Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	WillowdaleMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts	Rates
	Total	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	118,218	...
Population, 2016¹	118,801	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	- 0.5	- 0.5
Total private dwellings²	54,386	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	50,560	...
Population density per square kilometre	5,984.4	5,984.4
Land area in square kilometres	19.75	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	118,220	100.0
0 to 14 years	13,355	11.3
0 to 4 years	4,575	3.9
5 to 9 years	4,465	3.8
10 to 14 years	4,315	3.6
15 to 64 years	83,605	70.7
15 to 19 years	5,025	4.3
20 to 24 years	8,115	6.9
25 to 29 years	11,525	9.7
30 to 34 years	12,090	10.2
35 to 39 years	9,500	8.0
40 to 44 years	7,830	6.6
45 to 49 years	7,350	6.2
50 to 54 years	7,630	6.5
55 to 59 years	7,655	6.5
60 to 64 years	6,885	5.8
65 years and over	21,260	18.0
65 to 69 years	6,020	5.1
70 to 74 years	5,190	4.4
75 to 79 years	3,545	3.0
80 to 84 years	2,960	2.5
85 years and over	3,550	3.0
85 to 89 years	2,050	1.7
90 to 94 years	1,180	1.0
95 to 99 years	270	0.2
100 years and over	40	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	11.3	11.3
15 to 64 years	70.7	70.7
65 years and over	18.0	18.0
85 years and over	3.0	3.0
Average age of the population	42.4	42.4
Median age of the population	39.6	39.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	50,560	100.0
Single-detached house	12,425	24.6
Semi-detached house	880	1.7
Row house	1,745	3.5
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,510	3.0
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	3,265	6.5
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	30,715	60.7
Other single-attached house	15	0.0
Movable dwelling⁴	0	0.0
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	50,560	100.0
1 person	16,010	31.7
2 persons	16,865	33.4
3 persons	8,650	17.1
4 persons	5,925	11.7
5 or more persons	3,110	6.2
Number of persons in private households	116,945	100.0
Average household size	2.3	2.3
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	104,865	100.0
Married or living common-law	55,945	53.3
Married	49,790	47.5
Living common-law	6,160	5.9
Living common law - Never married	5,020	4.8
Living common law - Separated	170	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	880	0.8
Living common law - Widowed	90	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	48,920	46.7
Not married and not living common law - Never married	35,040	33.4
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,375	2.3
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,300	6.0
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,205	5.0
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	32,070	100.0
2 persons	16,815	52.4
3 persons	8,300	25.9
4 persons	5,535	17.3
5 or more persons	1,420	4.4
Average size of census families	2.8	2.8
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	1.6
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	32,075	100.0
Total couple families	26,445	82.4
Married couples	23,375	72.9
With children⁶	12,960	40.4
Without children	10,410	32.5
Common-law couples	3,075	9.6
With children⁶	535	1.7
Without children	2,540	7.9
Total one-parent families	5,625	17.5
in which the parent is a woman+	4,780	14.9
in which the parent is a man+	845	2.6
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	116,945	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	88,115	75.3
Married spouses or common-law partners	52,895	45.2
Parents in one-parent families	5,625	4.8
Children⁶	29,590	25.3
In a two-parent family	21,735	18.6
In a one-parent family	7,860	6.7
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	28,835	24.7
Living alone	16,010	13.7
Living with other relatives⁷	4,190	3.6
Living with non-relatives only	8,630	7.4
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	50,560	100.0
One-census-family households without additional persons	27,040	53.5
Couple-family households	22,680	44.9
With children⁶	11,680	23.1
Without children	11,000	21.8
One-parent-family households	4,360	8.6
Multigenerational households⁸	1,340	2.7
Multiple-census-family households⁹	490	1.0
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,900	3.8
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3,780	7.5
One-person households	16,005	31.7
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	103,610	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	97,655	94.3
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	37,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	97,700	94.3
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,020	83.0
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,600	33,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	68,170	65.8
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	37,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	88,995	85.9
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,200	6,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	6,915	6.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	30,680	29.6
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	103,695	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	97,630	94.2
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,050	55,050
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	97,685	94.2
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,920	44,920
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	85,805	82.7
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,100	53,100
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	68,285	65.9
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,150	54,150
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	88,850	85.7
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,200	9,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,630	6.4
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,500	6,500
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	30,615	29.5
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,330	10,330
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	103,695	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	32,280	31.1
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	71,500	71,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	86,600	86,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,690	24.8
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,400	15,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,840	27,840
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.8	84.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	68.8	68.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.2	15.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.8
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.5	6.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.9	5.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	103,605	100.0
Without total income	5,950	5.7
With total income	97,655	94.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	12,695	13.0
$10,000 to $19,999	12,530	12.8
$20,000 to $29,999	15,725	16.1
$30,000 to $39,999	10,830	11.1
$40,000 to $49,999	8,540	8.7
$50,000 to $59,999	6,835	7.0
$60,000 to $69,999	5,570	5.7
$70,000 to $79,999	4,445	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	4,100	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	3,275	3.4
$100,000 and over	13,125	13.4
$100,000 to $149,999	8,295	8.5
$150,000 and over	4,830	4.9
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	103,605	100.0
Without after-tax income	5,910	5.7
With after-tax income	97,695	94.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	13,090	13.4
$10,000 to $19,999	13,110	13.4
$20,000 to $29,999	17,145	17.5
$30,000 to $39,999	12,430	12.7
$40,000 to $49,999	9,745	10.0
$50,000 to $59,999	7,625	7.8
$60,000 to $69,999	6,095	6.2
$70,000 to $79,999	4,760	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	3,920	4.0
$90,000 to $99,999	2,585	2.6
$100,000 and over	7,205	7.4
$100,000 to $124,999	3,455	3.5
$125,000 and over	3,750	3.8
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	103,605	100.0
Without employment income	35,440	34.2
With employment income	68,165	65.8
Under $5,000 (including loss)	10,210	15.0
$5,000 to $9,999	7,000	10.3
$10,000 to $19,999	7,630	11.2
$20,000 to $29,999	5,175	7.6
$30,000 to $39,999	5,225	7.7
$40,000 to $49,999	4,910	7.2
$50,000 to $59,999	4,580	6.7
$60,000 to $69,999	3,880	5.7
$70,000 to $79,999	3,435	5.0
$80,000 to $89,999	3,260	4.8
$90,000 to $99,999	2,650	3.9
$100,000 and over	10,215	15.0
$100,000 to $124,999	4,500	6.6
$125,000 and over	5,715	8.4
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	103,610	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	94,700	91.4
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	33,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	94,720	91.4
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,000	31,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	83,565	80.7
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	35,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	66,705	64.4
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	37,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	83,470	80.6
