Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Winnipeg South CentreMore information: Manitoba [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	94,803	...	...
Population, 2016¹	93,053	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	1.9	...	...
Total private dwellings²	46,396	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	43,932	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,123.6	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	44.64	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	94,805	45,795	49,010
0 to 14 years	11,925	6,105	5,820
0 to 4 years	3,730	1,920	1,810
5 to 9 years	4,070	2,105	1,965
10 to 14 years	4,125	2,085	2,040
15 to 64 years	63,000	31,285	31,715
15 to 19 years	4,615	2,340	2,275
20 to 24 years	7,485	3,890	3,595
25 to 29 years	8,230	4,120	4,115
30 to 34 years	7,355	3,750	3,605
35 to 39 years	6,600	3,315	3,290
40 to 44 years	5,860	2,865	3,000
45 to 49 years	5,550	2,750	2,800
50 to 54 years	5,355	2,580	2,770
55 to 59 years	6,005	2,865	3,140
60 to 64 years	5,945	2,820	3,130
65 years and over	19,880	8,405	11,475
65 to 69 years	5,515	2,530	2,985
70 to 74 years	4,940	2,235	2,705
75 to 79 years	3,340	1,440	1,900
80 to 84 years	2,515	975	1,540
85 years and over	3,560	1,225	2,340
85 to 89 years	1,940	745	1,195
90 to 94 years	1,230	365	865
95 to 99 years	350	110	240
100 years and over	50	5	45
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	12.6	13.3	11.9
15 to 64 years	66.5	68.3	64.7
65 years and over	21.0	18.4	23.4
85 years and over	3.8	2.7	4.8
Average age of the population	43.0	41.4	44.6
Median age of the population	40.8	38.8	43.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	43,930	...	...
Single-detached house	20,875	...	...
Semi-detached house	715	...	...
Row house	1,250	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	885	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	9,940	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	10,260	...	...
Other single-attached house	10	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	43,930	...	...
1 person	16,720	...	...
2 persons	15,035	...	...
3 persons	5,610	...	...
4 persons	4,595	...	...
5 or more persons	1,965	...	...
Number of persons in private households	92,645	45,030	47,615
Average household size	2.1	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	82,875	39,690	43,190
Married or living common-law	43,050	21,520	21,530
Married	34,140	17,010	17,130
Living common-law	8,910	4,510	4,400
Living common law - Never married	6,965	3,530	3,430
Living common law - Separated	270	145	130
Living common law - Divorced	1,540	765	775
Living common law - Widowed	135	70	65
Not married and not living common-law	39,830	18,170	21,660
Not married and not living common law - Never married	27,195	14,280	12,910
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,800	800	995
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,735	2,075	3,655
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,100	1,010	4,095
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	24,535	...	...
2 persons	13,920	...	...
3 persons	4,915	...	...
4 persons	4,220	...	...
5 or more persons	1,485	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	24,535	...	...
Total couple families	20,905	...	...
Married couples	16,450	...	...
With children⁶	8,320	...	...
Without children	8,130	...	...
Common-law couples	4,455	...	...
With children⁶	1,045	...	...
Without children	3,415	...	...
Total one-parent families	3,630	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	2,820	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	810	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	92,645	45,030	47,615
Total - Persons in census families	67,340	33,395	33,945
Married spouses or common-law partners	41,810	20,950	20,865
Parents in one-parent families	3,630	810	2,820
Children⁶	21,900	11,640	10,260
In a two-parent family	16,630	8,780	7,850
In a one-parent family	5,270	2,855	2,410
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	25,305	11,635	13,675
Living alone	16,720	7,090	9,635
Living with other relatives⁷	2,530	1,175	1,360
Living with non-relatives only	6,050	3,375	2,675
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	43,930	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	22,780	...	...
Couple-family households	19,715	...	...
With children⁶	8,845	...	...
Without children	10,870	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,065	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	460	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	90	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	870	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3,000	...	...
One-person households	16,720	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	80,740	38,935	41,810
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,545	37,840	40,705
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000	48,000	40,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,570	37,855	40,715
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	41,600	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	72,615	35,165	37,450
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	44,000	33,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	58,150	29,365	28,785
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	43,600	34,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	71,575	34,120	37,460
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,850	4,720	8,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,045	3,225	3,815
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,120	5,160	5,080
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	19,715	9,490	10,230
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	80,615	38,825	41,790
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,475	37,730	40,745
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	63,850	75,900	52,700
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,495	37,745	40,750
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,760	57,350	42,760
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	72,610	35,145	37,460
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	59,850	73,500	47,040
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	58,010	29,400	28,610
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,150	68,200	45,840
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	71,565	34,090	37,470
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,310	8,240	10,270
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,885	3,145	3,735
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,065	5,700	6,370
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	19,645	9,295	10,345
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,760	8,670	8,830
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	80,615	38,825	41,790
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	28,410	15,730	12,680
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	67,000	70,000	63,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	86,000	96,800	72,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,500	10,705	12,790
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,800	17,800	16,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,640	36,520	25,760
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	86.8	90.2	82.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.2	70.0	61.1
Government transfers (%)²⁰	13.3	9.8	17.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.6	1.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.1	3.3	5.2
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.4	2.8	4.3
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	80,740	38,935	41,805
Without total income	2,190	1,095	1,100
With total income	78,545	37,835	40,710
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,795	3,270	3,520
$10,000 to $19,999	7,770	3,385	4,380
$20,000 to $29,999	11,525	4,925	6,600
$30,000 to $39,999	9,720	4,185	5,530
$40,000 to $49,999	8,505	3,810	4,695
$50,000 to $59,999	6,885	3,205	3,680
$60,000 to $69,999	5,810	2,940	2,875
$70,000 to $79,999	4,495	2,310	2,180
$80,000 to $89,999	3,565	1,860	1,705
$90,000 to $99,999	2,970	1,480	1,490
$100,000 and over	10,515	6,470	4,045
$100,000 to $149,999	6,125	3,465	2,665
$150,000 and over	4,390	3,010	1,380
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	80,740	38,935	41,805
Without after-tax income	2,165	1,075	1,095
With after-tax income	78,570	37,855	40,715
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,250	3,425	3,820
$10,000 to $19,999	8,505	3,705	4,795
$20,000 to $29,999	13,625	5,910	7,715
$30,000 to $39,999	11,825	5,200	6,630
$40,000 to $49,999	9,820	4,535	5,280
$50,000 to $59,999	7,675	3,845	3,830
$60,000 to $69,999	5,525	2,860	2,665
$70,000 to $79,999	4,255	2,190	2,065
$80,000 to $89,999	2,655	1,395	1,260
$90,000 to $99,999	1,800	1,025	775
$100,000 and over	5,630	3,765	1,870
$100,000 to $124,999	2,340	1,485	855
$125,000 and over	3,290	2,275	1,010
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	80,740	38,935	41,805
Without employment income	22,595	9,570	13,020
With employment income	58,150	29,365	28,785
Under $5,000 (including loss)	7,475	3,510	3,970
$5,000 to $9,999	4,750	2,150	2,600
$10,000 to $19,999	6,855	3,145	3,715
$20,000 to $29,999	5,525	2,585	2,935
$30,000 to $39,999	5,075	2,440	2,630
$40,000 to $49,999	4,810	2,335	2,475
$50,000 to $59,999	4,190	2,040	2,150
$60,000 to $69,999	3,815	2,040	1,780
$70,000 to $79,999	3,055	1,610	1,440
$80,000 to $89,999	2,585	1,340	1,250
$90,000 to $99,999	2,440	1,230	1,210
$100,000 and over	7,575	4,945	2,630
$100,000 to $124,999	3,040	1,755	1,285
$125,000 and over	4,535	3,190	1,345
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	80,740	38,935	41,810
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,305	36,630	39,675
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,000	46,800	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,330	36,640	39,695
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	40,000	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	71,310	34,440	36,875
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	44,800	34,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	58,010	29,115	28,890
