Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	ThornhillMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts	Rates
	Total	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	115,292	...
Population, 2016¹	112,719	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	2.3	2.3
Total private dwellings²	43,889	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	41,843	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,839.8	1,839.8
Land area in square kilometres	62.66	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	115,295	100.0
0 to 14 years	16,425	14.2
0 to 4 years	4,540	3.9
5 to 9 years	5,485	4.8
10 to 14 years	6,400	5.6
15 to 64 years	75,665	65.6
15 to 19 years	7,245	6.3
20 to 24 years	7,505	6.5
25 to 29 years	7,355	6.4
30 to 34 years	6,920	6.0
35 to 39 years	6,845	5.9
40 to 44 years	6,795	5.9
45 to 49 years	7,655	6.6
50 to 54 years	8,355	7.2
55 to 59 years	8,550	7.4
60 to 64 years	8,435	7.3
65 years and over	23,205	20.1
65 to 69 years	7,210	6.3
70 to 74 years	6,445	5.6
75 to 79 years	3,820	3.3
80 to 84 years	2,815	2.4
85 years and over	2,915	2.5
85 to 89 years	1,740	1.5
90 to 94 years	900	0.8
95 to 99 years	250	0.2
100 years and over	25	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.2	14.2
15 to 64 years	65.6	65.6
65 years and over	20.1	20.1
85 years and over	2.5	2.5
Average age of the population	43.1	43.1
Median age of the population	44.0	44.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	41,845	100.0
Single-detached house	20,720	49.5
Semi-detached house	1,530	3.7
Row house	4,390	10.5
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,735	4.1
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	435	1.0
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	13,030	31.1
Other single-attached house	5	0.0
Movable dwelling⁴	5	0.0
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	41,845	100.0
1 person	8,775	21.0
2 persons	13,195	31.5
3 persons	7,790	18.6
4 persons	7,445	17.8
5 or more persons	4,635	11.1
Number of persons in private households	114,505	100.0
Average household size	2.7	2.7
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	98,870	100.0
Married or living common-law	58,460	59.1
Married	54,900	55.5
Living common-law	3,555	3.6
Living common law - Never married	2,275	2.3
Living common law - Separated	175	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	995	1.0
Living common law - Widowed	115	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	40,410	40.9
Not married and not living common law - Never married	27,850	28.2
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,240	2.3
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,315	5.4
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,000	5.1
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	33,275	100.0
2 persons	14,780	44.4
3 persons	8,195	24.6
4 persons	7,505	22.6
5 or more persons	2,800	8.4
Average size of census families	3.0	3.0
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	1.8
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	33,275	100.0
Total couple families	28,330	85.1
Married couples	26,555	79.8
With children⁶	16,105	48.4
Without children	10,445	31.4
Common-law couples	1,780	5.3
With children⁶	560	1.7
Without children	1,215	3.7
Total one-parent families	4,940	14.8
in which the parent is a woman+	4,010	12.1
in which the parent is a man+	930	2.8
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	114,505	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	99,410	86.8
Married spouses or common-law partners	56,660	49.5
Parents in one-parent families	4,945	4.3
Children⁶	37,805	33.0
In a two-parent family	30,505	26.6
In a one-parent family	7,300	6.4
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	15,090	13.2
Living alone	8,775	7.7
Living with other relatives⁷	3,065	2.7
Living with non-relatives only	3,250	2.8
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	41,845	100.0
One-census-family households without additional persons	27,790	66.4
Couple-family households	24,045	57.5
With children⁶	14,230	34.0
Without children	9,810	23.4
One-parent-family households	3,745	8.9
Multigenerational households⁸	2,015	4.8
Multiple-census-family households⁹	430	1.0
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,505	3.6
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,320	3.2
One-person households	8,775	21.0
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	98,090	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	94,000	95.8
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	40,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	94,040	95.9
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	36,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	84,980	86.6
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,400	34,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	67,685	69.0
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	38,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	84,825	86.5
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,400	8,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,090	7.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	32,630	33.3
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	97,835	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	93,860	95.9
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	61,750	61,750
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	93,900	96.0
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,240	49,240
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	84,930	86.8
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,950	57,950
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	67,430	68.9
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,950	57,950
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	84,735	86.6
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,330	10,330
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,910	7.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,660	6,660
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	32,635	33.4
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,180	10,180
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	97,840	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	31,855	32.6
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	74,000	74,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	93,400	93,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,520	26.1
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,500	15,500
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,640	28,640
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.8	84.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.4	67.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.1	15.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.8
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.3	6.3
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.7	5.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	98,090	100.0
Without total income	4,090	4.2
With total income	94,000	95.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,820	10.4
$10,000 to $19,999	11,900	12.7
$20,000 to $29,999	14,595	15.5
$30,000 to $39,999	10,490	11.2
$40,000 to $49,999	8,365	8.9
$50,000 to $59,999	6,695	7.1
$60,000 to $69,999	5,610	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	4,650	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	3,870	4.1
$90,000 to $99,999	3,355	3.6
$100,000 and over	14,645	15.6
$100,000 to $149,999	8,820	9.4
$150,000 and over	5,825	6.2
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	98,090	100.0
Without after-tax income	4,045	4.1
With after-tax income	94,045	95.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,190	10.8
$10,000 to $19,999	12,525	13.3
$20,000 to $29,999	16,080	17.1
$30,000 to $39,999	11,955	12.7
$40,000 to $49,999	9,535	10.1
$50,000 to $59,999	7,530	8.0
$60,000 to $69,999	6,065	6.4
$70,000 to $79,999	4,830	5.1
$80,000 to $89,999	4,145	4.4
$90,000 to $99,999	2,775	3.0
$100,000 and over	8,420	9.0
$100,000 to $124,999	3,795	4.0
$125,000 and over	4,620	4.9
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	98,090	100.0
Without employment income	30,405	31.0
With employment income	67,685	69.0
Under $5,000 (including loss)	10,770	15.9
$5,000 to $9,999	6,510	9.6
$10,000 to $19,999	7,365	10.9
$20,000 to $29,999	5,275	7.8
$30,000 to $39,999	4,775	7.1
$40,000 to $49,999	4,615	6.8
$50,000 to $59,999	4,385	6.5
$60,000 to $69,999	3,890	5.7
$70,000 to $79,999	3,295	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	2,875	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	2,800	4.1
$100,000 and over	11,135	16.5
$100,000 to $124,999	4,625	6.8
$125,000 and over	6,510	9.6
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	98,090	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	91,385	93.2
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	91,395	93.2
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	35,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	83,570	85.2
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	37,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	68,355	69.7
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	39,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	79,170	80.7