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,000	1,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	3,330	3.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,040	6,040
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	103,695	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	94,765	91.4
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,350	51,350
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	94,775	91.4
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,760	41,760
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	83,290	80.3
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,300	53,300
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	66,715	64.3
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,450	53,450
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	83,535	80.6
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,112	5,112
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,300	3.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,620	7,620
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	103,695	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	31,675	30.5
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,000	64,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	79,300	79,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,205	22.4
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,200	22,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,720	33,720
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.2	91.2
Employment income (%)	73.2	73.2
Government transfers (%)	8.8	8.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.5	0.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	50,560	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	81,000	81,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	71,000	71,000
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	16,005	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,200	47,200
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,400	42,400
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	34,555	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,000	100,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	88,000	88,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	50,555	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	106,300	106,300
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	86,800	86,800
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	15,965	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	63,050	63,050
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,000	51,000
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	34,585	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	126,300	126,300
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,300	103,300
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	50,560	100.0
Under $5,000	2,090	4.1
$5,000 to $9,999	770	1.5
$10,000 to $14,999	780	1.5
$15,000 to $19,999	1,105	2.2
$20,000 to $24,999	2,350	4.6
$25,000 to $29,999	1,660	3.3
$30,000 to $34,999	1,700	3.4
$35,000 to $39,999	1,780	3.5
$40,000 to $44,999	1,595	3.2
$45,000 to $49,999	1,595	3.2
$50,000 to $59,999	3,280	6.5
$60,000 to $69,999	3,170	6.3
$70,000 to $79,999	3,045	6.0
$80,000 to $89,999	3,045	6.0
$90,000 to $99,999	2,710	5.4
$100,000 and over	19,885	39.3
$100,000 to $124,999	5,635	11.1
$125,000 to $149,999	3,900	7.7
$150,000 to $199,999	4,675	9.2
$200,000 and over	5,675	11.2
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	50,560	100.0
Under $5,000	2,195	4.3
$5,000 to $9,999	775	1.5
$10,000 to $14,999	800	1.6
$15,000 to $19,999	1,175	2.3
$20,000 to $24,999	2,490	4.9
$25,000 to $29,999	1,755	3.5
$30,000 to $34,999	1,905	3.8
$35,000 to $39,999	2,060	4.1
$40,000 to $44,999	1,870	3.7
$45,000 to $49,999	1,990	3.9
$50,000 to $59,999	3,965	7.8
$60,000 to $69,999	3,870	7.7
$70,000 to $79,999	3,620	7.2
$80,000 to $89,999	3,465	6.9
$90,000 to $99,999	2,910	5.8
$100,000 and over	15,710	31.1
$100,000 to $124,999	5,295	10.5
$125,000 to $149,999	3,550	7.0
$150,000 and over	6,855	13.6
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	32,095	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,000	98,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	87,000	87,000
Average family size of economic families	2.9	2.9
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	11,585	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	92,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	80,000	80,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	13,530	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	120,000	120,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	105,000	105,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.8	3.8
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,180	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,000	67,000
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,000	62,000
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	2.5
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	24,640	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,400	38,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	35,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	32,030	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	126,800	126,800
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	103,200	103,200
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,505	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	115,400	115,400
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	93,700	93,700
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,650	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	155,600	155,600
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	124,700	124,700
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,145	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,600	82,600
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,800	71,800
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	24,765	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	53,050	53,050
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,680	43,680
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	116,945	100.0
0 to 17 years	16,075	13.7
0 to 5 years	5,440	4.7
18 to 64 years	80,690	69.0
65 years and over	20,185	17.3
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	20,875	...
0 to 17 years	2,795	...
0 to 5 years	875	...
18 to 64 years	13,570	...
65 years and over	4,515	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	17.9	17.9
0 to 17 years (%)	17.4	17.4
0 to 5 years (%)	16.0	16.0
18 to 64 years (%)	16.8	16.8
65 years and over (%)	22.4	22.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	116,945	100.0
0 to 17 years	16,075	13.7
0 to 5 years	5,435	4.6
18 to 64 years	80,690	69.0
65 years and over	20,180	17.3
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	15,325	...
0 to 17 years	1,910	...
0 to 5 years	560	...
18 to 64 years	11,635	...
65 years and over	1,780	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	13.1	13.1
0 to 17 years (%)	11.9	11.9
0 to 5 years (%)	10.3	10.3
18 to 64 years (%)	14.4	14.4
65 years and over (%)	8.8	8.8
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	116,945	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	61,655	52.7
In bottom decile	20,325	17.4
In second decile	11,665	10.0
In third decile	10,345	8.8
In fourth decile	9,800	8.4
In fifth decile	9,525	8.1
In top half of the distribution	55,285	47.3
In sixth decile	9,020	7.7
In seventh decile	9,340	8.0
In eighth decile	9,975	8.5
In ninth decile	11,105	9.5
In top decile	15,845	13.5
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	116,945	116,945
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.417	0.417
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.520	0.520
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.366	0.366
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	5.6	5.6
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	117,390	100.0
English only	102,905	87.7
French only	100	0.1
English and French	7,585	6.5
Neither English nor French	6,800	5.8
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	117,390	100.0
English	108,240	92.2
French	1,040	0.9
English and French	1,420	1.2
Neither English nor French	6,685	5.7
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	117,390	100.0
Single responses	109,260	93.1
Official languages	35,330	30.1
English	34,490	29.4
French	845	0.7
Non-official languages	73,925	63.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Haida	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0.0
Oneida	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0.0
Michif	0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0.0
Squamish	0	0.0
Straits	0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0.0
Dakota	0	0.0
Stoney	0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	73,920	63.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,090	1.8
Berber languages	5	0.0
Kabyle	5	0.0
Tamazight	0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	0.0
Hausa	5	0.0
Mina	0	0.0
Coptic	0	0.0
Cushitic languages	45	0.0
Bilen	0	0.0
Oromo	10	0.0
Somali	35	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,025	1.7
Amharic	30	0.0
Arabic	1,485	1.3
Aramaic languages	35	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	30	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	0.0
Harari	0	0.0