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	44,000	34,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	65,760	31,340	34,420
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,440	1,080	3,180
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,220	1,895	2,325
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,560	5,360	5,840
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	80,615	38,825	41,790
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	76,245	36,560	39,690
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	62,250	75,500	50,040
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	76,265	36,560	39,705
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,120	56,650	40,240
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	71,230	34,420	36,815
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,800	75,400	47,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	57,735	29,050	28,680
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,100	68,700	45,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	65,805	31,340	34,465
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,305	5,305	7,220
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,305	1,955	2,355
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,160	6,530	7,690
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	80,615	38,825	41,790
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	28,170	15,590	12,575
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,400	65,500	58,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	81,600	93,200	67,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	21,845	9,855	11,990
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,000	22,200	20,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	36,760	44,400	30,520
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.2	94.0	87.4
Employment income (%)	69.4	72.2	65.6
Government transfers (%)	8.7	6.0	12.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.5	0.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	43,935	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	16,720	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	27,210	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	43,895	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	114,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	16,745	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	60,850	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,640	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	27,155	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	147,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	113,900	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	43,935	...	...
Under $5,000	660	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	390	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	680	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	655	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,590	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,595	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,525	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,620	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,730	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,685	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,395	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,350	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,995	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,755	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,500	...	...
$100,000 and over	16,800	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,735	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,285	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,970	...	...
$200,000 and over	4,815	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	43,935	...	...
Under $5,000	750	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	405	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	700	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	735	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,800	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,980	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,910	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,060	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,145	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,115	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,165	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,760	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,485	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,875	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,460	...	...
$100,000 and over	12,595	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,525	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,770	...	...
$150,000 and over	5,300	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	25,035	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	11,090	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	9,400	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	3,455	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	22,770	10,460	12,310
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,600	41,600	41,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,400	36,400	36,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	24,995	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	151,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	116,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,060	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	145,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	111,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,480	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	188,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	142,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,405	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	86,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	22,780	10,315	12,465
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	53,600	55,750	51,850
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,600	44,480	42,880
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	92,650	45,030	47,620
0 to 17 years	14,450	7,385	7,065
0 to 5 years	4,480	2,305	2,175
18 to 64 years	60,075	29,745	30,335
65 years and over	18,125	7,905	10,220
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	11,225	5,250	5,970
0 to 17 years	2,190	1,125	1,060
0 to 5 years	725	365	355
18 to 64 years	7,000	3,425	3,575
65 years and over	2,035	695	1,340
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	12.1	11.7	12.5
0 to 17 years (%)	15.1	15.3	15.0
0 to 5 years (%)	16.2	16.0	16.4
18 to 64 years (%)	11.7	11.5	11.8
65 years and over (%)	11.2	8.8	13.1
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	92,645	45,030	47,615
0 to 17 years	14,445	7,380	7,065
0 to 5 years	4,480	2,310	2,170
18 to 64 years	60,075	29,740	30,335
65 years and over	18,125	7,910	10,220
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	7,940	4,060	3,875
0 to 17 years	1,255	670	590
0 to 5 years	390	200	190
18 to 64 years	5,975	3,130	2,845
65 years and over	705	270	440
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	8.6	9.0	8.1
0 to 17 years (%)	8.7	9.0	8.3
0 to 5 years (%)	8.6	8.6	8.7
18 to 64 years (%)	9.9	10.5	9.4
65 years and over (%)	3.9	3.4	4.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	92,645	45,030	47,620
In bottom half of the distribution	45,560	21,585	23,975
In bottom decile	10,925	5,380	5,545
In second decile	8,965	4,065	4,900
In third decile	8,855	4,085	4,765
In fourth decile	8,260	3,940	4,325
In fifth decile	8,560	4,115	4,450
In top half of the distribution	47,090	23,440	23,645
In sixth decile	8,535	4,185	4,355
In seventh decile	8,430	4,160	4,265
In eighth decile	9,055	4,440	4,620
In ninth decile	8,865	4,445	4,420
In top decile	12,200	6,215	5,980
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	92,645	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.413	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.499	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.358	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	93,830	45,410	48,420
English only	82,260	40,405	41,855
French only	75	40	35
English and French	10,570	4,570	6,000
Neither English nor French	925	390	535
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	93,830	45,410	48,420
English	90,860	44,120	46,740
French	1,675	730	945
English and French	410	190	220
Neither English nor French	885	370	515
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	93,830	45,410	48,420
Single responses	90,265	43,700	46,560
Official languages	70,820	34,455	36,370
English	69,115	33,705	35,410
French	1,700	750	955
Non-official languages	19,445	9,245	10,200
Indigenous languages³⁹	175	60	110
Algonquian languages	155	50	95
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	65	25	40
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	65	25	40
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	25	5	15
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	35	10	20
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	85	30	60
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	20	5	15
Ojibway languages	70	25	40
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5	5	5
Ojibway, n.o.s.	60	20	40
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	5	0	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	5	0	5
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	19,270	9,185	10,085
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,180	645	530
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	10	0
Hausa	5	10	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	25	10	15
Cushitic languages	130	70	65
Bilen	20	10	10
Oromo	10	5	5
Somali	105	50	55
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Semitic languages	1,010	555	455
Amharic	80	35	45
Arabic	540	325	215
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	200	105	95
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	190	90	100
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	365	155	205
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	0	5
Vietnamese	355	155	200