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,350	1,350
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	3,975	4.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,240	6,240
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	97,835	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	91,280	93.3
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	58,800	58,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	91,290	93.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,640	46,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	83,455	85.3
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	58,600	58,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	68,015	69.5
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	58,050	58,050
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	79,100	80.9
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,010	6,010
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,025	4.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,430	8,430
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	97,840	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	31,640	32.3
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500	69,500
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	87,300	87,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,165	24.7
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,400	22,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	35,960	35,960
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.2	91.2
Employment income (%)	73.6	73.6
Government transfers (%)	8.9	8.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6	0.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	41,845	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	104,000	104,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	90,000	90,000
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	8,775	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,400	46,400
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,600	41,600
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	33,070	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	123,000	123,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,000	107,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	41,725	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	139,000	139,000
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	110,800	110,800
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	8,690	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	69,700	69,700
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	54,900	54,900
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	33,040	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	157,200	157,200
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	125,500	125,500
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	41,840	100.0
Under $5,000	590	1.4
$5,000 to $9,999	245	0.6
$10,000 to $14,999	395	0.9
$15,000 to $19,999	615	1.5
$20,000 to $24,999	1,230	2.9
$25,000 to $29,999	1,040	2.5
$30,000 to $34,999	1,105	2.6
$35,000 to $39,999	1,285	3.1
$40,000 to $44,999	1,180	2.8
$45,000 to $49,999	1,185	2.8
$50,000 to $59,999	2,335	5.6
$60,000 to $69,999	2,340	5.6
$70,000 to $79,999	2,225	5.3
$80,000 to $89,999	2,295	5.5
$90,000 to $99,999	2,150	5.1
$100,000 and over	21,635	51.7
$100,000 to $124,999	4,590	11.0
$125,000 to $149,999	3,795	9.1
$150,000 to $199,999	5,370	12.8
$200,000 and over	7,885	18.8
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	41,840	100.0
Under $5,000	695	1.7
$5,000 to $9,999	255	0.6
$10,000 to $14,999	405	1.0
$15,000 to $19,999	655	1.6
$20,000 to $24,999	1,300	3.1
$25,000 to $29,999	1,160	2.8
$30,000 to $34,999	1,260	3.0
$35,000 to $39,999	1,420	3.4
$40,000 to $44,999	1,355	3.2
$45,000 to $49,999	1,410	3.4
$50,000 to $59,999	2,710	6.5
$60,000 to $69,999	2,835	6.8
$70,000 to $79,999	2,800	6.7
$80,000 to $89,999	2,600	6.2
$90,000 to $99,999	2,350	5.6
$100,000 and over	18,630	44.5
$100,000 to $124,999	5,105	12.2
$125,000 to $149,999	3,975	9.5
$150,000 and over	9,555	22.8
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	32,330	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	123,000	123,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,000	106,000
Average family size of economic families	3.2	3.2
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,125	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	95,000	95,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	83,000	83,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	16,710	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	156,000	156,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,000	133,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	4.0
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,460	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000	81,000
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,000	73,000
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	2.6
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	12,025	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,000	40,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,800	36,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	32,345	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	156,600	156,600
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	124,900	124,900
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,145	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	131,400	131,400
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	102,600	102,600
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	16,615	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	190,200	190,200
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	151,200	151,200
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,520	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	97,400	97,400
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,800	82,800
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	11,990	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	60,850	60,850
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,760	48,760
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	114,500	100.0
0 to 17 years	20,775	18.1
0 to 5 years	5,595	4.9
18 to 64 years	71,205	62.2
65 years and over	22,520	19.7
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	11,075	...
0 to 17 years	2,025	...
0 to 5 years	640	...
18 to 64 years	6,115	...
65 years and over	2,940	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.7	9.7
0 to 17 years (%)	9.8	9.8
0 to 5 years (%)	11.4	11.4
18 to 64 years (%)	8.6	8.6
65 years and over (%)	13.1	13.1
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	114,505	100.0
0 to 17 years	20,775	18.1
0 to 5 years	5,595	4.9
18 to 64 years	71,205	62.2
65 years and over	22,520	19.7
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	6,780	...
0 to 17 years	1,205	...
0 to 5 years	350	...
18 to 64 years	4,475	...
65 years and over	1,095	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.9	5.9
0 to 17 years (%)	5.8	5.8
0 to 5 years (%)	6.3	6.3
18 to 64 years (%)	6.3	6.3
65 years and over (%)	4.9	4.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	114,500	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	44,715	39.1
In bottom decile	9,990	8.7
In second decile	8,550	7.5
In third decile	8,240	7.2
In fourth decile	8,855	7.7
In fifth decile	9,080	7.9
In top half of the distribution	69,785	60.9
In sixth decile	9,915	8.7
In seventh decile	10,990	9.6
In eighth decile	12,685	11.1
In ninth decile	15,185	13.3
In top decile	21,015	18.4
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	114,505	114,505
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.383	0.383
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.481	0.481
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.330	0.330
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.4	4.4
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	115,090	100.0
English only	101,685	88.4
French only	65	0.1
English and French	8,650	7.5
Neither English nor French	4,690	4.1
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	115,090	100.0
English	108,250	94.1
French	1,050	0.9
English and French	1,175	1.0
Neither English nor French	4,610	4.0
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	115,090	100.0
Single responses	108,780	94.5
Official languages	51,100	44.4
English	50,180	43.6
French	920	0.8
Non-official languages	57,680	50.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Haida	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0.0
Oneida	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0.0
Michif	0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0.0
Squamish	0	0.0
Straits	0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0.0
Dakota	0	0.0
Stoney	0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	57,680	50.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,110	3.6
Berber languages	0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	0.0
Hausa	5	0.0
Mina	0	0.0
Coptic	5	0.0
Cushitic languages	20	0.0
Bilen	0	0.0
Oromo	5	0.0
Somali	15	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,075	3.5
Amharic	20	0.0
Arabic	675	0.6
Aramaic languages	45	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	45	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Harari	0	0.0