Hebrew	430	0.4
Maltese	10	0.0
Tigrigna	30	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	630	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0.0
Vietnamese	615	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0.0
Austronesian languages	4,930	4.2
Bikol	10	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	65	0.1
Cebuano	155	0.1
Fijian	0	0.0
Hiligaynon	130	0.1
Ilocano	545	0.5
Indonesian	210	0.2
Kankanaey	5	0.0
Kinaray-a	5	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0.0
Merina	0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Malay	5	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	25	0.0
Pangasinan	20	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,720	3.2
Waray-Waray	10	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	0.0
Creole languages	45	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0.0
Krio	0	0.0
Morisyen	30	0.0
Sango	0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,175	1.0
Kannada	75	0.1
Malayalam	270	0.2
Tamil	505	0.4
Telugu	310	0.3
Tulu	10	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0
Georgian	245	0.2
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0.0
Indo-European languages	28,795	24.5
Albanian	110	0.1
Armenian	325	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	6,450	5.5
Baltic languages	80	0.1
Latvian	50	0.0
Lithuanian	25	0.0
Slavic languages	6,370	5.4
Belarusian	10	0.0
Bulgarian	155	0.1
Czech	60	0.1
Macedonian	135	0.1
Polish	360	0.3
Russian	4,730	4.0
Rusyn	0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	460	0.4
Bosnian	15	0.0
Croatian	90	0.1
Serbian	345	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	0.0
Slovak	55	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	0.0
Ukrainian	365	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0.0
Irish	5	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0.0
Welsh	0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Germanic languages	650	0.6
Frisian	5	0.0
High German languages	475	0.4
German	330	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0.0
Swiss German	15	0.0
Yiddish	135	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	120	0.1
Afrikaans	20	0.0
Dutch	95	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	50	0.0
Danish	20	0.0
Icelandic	5	0.0
Norwegian	10	0.0
Swedish	15	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0
Greek	470	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	15,840	13.5
Indo-Aryan languages	3,420	2.9
Assamese	15	0.0
Bengali	615	0.5
Gujarati	400	0.3
Hindi	1,200	1.0
Kacchi	25	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0.0
Konkani	25	0.0
Marathi	195	0.2
Nepali	100	0.1
Oriya languages	40	0.0
Odia	30	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	225	0.2
Rohingya	0	0.0
Sindhi	30	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	0.0
Urdu	490	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0
Iranian languages	12,420	10.6
Baluchi	0	0.0
Kurdish	160	0.1
Parsi	20	0.0
Pashto	25	0.0
Persian languages	12,190	10.4
Dari	195	0.2
Iranian Persian	10,805	9.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,195	1.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,925	4.2
Catalan	0	0.0
Italian	1,325	1.1
Portuguese	865	0.7
Romanian	615	0.5
Spanish	2,105	1.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0
Japanese	805	0.7
Korean	9,795	8.3
Mongolian	30	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	160	0.1
Akan (Twi)	15	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0.0
Edo	5	0.0
Éwé	0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0.0
Ga	0	0.0
Ganda	5	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0.0
Igbo	25	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0.0
Lingala	0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0.0
Mwani	0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0.0
Shona	10	0.0
Soninke	0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0.0
Swahili	35	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0.0
Wolof	0	0.0
Yoruba	25	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0.0
Dinka	0	0.0
Nuer	0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Sign languages	5	0.0
American Sign Language	10	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	23,605	20.1
Chinese languages	23,550	20.1
Hakka	125	0.1
Mandarin	14,495	12.3
Min Dong	20	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	570	0.5
Wu (Shanghainese)	205	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	7,860	6.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	260	0.2
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	50	0.0
Burmese	10	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tibetan	30	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	75	0.1
Lao	10	0.0
Thai	55	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0
Turkic languages	980	0.8
Azerbaijani	295	0.3
Kazakh	10	0.0
Turkish	620	0.5
Uyghur	15	0.0
Uzbek	25	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0
Uralic languages	545	0.5
Estonian	70	0.1
Finnish	60	0.1
Hungarian	415	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0
Multiple responses	8,130	6.9
English and French	330	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	6,705	5.7
French and non-official language(s)	140	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	145	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	810	0.7
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	117,390	100.0
English	39,840	33.9
French	195	0.2
Non-official language	27,310	23.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	27,310	23.3
English and French	785	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	45,895	39.1
French and non-official language(s)	85	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,230	1.0
Multiple non-official languages	2,045	1.7
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	117,390	100.0
Single responses	107,330	91.4
Official languages	56,465	48.1
English	56,100	47.8
French	370	0.3
Non-official languages	50,860	43.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Haida	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0.0
Oneida	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0.0
Michif	0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0.0
Squamish	0	0.0
Straits	0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0.0
Dakota	0	0.0
Stoney	0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	50,860	43.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,055	0.9
Berber languages	10	0.0
Kabyle	10	0.0
Tamazight	0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	0.0
Hausa	5	0.0
Mina	0	0.0
Coptic	0	0.0
Cushitic languages	25	0.0
Bilen	0	0.0
Oromo	10	0.0
Somali	10	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,020	0.9
Amharic	15	0.0
Arabic	755	0.6
Aramaic languages	10	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Harari	0	0.0
Hebrew	215	0.2
Maltese	0	0.0
Tigrigna	20	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	310	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	0.0
Vietnamese	305	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0.0
Austronesian languages	3,490	3.0
Bikol	0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	55	0.0
Cebuano	85	0.1
Fijian	0	0.0
Hiligaynon	60	0.1
Ilocano	405	0.3
Indonesian	95	0.1
Kankanaey	5	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0.0
Merina	0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Malay	0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,730	2.3
Waray-Waray	10	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	0.0
Creole languages	30	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0.0
Krio	0	0.0
Morisyen	25	0.0
Sango	0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Dravidian languages	735	0.6
Kannada	30	0.0
Malayalam	145	0.1
Tamil	350	0.3
Telugu	210	0.2
Tulu	0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Georgian	190	0.2
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0.0
Indo-European languages	18,535	15.8
Albanian	40	0.0
Armenian	190	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	4,000	3.4
Baltic languages	30	0.0
Latvian	20	0.0
Lithuanian	10	0.0
Slavic languages	3,975	3.4
Belarusian	0	0.0
Bulgarian	80	0.1
Czech	20	0.0
Macedonian	40	0.0
Polish	115	0.1
Russian	3,330	2.8
Rusyn	0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	220	0.2
Bosnian	5	0.0
Croatian	30	0.0
Serbian	185	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0.0
Slovak	10	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	0.0
Ukrainian	145	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0.0
Irish	5	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0.0
Welsh	0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Germanic languages	55	0.0
Frisian	0	0.0
High German languages	35	0.0
German	25	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0.0
Yiddish	5	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0.0
Dutch	10	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	0.0
Danish	0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0.0
Norwegian	5	0.0
Swedish	0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Greek	160	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	11,525	9.8
Indo-Aryan languages	1,860	1.6
Assamese	10	0.0
Bengali	355	0.3
Gujarati	210	0.2
Hindi	690	0.6
Kacchi	5	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0.0
Konkani	5	0.0
Marathi	105	0.1
Nepali	60	0.1
Oriya languages	10	0.0