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,865	795	1,070
Bikol	15	5	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	10	15
Cebuano	40	15	25
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	35	15	20
Ilocano	90	45	50
Indonesian	25	5	15
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	5	0	5
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,605	685	920
Waray-Waray	5	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Creole languages	20	5	15
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	5	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	0	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	260	150	105
Kannada	25	10	10
Malayalam	115	65	45
Tamil	75	40	30
Telugu	40	30	15
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	11,725	5,615	6,110
Albanian	55	25	25
Armenian	5	0	5
Balto-Slavic languages	2,145	915	1,235
Baltic languages	25	15	15
Latvian	10	5	5
Lithuanian	15	5	10
Slavic languages	2,120	900	1,220
Belarusian	10	5	0
Bulgarian	40	20	15
Czech	60	25	30
Macedonian	10	5	5
Polish	375	140	230
Russian	745	350	395
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	250	105	140
Bosnian	55	25	35
Croatian	75	25	45
Serbian	110	50	55
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Slovak	25	10	15
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	10
Ukrainian	600	230	375
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	0	5
Irish	5	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	0	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,055	870	1,190
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	1,490	635	850
German	1,380	585	790
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	105	50	55
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	500	205	300
Afrikaans	30	15	20
Dutch	155	75	85
Low German, n.o.s.	65	20	45
Low Saxon	10	5	5
Plautdietsch	230	90	140
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	5
Scandinavian languages	65	25	40
Danish	15	5	15
Icelandic	20	5	15
Norwegian	10	5	5
Swedish	20	5	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Greek	305	145	165
Indo-Iranian languages	4,085	2,190	1,895
Indo-Aryan languages	3,340	1,805	1,530
Assamese	5	0	5
Bengali	305	195	110
Gujarati	490	280	205
Hindi	445	230	215
Kacchi	5	5	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	35	20	10
Nepali	75	40	40
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,525	790	740
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	110	55	50
Urdu	330	180	155
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Iranian languages	745	385	360
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	170	85	80
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	45	25	20
Persian languages	530	275	255
Dari	85	35	50
Iranian Persian	405	215	190
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	15	20
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,070	1,475	1,600
Catalan	5	5	0
Italian	775	355	420
Portuguese	785	380	410
Romanian	80	40	40
Spanish	1,425	700	725
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	125	45	80
Korean	700	335	365
Mongolian	5	0	5
Niger-Congo languages	400	200	205
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	5	0	0
Éwé	5	0	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	5	0	5
Ganda	5	0	5
Gikuyu	5	0	0
Igbo	45	25	20
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	30	20	10
Lingala	15	10	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	5	10
Shona	30	5	20
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	0
Swahili	65	30	35
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	5	5	5
Yoruba	110	55	55
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	50	30	25
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	20	20
Dinka	15	10	10
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	25	10	10
American Sign Language	25	10	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,195	1,045	1,160
Chinese languages	2,180	1,035	1,145
Hakka	10	5	5
Mandarin	1,435	700	730
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	5	15
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	5	10
Yue (Cantonese)	690	315	375
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	5	10
Burmese	5	0	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	5	0	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	40	10	30
Lao	15	5	10
Thai	20	5	15
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	145	80	65
Azerbaijani	15	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	105	60	50
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Uralic languages	185	70	115
Estonian	10	5	0
Finnish	15	5	10
Hungarian	165	65	100
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	3,570	1,705	1,860
English and French	520	235	285
English and non-official language(s)	2,625	1,285	1,340
French and non-official language(s)	55	25	35
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	30	45
Multiple non-official languages	295	135	160
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	93,830	45,410	48,420
English	73,135	35,505	37,635
French	325	140	185
Non-official language	4,715	2,315	2,400
Indigenous³⁹	10	5	5
Non-Indigenous	4,705	2,310	2,390
English and French	1,355	585	765
English and non-official language(s)	13,275	6,395	6,880
French and non-official language(s)	40	20	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	500	225	275
Multiple non-official languages	485	225	260
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	93,830	45,410	48,420
Single responses	90,805	43,950	46,855
Official languages	80,590	38,905	41,685
English	80,060	38,670	41,385
French	530	235	295
Non-official languages	10,215	5,045	5,170
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	5	15
Algonquian languages	15	5	15
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	5
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	10	0	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	5	0	5
Ojibway languages	5	0	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	10,195	5,035	5,155
Afro-Asiatic languages	670	345	325
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	10	5	5
Cushitic languages	65	25	40
Bilen	10	5	5
Oromo	5	0	5
Somali	50	20	30
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	595	310	285
Amharic	35	15	20
Arabic	325	175	145
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	125	65	55
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	120	55	65
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	235	115	125
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	235	115	120
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,015	470	550
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Cebuano	15	5	10
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	40	15	25
Ilocano	35	20	15
Indonesian	5	0	5
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	895	420	485
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	10	0	10
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	5	0	5
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	140	75	60
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	75	45	30
Tamil	35	20	15
Telugu	30	15	15
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	5,685	2,835	2,850
Albanian	30	15	15
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	780	370	405
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	780	370	405
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	25	15	5
Czech	15	10	5
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	75	25	50
Russian	470	230	235
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	100	45	60
Bosnian	25	10	15
Croatian	15	10	10
Serbian	55	25	35
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	100	50	50
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	150	70	80
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	115	60	60
German	110	50	60
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	5	5	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	30	15	20
Afrikaans	10	5	5
Dutch	20	10	10
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	5	5	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	5	5	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	5	5	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	135	55	80
Indo-Iranian languages	2,990	1,570	1,420
Indo-Aryan languages	2,440	1,300	1,140
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	150	90	65
Gujarati	385	220	170
Hindi	330	170	155
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	10	10	5
Nepali	65	25	35
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,190	635	555
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	65	35	30
Urdu	235	120	120
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Iranian languages	550	270	280
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	130	70	65
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	30	15	15
Persian languages	390	190	205
Dari	60	25	35
Iranian Persian	300	155	150
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	10	15
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,595	740	855
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	250	100	155
Portuguese	490	240	250
Romanian	30	20	10
Spanish	825	390	440
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	60	30	30
Korean	525	255	280
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	105	50	50
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	15	5	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	5
Lingala	5	0	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	0
Shona	5	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	20	10	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	5	0	5
Yoruba	25	15	15
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5
Dinka	5	5	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	45	25	20
American Sign Language	40	20	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,560	775	785
Chinese languages	1,550	770	780
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	1,075	540	540
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5	0	5
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	5
Yue (Cantonese)	445	215	230
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	5	5
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	5	5	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	5	5	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	75	40	40