Hebrew	3,295	2.9
Maltese	10	0.0
Tigrigna	30	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	650	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	40	0.0
Vietnamese	610	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0.0
Austronesian languages	3,355	2.9
Bikol	15	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	0.0
Cebuano	55	0.0
Fijian	0	0.0
Hiligaynon	55	0.0
Ilocano	365	0.3
Indonesian	55	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0.0
Merina	0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Malay	0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0.0
Pangasinan	20	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,700	2.3
Waray-Waray	10	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	0.0
Creole languages	20	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0.0
Krio	0	0.0
Morisyen	10	0.0
Sango	0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Dravidian languages	780	0.7
Kannada	10	0.0
Malayalam	120	0.1
Tamil	565	0.5
Telugu	85	0.1
Tulu	5	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Georgian	155	0.1
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0.0
Indo-European languages	32,155	27.9
Albanian	200	0.2
Armenian	280	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	13,920	12.1
Baltic languages	80	0.1
Latvian	20	0.0
Lithuanian	60	0.1
Slavic languages	13,835	12.0
Belarusian	25	0.0
Bulgarian	125	0.1
Czech	30	0.0
Macedonian	85	0.1
Polish	365	0.3
Russian	12,295	10.7
Rusyn	0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	390	0.3
Bosnian	25	0.0
Croatian	65	0.1
Serbian	290	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	0.0
Slovak	65	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	35	0.0
Ukrainian	415	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0.0
Irish	0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0.0
Welsh	0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Germanic languages	860	0.7
Frisian	0	0.0
High German languages	780	0.7
German	305	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0.0
Swiss German	10	0.0
Yiddish	470	0.4
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	65	0.1
Afrikaans	10	0.0
Dutch	60	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	0.0
Danish	5	0.0
Icelandic	0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0.0
Swedish	5	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Greek	490	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	10,155	8.8
Indo-Aryan languages	2,860	2.5
Assamese	0	0.0
Bengali	195	0.2
Gujarati	960	0.8
Hindi	485	0.4
Kacchi	55	0.0
Kashmiri	5	0.0
Konkani	10	0.0
Marathi	95	0.1
Nepali	25	0.0
Oriya languages	10	0.0
Odia	0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	555	0.5
Rohingya	0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	70	0.1
Urdu	395	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0
Iranian languages	7,280	6.3
Baluchi	0	0.0
Kurdish	85	0.1
Parsi	10	0.0
Pashto	20	0.0
Persian languages	7,135	6.2
Dari	200	0.2
Iranian Persian	6,190	5.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	745	0.6
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,255	5.4
Catalan	0	0.0
Italian	2,520	2.2
Portuguese	805	0.7
Romanian	915	0.8
Spanish	2,010	1.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Japanese	105	0.1
Korean	4,810	4.2
Mongolian	20	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	130	0.1
Akan (Twi)	25	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0.0
Edo	0	0.0
Éwé	10	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0.0
Ga	0	0.0
Ganda	5	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0.0
Igbo	10	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0.0
Lingala	0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0.0
Mwani	0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0.0
Shona	5	0.0
Soninke	0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0.0
Swahili	15	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0.0
Wolof	0	0.0
Yoruba	40	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0.0
Dinka	0	0.0
Nuer	0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Sign languages	15	0.0
American Sign Language	10	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	10,045	8.7
Chinese languages	10,010	8.7
Hakka	135	0.1
Mandarin	5,755	5.0
Min Dong	0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	290	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	85	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	3,695	3.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	50	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	30	0.0
Burmese	25	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	55	0.0
Lao	35	0.0
Thai	30	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Turkic languages	700	0.6
Azerbaijani	195	0.2
Kazakh	5	0.0
Turkish	470	0.4
Uyghur	0	0.0
Uzbek	15	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	0.0
Uralic languages	570	0.5
Estonian	20	0.0
Finnish	35	0.0
Hungarian	515	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0
Multiple responses	6,310	5.5
English and French	300	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	4,860	4.2
French and non-official language(s)	135	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	185	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	830	0.7
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	115,090	100.0
English	55,755	48.4
French	190	0.2
Non-official language	18,275	15.9
Indigenous³⁹	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	18,275	15.9
English and French	820	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	36,985	32.1
French and non-official language(s)	40	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,295	1.1
Multiple non-official languages	1,740	1.5
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	115,090	100.0
Single responses	106,590	92.6
Official languages	71,165	61.8
English	70,870	61.6
French	295	0.3
Non-official languages	35,420	30.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Haida	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0.0
Oneida	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0.0
Michif	0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0.0
Squamish	0	0.0
Straits	0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0.0
Dakota	0	0.0
Stoney	0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	35,420	30.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,895	1.6
Berber languages	0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0.0
Hausa	0	0.0
Mina	0	0.0
Coptic	0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	0.0
Bilen	0	0.0
Oromo	5	0.0
Somali	5	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,885	1.6
Amharic	10	0.0
Arabic	250	0.2
Aramaic languages	30	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	0.0
Harari	0	0.0
Hebrew	1,585	1.4
Maltese	0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	375	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	0.0
Vietnamese	360	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,795	1.6
Bikol	0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	0.0
Cebuano	20	0.0
Fijian	0	0.0
Hiligaynon	25	0.0
Ilocano	205	0.2
Indonesian	20	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0.0
Merina	0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Malay	0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,455	1.3
Waray-Waray	0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	0.0
Creole languages	20	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0.0
Krio	0	0.0
Morisyen	15	0.0
Sango	0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Dravidian languages	505	0.4
Kannada	5	0.0
Malayalam	75	0.1
Tamil	370	0.3
Telugu	55	0.0
Tulu	0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Georgian	90	0.1
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0.0
Indo-European languages	18,825	16.4
Albanian	90	0.1
Armenian	120	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	8,720	7.6
Baltic languages	15	0.0
Latvian	5	0.0
Lithuanian	15	0.0
Slavic languages	8,705	7.6
Belarusian	5	0.0
Bulgarian	65	0.1
Czech	0	0.0
Macedonian	30	0.0
Polish	80	0.1
Russian	8,155	7.1
Rusyn	0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	145	0.1
Bosnian	10	0.0
Croatian	20	0.0
Serbian	105	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	0.0
Slovak	10	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	0.0
Ukrainian	190	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0.0
Irish	0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0.0
Welsh	0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Germanic languages	75	0.1
Frisian	0	0.0
High German languages	70	0.1
German	25	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0.0
Yiddish	45	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0.0
Dutch	0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0.0
Danish	0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0.0
Swedish	0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Greek	145	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	7,025	6.1
Indo-Aryan languages	1,555	1.4
Assamese	0	0.0
Bengali	95	0.1
Gujarati	565	0.5
Hindi	250	0.2
Kacchi	10	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0.0
Konkani	0	0.0
Marathi	45	0.0
Nepali	20	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0.0
Odia	0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	315	0.3