Odia	10	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	110	0.1
Rohingya	0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	0.0
Urdu	270	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Iranian languages	9,665	8.2
Baluchi	0	0.0
Kurdish	85	0.1
Parsi	15	0.0
Pashto	20	0.0
Persian languages	9,525	8.1
Dari	130	0.1
Iranian Persian	8,475	7.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	915	0.8
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,550	2.2
Catalan	0	0.0
Italian	380	0.3
Portuguese	560	0.5
Romanian	305	0.3
Spanish	1,305	1.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Japanese	515	0.4
Korean	7,820	6.7
Mongolian	15	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	35	0.0
Akan (Twi)	10	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0.0
Edo	0	0.0
Éwé	0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0.0
Ga	0	0.0
Ganda	0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0.0
Igbo	0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0.0
Lingala	0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0.0
Mwani	0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0.0
Shona	0	0.0
Soninke	0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0.0
Swahili	5	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0.0
Wolof	0	0.0
Yoruba	5	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	0.0
Dinka	0	0.0
Nuer	0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Sign languages	20	0.0
American Sign Language	10	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	17,330	14.8
Chinese languages	17,295	14.7
Hakka	20	0.0
Mandarin	11,425	9.7
Min Dong	5	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	320	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	135	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	5,225	4.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	165	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	35	0.0
Burmese	5	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tibetan	30	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	30	0.0
Lao	0	0.0
Thai	30	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Turkic languages	575	0.5
Azerbaijani	185	0.2
Kazakh	0	0.0
Turkish	360	0.3
Uyghur	10	0.0
Uzbek	20	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Uralic languages	170	0.1
Estonian	15	0.0
Finnish	10	0.0
Hungarian	140	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,060	8.6
English and French	205	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	9,475	8.1
French and non-official language(s)	25	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	95	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	250	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	117,390	100.0
None	75,635	64.4
English	18,950	16.1
French	750	0.6
Non-official language	16,435	14.0
Indigenous³⁹	5	0.0
Non-Indigenous	16,430	14.0
English and French	245	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	2,625	2.2
French and non-official language(s)	555	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	2,145	1.8
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	117,125	100.0
Official languages	110,255	94.1
English	110,170	94.1
French	7,560	6.5
Non-official languages	88,590	75.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Haida	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0.0
Oneida	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0.0
Michif	0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0.0
Squamish	0	0.0
Straits	0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0.0
Dakota	0	0.0
Stoney	0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	88,590	75.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,010	3.4
Berber languages	0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Chadic languages	15	0.0
Hausa	10	0.0
Mina	0	0.0
Coptic	30	0.0
Cushitic languages	85	0.1
Bilen	0	0.0
Oromo	40	0.0
Somali	45	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,905	3.3
Amharic	65	0.1
Arabic	2,215	1.9
Aramaic languages	25	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	15	0.0
Harari	0	0.0
Hebrew	1,645	1.4
Maltese	0	0.0
Tigrigna	40	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	860	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	0.0
Vietnamese	830	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0.0
Austronesian languages	7,040	6.0
Bikol	20	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	85	0.1
Cebuano	285	0.2
Fijian	0	0.0
Hiligaynon	195	0.2
Ilocano	1,345	1.1
Indonesian	300	0.3
Kankanaey	0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0.0
Merina	0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Malay	100	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	55	0.0
Pangasinan	30	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,465	5.5
Waray-Waray	15	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	160	0.1
Creole languages	135	0.1
Haitian Creole	10	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0.0
Krio	0	0.0
Morisyen	75	0.1
Sango	0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	45	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,815	1.5
Kannada	230	0.2
Malayalam	455	0.4
Tamil	935	0.8
Telugu	530	0.5
Tulu	20	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Georgian	300	0.3
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0.0
Indo-European languages	37,160	31.7
Albanian	210	0.2
Armenian	355	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	8,165	7.0
Baltic languages	110	0.1
Latvian	70	0.1
Lithuanian	40	0.0
Slavic languages	8,115	6.9
Belarusian	50	0.0
Bulgarian	185	0.2
Czech	80	0.1
Macedonian	180	0.2
Polish	450	0.4
Russian	6,560	5.6
Rusyn	0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	605	0.5
Bosnian	60	0.1
Croatian	175	0.1
Serbian	485	0.4
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	40	0.0
Slovak	135	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	45	0.0
Ukrainian	850	0.7
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Celtic languages	30	0.0
Irish	30	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0.0
Welsh	0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,495	1.3
Frisian	0	0.0
High German languages	1,155	1.0
German	885	0.8
Pennsylvania German	0	0.0
Swiss German	10	0.0
Yiddish	270	0.2
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	260	0.2
Afrikaans	105	0.1
Dutch	145	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0.0
Scandinavian languages	105	0.1
Danish	30	0.0
Icelandic	0	0.0
Norwegian	40	0.0
Swedish	45	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Greek	800	0.7
Indo-Iranian languages	19,950	17.0
Indo-Aryan languages	6,035	5.2
Assamese	0	0.0
Bengali	920	0.8
Gujarati	830	0.7
Hindi	3,925	3.4
Kacchi	75	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0.0
Konkani	70	0.1
Marathi	475	0.4
Nepali	160	0.1
Oriya languages	100	0.1
Odia	70	0.1
Oriya, n.o.s.	30	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	660	0.6
Rohingya	0	0.0
Sindhi	80	0.1
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	90	0.1
Urdu	1,145	1.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	0.0
Iranian languages	14,005	12.0
Baluchi	0	0.0
Kurdish	235	0.2
Parsi	40	0.0
Pashto	80	0.1
Persian languages	13,805	11.8
Dari	240	0.2
Iranian Persian	12,535	10.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,070	0.9
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	45	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,570	6.5
Catalan	10	0.0
Italian	2,080	1.8
Portuguese	1,215	1.0
Romanian	825	0.7
Spanish	4,050	3.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Japanese	1,400	1.2
Korean	11,095	9.5
Mongolian	45	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	515	0.4
Akan (Twi)	30	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0.0
Edo	25	0.0
Éwé	15	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0.0
Ga	10	0.0
Ganda	0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0.0
Igbo	40	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0.0
Lingala	20	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0.0
Mwani	0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	0.0
Shona	15	0.0
Soninke	0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	0.0
Swahili	170	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0.0
Wolof	0	0.0
Yoruba	135	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	65	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	0.0
Dinka	0	0.0
Nuer	0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Sign languages	50	0.0
American Sign Language	40	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	27,310	23.3
Chinese languages	27,230	23.2
Hakka	170	0.1
Mandarin	19,540	16.7
Min Dong	10	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,135	1.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	320	0.3
Yue (Cantonese)	10,445	8.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	300	0.3
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	30	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	105	0.1
Burmese	20	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tibetan	75	0.1
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	80	0.1
Lao	20	0.0
Thai	65	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,790	1.5
Azerbaijani	600	0.5
Kazakh	45	0.0
Turkish	1,325	1.1
Uyghur	15	0.0
Uzbek	50	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35	0.0
Uralic languages	730	0.6
Estonian	120	0.1
Finnish	80	0.1
Hungarian	535	0.5