Azerbaijani	5	5	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	55	30	25
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	10	5	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Uralic languages	50	15	35
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	5	0	5
Hungarian	45	10	30
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	3,025	1,460	1,570
English and French	195	95	100
English and non-official language(s)	2,730	1,320	1,405
French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	20	25
Multiple non-official languages	45	20	30
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	93,830	45,405	48,420
None	80,560	39,105	41,460
English	4,290	2,100	2,190
French	1,100	475	625
Non-official language	5,965	2,785	3,185
Indigenous³⁹	150	55	100
Non-Indigenous	5,815	2,725	3,090
English and French	70	30	40
English and non-official language(s)	865	460	405
French and non-official language(s)	250	100	155
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	5	5
Multiple non-official languages	710	350	360
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	92,605	44,990	47,610
Official languages	91,760	44,670	47,090
English	91,705	44,640	47,060
French	10,520	4,510	6,010
Non-official languages	26,765	12,740	14,025
Indigenous languages³⁹	315	120	195
Algonquian languages	255	95	160
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	115	45	70
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	115	45	70
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	60	20	35
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	15	0	15
Cree, n.o.s.	40	20	20
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	20	0	20
Mi'kmaq	20	0	20
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	125	55	70
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	40	25	20
Ojibway languages	85	30	50
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	10	0	10
Ojibway, n.o.s.	65	25	40
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	10	0	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	0	10
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	25	15	10
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	25	15	10
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Non-Indigenous languages	26,450	12,615	13,835
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,630	1,365	1,265
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	45	25	10
Hausa	45	25	10
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	155	90	65
Bilen	20	15	0
Oromo	30	10	15
Somali	100	60	40
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	2,500	1,285	1,210
Amharic	190	95	90
Arabic	885	515	370
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	1,335	635	700
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	195	75	115
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	365	165	200
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	355	160	190
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,555	1,135	1,420
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	50	25	25
Cebuano	45	20	20
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	45	15	30
Ilocano	155	85	75
Indonesian	45	25	20
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	40	20	25
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	35	15	15
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,415	1,050	1,360
Waray-Waray	30	20	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	60	25	35
Creole languages	100	50	50
Haitian Creole	15	0	10
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	20	10	15
Morisyen	25	10	15
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	25	10	15
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Dravidian languages	330	175	155
Kannada	50	35	15
Malayalam	120	55	60
Tamil	105	60	50
Telugu	80	45	35
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	16,070	7,685	8,385
Albanian	35	10	30
Armenian	15	0	15
Balto-Slavic languages	2,515	1,045	1,470
Baltic languages	40	10	30
Latvian	25	10	20
Lithuanian	10	0	10
Slavic languages	2,490	1,040	1,450
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	65	35	30
Czech	70	35	45
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	435	150	285
Russian	1,150	510	640
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	270	120	145
Bosnian	45	15	30
Croatian	90	35	60
Serbian	190	95	95
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	30	15	20
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	10	15
Ukrainian	770	305	465
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	50	25	20
Irish	25	15	10
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	15	0	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,915	1,370	1,545
Frisian	10	0	0
High German languages	2,250	1,075	1,175
German	1,990	960	1,025
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	15	10	0
Yiddish	250	105	140
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	720	320	395
Afrikaans	95	55	40
Dutch	235	120	115
Low German, n.o.s.	25	0	20
Low Saxon	15	0	10
Plautdietsch	350	135	220
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	0
Scandinavian languages	140	75	70
Danish	45	25	25
Icelandic	40	25	20
Norwegian	20	10	10
Swedish	35	15	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	495	235	265
Indo-Iranian languages	5,665	3,030	2,635
Indo-Aryan languages	4,750	2,555	2,195
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	410	235	180
Gujarati	840	460	375
Hindi	2,665	1,410	1,260
Kacchi	20	20	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	10	10	0
Marathi	50	30	25
Nepali	125	60	60
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,365	1,265	1,100
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	30	20	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	165	95	70
Urdu	675	360	310
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Iranian languages	965	505	460
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	265	135	130
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	130	80	50
Persian languages	590	305	285
Dari	100	40	55
Iranian Persian	465	245	220
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	15	25
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,015	2,300	2,715
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,110	500	610
Portuguese	1,055	530	530
Romanian	110	60	45
Spanish	3,045	1,360	1,685
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	255	110	145
Korean	840	410	425
Mongolian	20	0	20
Niger-Congo languages	1,145	615	530
Akan (Twi)	30	0	25
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	20	15	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	130	80	50
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	15	0
Lingala	25	10	10
Luba-Kasai	10	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	15	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	10	10
Shona	60	30	30
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	280	150	130
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	475	290	185
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	125	35	85
Nilo-Saharan languages	45	30	15
Dinka	45	30	15
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	255	70	190
American Sign Language	240	70	170
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,635	1,255	1,380
Chinese languages	2,625	1,255	1,370
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	1,975	930	1,040
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	25	15	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	0	10
Yue (Cantonese)	935	455	485
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	0	10
Burmese	10	0	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	80	40	45
Lao	35	20	10
Thai	55	20	30
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	200	120	80
Azerbaijani	25	20	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	185	110	80
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	265	110	150
Estonian	15	0	15
Finnish	50	20	25
Hungarian	200	90	110
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	92,605	44,990	47,615
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	7,650	3,615	4,035
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	7,470	3,535	3,940
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,835	1,310	1,525
Métis	4,605	2,215	2,390
Inuk (Inuit)	30	10	20
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	95	45	45
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	85	35	50
Non-Indigenous identity	84,955	41,370	43,580
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	92,605	44,990	47,615
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	2,640	1,250	1,390
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	89,965	43,740	46,220
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	43,895	...	...
Owner	25,050	...	...
Renter	18,850	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	43,895	...	...
Condominium	8,010	...	...
Not condominium	35,880	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	43,895	...	...
No bedrooms	650	...	...
1 bedroom	9,820	...	...
2 bedrooms	14,645	...	...
3 bedrooms	11,070	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	7,715	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	43,895	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	17,970	...	...
5 rooms	6,320	...	...
6 rooms	5,410	...	...
7 rooms	4,265	...	...
8 or more rooms	9,935	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	43,895	...	...
One person or fewer per room	43,030	...	...
More than one person per room	870	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	43,895	...	...
Suitable	41,385	...	...
Not suitable	2,510	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	43,895	...	...
1960 or before	19,185	...	...
1961 to 1980	11,020	...	...
1981 to 1990	5,025	...	...
1991 to 2000	2,310	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,285	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,180	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,170	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,725	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	43,895	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	40,540	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,360	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	43,895	...	...
One-maintainer household	24,750	...	...