Rohingya	0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	0.0
Urdu	210	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Iranian languages	5,470	4.8
Baluchi	0	0.0
Kurdish	50	0.0
Parsi	5	0.0
Pashto	10	0.0
Persian languages	5,385	4.7
Dari	120	0.1
Iranian Persian	4,745	4.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	525	0.5
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,650	2.3
Catalan	0	0.0
Italian	765	0.7
Portuguese	395	0.3
Romanian	425	0.4
Spanish	1,060	0.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Japanese	40	0.0
Korean	3,695	3.2
Mongolian	10	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	45	0.0
Akan (Twi)	20	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0.0
Edo	0	0.0
Éwé	0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0.0
Ga	0	0.0
Ganda	5	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0.0
Igbo	0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0.0
Lingala	0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0.0
Mwani	0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0.0
Shona	5	0.0
Soninke	0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0.0
Swahili	5	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0.0
Wolof	0	0.0
Yoruba	20	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0.0
Dinka	0	0.0
Nuer	0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Sign languages	30	0.0
American Sign Language	25	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,455	6.5
Chinese languages	7,445	6.5
Hakka	70	0.1
Mandarin	4,585	4.0
Min Dong	0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	150	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	60	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	2,550	2.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	0.0
Burmese	10	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	30	0.0
Lao	20	0.0
Thai	10	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Turkic languages	450	0.4
Azerbaijani	90	0.1
Kazakh	0	0.0
Turkish	345	0.3
Uyghur	0	0.0
Uzbek	10	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0
Uralic languages	155	0.1
Estonian	5	0.0
Finnish	10	0.0
Hungarian	135	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0
Multiple responses	8,505	7.4
English and French	170	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	7,990	6.9
French and non-official language(s)	30	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	100	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	215	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	115,095	100.0
None	81,025	70.4
English	13,135	11.4
French	855	0.7
Non-official language	14,840	12.9
Indigenous³⁹	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	14,840	12.9
English and French	190	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	2,345	2.0
French and non-official language(s)	655	0.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	2,000	1.7
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	114,185	100.0
Official languages	109,470	95.9
English	109,435	95.8
French	8,570	7.5
Non-official languages	72,865	63.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Haida	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0.0
Oneida	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0.0
Michif	0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0.0
Squamish	0	0.0
Straits	0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0.0
Dakota	0	0.0
Stoney	0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	72,860	63.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	12,050	10.6
Berber languages	0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Chadic languages	15	0.0
Hausa	15	0.0
Mina	0	0.0
Coptic	0	0.0
Cushitic languages	25	0.0
Bilen	0	0.0
Oromo	0	0.0
Somali	25	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Semitic languages	12,005	10.5
Amharic	35	0.0
Arabic	1,175	1.0
Aramaic languages	70	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	60	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Harari	0	0.0
Hebrew	10,895	9.5
Maltese	15	0.0
Tigrigna	50	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,180	1.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	80	0.1
Vietnamese	1,105	1.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0.0
Austronesian languages	4,395	3.8
Bikol	40	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Cebuano	95	0.1
Fijian	0	0.0
Hiligaynon	55	0.0
Ilocano	705	0.6
Indonesian	75	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0.0
Merina	0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Malay	35	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	30	0.0
Pangasinan	25	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,195	3.7
Waray-Waray	0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	55	0.0
Creole languages	115	0.1
Haitian Creole	15	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	10	0.0
Krio	0	0.0
Morisyen	40	0.0
Sango	0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	25	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,440	1.3
Kannada	95	0.1
Malayalam	175	0.2
Tamil	1,115	1.0
Telugu	170	0.1
Tulu	0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Georgian	135	0.1
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0.0
Indo-European languages	40,490	35.5
Albanian	300	0.3
Armenian	315	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	16,330	14.3
Baltic languages	165	0.1
Latvian	40	0.0
Lithuanian	125	0.1
Slavic languages	16,285	14.3
Belarusian	45	0.0
Bulgarian	175	0.2
Czech	70	0.1
Macedonian	125	0.1
Polish	500	0.4
Russian	14,950	13.1
Rusyn	0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	510	0.4
Bosnian	25	0.0
Croatian	130	0.1
Serbian	405	0.4
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	0.0
Slovak	70	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	0.0
Ukrainian	1,480	1.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	0.0
Irish	10	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0.0
Welsh	0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,255	2.0
Frisian	0	0.0
High German languages	1,885	1.7
German	815	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0.0
Yiddish	1,105	1.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	345	0.3
Afrikaans	250	0.2
Dutch	105	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	50	0.0
Danish	20	0.0
Icelandic	0	0.0
Norwegian	10	0.0
Swedish	25	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Greek	785	0.7
Indo-Iranian languages	12,675	11.1
Indo-Aryan languages	4,320	3.8
Assamese	0	0.0
Bengali	265	0.2
Gujarati	1,475	1.3
Hindi	2,270	2.0
Kacchi	60	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0.0
Konkani	15	0.0
Marathi	160	0.1
Nepali	30	0.0
Oriya languages	10	0.0
Odia	0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	960	0.8
Rohingya	0	0.0
Sindhi	40	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	145	0.1
Urdu	685	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	0.0
Iranian languages	8,380	7.3
Baluchi	0	0.0
Kurdish	190	0.2
Parsi	20	0.0
Pashto	40	0.0
Persian languages	8,240	7.2
Dari	215	0.2
Iranian Persian	7,510	6.6
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	670	0.6
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	40	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	9,215	8.1
Catalan	0	0.0
Italian	3,725	3.3
Portuguese	1,180	1.0
Romanian	1,155	1.0
Spanish	3,660	3.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	30	0.0
Japanese	260	0.2
Korean	5,395	4.7
Mongolian	20	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	465	0.4
Akan (Twi)	80	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0.0
Edo	0	0.0
Éwé	10	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0.0
Ga	0	0.0
Ganda	0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0.0
Igbo	60	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0.0
Lingala	0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0.0
Mwani	0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0.0
Shona	10	0.0
Soninke	0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0.0
Swahili	120	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0.0
Wolof	0	0.0
Yoruba	145	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	55	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0.0
Dinka	0	0.0
Nuer	0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	15	0.0
Sign languages	135	0.1
American Sign Language	135	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	11,975	10.5
Chinese languages	11,950	10.5
Hakka	155	0.1
Mandarin	7,960	7.0
Min Dong	15	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	405	0.4
Wu (Shanghainese)	175	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	5,105	4.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	50	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	30	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	0.0
Burmese	45	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	65	0.1
Lao	25	0.0
Thai	50	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,380	1.2
Azerbaijani	385	0.3
Kazakh	30	0.0
Turkish	1,085	1.0
Uyghur	0	0.0
Uzbek	20	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	30	0.0
Uralic languages	800	0.7
Estonian	10	0.0
Finnish	35	0.0
Hungarian	750	0.7
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	114,185	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	280	0.2
