7	33.0	36.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,640	1,190	1,450	4.4	4.1	4.5
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,270	630	640	2.1	2.2	2.0
Master's degree	8,165	3,930	4,235	13.5	13.7	13.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,240	685	550	2.0	2.4	1.7
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	97,835	46,890	50,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	31,580	15,410	16,165	32.3	32.9	31.7
Education	4,030	670	3,365	4.1	1.4	6.6
13. Education	4,030	670	3,365	4.1	1.4	6.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,760	1,095	1,665	2.8	2.3	3.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	220	165	60	0.2	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	2,535	930	1,610	2.6	2.0	3.2
Humanities	3,940	1,315	2,625	4.0	2.8	5.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	645	115	530	0.7	0.2	1.0
23. English language and literature/letters	970	215	760	1.0	0.5	1.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,070	310	760	1.1	0.7	1.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	60	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	310	220	95	0.3	0.5	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	315	195	120	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	385	235	150	0.4	0.5	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	190	20	170	0.2	0.0	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,400	3,510	5,895	9.6	7.5	11.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	95	20	80	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	975	375	600	1.0	0.8	1.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,060	70	990	1.1	0.1	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	1,895	875	1,015	1.9	1.9	2.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	135	40	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	1,720	430	1,295	1.8	0.9	2.5
45. Social sciences	3,510	1,690	1,815	3.6	3.6	3.6
Business, management and public administration	15,120	7,215	7,900	15.5	15.4	15.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	35	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	910	225	685	0.9	0.5	1.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	14,180	6,970	7,210	14.5	14.9	14.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,740	1,745	1,995	3.8	3.7	3.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,500	560	940	1.5	1.2	1.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	895	400	490	0.9	0.9	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,205	735	470	1.2	1.6	0.9
41. Science technologies/technicians	100	30	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,780	2,905	1,875	4.9	6.2	3.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,400	2,255	1,140	3.5	4.8	2.2
25. Library science	175	30	150	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,015	500	515	1.0	1.1	1.0
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	185	120	70	0.2	0.3	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	11,765	9,500	2,265	12.0	20.3	4.4
04. Architecture and related services	685	410	275	0.7	0.9	0.5
14. Engineering	7,080	5,350	1,730	7.2	11.4	3.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,675	1,495	180	1.7	3.2	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	930	905	30	1.0	1.9	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	970	950	20	1.0	2.0	0.0
48. Precision production	425	395	25	0.4	0.8	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	665	300	370	0.7	0.6	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	460	215	245	0.5	0.5	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	210	90	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Health and related fields	8,080	2,390	5,695	8.3	5.1	11.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	590	295	290	0.6	0.6	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,975	1,830	5,145	7.1	3.9	10.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	480	240	235	0.5	0.5	0.5
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,950	835	1,120	2.0	1.8	2.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,285	330	955	1.3	0.7	1.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	365	255	110	0.4	0.5	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	285	235	50	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	60,640	28,690	31,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	11,905	6,090	5,815	19.6	21.2	18.2
Education	2,645	425	2,220	4.4	1.5	6.9
13. Education	2,645	425	2,220	4.4	1.5	6.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,940	735	1,200	3.2	2.6	3.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	155	120	45	0.3	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,775	620	1,160	2.9	2.2	3.6
Humanities	2,845	970	1,875	4.7	3.4	5.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	485	75	405	0.8	0.3	1.3
23. English language and literature/letters	675	150	525	1.1	0.5	1.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	760	230	540	1.3	0.8	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	50	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	235	175	55	0.4	0.6	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	240	150	90	0.4	0.5	0.3
54. History	280	165	110	0.5	0.6	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	130	20	110	0.2	0.1	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,055	2,460	4,600	11.6	8.6	14.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	85	20	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	765	275	490	1.3	1.0	1.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	730	45	690	1.2	0.2	2.2