Two-maintainer household	17,555	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,600	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	43,895	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,295	...	...
25 to 34 years	7,715	...	...
35 to 44 years	7,205	...	...
45 to 54 years	6,555	...	...
55 to 64 years	7,570	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,730	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,845	...	...
85 years and over	1,990	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	43,805	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	34,200	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	9,605	...	...
30% to less than 100%	8,250	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	43,895	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	14,130	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	8,460	...	...
Not suitable only	1,855	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,500	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	460	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	660	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	170	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	30	...	...
Acceptable housing	29,770	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	42,450	...	...
In core need	4,380	...	...
Not in core need	38,065	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	25,045	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	56.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	11.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,220	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,406	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	376,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	439,600	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	18,850	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	35.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	18.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,190	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,250	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	92,605	44,990	47,615
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	2,620	1,255	1,365
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	2,550	1,225	1,330
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,785	820	965
Métis single ancestry	750	400	350
Inuit single ancestry	20	0	15
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	75	30	40
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	75	30	40
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	5,490	2,615	2,875
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	5,220	2,525	2,695
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,010	995	1,015
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,190	1,530	1,665
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	15
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	270	90	185
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	255	85	170
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	84,490	41,120	43,365
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	92,600	44,990	47,615
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	80,945	38,990	41,950
Canadian citizens aged under 18	12,810	6,550	6,260
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	68,130	32,440	35,690
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	11,665	5,995	5,665
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	92,600	44,990	47,615
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	69,305	33,460	35,845
Immigrants⁸¹	18,090	8,710	9,375
Before 1980	4,230	1,920	2,305
1980 to 1990	1,500	810	690
1991 to 2000	1,670	810	865
2001 to 2010	3,110	1,475	1,635
2011 to 2021⁸²	7,585	3,695	3,890
2011 to 2015	2,820	1,295	1,530
2016 to 2021	4,765	2,400	2,355
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,205	2,815	2,395
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	18,090	8,710	9,375
Under 5 years	1,885	985	900
5 to 14 years	3,185	1,645	1,545
15 to 24 years	3,410	1,630	1,785
25 to 44 years	8,160	3,750	4,410
45 years and over	1,440	695	740
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	18,090	8,710	9,375
Americas	2,880	1,395	1,485
Brazil	405	215	190
Colombia	135	70	60
El Salvador	150	75	70
Guyana	130	45	80
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	140	85	60
Mexico	175	90	85
Peru	30	15	15
Trinidad and Tobago	175	85	95
United States of America	775	355	425
Other places of birth in Americas	760	360	395
Europe	4,785	2,290	2,500
Bosnia and Herzegovina	95	50	45
Croatia	50	0	50
France	120	50	75
Germany	385	190	200
Greece	240	115	125
Hungary	100	45	50
Italy	570	260	315
Netherlands	160	100	60
Poland	255	100	150
Portugal	125	60	65
Romania	130	75	55
Russian Federation	335	125	205
Serbia⁸⁶	60	35	30
Ukraine	350	180	170
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,230	660	570
Other places of birth in Europe	575	235	340
Africa	1,905	1,005	895
Algeria	15	0	15
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	75	40	35
Egypt	205	115	95
Eritrea	145	65	75
Ethiopia	160	80	80
Morocco	35	25	10
Nigeria	570	340	230
Somalia	45	20	25
South Africa, Republic of	140	80	60
Other places of birth in Africa	510	235	275
Asia	8,415	3,955	4,460
Afghanistan	120	50	70
Iran⁸⁸	320	170	155
Iraq	265	140	120
Lebanon	60	40	25
Syria⁸⁹	75	45	30
Turkey	60	35	25
China⁹⁰	1,025	465	560
Hong Kong⁹¹	205	100	110
Korea, South⁹²	595	300	295
Taiwan	50	25	25
Philippines	2,335	1,050	1,280
Viet Nam	190	80	105
Bangladesh	120	50	75
India	1,600	800	805
Pakistan	370	160	210
Sri Lanka	140	75	65
Other places of birth in Asia	880	370	505
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	115	70	40
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	4,765	2,405	2,360
Americas	795	470	325
Brazil	360	205	155
Colombia	65	35	25
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	60	35	20
Mexico	25	20	10
United States of America	80	60	20
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Americas	210	115	100
Europe	500	220	280
France	20	0	10
Germany	0	0	0
Ireland⁹⁶	10	0	0
Italy	25	10	20
Russian Federation	90	40	55
Ukraine	115	50	60
United Kingdom⁸⁷	100	50	45
Other places of birth in Europe	135	60	75
Africa	640	350	290
Algeria	15	0	15
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	100	55	45
Eritrea	70	40	35
Ethiopia	10	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	300	175	125
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	15	10	10
Sudan⁹⁷	10	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	95	50	45
Asia	2,810	1,355	1,460
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	75	30	45
China⁹⁰	500	205	290
Hong Kong⁹¹	45	20	30
India	785	375	405
Iran⁸⁸	90	40	45
Iraq	190	100	90
Israel	110	55	50
Japan	30	0	30
Jordan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	145	75	70
Lebanon	35	20	10
Nepal	15	10	0
Pakistan	90	55	35
Philippines	420	215	205
Saudi Arabia	10	0	0
Sri Lanka	25	15	0
Syria⁸⁹	60	35	20
Turkey	10	0	10
United Arab Emirates	30	10	15
Viet Nam	70	20	45
Other places of birth in Asia	90	40	50
Oceania and other⁹³	10	10	0
Australia	0	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	92,605	44,990	47,610
First generation¹⁰⁰	24,330	12,050	12,280
Second generation¹⁰¹	16,930	8,065	8,865
Third generation or more¹⁰²	51,340	24,875	26,470
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	13,860	6,790	7,070
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	9,335	4,555	4,780
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	4,005	2,165	1,840
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	5,320	2,390	2,935
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	2,655	1,315	1,340
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,845	915	925
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	35	0	30
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	13,860	6,790	7,070
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	185	75	110
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	1,490	680	815
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	570	295	275
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,300	690	610
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	65	20	40
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	10,260	5,035	5,225
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	92,605	44,990	47,615
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	21,525	10,850	10,675
South Asian	5,815	3,065	2,750
Chinese	2,840	1,345	1,490
Black	3,495	1,860	1,640
Filipino	3,365	1,540	1,825
Arab	745	455	285
Latin American	1,360	680	685
Southeast Asian	690	315	375
West Asian	860	460	395
Korean	825	400	420
Japanese	325	150	170
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	405	180	225
Multiple visible minorities	800	390	410
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	71,080	34,140	36,940
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	92,605	44,990	47,615
Canadian	6,395	3,155	3,240
English	18,130	8,750	9,385
Irish	13,795	6,445	7,350
Scottish	17,155	8,310	8,845
French, n.o.s.¹²²	8,465	3,945	4,520
German	12,375	5,870	6,500
Chinese	3,045	1,445	1,600
Italian	3,250	1,610	1,640
Indian (India)	3,400	1,790	1,610
Ukrainian	11,165	5,130	6,030