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	225	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian)	130	0.1
Métis	95	0.1
Inuk (Inuit)	0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	55	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	113,905	99.8
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	114,185	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	85	0.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	114,105	99.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	41,725	100.0
Owner	32,565	78.0
Renter	9,160	22.0
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	0.0
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	41,725	100.0
Condominium	13,945	33.4
Not condominium	27,780	66.6
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	41,725	100.0
No bedrooms	145	0.3
1 bedroom	5,330	12.8
2 bedrooms	8,635	20.7
3 bedrooms	10,805	25.9
4 or more bedrooms	16,810	40.3
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	41,725	100.0
1 to 4 rooms	13,235	31.7
5 rooms	5,715	13.7
6 rooms	5,405	13.0
7 rooms	4,665	11.2
8 or more rooms	12,710	30.5
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	6.2
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	41,725	100.0
One person or fewer per room	40,345	96.7
More than one person per room	1,375	3.3
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	41,725	100.0
Suitable	38,810	93.0
Not suitable	2,915	7.0
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	41,725	100.0
1960 or before	1,310	3.1
1961 to 1980	7,450	17.9
1981 to 1990	10,695	25.6
1991 to 2000	7,030	16.8
2001 to 2005	5,105	12.2
2006 to 2010	3,450	8.3
2011 to 2015	2,675	6.4
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	4,010	9.6
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	41,725	100.0
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	40,230	96.4
Major repairs needed	1,495	3.6
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	41,725	100.0
One-maintainer household	18,670	44.7
Two-maintainer household	20,285	48.6
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,775	6.7
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	41,725	100.0
15 to 24 years	695	1.7
25 to 34 years	4,055	9.7
35 to 44 years	6,335	15.2
45 to 54 years	8,395	20.1
55 to 64 years	9,230	22.1
65 to 74 years	7,630	18.3
75 to 84 years	3,760	9.0
85 years and over	1,625	3.9
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	41,475	100.0
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	27,515	66.3
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	13,955	33.6
30% to less than 100%	11,970	28.9
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	41,725	100.0
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	16,650	39.9
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	12,345	29.6
Not suitable only	1,815	4.3
Major repairs needed only	805	1.9
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,000	2.4
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	585	1.4
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	70	0.2
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	25	0.1
Acceptable housing	25,075	60.1
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	39,480	100.0
In core need	6,425	16.3
Not in core need	33,060	83.7
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	32,560	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	55.3	55.3
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	28.2	28.2
% in core housing need⁶³	12.2	12.2
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,760	1,760
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,116	2,116
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,020,000	1,020,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,203,000	1,203,000
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	9,165	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	6.5	6.5
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	53.3	53.3
% in core housing need⁶³	31.7	31.7
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,900	1,900
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,882	1,882
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	114,185	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	40	0.0
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	40	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	30	0.0
Métis single ancestry	0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	240	0.2
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	240	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	145	0.1
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	90	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	113,905	99.8
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	114,190	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	99,600	87.2
Canadian citizens aged under 18	19,015	16.7
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	80,585	70.6
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	14,585	12.8
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	114,190	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	50,485	44.2
Immigrants⁸¹	59,625	52.2
Before 1980	10,515	9.2
1980 to 1990	8,090	7.1
1991 to 2000	14,085	12.3
2001 to 2010	14,630	12.8
2011 to 2021⁸²	12,310	10.8
2011 to 2015	6,330	5.5
2016 to 2021	5,975	5.2
Non-permanent residents⁸³	4,080	3.6
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	59,625	100.0
Under 5 years	4,155	7.0
5 to 14 years	9,265	15.5
15 to 24 years	10,500	17.6
25 to 44 years	28,620	48.0
45 years and over	7,075	11.9
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	59,625	100.0
Americas	4,625	7.8
Brazil	230	0.4
Colombia	215	0.4
El Salvador	105	0.2
Guyana	485	0.8
Haiti	10	0.0
Jamaica	715	1.2
Mexico	215	0.4
Peru	155	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	335	0.6
United States of America	1,120	1.9
Other places of birth in Americas	1,045	1.8
Europe	17,170	28.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	70	0.1
Croatia	90	0.2
France	90	0.2
Germany	405	0.7
Greece	240	0.4
Hungary	385	0.6
Italy	1,745	2.9
Netherlands	40	0.1
Poland	510	0.9
Portugal	510	0.9
Romania	890	1.5
Russian Federation	4,610	7.7
Serbia⁸⁶	165	0.3
Ukraine	3,425	5.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	895	1.5
Other places of birth in Europe	3,100	5.2
Africa	3,150	5.3
Algeria	20	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	0.0
Egypt	205	0.3
Eritrea	35	0.1
Ethiopia	15	0.0
Morocco	605	1.0
Nigeria	230	0.4
Somalia	10	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	1,395	2.3
Other places of birth in Africa	605	1.0
Asia	34,540	57.9
Afghanistan	150	0.3
Iran⁸⁸	6,225	10.4
Iraq	280	0.5
Lebanon	120	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	95	0.2
Turkey	475	0.8
China⁹⁰	5,515	9.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,715	2.9
Korea, South⁹²	4,185	7.0
Taiwan	345	0.6
Philippines	4,125	6.9
Viet Nam	1,085	1.8
Bangladesh	105	0.2
India	2,615	4.4
Pakistan	440	0.7
Sri Lanka	650	1.1
Other places of birth in Asia	6,430	10.8
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	145	0.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,975	100.0
Americas	380	6.4
Brazil	55	0.9
Colombia	10	0.2
Haiti	0	0.0
Jamaica	55	0.9
Mexico	50	0.8
United States of America	130	2.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	75	1.3
Europe	830	13.9
France	10	0.2
Germany	10	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0.0
Italy	20	0.3
Russian Federation	250	4.2
Ukraine	305	5.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	15	0.3
Other places of birth in Europe	215	3.6
Africa	195	3.3
Algeria	0	0.0
Burundi	0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0.0
Egypt	15	0.3
Eritrea	0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0.0
Morocco	0	0.0
Nigeria	130	2.2
Somalia	0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	25	0.4
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	15	0.3
Asia	4,565	76.4
Afghanistan	25	0.4
Bangladesh	0	0.0
China⁹⁰	1,050	17.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	0.3
India	455	7.6
Iran⁸⁸	890	14.9
Iraq	20	0.3
Israel	265	4.4
Japan	10	0.2
Jordan	0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	280	4.7
Lebanon	0	0.0
Nepal	15	0.3
Pakistan	110	1.8
Philippines	785	13.1
Saudi Arabia	15	0.3
Sri Lanka	20	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	35	0.6
Turkey	210	3.5
United Arab Emirates	30	0.5
Viet Nam	55	0.9
Other places of birth in Asia	280	4.7
Oceania and other⁹³	10	0.2
Australia	0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	114,185	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	64,870	56.8
Second generation¹⁰¹	31,635	27.7
Third generation or more¹⁰²	17,680	15.5
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	49,110	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	32,495	66.2
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	13,090	26.7
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	19,400	39.5
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	11,220	22.8
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,855	9.9
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	540	1.1
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	49,110	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,660	5.4
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,715	7.6
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,540	3.1