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	117,125	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	305	0.3
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	285	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian)	225	0.2
Métis	60	0.1
Inuk (Inuit)	0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	25	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	116,820	99.7
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	117,125	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	160	0.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	116,965	99.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	50,555	100.0
Owner	29,340	58.0
Renter	21,210	42.0
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	0.0
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	50,555	100.0
Condominium	27,650	54.7
Not condominium	22,900	45.3
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	50,555	100.0
No bedrooms	645	1.3
1 bedroom	14,095	27.9
2 bedrooms	18,440	36.5
3 bedrooms	8,400	16.6
4 or more bedrooms	8,965	17.7
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	50,555	100.0
1 to 4 rooms	30,370	60.1
5 rooms	6,115	12.1
6 rooms	3,905	7.7
7 rooms	3,060	6.1
8 or more rooms	7,100	14.0
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.7	4.7
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	50,555	100.0
One person or fewer per room	47,715	94.4
More than one person per room	2,835	5.6
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	50,555	100.0
Suitable	44,370	87.8
Not suitable	6,180	12.2
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	50,555	100.0
1960 or before	6,375	12.6
1961 to 1980	9,240	18.3
1981 to 1990	5,105	10.1
1991 to 2000	7,180	14.2
2001 to 2005	7,940	15.7
2006 to 2010	6,410	12.7
2011 to 2015	5,640	11.2
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,675	5.3
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	50,555	100.0
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	48,320	95.6
Major repairs needed	2,230	4.4
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	50,555	100.0
One-maintainer household	27,255	53.9
Two-maintainer household	19,665	38.9
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,630	7.2
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	50,555	100.0
15 to 24 years	2,100	4.2
25 to 34 years	9,915	19.6
35 to 44 years	9,000	17.8
45 to 54 years	8,530	16.9
55 to 64 years	8,390	16.6
65 to 74 years	6,625	13.1
75 to 84 years	4,065	8.0
85 years and over	1,920	3.8
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	49,845	100.0
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	28,675	57.5
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	21,175	42.5
30% to less than 100%	16,180	32.5
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	50,550	100.0
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	26,080	51.6
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	17,965	35.5
Not suitable only	3,635	7.2
Major repairs needed only	1,100	2.2
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	2,255	4.5
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	840	1.7
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	170	0.3
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	120	0.2
Acceptable housing	24,470	48.4
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	44,855	100.0
In core need	9,295	20.7
Not in core need	35,555	79.3
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	29,340	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	54.8	54.8
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	37.6	37.6
% in core housing need⁶³	15.7	15.7
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,720	1,720
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,202	2,202
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	850,000	850,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,187,000	1,187,000
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	21,215	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.0	8.0
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	49.3	49.3
% in core housing need⁶³	28.0	28.0
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,860	1,860
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,880	1,880
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	117,125	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	80	0.1
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	80	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	80	0.1
Métis single ancestry	0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	340	0.3
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	335	0.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	275	0.2
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	50	0.0
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	116,710	99.6
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	117,125	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	83,475	71.3
Canadian citizens aged under 18	13,015	11.1
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	70,460	60.2
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	33,655	28.7
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	117,125	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	35,140	30.0
Immigrants⁸¹	70,535	60.2
Before 1980	7,725	6.6
1980 to 1990	6,540	5.6
1991 to 2000	14,165	12.1
2001 to 2010	17,960	15.3
2011 to 2021⁸²	24,145	20.6
2011 to 2015	10,285	8.8
2016 to 2021	13,860	11.8
Non-permanent residents⁸³	11,455	9.8
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	70,535	100.0
Under 5 years	4,180	5.9
5 to 14 years	10,555	15.0
15 to 24 years	11,205	15.9
25 to 44 years	34,145	48.4
45 years and over	10,445	14.8
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	70,535	100.0
Americas	4,145	5.9
Brazil	340	0.5
Colombia	280	0.4
El Salvador	115	0.2
Guyana	285	0.4
Haiti	10	0.0
Jamaica	435	0.6
Mexico	365	0.5
Peru	115	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	355	0.5
United States of America	810	1.1
Other places of birth in Americas	1,035	1.5
Europe	9,905	14.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	85	0.1
Croatia	90	0.1
France	105	0.1
Germany	280	0.4
Greece	400	0.6
Hungary	305	0.4
Italy	860	1.2
Netherlands	85	0.1
Poland	335	0.5
Portugal	180	0.3
Romania	715	1.0
Russian Federation	2,135	3.0
Serbia⁸⁶	235	0.3
Ukraine	1,315	1.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	915	1.3
Other places of birth in Europe	1,870	2.7
Africa	2,090	3.0
Algeria	10	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	25	0.0
Egypt	575	0.8
Eritrea	25	0.0
Ethiopia	85	0.1
Morocco	100	0.1
Nigeria	230	0.3
Somalia	15	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	345	0.5
Other places of birth in Africa	680	1.0
Asia	54,270	76.9
Afghanistan	180	0.3
Iran⁸⁸	10,700	15.2
Iraq	195	0.3
Lebanon	300	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	195	0.3
Turkey	285	0.4
China⁹⁰	12,305	17.4
Hong Kong⁹¹	4,300	6.1
Korea, South⁹²	7,930	11.2
Taiwan	1,660	2.4
Philippines	6,340	9.0
Viet Nam	645	0.9
Bangladesh	440	0.6
India	3,850	5.5
Pakistan	655	0.9
Sri Lanka	230	0.3
Other places of birth in Asia	4,050	5.7
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	120	0.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	13,855	100.0
Americas	815	5.9
Brazil	175	1.3
Colombia	30	0.2
Haiti	0	0.0
Jamaica	25	0.2
Mexico	90	0.6
United States of America	230	1.7
Venezuela⁹⁵	105	0.8
Other places of birth in Americas	165	1.2
Europe	865	6.2
France	15	0.1
Germany	10	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	30	0.2
Italy	30	0.2
Russian Federation	320	2.3
Ukraine	145	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	40	0.3
Other places of birth in Europe	275	2.0
Africa	495	3.6
Algeria	0	0.0
Burundi	0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	40	0.3
Egypt	110	0.8
Eritrea	10	0.1
Ethiopia	30	0.2
Morocco	0	0.0
Nigeria	155	1.1
Somalia	0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	50	0.4
Sudan⁹⁷	10	0.1
Tunisia	0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	65	0.5
Asia	11,655	84.1
Afghanistan	40	0.3
Bangladesh	145	1.0
China⁹⁰	3,045	22.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	120	0.9
India	2,275	16.4
Iran⁸⁸	1,765	12.7
Iraq	20	0.1
Israel	30	0.2
Japan	75	0.5
Jordan	15	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	860	6.2
Lebanon	60	0.4
Nepal	35	0.3
Pakistan	190	1.4
Philippines	1,910	13.8
Saudi Arabia	70	0.5
Sri Lanka	0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	55	0.4
Turkey	105	0.8
United Arab Emirates	70	0.5
Viet Nam	135	1.0
Other places of birth in Asia	630	4.5
Oceania and other⁹³	25	0.2
Australia	20	0.1
Other places of birth⁹⁸	10	0.1
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	117,125	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	83,140	71.0
Second generation¹⁰¹	23,220	19.8
Third generation or more¹⁰²	10,760	9.2
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	62,805	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	46,220	73.6
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	19,605	31.2
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	26,620	42.4
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	11,545	18.4
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,305	6.9
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	730	1.2
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	62,805	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,925	4.7