22. Legal professions and studies	1,430	565	865	2.4	2.0	2.7
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	90	20	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	1,240	280	965	2.0	1.0	3.0
45. Social sciences	2,720	1,260	1,460	4.5	4.4	4.6
Business, management and public administration	11,605	5,430	6,175	19.1	18.9	19.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	675	150	530	1.1	0.5	1.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,910	5,270	5,645	18.0	18.4	17.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,600	1,165	1,440	4.3	4.1	4.5
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,145	405	750	1.9	1.4	2.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	570	240	335	0.9	0.8	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	40	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	770	490	280	1.3	1.7	0.9
41. Science technologies/technicians	70	20	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,900	2,365	1,535	6.4	8.2	4.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,890	1,890	1,005	4.8	6.6	3.1
25. Library science	95	10	80	0.2	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	770	365	405	1.3	1.3	1.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	145	95	50	0.2	0.3	0.2
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,240	6,525	1,715	13.6	22.7	5.4
04. Architecture and related services	545	310	235	0.9	1.1	0.7
14. Engineering	5,200	3,880	1,320	8.6	13.5	4.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,060	935	130	1.7	3.3	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	585	575	10	1.0	2.0	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	610	610	10	1.0	2.1	0.0
48. Precision production	225	220	10	0.4	0.8	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	490	190	300	0.8	0.7	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	335	125	205	0.6	0.4	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	150	60	90	0.2	0.2	0.3
Health and related fields	5,980	1,700	4,275	9.9	5.9	13.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	435	195	235	0.7	0.7	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,210	1,350	3,865	8.6	4.7	12.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	300	140	155	0.5	0.5	0.5
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,425	640	785	2.3	2.2	2.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	925	245	680	1.5	0.9	2.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	305	225	80	0.5	0.8	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	190	165	20	0.3	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	60,640	28,690	31,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	11,905	6,090	5,815	19.6	21.2	18.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	48,735	22,600	26,135	80.4	78.8	81.8
Location of study inside Canada	29,605	13,850	15,760	48.8	48.3	49.3
Same as province or territory of residence	27,475	12,855	14,615	45.3	44.8	45.7
Different than province or territory of residence	2,135	1,000	1,135	3.5	3.5	3.6
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	19,130	8,750	10,375	31.5	30.5	32.5
Americas	2,420	1,215	1,210	4.0	4.2	3.8
United States of America	1,705	895	810	2.8	3.1	2.5
Mexico	120	45	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Brazil	145	65	80	0.2	0.2	0.3
Colombia	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	35	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	45	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	220	90	135	0.4	0.3	0.4
Europe	4,805	2,220	2,580	7.9	7.7	8.1
Belgium	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	90	45	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Germany	50	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Netherlands	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	45	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	190	75	110	0.3	0.3	0.3
Poland	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	335	155	175	0.6	0.5	0.5
Russian Federation	1,755	800	955	2.9	2.8	3.0
Ukraine	1,045	430	615	1.7	1.5	1.9
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	450	235	215	0.7	0.8	0.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25	15	20	0.0	0.1	0.1
Italy	50	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	600	290	315	1.0	1.0	1.0
Africa	700	340	360	1.2	1.2	1.1
Nigeria	90	45	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	460	230	230	0.8	0.8	0.7
Other locations of study in Africa	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	11,040	4,905	6,140	18.2	17.1	19.2
Iran⁸⁸	2,505	1,170	1,340	4.1	4.1	4.2
Iraq	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Israel	1,500	755	745	2.5	2.6	2.3
Lebanon	20	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Turkey	185	90	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
China⁹⁰	1,610	770	835	2.7	2.7	2.6
Taiwan	65	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	125	40	85	0.2	0.1	0.3
Japan	45	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	1,225	490	735	2.0	1.7	2.3
Philippines	1,600	515	1,080	2.6	1.8	3.4
Viet Nam	55	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	1,050	505	545	1.7	1.8	1.7
Pakistan	125	70	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	790	340	450	1.3	1.2	1.4
Oceania	160	75	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Australia	125	65	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealand	35	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	97,835	46,895	50,945	...	...	...
In the labour force	62,130	31,555	30,580	...	...	...
Employed	53,920	27,795	26,115	...	...	...