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,505	5.1
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	155	0.3
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	38,535	78.5
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	114,185	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	48,890	42.8
South Asian	7,195	6.3
Chinese	12,930	11.3
Black	2,925	2.6
Filipino	5,460	4.8
Arab	720	0.6
Latin American	1,670	1.5
Southeast Asian	1,220	1.1
West Asian	7,950	7.0
Korean	5,855	5.1
Japanese	145	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,105	1.0
Multiple visible minorities	1,715	1.5
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	65,295	57.2
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	114,190	100.0
Canadian	6,055	5.3
English	3,985	3.5
Irish	3,070	2.7
Scottish	2,975	2.6
French, n.o.s.¹²²	1,185	1.0
German	2,010	1.8
Chinese	12,405	10.9
Italian	6,680	5.8
Indian (India)	4,510	3.9
Ukrainian	3,815	3.3
Dutch	635	0.6
Polish	6,610	5.8
Québécois	40	0.0
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,405	1.2
Filipino	5,150	4.5
French Canadian	250	0.2
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,210	1.1
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	90	0.1
Métis	95	0.1
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,580	2.3
Russian	12,050	10.6
Norwegian	150	0.1
Welsh	305	0.3
Portuguese	1,275	1.1
American	805	0.7
Spanish	1,140	1.0
Swedish	175	0.2
Hungarian	1,630	1.4
Acadian	45	0.0
Pakistani	550	0.5
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	700	0.6
Jewish	20,320	17.8
Punjabi	290	0.3
Vietnamese	1,145	1.0
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	265	0.2
Greek	1,405	1.2
Jamaican	1,020	0.9
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,375	1.2
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	0	0.0
Korean	5,775	5.1
Romanian	2,120	1.9
Lebanese	240	0.2
Iranian	6,365	5.6
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	540	0.5
Danish	120	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	35	0.0
Sikh	95	0.1
Austrian	480	0.4
Belgian	90	0.1
Haitian	25	0.0
Hindu	545	0.5
Mexican	335	0.3
Mennonite	25	0.0
Swiss	100	0.1
Finnish	90	0.1
Sri Lankan	510	0.4
Croatian	135	0.1
Japanese	240	0.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	365	0.3
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	0	0.0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	80	0.1
Muslim	235	0.2
Egyptian	335	0.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	355	0.3
Tamil	670	0.6
Icelandic	20	0.0
Colombian	220	0.2
Moroccan	1,305	1.1
Czech	220	0.2
Syrian	130	0.1
Guyanese	560	0.5
Afghan	240	0.2
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	335	0.3
Serbian	440	0.4
Ojibway	0	0.0
Newfoundlander	45	0.0
Hong Konger	775	0.7
Ontarian	175	0.2
Persian	2,360	2.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	320	0.3
Turkish	855	0.7
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0	0.0
Bangladeshi	90	0.1
Algerian	20	0.0
Brazilian	315	0.3
Nigerian	205	0.2
Armenian	630	0.6
Slovak	155	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,875	1.6
Somali	15	0.0
Taiwanese	305	0.3
Iraqi	470	0.4
Salvadorean	110	0.1
African Caribbean	265	0.2
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	485	0.4
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	445	0.4
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	220	0.2
Algonquin	0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	200	0.2
Lithuanian	1,080	0.9
South African	1,005	0.9
Australian	50	0.0
Palestinian	110	0.1
Chilean	140	0.1
Congolese	40	0.0
Nova Scotian	20	0.0
Ethiopian	10	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	260	0.2
Peruvian	130	0.1
Yoruba	60	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	135	0.1
Berber	40	0.0
Albanian	335	0.3
Maltese	90	0.1
Macedonian	180	0.2
Slovenian	35	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	80	0.1
New Brunswicker	0	0.0
Gujarati	325	0.3
Eritrean	40	0.0
African Canadian	95	0.1
Israeli	4,065	3.6
Mohawk	10	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	105	0.1
Bulgarian	230	0.2
Albertan	0	0.0
Ghanaian	95	0.1
Barbadian	120	0.1
African American	50	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	75	0.1
Tunisian	65	0.1
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	320	0.3
Cuban	120	0.1
Bosnian	15	0.0
Venezuelan	95	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0.0
Latvian	280	0.2
Bengali	65	0.1
Cameroonian	10	0.0
Guatemalan	15	0.0
Indonesian	90	0.1
Laotian	35	0.0
Ilocano	150	0.1
Northern Irish	60	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	30	0.0
British Columbian	0	0.0
Ecuadorian	175	0.2
Franco Ontarian	10	0.0
Argentinian	205	0.2
Estonian	25	0.0
Kurdish	195	0.2
Fijian	45	0.0
Jatt	70	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	100	0.1
Coptic	75	0.1
Thai	35	0.0
Dominican	30	0.0
Nepali	45	0.0
Kabyle	0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0.0
Igbo	40	0.0
Byelorussian	485	0.4
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0.0
Moldovan	285	0.2
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0.0
New Zealander	10	0.0
Sudanese	20	0.0
Breton	0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0.0
Malaysian	25	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	50	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0	0.0
Buddhist	115	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0.0
Norman	0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	45	0.0
Ivorian	0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0.0
Burundian	0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0.0
Nicaraguan	35	0.0
Mauritian	0	0.0
Kenyan	30	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0.0
Vincentian	80	0.1
Jordanian	40	0.0
Manitoban	15	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0.0
Malayali	0	0.0
Chaldean	30	0.0
Sinhalese	90	0.1
Mayan	0	0.0
Honduran	0	0.0
Cherokee	0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	55	0.0
Flemish	0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	15	0.0
Senegalese	0	0.0
Azerbaijani	565	0.5
Sicilian	20	0.0
Pashtun	0	0.0
Malay	30	0.0
Goan	15	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0.0
Zimbabwean	40	0.0
Burmese	40	0.0
Mongolian	70	0.1
Azorean	25	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	85	0.1
Ugandan	10	0.0
Oromo	0	0.0
Tanzanian	45	0.0
Yemeni	155	0.1
Central African	0	0.0
Libyan	40	0.0
Basque	0	0.0
Uruguayan	60	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0.0
Igorot	20	0.0
Fulani	0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0.0
Guinean	0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0.0
Beninese	0	0.0
Telugu	0	0.0
Roma	20	0.0
Costa Rican	0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	25	0.0
Malagasy	0	0.0
Kashmiri	30	0.0
Singaporean	30	0.0
Karen	0	0.0
Edo	25	0.0
Tajik	25	0.0
Amhara	0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	114,185	100.0
Buddhist	2,095	1.8
Christian	38,235	33.5
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7,560	6.6
Anabaptist	25	0.0
Anglican	1,220	1.1
Baptist	625	0.5
Catholic	18,365	16.1
Christian Orthodox	5,700	5.0
Jehovah's Witness	140	0.1
Latter Day Saints	35	0.0
Lutheran	205	0.2
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	55	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	580	0.5
Presbyterian	1,450	1.3
Reformed	80	0.1
United Church	790	0.7
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,415	1.2
Hindu	3,690	3.2
Jewish	34,775	30.5
Muslim	7,480	6.6
Sikh	645	0.6
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	10	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	685	0.6
No religion and secular perspectives	26,585	23.3
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	113,390	100.0
Non-movers	100,225	88.4
Movers	13,160	11.6
Non-migrants	7,130	6.3
Migrants	6,030	5.3
Internal migrants	4,840	4.3
Intraprovincial migrants	4,460	3.9
Interprovincial migrants	385	0.3
External migrants	1,190	1.0
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	109,620	100.0
Non-movers	74,430	67.9
Movers	35,195	32.1
Non-migrants	10,620	9.7
Migrants	24,575	22.4
Internal migrants	17,315	15.8
Intraprovincial migrants	15,960	14.6
Interprovincial migrants	1,360	1.2
External migrants	7,255	6.6
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	97,835	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	10,710	10.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	87,120	89.0
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	60,640	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	2,795	4.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	57,845	95.4
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	97,835	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	9,945	10.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	21,640	22.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	66,255	67.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,270	21.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,450	3.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,015	2.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,435	1.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	14,430	14.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,395	3.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	44,990	46.0