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	4,925	7.8
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,950	4.7
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	6,115	9.7
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	150	0.2
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	45,740	72.8
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	117,125	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	83,215	71.0
South Asian	8,865	7.6
Chinese	29,655	25.3
Black	2,865	2.4
Filipino	7,590	6.5
Arab	1,690	1.4
Latin American	2,285	2.0
Southeast Asian	1,540	1.3
West Asian	12,865	11.0
Korean	11,555	9.9
Japanese	900	0.8
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	815	0.7
Multiple visible minorities	2,590	2.2
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	33,910	29.0
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	117,125	100.0
Canadian	3,745	3.2
English	4,625	3.9
Irish	3,940	3.4
Scottish	3,510	3.0
French, n.o.s.¹²²	1,350	1.2
German	2,390	2.0
Chinese	26,835	22.9
Italian	4,145	3.5
Indian (India)	5,625	4.8
Ukrainian	2,240	1.9
Dutch	755	0.6
Polish	2,325	2.0
Québécois	65	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,415	1.2
Filipino	6,905	5.9
French Canadian	355	0.3
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	955	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	145	0.1
Métis	55	0.0
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	860	0.7
Russian	4,450	3.8
Norwegian	160	0.1
Welsh	530	0.5
Portuguese	910	0.8
American	350	0.3
Spanish	1,350	1.2
Swedish	235	0.2
Hungarian	915	0.8
Acadian	45	0.0
Pakistani	835	0.7
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	605	0.5
Jewish	3,790	3.2
Punjabi	160	0.1
Vietnamese	1,040	0.9
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	725	0.6
Greek	1,215	1.0
Jamaican	810	0.7
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,990	2.6
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	15	0.0
Korean	11,055	9.4
Romanian	1,015	0.9
Lebanese	400	0.3
Iranian	10,370	8.9
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	585	0.5
Danish	120	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	55	0.0
Sikh	60	0.1
Austrian	400	0.3
Belgian	90	0.1
Haitian	40	0.0
Hindu	725	0.6
Mexican	570	0.5
Mennonite	0	0.0
Swiss	125	0.1
Finnish	295	0.3
Sri Lankan	285	0.2
Croatian	195	0.2
Japanese	1,130	1.0
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	705	0.6
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	10	0.0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	120	0.1
Muslim	550	0.5
Egyptian	740	0.6
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	370	0.3
Tamil	250	0.2
Icelandic	35	0.0
Colombian	365	0.3
Moroccan	205	0.2
Czech	190	0.2
Syrian	160	0.1
Guyanese	325	0.3
Afghan	295	0.3
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	180	0.2
Serbian	425	0.4
Ojibway	55	0.0
Newfoundlander	40	0.0
Hong Konger	1,705	1.5
Ontarian	130	0.1
Persian	3,695	3.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	320	0.3
Turkish	700	0.6
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0	0.0
Bangladeshi	435	0.4
Algerian	30	0.0
Brazilian	515	0.4
Nigerian	255	0.2
Armenian	495	0.4
Slovak	140	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	475	0.4
Somali	60	0.1
Taiwanese	1,665	1.4
Iraqi	135	0.1
Salvadorean	135	0.1
African Caribbean	170	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	1,070	0.9
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	535	0.5
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	170	0.1
Algonquin	0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	115	0.1
Lithuanian	270	0.2
South African	190	0.2
Australian	60	0.1
Palestinian	250	0.2
Chilean	75	0.1
Congolese	50	0.0
Nova Scotian	10	0.0
Ethiopian	110	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	135	0.1
Peruvian	115	0.1
Yoruba	125	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	85	0.1
Berber	0	0.0
Albanian	225	0.2
Maltese	60	0.1
Macedonian	265	0.2
Slovenian	130	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	35	0.0
New Brunswicker	0	0.0
Gujarati	155	0.1
Eritrean	20	0.0
African Canadian	25	0.0
Israeli	435	0.4
Mohawk	0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	60	0.1
Bulgarian	205	0.2
Albertan	0	0.0
Ghanaian	45	0.0
Barbadian	100	0.1
African American	90	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	40	0.0
Tunisian	15	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	275	0.2
Cuban	75	0.1
Bosnian	55	0.0
Venezuelan	240	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0.0
Latvian	140	0.1
Bengali	220	0.2
Cameroonian	20	0.0
Guatemalan	25	0.0
Indonesian	285	0.2
Laotian	30	0.0
Ilocano	560	0.5
Northern Irish	40	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	40	0.0
British Columbian	0	0.0
Ecuadorian	130	0.1
Franco Ontarian	10	0.0
Argentinian	145	0.1
Estonian	190	0.2
Kurdish	255	0.2
Fijian	15	0.0
Jatt	0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	20	0.0
Coptic	145	0.1
Thai	45	0.0
Dominican	75	0.1
Nepali	135	0.1
Kabyle	0	0.0
Assyrian	15	0.0
Igbo	60	0.1
Byelorussian	190	0.2
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0.0
Moldovan	185	0.2
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	10	0.0
New Zealander	15	0.0
Sudanese	45	0.0
Breton	0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0.0
Malaysian	245	0.2
Plains Cree	0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	45	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0	0.0
Buddhist	105	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0.0
Norman	30	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	60	0.1
Ivorian	40	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	10	0.0
Burundian	0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0.0
Nicaraguan	0	0.0
Mauritian	40	0.0
Kenyan	120	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0.0
Vincentian	40	0.0
Jordanian	75	0.1
Manitoban	0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0.0
Grenadian	35	0.0
Malayali	125	0.1
Chaldean	0	0.0
Sinhalese	25	0.0
Mayan	10	0.0
Honduran	10	0.0
Cherokee	0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	15	0.0
Flemish	15	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	15	0.0
Senegalese	0	0.0
Azerbaijani	465	0.4
Sicilian	0	0.0
Pashtun	40	0.0
Malay	95	0.1
Goan	75	0.1
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0.0
Tibetan	70	0.1
Zimbabwean	0	0.0
Burmese	50	0.0
Mongolian	75	0.1
Azorean	0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	35	0.0
Ugandan	45	0.0
Oromo	0	0.0
Tanzanian	40	0.0
Yemeni	45	0.0
Central African	0	0.0
Libyan	40	0.0
Basque	0	0.0
Uruguayan	65	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	40	0.0
Igorot	85	0.1
Fulani	0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0.0
Guinean	0	0.0
St. Lucian	20	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	15	0.0
Maliseet	0	0.0
Beninese	0	0.0
Telugu	35	0.0
Roma	10	0.0
Costa Rican	25	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0.0
Kashmiri	45	0.0
Singaporean	80	0.1
Karen	0	0.0
Edo	30	0.0
Tajik	25	0.0
Amhara	10	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	117,125	100.0
Buddhist	2,920	2.5
Christian	45,135	38.5
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	10,635	9.1
Anabaptist	25	0.0
Anglican	1,540	1.3
Baptist	945	0.8
Catholic	20,545	17.5
Christian Orthodox	4,555	3.9
Jehovah's Witness	155	0.1
Latter Day Saints	60	0.1
Lutheran	455	0.4
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	205	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	820	0.7
Presbyterian	2,355	2.0
Reformed	75	0.1
United Church	1,185	1.0
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,575	1.3
Hindu	4,630	4.0
Jewish	5,290	4.5
Muslim	12,720	10.9
Sikh	280	0.2
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	25	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	930	0.8
No religion and secular perspectives	45,195	38.6
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	116,210	100.0
Non-movers	95,595	82.3
Movers	20,620	17.7
Non-migrants	13,840	11.9
Migrants	6,780	5.8
Internal migrants	3,220	2.8
Intraprovincial migrants	2,630	2.3
Interprovincial migrants	590	0.5
External migrants	3,560	3.1
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	112,600	100.0
Non-movers	61,285	54.4
Movers	51,315	45.6
Non-migrants	23,095	20.5
Migrants	28,215	25.1
Internal migrants	10,860	9.6
Intraprovincial migrants	8,660	7.7
Interprovincial migrants	2,200	2.0
External migrants	17,355	15.4
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	103,695	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	8,370	8.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	95,320	91.9
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	70,425	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	2,330	3.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	68,095	96.7
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	103,695	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	7,870	7.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	20,435	19.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	75,390	72.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	18,360	17.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,270	2.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,310	1.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	955	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,645	12.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,450	3.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	57,030	55.0