Unemployed	8,215	3,750	4,460	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	35,705	15,340	20,365	...	...	...
Participation rate	63.5	67.3	60.0	63.5	67.3	60.0
Employment rate	55.1	59.3	51.3	55.1	59.3	51.3
Unemployment rate	13.2	11.9	14.6	13.2	11.9	14.6
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	97,835	46,890	50,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	36,715	15,945	20,770	37.5	34.0	40.8
Worked	61,125	30,950	30,175	62.5	66.0	59.2
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	33,065	18,120	14,945	33.8	38.6	29.3
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	28,060	12,830	15,230	28.7	27.4	29.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.2	41.2	39.1	40.2	41.2	39.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	62,135	31,550	30,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,030	1,035	995	3.3	3.3	3.3
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	60,105	30,520	29,585	96.7	96.7	96.7
Employee	46,435	21,765	24,670	74.7	69.0	80.7
Permanent position	38,570	18,420	20,150	62.1	58.4	65.9
Temporary position	7,865	3,345	4,515	12.7	10.6	14.8
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,235	1,305	1,930	5.2	4.1	6.3
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,630	2,045	2,590	7.5	6.5	8.5
Self-employed¹⁹²	13,670	8,750	4,920	22.0	27.7	16.1
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	62,135	31,550	30,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,030	1,035	995	3.3	3.3	3.3
All occupations¹⁹¹	60,105	30,520	29,585	96.7	96.7	96.7
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,120	880	240	1.8	2.8	0.8
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	14,275	5,275	8,995	23.0	16.7	29.4
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	8,205	5,970	2,235	13.2	18.9	7.3
3 Health occupations	5,055	1,485	3,570	8.1	4.7	11.7
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	7,475	2,270	5,205	12.0	7.2	17.0
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,405	1,155	1,245	3.9	3.7	4.1
6 Sales and service occupations	13,325	6,575	6,755	21.4	20.8	22.1
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	5,995	5,440	560	9.6	17.2	1.8
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	320	260	65	0.5	0.8	0.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,925	1,210	720	3.1	3.8	2.4
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	62,135	31,550	30,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,030	1,035	995	3.3	3.3	3.3
All industries¹⁹¹	60,105	30,520	29,585	96.7	96.7	96.7
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	130	70	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	50	35	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
22 Utilities	255	170	90	0.4	0.5	0.3
23 Construction	3,510	2,795	710	5.6	8.9	2.3
31-33 Manufacturing	4,880	3,155	1,730	7.9	10.0	5.7
41 Wholesale trade	2,655	1,610	1,050	4.3	5.1	3.4
44-45 Retail trade	6,225	3,005	3,220	10.0	9.5	10.5
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,110	1,585	525	3.4	5.0	1.7
51 Information and cultural industries	1,495	880	615	2.4	2.8	2.0
52 Finance and insurance	4,870	2,475	2,390	7.8	7.8	7.8
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,170	1,180	985	3.5	3.7	3.2
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	9,150	5,340	3,810	14.7	16.9	12.5
55 Management of companies and enterprises	340	175	165	0.5	0.6	0.5
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,220	1,210	1,010	3.6	3.8	3.3
61 Educational services	4,920	1,450	3,465	7.9	4.6	11.3
62 Health care and social assistance	7,145	1,770	5,375	11.5	5.6	17.6
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,075	545	530	1.7	1.7	1.7
72 Accommodation and food services	2,265	1,115	1,160	3.6	3.5	3.8
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,680	1,035	1,650	4.3	3.3	5.4
91 Public administration	1,965	915	1,045	3.2	2.9	3.4
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	66,390	33,500	32,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	59,270	30,290	28,985	89.3	90.4	88.1
French	85	15	70	0.1	0.0	0.2
Non-official language	1,140	530	615	1.7	1.6	1.9
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,140	530	615	1.7	1.6	1.9
English and French	740	265	475	1.1	0.8	1.4
English and non-official language(s)	4,970	2,340	2,630	7.5	7.0	8.0
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	120	40	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	66,390	33,500	32,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	65,220	32,990	32,230	98.2	98.5	98.0
Official languages	62,905	31,940	30,965	94.8	95.3	94.1
English	62,720	31,905	30,810	94.5	95.2	93.7
French	185	30	155	0.3	0.1	0.5
Non-official languages	2,320	1,050	1,260	3.5	3.1	3.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,320	1,050	1,260	3.5	3.1	3.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	120	35	90	0.2	0.1	0.3