Bachelor's degree	27,820	28.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,820	3.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,720	1.8
Master's degree	9,945	10.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,680	1.7
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	60,645	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,405	4.0
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	9,505	15.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	48,735	80.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	14,375	23.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,040	3.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,200	2.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	835	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,080	16.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,250	3.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	34,360	56.7
Bachelor's degree	21,045	34.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,640	4.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,270	2.1
Master's degree	8,165	13.5
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,240	2.0
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	97,835	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	31,580	32.3
Education	4,030	4.1
13. Education	4,030	4.1
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,760	2.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	220	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	2,535	2.6
Humanities	3,940	4.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	645	0.7
23. English language and literature/letters	970	1.0
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,070	1.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	60	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	310	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	315	0.3
54. History	385	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	190	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,400	9.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	95	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	975	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,060	1.1
22. Legal professions and studies	1,895	1.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	135	0.1
42. Psychology	1,720	1.8
45. Social sciences	3,510	3.6
Business, management and public administration	15,120	15.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	35	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	910	0.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	14,180	14.5
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,740	3.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,500	1.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	895	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	45	0.0
40. Physical sciences	1,205	1.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	100	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,780	4.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,400	3.5
25. Library science	175	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,015	1.0
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	185	0.2
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	11,765	12.0
04. Architecture and related services	685	0.7
14. Engineering	7,080	7.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,675	1.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0.0
46. Construction trades	930	1.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	970	1.0
48. Precision production	425	0.4
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	665	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	460	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	210	0.2
Health and related fields	8,080	8.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	590	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,975	7.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	35	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	480	0.5
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,950	2.0
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,285	1.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	20	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	365	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	285	0.3
Other¹⁷⁹	20	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	60,640	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	11,905	19.6
Education	2,645	4.4
13. Education	2,645	4.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,940	3.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	155	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	1,775	2.9
Humanities	2,845	4.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	485	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	675	1.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	760	1.3
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	50	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	235	0.4
39. Theology and religious vocations	240	0.4
54. History	280	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	130	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,055	11.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	85	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	765	1.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	730	1.2
22. Legal professions and studies	1,430	2.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	90	0.1
42. Psychology	1,240	2.0
45. Social sciences	2,720	4.5
Business, management and public administration	11,605	19.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	675	1.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,910	18.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,600	4.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,145	1.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	570	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	40	0.1
40. Physical sciences	770	1.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	70	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,900	6.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,890	4.8
25. Library science	95	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	770	1.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	145	0.2
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,240	13.6
04. Architecture and related services	545	0.9
14. Engineering	5,200	8.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,060	1.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0.0
46. Construction trades	585	1.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	610	1.0
48. Precision production	225	0.4
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	490	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	335	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	150	0.2
Health and related fields	5,980	9.9
30.37 Design for human health	0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	435	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,210	8.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	30	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	300	0.5
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,425	2.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	925	1.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	305	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	190	0.3
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	60,640	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	11,905	19.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	48,735	80.4
Location of study inside Canada	29,605	48.8
Same as province or territory of residence	27,475	45.3
Different than province or territory of residence	2,135	3.5
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	19,130	31.5
Americas	2,420	4.0
United States of America	1,705	2.8
Mexico	120	0.2
Cuba	20	0.0
Haiti	0	0.0
Jamaica	40	0.1
Brazil	145	0.2
Colombia	75	0.1
Peru	35	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	45	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	220	0.4
Europe	4,805	7.9
Belgium	15	0.0
France	90	0.1
Germany	50	0.1
Netherlands	25	0.0
Switzerland	15	0.0
Hungary	45	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	190	0.3
Poland	65	0.1
Romania	335	0.6
Russian Federation	1,755	2.9
Ukraine	1,045	1.7
Ireland⁹⁶	15	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	450	0.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25	0.0
Italy	50	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	40	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	600	1.0
Africa	700	1.2
Nigeria	90	0.1
Algeria	0	0.0
Morocco	10	0.0
Tunisia	0	0.0
Egypt	70	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	460	0.8
Other locations of study in Africa	70	0.1
Asia	11,040	18.2
Iran⁸⁸	2,505	4.1
Iraq	45	0.1
Israel	1,500	2.5
Lebanon	20	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	25	0.0
Turkey	185	0.3
China⁹⁰	1,610	2.7
Taiwan	65	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	125	0.2
Japan	45	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	1,225	2.0
Philippines	1,600	2.6
Viet Nam	55	0.1
Bangladesh	25	0.0
Sri Lanka	50	0.1
India	1,050	1.7
Pakistan	125	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	790	1.3
Oceania	160	0.3
Australia	125	0.2
New Zealand	35	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	97,835	...