Dutch	3,020	1,405	1,610
Polish	6,355	2,925	3,430
Québécois	130	50	80
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	3,170	1,480	1,685
Filipino	3,435	1,580	1,850
French Canadian	905	415	490
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	965	450	515
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,545	740	810
Métis	4,280	2,050	2,230
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,565	755	805
Russian	4,450	2,115	2,335
Norwegian	1,850	815	1,040
Welsh	1,640	810	825
Portuguese	925	445	480
American	770	340	430
Spanish	890	420	460
Swedish	2,230	1,060	1,165
Hungarian	1,040	535	500
Acadian	145	45	105
Pakistani	505	260	240
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	670	355	310
Jewish	4,530	2,235	2,300
Punjabi	700	375	325
Vietnamese	440	195	250
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	220	130	95
Greek	875	435	435
Jamaican	320	175	140
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	525	275	250
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	955	370	580
Korean	850	405	450
Romanian	760	345	415
Lebanese	230	110	120
Iranian	395	210	185
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	275	160	110
Danish	700	275	420
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	400	190	215
Sikh	435	225	205
Austrian	1,085	495	595
Belgian	1,180	535	650
Haitian	10	0	10
Hindu	445	255	195
Mexican	340	175	170
Mennonite	2,950	1,530	1,420
Swiss	445	220	220
Finnish	375	140	230
Sri Lankan	190	115	70
Croatian	195	90	105
Japanese	425	215	205
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	200	95	110
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	50	25	25
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	415	190	225
Muslim	290	125	165
Egyptian	235	135	95
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	310	130	185
Tamil	55	30	20
Icelandic	2,860	1,385	1,475
Colombian	160	80	85
Moroccan	10	0	10
Czech	480	250	225
Syrian	115	70	50
Guyanese	155	75	80
Afghan	190	105	80
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	160	80	80
Serbian	210	120	95
Ojibway	645	340	305
Newfoundlander	40	15	25
Hong Konger	165	85	80
Ontarian	65	30	30
Persian	135	75	60
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	260	115	150
Turkish	220	120	105
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	50	10	45
Bangladeshi	325	180	150
Algerian	30	10	20
Brazilian	505	255	250
Nigerian	500	270	230
Armenian	90	40	50
Slovak	105	45	60
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	515	265	255
Somali	150	100	55
Taiwanese	65	20	45
Iraqi	100	60	40
Salvadorean	160	90	75
African Caribbean	85	40	45
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	135	80	55
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	85	60	25
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	130	40	85
Algonquin	25	10	10
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	60	40	30
Lithuanian	225	120	100
South African	130	80	55
Australian	115	65	55
Palestinian	130	70	65
Chilean	180	90	95
Congolese	130	55	75
Nova Scotian	20	10	0
Ethiopian	185	90	95
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	130	75	60
Peruvian	30	20	10
Yoruba	400	250	155
Cambodian (Khmer)	25	0	25
Berber	15	10	0
Albanian	40	10	30
Maltese	0	0	0
Macedonian	30	10	20
Slovenian	80	25	55
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	60	15	45
New Brunswicker	20	10	10
Gujarati	100	75	30
Eritrean	165	60	110
African Canadian	40	20	20
Israeli	225	100	125
Mohawk	35	25	10
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	125	45	80
Bulgarian	65	25	40
Albertan	15	10	0
Ghanaian	25	10	15
Barbadian	50	30	15
African American	80	40	45
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	70	25	45
Tunisian	10	10	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	85	30	50
Cuban	35	25	15
Bosnian	100	50	55
Venezuelan	45	15	30
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	15	0	10
Latvian	185	70	115
Bengali	25	15	10
Cameroonian	0	0	0
Guatemalan	45	25	20
Indonesian	85	60	30
Laotian	60	20	35
Ilocano	35	25	10
Northern Irish	95	40	50
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	80	40	35
British Columbian	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	55	20	35
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0
Argentinian	170	80	95
Estonian	30	10	20
Kurdish	110	55	55
Fijian	0	0	0
Jatt	25	15	10
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	15	15	0
Coptic	80	25	50
Thai	55	20	40
Dominican	30	25	0
Nepali	90	50	40
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	95	55	35
Byelorussian	85	40	45
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	50	25	25
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	30	15	15
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	30	10	20
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	15	0	10
New Zealander	15	0	15
Sudanese	0	0	0
Breton	10	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	30	15	15
Malaysian	50	10	35
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	25	10	15
Huron (Wendat)	25	15	15
Saskatchewanian	20	15	0
Buddhist	20	10	10
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	20	0	15
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	25	0	20
Ivorian	25	0	15
Saulteaux	155	80	75
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	185	75	110
Burundian	15	0	10
Tigrinya	70	40	30
Nicaraguan	15	10	0
Mauritian	55	20	30
Kenyan	50	30	25
Oji-Cree	70	30	40
Vincentian	15	10	0
Jordanian	45	40	0
Manitoban	460	220	240
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	15	10	0
Grenadian	0	0	0
Malayali	0	0	0
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	90	40	50
Mayan	35	10	25
Honduran	0	0	0
Cherokee	20	10	10
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	15	10	0
Indo-Caribbean	65	45	20
Flemish	70	25	45
United Empire Loyalist	30	0	20
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	35	15	10
Sicilian	50	20	35
Pashtun	15	0	15
Malay	35	25	10
Goan	20	0	15
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	35	20	15
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	55	30	25
Burmese	15	15	0
Mongolian	40	15	20
Azorean	20	10	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	30	0	25
Ugandan	10	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	0	0	0
Yemeni	15	0	10
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	20	15	0
Uruguayan	0	0	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	10	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	15	0	10
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	20	0	15
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	10	10	0
Roma	0	0	0
Costa Rican	30	15	15
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	0	0	0
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	20	0	10
Tajik	10	0	0
Amhara	15	0	0
Paraguayan	70	25	45
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	92,605	44,990	47,615
Buddhist	640	335	305
Christian	40,830	18,210	22,620
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7,450	3,580	3,870
Anabaptist	1,800	810	990
Anglican	3,385	1,485	1,905
Baptist	885	405	475
Catholic	15,090	6,670	8,420
Christian Orthodox	1,745	770	980
Jehovah's Witness	165	70	95
Latter Day Saints	165	80	85
Lutheran	1,690	750	940
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	205	100	105
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	770	335	435
Presbyterian	600	265	340
Reformed	20	0	20
United Church	4,800	1,905	2,900
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,055	980	1,070
Hindu	2,170	1,175	1,000
Jewish	5,920	2,885	3,025
Muslim	2,485	1,350	1,135
Sikh	1,640	825	815
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	235	110	120
Other religions and spiritual traditions	925	405	520
No religion and secular perspectives	37,765	19,700	18,065
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	91,855	44,560	47,295
Non-movers	77,925	37,685	40,240
Movers	13,935	6,870	7,060
Non-migrants	10,585	5,165	5,415
Migrants	3,350	1,705	1,645
Internal migrants	2,235	1,150	1,090
Intraprovincial migrants	735	335	390
Interprovincial migrants	1,505	815	700
External migrants	1,110	560	550
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	88,820	43,130	45,685
Non-movers	50,610	24,245	26,370
Movers	38,210	18,885	19,320
Non-migrants	23,760	11,555	12,210
Migrants	14,440	7,335	7,110
Internal migrants	6,765	3,325	3,445
Intraprovincial migrants	3,165	1,555	1,610
Interprovincial migrants	3,605	1,770	1,830
External migrants	7,675	4,010	3,665
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	80,615	38,825	41,790
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	8,455	4,265	4,190
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	72,160	34,555	37,600
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	50,465	24,850	25,615
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	2,735	1,575	1,160
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	47,730	23,275	24,455
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	80,615	38,825	41,790
No certificate, diploma or degree	7,610	3,880	3,730
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	20,045	10,165	9,885
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	52,960	24,780	28,170
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	18,165	8,800	9,360
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,305	2,225	1,085