Bachelor's degree	35,035	33.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,285	3.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,880	1.8
Master's degree	14,510	14.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,315	2.2
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	70,425	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,125	3.0
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	9,315	13.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	58,980	83.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	12,620	17.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	1,285	1.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	735	1.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	545	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	8,930	12.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,410	3.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	46,365	65.8
Bachelor's degree	27,945	39.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,475	3.5
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,465	2.1
Master's degree	12,690	18.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,790	2.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	103,695	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	28,300	27.3
Education	3,220	3.1
13. Education	3,220	3.1
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,400	3.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	250	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	3,155	3.0
Humanities	4,490	4.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	945	0.9
23. English language and literature/letters	1,280	1.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	985	0.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	85	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	250	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	335	0.3
54. History	450	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	150	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,850	9.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	145	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,030	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,005	1.0
22. Legal professions and studies	1,520	1.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	200	0.2
42. Psychology	1,350	1.3
45. Social sciences	4,600	4.4
Business, management and public administration	19,195	18.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	735	0.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	18,450	17.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,195	4.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,880	1.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	835	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	125	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,250	1.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	100	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	6,815	6.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,970	4.8
25. Library science	180	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,395	1.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	280	0.3
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	13,215	12.7
04. Architecture and related services	1,055	1.0
14. Engineering	9,035	8.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,640	1.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0.0
46. Construction trades	640	0.6
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	615	0.6
48. Precision production	220	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	885	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	560	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	325	0.3
Health and related fields	8,340	8.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	470	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,360	7.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	25	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	480	0.5
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,775	1.7
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,220	1.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25	0.0
43. Security and protective services	235	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	285	0.3
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	70,420	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	11,445	16.3
Education	2,075	2.9
13. Education	2,075	2.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,695	3.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	175	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	2,520	3.6
Humanities	3,270	4.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	705	1.0
23. English language and literature/letters	890	1.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	760	1.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	50	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	185	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	250	0.4
54. History	345	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	90	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,675	10.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	115	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	855	1.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	735	1.0
22. Legal professions and studies	1,220	1.7
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	145	0.2
42. Psychology	1,060	1.5
45. Social sciences	3,535	5.0
Business, management and public administration	15,840	22.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	555	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	15,280	21.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,965	4.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,455	2.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	535	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	105	0.1
40. Physical sciences	835	1.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	35	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,945	8.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,525	6.4
25. Library science	120	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,075	1.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	225	0.3
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,150	14.4
04. Architecture and related services	825	1.2
14. Engineering	7,195	10.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,165	1.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0.0
46. Construction trades	445	0.6
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	395	0.6
48. Precision production	115	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	685	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	405	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	280	0.4
Health and related fields	6,385	9.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	330	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,665	8.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	365	0.5
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,280	1.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	915	1.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	20	0.0
43. Security and protective services	155	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	190	0.3
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	70,420	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	11,445	16.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	58,985	83.8
Location of study inside Canada	32,550	46.2
Same as province or territory of residence	30,080	42.7
Different than province or territory of residence	2,465	3.5
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	26,430	37.5
Americas	3,200	4.5
United States of America	2,090	3.0
Mexico	195	0.3
Cuba	15	0.0
Haiti	0	0.0
Jamaica	35	0.0
Brazil	405	0.6
Colombia	155	0.2
Peru	30	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	100	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	175	0.2
Europe	3,830	5.4
Belgium	0	0.0
France	150	0.2
Germany	40	0.1
Netherlands	15	0.0
Switzerland	30	0.0
Hungary	50	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	85	0.1
Poland	55	0.1
Romania	255	0.4
Russian Federation	915	1.3
Ukraine	515	0.7
Ireland⁹⁶	60	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,100	1.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25	0.0
Italy	35	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	50	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	445	0.6
Africa	540	0.8
Nigeria	90	0.1
Algeria	0	0.0
Morocco	20	0.0
Tunisia	10	0.0
Egypt	210	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	80	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	130	0.2
Asia	18,620	26.4
Iran⁸⁸	4,515	6.4
Iraq	35	0.0
Israel	125	0.2
Lebanon	115	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	65	0.1
Turkey	215	0.3
China⁹⁰	2,995	4.3
Taiwan	320	0.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	360	0.5
Japan	345	0.5
Korea, South⁹²	2,520	3.6
Philippines	2,975	4.2
Viet Nam	60	0.1
Bangladesh	125	0.2
Sri Lanka	45	0.1
India	2,660	3.8
Pakistan	205	0.3
Other locations of study in Asia	960	1.4
Oceania	235	0.3
Australia	195	0.3
New Zealand	40	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	103,695	...