In the labour force	62,130	...
Employed	53,920	...
Unemployed	8,215	...
Not in the labour force	35,705	...
Participation rate	63.5	63.5
Employment rate	55.1	55.1
Unemployment rate	13.2	13.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	97,835	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	36,715	37.5
Worked	61,125	62.5
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	33,065	33.8
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	28,060	28.7
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.2	40.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	62,135	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,030	3.3
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	60,105	96.7
Employee	46,435	74.7
Permanent position	38,570	62.1
Temporary position	7,865	12.7
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,235	5.2
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,630	7.5
Self-employed¹⁹²	13,670	22.0
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	62,135	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,030	3.3
All occupations¹⁹¹	60,105	96.7
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,120	1.8
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	14,275	23.0
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	8,205	13.2
3 Health occupations	5,055	8.1
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	7,475	12.0
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,405	3.9
6 Sales and service occupations	13,325	21.4
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	5,995	9.6
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	320	0.5
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,925	3.1
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	62,135	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,030	3.3
All industries¹⁹¹	60,105	96.7
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	130	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	50	0.1
22 Utilities	255	0.4
23 Construction	3,510	5.6
31-33 Manufacturing	4,880	7.9
41 Wholesale trade	2,655	4.3
44-45 Retail trade	6,225	10.0
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,110	3.4
51 Information and cultural industries	1,495	2.4
52 Finance and insurance	4,870	7.8
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,170	3.5
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	9,150	14.7
55 Management of companies and enterprises	340	0.5
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,220	3.6
61 Educational services	4,920	7.9
62 Health care and social assistance	7,145	11.5
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,075	1.7
72 Accommodation and food services	2,265	3.6
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,680	4.3
91 Public administration	1,965	3.2
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	66,390	100.0
English	59,270	89.3
French	85	0.1
Non-official language	1,140	1.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,140	1.7
English and French	740	1.1
English and non-official language(s)	4,970	7.5
French and non-official language(s)	10	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	120	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	55	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	66,390	100.0
Single responses	65,220	98.2
Official languages	62,905	94.8
English	62,720	94.5
French	185	0.3
Non-official languages	2,320	3.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Haida	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0.0
Oneida	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0.0
Michif	0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0.0
Squamish	0	0.0
Straits	0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0.0
Dakota	0	0.0
Stoney	0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,320	3.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	120	0.2
Berber languages	0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0.0
Coptic	0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0.0
Bilen	0	0.0
Oromo	0	0.0
Somali	0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Semitic languages	120	0.2
Amharic	0	0.0
Arabic	0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Hebrew	120	0.2
Tigrigna	0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	20	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0.0
Vietnamese	20	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10	0.0
Bikol	0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0.0
Malay	0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0.0
Kannada	0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0.0
Tamil	0	0.0
Telugu	0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Georgian	0	0.0
Indo-European languages	880	1.3
Albanian	0	0.0
Armenian	0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	430	0.6
Baltic languages	0	0.0
Latvian	0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0.0
Slavic languages	430	0.6
Bulgarian	0	0.0
Czech	0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0.0
Polish	0	0.0
Russian	410	0.6
Serbo-Croatian	0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0.0
Croatian	0	0.0
Serbian	0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Slovak	0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0.0
Ukrainian	10	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0.0
Frisian	0	0.0
High German languages	0	0.0
German	0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0.0
Dutch	0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0.0
Danish	0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0.0
Swedish	0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Greek	0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	355	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages	15	0.0
Bengali	0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0.0
Hindi	0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0.0
Marathi	0	0.0
Nepali	0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0.0
Urdu	0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Iranian languages	340	0.5
Kurdish	0	0.0
Pashto	0	0.0
Persian languages	340	0.5
Dari	0	0.0
Iranian Persian	315	0.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	95	0.1
Catalan	0	0.0
Italian	0	0.0
Portuguese	20	0.0
Romanian	15	0.0
Spanish	55	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Japanese	30	0.0
Korean	545	0.8
Mongolian	0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0.0
Edo	0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0.0
Ga	0	0.0
Ganda	0	0.0
Igbo	0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0.0
Lingala	0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0.0
Shona	0	0.0
Swahili	0	0.0
Wolof	0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0.0
Dinka	0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	670	1.0
Chinese languages	670	1.0
Hakka	0	0.0
Mandarin	530	0.8
Min Dong	0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	145	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0.0
Burmese	0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0.0
Lao	0	0.0
Thai	0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Turkic languages	30	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0.0
Turkish	30	0.0
Uyghur	0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0.0
Estonian	0	0.0
Finnish	0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,165	1.8
English and French	125	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	1,015	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	15	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	66,390	100.0
None	61,570	92.7
English	1,115	1.7
French	550	0.8
Non-official language	2,530	3.8
Indigenous³⁹	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,530	3.8
English and French	0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	115	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	80	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	425	0.6
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	53,920	100.0
Worked at home	21,355	39.6
Worked outside Canada	270	0.5
No fixed workplace address	4,945	9.2
Usual place of work	27,350	50.7
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	27,350	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	9,930	36.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	4,330	15.8
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	13,030	47.6
Commute to a different province or territory	55	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	32,295	100.0
Car, truck or van	26,145	81.0
Car, truck or van - as a driver	23,890	74.0
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,255	7.0
Public transit	3,820	11.8
Walked	1,225	3.8
Bicycle	150	0.5
Other method	960	3.0
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	32,295	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	6,375	19.7
15 to 29 minutes	10,870	33.7
30 to 44 minutes	8,415	26.1
45 to 59 minutes	3,275	10.1
60 minutes and over	3,360	10.4
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	32,295	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,330	4.1
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	3,770	11.7
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	7,055	21.8
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,480	26.3
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	7,545	23.4
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,110	12.7
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	21,270	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,730	8.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	19,540	91.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	16,365	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,420	8.7
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	795	4.9
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	630	3.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,945	91.3

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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