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,765	1,030	730
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,545	1,185	355
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,585	5,610	6,975
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,270	970	1,300
Bachelor's degree or higher	34,795	15,980	18,810
Bachelor's degree	21,855	9,565	12,295
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,550	1,165	1,385
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,675	1,045	625
Master's degree	6,945	3,165	3,780
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,775	1,045	725
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	50,465	24,845	25,615
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,350	1,395	960
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	9,945	5,550	4,390
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	38,170	17,905	20,270
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	11,960	5,955	6,005
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,165	1,495	670
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,165	705	455
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,000	790	210
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	8,410	3,860	4,550
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,390	605	785
Bachelor's degree or higher	26,215	11,945	14,265
Bachelor's degree	16,550	7,385	9,170
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,725	785	945
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,250	700	545
Master's degree	5,430	2,385	3,040
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,245	685	560
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	80,615	38,825	41,790
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	27,655	14,040	13,615
Education	4,740	1,360	3,380
13. Education	4,740	1,360	3,380
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,100	895	1,210
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	150	125	25
50. Visual and performing arts	1,950	765	1,185
Humanities	3,630	1,395	2,235
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	265	75	190
23. English language and literature/letters	935	260	675
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,035	385	655
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	90	30	60
38. Philosophy and religious studies	315	175	140
39. Theology and religious vocations	365	200	160
54. History	485	255	230
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	145	15	130
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,190	3,165	5,025
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	190	15	175
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	825	385	440
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,020	95	925
22. Legal professions and studies	1,460	690	770
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	245	80	160
42. Psychology	1,575	430	1,150
45. Social sciences	2,870	1,470	1,405
Business, management and public administration	11,095	5,270	5,820
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,075	260	820
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,000	5,005	4,995
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,720	1,350	1,370
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,285	595	690
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	780	365	410
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	120	30	90
40. Physical sciences	465	335	130
41. Science technologies/technicians	70	20	50
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,500	1,665	840
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,900	1,400	500
25. Library science	215	45	170
27. Mathematics and statistics	360	205	155
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	25	10	10
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,835	5,820	1,015
04. Architecture and related services	690	390	295
14. Engineering	2,390	1,950	440
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,435	1,240	195
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	965	920	40
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	935	915	25
48. Precision production	420	395	25
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,125	585	540
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	735	400	335
03. Natural resources and conservation	395	185	210
Health and related fields	8,250	2,495	5,755
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	540	240	300
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,015	1,855	5,160
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	40	15	25
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	655	385	270
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,745	775	965
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,185	325	865
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	20	15	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0
43. Security and protective services	250	175	70
49. Transportation and materials moving	270	245	30
Other¹⁷⁹	20	0	15
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	50,465	24,850	25,615
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	12,295	6,950	5,350
Education	3,005	875	2,130
13. Education	3,005	875	2,130
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,610	690	925
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	115	95	20
50. Visual and performing arts	1,495	590	905
Humanities	2,445	915	1,530
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	210	60	145
23. English language and literature/letters	690	200	495
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	640	210	440
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	50	25	20
38. Philosophy and religious studies	245	130	115
39. Theology and religious vocations	200	105	95
54. History	300	180	125
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	110	15	95
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,060	2,245	3,820
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	155	15	140
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	670	315	355
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	765	70	695
22. Legal professions and studies	1,135	500	640
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	195	60	140
42. Psychology	1,080	275	805
45. Social sciences	2,050	1,010	1,045
Business, management and public administration	7,995	3,850	4,145
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	685	150	540
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	7,305	3,695	3,605
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,935	935	1,000
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	965	455	510
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	495	205	285
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	95	25	70
40. Physical sciences	345	235	110
41. Science technologies/technicians	35	15	20
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,895	1,285	610
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,490	1,095	395
25. Library science	110	35	80
27. Mathematics and statistics	270	140	125
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	25	15	10
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	5,025	4,190	835
04. Architecture and related services	515	270	245
14. Engineering	1,945	1,575	370
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	965	825	140
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	700	665	35
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	575	555	20
48. Precision production	320	300	25
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	880	425	460
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	535	260	275
03. Natural resources and conservation	350	165	185
Health and related fields	6,070	1,910	4,160
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	430	200	235
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,140	1,450	3,685
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	25	0	15
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	475	255	220
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,230	590	640
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	795	245	560
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	10	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	200	145	55
49. Transportation and materials moving	205	185	20
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	50,465	24,850	25,615
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	12,295	6,950	5,350
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	38,170	17,905	20,265
Location of study inside Canada	30,710	14,380	16,325
Same as province or territory of residence	25,600	11,880	13,720
Different than province or territory of residence	5,105	2,500	2,605
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	7,460	3,520	3,945
Americas	1,955	945	1,010
United States of America	1,085	545	540
Mexico	65	25	40
Cuba	15	10	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	30	10	20
Brazil	365	175	185
Colombia	75	35	45
Peru	10	0	10
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	15	10
Other locations of study in Americas	290	135	155
Europe	1,235	635	600
Belgium	15	0	10
France	100	40	60
Germany	70	45	20