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	120	35	90	0.2	0.1	0.3
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	120	30	90	0.2	0.1	0.3
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	880	410	470	1.3	1.2	1.4
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	430	180	250	0.6	0.5	0.8
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	430	180	250	0.6	0.5	0.8
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	410	170	245	0.6	0.5	0.7
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	355	185	170	0.5	0.6	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	340	175	170	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	340	175	170	0.5	0.5	0.5
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	315	155	155	0.5	0.5	0.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	55	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	30	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	545	240	310	0.8	0.7	0.9
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	670	325	350	1.0	1.0	1.1
Chinese languages	670	325	350	1.0	1.0	1.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	530	280	250	0.8	0.8	0.8
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	145	50	95	0.2	0.1	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,165	510	660	1.8	1.5	2.0
English and French	125	40	85	0.2	0.1	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	1,015	455	560	1.5	1.4	1.7
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	66,390	33,500	32,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	61,570	31,305	30,265	92.7	93.4	92.0
English	1,115	475	635	1.7	1.4	1.9
French	550	220	330	0.8	0.7	1.0
Non-official language	2,530	1,250	1,280	3.8	3.7	3.9
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,530	1,250	1,280	3.8	3.7	3.9
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	115	50	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	80	20	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	425	170	255	0.6	0.5	0.8
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	53,920	27,800	26,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	21,355	10,255	11,100	39.6	36.9	42.5
Worked outside Canada	270	200	70	0.5	0.7	0.3
No fixed workplace address	4,945	3,470	1,475	9.2	12.5	5.6
Usual place of work	27,350	13,875	13,475	50.7	49.9	51.6
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	27,350	13,875	13,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	9,930	5,055	4,875	36.3	36.4	36.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	4,330	2,115	2,215	15.8	15.2	16.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	13,030	6,680	6,355	47.6	48.1	47.2
Commute to a different province or territory	55	30	30	0.2	0.2	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	32,295	17,345	14,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	26,145	14,895	11,250	81.0	85.9	75.3
Car, truck or van - as a driver	23,890	14,165	9,725	74.0	81.7	65.1
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,255	730	1,525	7.0	4.2	10.2
Public transit	3,820	1,415	2,410	11.8	8.2	16.1
Walked	1,225	500	730	3.8	2.9	4.9
Bicycle	150	125	20	0.5	0.7	0.1
Other method	960	410	540	3.0	2.4	3.6
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	32,295	17,345	14,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	6,375	3,155	3,215	19.7	18.2	21.5
15 to 29 minutes	10,870	5,775	5,095	33.7	33.3	34.1
30 to 44 minutes	8,415	4,890	3,525	26.1	28.2	23.6
45 to 59 minutes	3,275	1,875	1,405	10.1	10.8	9.4
60 minutes and over	3,360	1,655	1,705	10.4	9.5	11.4
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	32,295	17,345	14,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,330	920	415	4.1	5.3	2.8
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	3,770	2,385	1,390	11.7	13.8	9.3
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	7,055	3,780	3,275	21.8	21.8	21.9
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,480	4,270	4,205	26.3	24.6	28.1
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	7,545	3,740	3,800	23.4	21.6	25.4
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,110	2,250	1,860	12.7	13.0	12.4
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	21,270	10,920	10,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,730	850	880	8.1	7.8	8.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	19,540	10,065	9,470	91.9	92.2	91.5
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	16,365	8,440	7,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,420	690	725	8.7	8.2	9.2
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	795	380	410	4.9	4.5	5.2
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	630	310	315	3.8	3.7	4.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,945	7,750	7,200	91.3	91.8	90.9

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 11, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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