In the labour force	64,835	...
Employed	56,595	...
Unemployed	8,240	...
Not in the labour force	38,860	...
Participation rate	62.5	62.5
Employment rate	54.6	54.6
Unemployment rate	12.7	12.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	103,695	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	41,485	40.0
Worked	62,210	60.0
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	33,870	32.7
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	28,340	27.3
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.2	40.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	64,835	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,440	3.8
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	62,390	96.2
Employee	50,765	78.3
Permanent position	41,665	64.3
Temporary position	9,100	14.0
Fixed term (1 year or more)	4,095	6.3
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,005	7.7
Self-employed¹⁹²	11,625	17.9
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	64,835	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,440	3.8
All occupations¹⁹¹	62,390	96.2
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	935	1.4
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	15,055	23.2
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	10,825	16.7
3 Health occupations	4,860	7.5
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,970	10.8
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,715	4.2
6 Sales and service occupations	13,970	21.5
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	5,320	8.2
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	215	0.3
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,540	2.4
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	64,835	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,440	3.8
All industries¹⁹¹	62,390	96.2
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	120	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	70	0.1
22 Utilities	270	0.4
23 Construction	2,910	4.5
31-33 Manufacturing	3,525	5.4
41 Wholesale trade	2,095	3.2
44-45 Retail trade	5,675	8.8
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,235	3.4
51 Information and cultural industries	2,035	3.1
52 Finance and insurance	7,040	10.9
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,245	3.5
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	10,920	16.8
55 Management of companies and enterprises	490	0.8
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,260	3.5
61 Educational services	4,500	6.9
62 Health care and social assistance	6,830	10.5
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,070	1.7
72 Accommodation and food services	3,485	5.4
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,305	3.6
91 Public administration	2,325	3.6
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	68,390	100.0
English	57,730	84.4
French	90	0.1
Non-official language	2,000	2.9
Indigenous³⁹	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,000	2.9
English and French	895	1.3
English and non-official language(s)	7,445	10.9
French and non-official language(s)	0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	145	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	80	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	68,390	100.0
Single responses	66,690	97.5
Official languages	62,845	91.9
English	62,605	91.5
French	245	0.4
Non-official languages	3,840	5.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Haida	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0.0
Oneida	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0.0
Michif	0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0.0
Squamish	0	0.0
Straits	0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0.0
Dakota	0	0.0
Stoney	0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	3,840	5.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	35	0.1
Berber languages	0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0.0
Coptic	0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0.0
Bilen	0	0.0
Oromo	0	0.0
Somali	0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Semitic languages	35	0.1
Amharic	0	0.0
Arabic	20	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Hebrew	15	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	15	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0.0
Vietnamese	15	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Austronesian languages	50	0.1
Bikol	0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0.0
Malay	0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	50	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Dravidian languages	15	0.0
Kannada	0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0.0
Tamil	15	0.0
Telugu	0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Georgian	10	0.0
Indo-European languages	955	1.4
Albanian	0	0.0
Armenian	10	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	195	0.3
Baltic languages	0	0.0
Latvian	0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0.0
Slavic languages	195	0.3
Bulgarian	0	0.0
Czech	0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0.0
Polish	0	0.0
Russian	185	0.3
Serbo-Croatian	0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0.0
Croatian	0	0.0
Serbian	0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Slovak	0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Germanic languages	10	0.0
Frisian	0	0.0
High German languages	10	0.0
German	10	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0.0
Dutch	0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0.0
Danish	0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0.0
Swedish	0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Greek	0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	605	0.9
Indo-Aryan languages	15	0.0
Bengali	0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0.0
Hindi	0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0.0
Marathi	10	0.0
Nepali	0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0.0
Urdu	0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Iranian languages	590	0.9
Kurdish	0	0.0
Pashto	0	0.0
Persian languages	590	0.9
Dari	15	0.0
Iranian Persian	530	0.8
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	125	0.2
Catalan	0	0.0
Italian	0	0.0
Portuguese	40	0.1
Romanian	10	0.0
Spanish	80	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Japanese	95	0.1
Korean	980	1.4
Mongolian	0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	20	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0.0
Edo	0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0.0
Ga	0	0.0
Ganda	0	0.0
Igbo	0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0.0
Lingala	0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0.0
Shona	0	0.0
Swahili	0	0.0
Wolof	0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0.0
Dinka	0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,620	2.4
Chinese languages	1,620	2.4
Hakka	0	0.0
Mandarin	1,345	2.0
Min Dong	0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	255	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0.0
Burmese	0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	0.0
Lao	0	0.0
Thai	10	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Turkic languages	35	0.1
Azerbaijani	15	0.0
Turkish	15	0.0
Uyghur	0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Uralic languages	10	0.0
Estonian	0	0.0
Finnish	0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,700	2.5
English and French	175	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	1,490	2.2
French and non-official language(s)	0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	15	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	68,390	100.0
None	61,340	89.7
English	1,710	2.5
French	590	0.9
Non-official language	3,885	5.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3,885	5.7
English and French	0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	215	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	90	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	550	0.8
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	56,595	100.0
Worked at home	24,725	43.7
Worked outside Canada	600	1.1
No fixed workplace address	5,000	8.8
Usual place of work	26,270	46.4
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	26,275	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	18,650	71.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	7,550	28.7
Commute to a different province or territory	75	0.3
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	31,275	100.0
Car, truck or van	18,675	59.7
Car, truck or van - as a driver	16,700	53.4
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,970	6.3
Public transit	9,570	30.6
Walked	2,110	6.7
Bicycle	160	0.5
Other method	760	2.4
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	31,275	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	4,545	14.5
15 to 29 minutes	9,450	30.2
30 to 44 minutes	9,760	31.2
45 to 59 minutes	4,025	12.9
60 minutes and over	3,495	11.2
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	31,275	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	915	2.9
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	3,310	10.6
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	6,270	20.0
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,560	27.4
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	7,915	25.3
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,300	13.7
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	16,420	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,330	8.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,085	91.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	11,550	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,030	8.9
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	710	6.1
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	320	2.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	10,520	91.1

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed July 1, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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