Netherlands	20	15	10
Switzerland	35	15	25
Hungary	15	10	0
Moldova¹⁸³	20	0	10
Poland	30	10	15
Romania	0	0	0
Russian Federation	130	45	80
Ukraine	125	55	75
Ireland⁹⁶	45	25	15
United Kingdom⁸⁷	440	245	200
Bosnia and Herzegovina	10	0	0
Italy	40	20	20
Serbia⁸⁶	10	10	0
Other locations of study in Europe	130	70	60
Africa	505	260	245
Nigeria	280	130	150
Algeria	10	0	10
Morocco	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	85	50	35
South Africa, Republic of	50	25	25
Other locations of study in Africa	75	45	30
Asia	3,635	1,620	2,010
Iran⁸⁸	170	95	75
Iraq	25	15	15
Israel	130	60	70
Lebanon	10	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	10	0	0
Turkey	40	15	25
China⁹⁰	525	215	310
Taiwan	10	0	10
Hong Kong⁹¹	70	30	40
Japan	60	15	45
Korea, South⁹²	265	120	140
Philippines	960	380	585
Viet Nam	60	25	35
Bangladesh	75	35	40
Sri Lanka	70	30	40
India	940	475	460
Pakistan	115	60	55
Other locations of study in Asia	105	35	70
Oceania	135	60	75
Australia	120	50	65
New Zealand	20	10	10
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	80,615	38,825	41,790
In the labour force	54,145	28,045	26,100
Employed	49,735	25,810	23,925
Unemployed	4,400	2,235	2,170
Not in the labour force	26,470	10,780	15,690
Participation rate	67.2	72.2	62.5
Employment rate	61.7	66.5	57.3
Unemployment rate	8.1	8.0	8.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	80,615	38,825	41,790
Did not work¹⁸⁶	26,550	11,080	15,465
Worked	54,065	27,740	26,325
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	29,155	16,260	12,890
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	24,910	11,480	13,430
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.6	42.4	40.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	54,140	28,045	26,095
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,065	475	595
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	53,075	27,570	25,505
Employee	45,625	22,895	22,725
Permanent position	37,590	19,255	18,340
Temporary position	8,030	3,640	4,390
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,880	1,155	1,725
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,150	2,490	2,660
Self-employed¹⁹²	7,455	4,675	2,780
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	54,140	28,045	26,095
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,065	475	595
All occupations¹⁹¹	53,075	27,570	25,505
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	835	600	235
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	9,735	3,940	5,795
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	4,730	3,465	1,260
3 Health occupations	5,460	1,890	3,575
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	9,545	3,635	5,910
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,425	1,065	1,365
6 Sales and service occupations	13,075	6,545	6,530
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	5,555	5,095	460
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	545	450	95
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,180	900	285
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	54,140	28,045	26,095
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,065	475	595
All industries¹⁹¹	53,075	27,570	25,505
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	305	190	115
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	75	60	15
22 Utilities	455	335	120
23 Construction	2,610	2,280	335
31-33 Manufacturing	2,720	1,960	755
41 Wholesale trade	1,420	1,020	400
44-45 Retail trade	5,525	2,725	2,805
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,445	1,870	575
51 Information and cultural industries	1,425	890	530
52 Finance and insurance	2,895	1,530	1,365
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,050	705	345
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	4,915	2,865	2,050
55 Management of companies and enterprises	95	55	40
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,250	1,305	940
61 Educational services	6,025	2,115	3,915
62 Health care and social assistance	8,105	2,545	5,555
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,380	685	695
72 Accommodation and food services	3,365	1,610	1,755
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,280	945	1,330
91 Public administration	3,745	1,880	1,865
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	57,590	29,490	28,100
English	54,530	28,170	26,355
French	200	50	150
Non-official language	140	65	80
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	140	65	80
English and French	1,405	550	860
English and non-official language(s)	1,245	630	615
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	55	25	30
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	57,590	29,490	28,100
Single responses	57,155	29,310	27,845
Official languages	56,800	29,165	27,635
English	56,350	29,060	27,295
French	450	110	340
Non-official languages	355	145	210
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	345	135	210
Afro-Asiatic languages	15	0	10
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	15	0	10
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	0	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	15	0	10
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	30	15	20
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	30	15	20
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	105	55	50
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	15	0	10
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	10	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	10	0	10
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	10	0	10
German	10	0	10
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	45	30	0
Indo-Aryan languages	45	30	0
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	30	25	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	40	15	20
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	10	0	10
Portuguese	10	0	10
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	20	15	0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	10	0	10
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	30	10	20
American Sign Language	30	10	20
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	145	55	95
Chinese languages	145	55	95
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	115	40	85
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	25	15	10
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	435	180	255
English and French	200	70	130
English and non-official language(s)	225	115	115
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	57,590	29,490	28,100
None	55,230	28,440	26,795
English	435	130	315
French	985	430	555
Non-official language	830	440	385
Indigenous³⁹	30	25	0
Non-Indigenous	795	415	380
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	10	0	10
French and non-official language(s)	20	15	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	70	35	35
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	49,740	25,810	23,930
Worked at home	12,835	6,245	6,590
Worked outside Canada	135	90	40
No fixed workplace address	4,610	3,375	1,235
Usual place of work	32,160	16,090	16,065
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	32,160	16,090	16,070
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	30,410	14,965	15,445
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	105	85	25
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	1,500	955	545
Commute to a different province or territory	150	95	55
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	36,770	19,470	17,300
Car, truck or van	28,685	15,610	13,070
Car, truck or van - as a driver	26,155	14,715	11,445
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,525	895	1,630
Public transit	3,780	1,670	2,110
Walked	2,470	1,125	1,345
Bicycle	955	655	295
Other method	885	410	475
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	36,770	19,470	17,300
Less than 15 minutes	11,130	5,360	5,770
15 to 29 minutes	18,125	9,780	8,350
30 to 44 minutes	5,210	3,050	2,165
45 to 59 minutes	1,270	690	580
60 minutes and over	1,035	595	435
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	36,770	19,470	17,300
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,145	760	385
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	4,495	2,960	1,530
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	10,280	5,490	4,785
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	9,550	4,560	4,985
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,780	2,685	3,095
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,525	3,015	2,510
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	14,790	7,570	7,215
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,705	835	870
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	13,085	6,740	6,345
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	10,800	5,510	5,285
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,250	595	655
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	680	315	370
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	570	285	280
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,555	4,915	4,635

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 24, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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