Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Banff--AirdrieMore information: Alberta [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	155,580	...	...
Population, 2016¹	135,762	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	14.6	...	...
Total private dwellings²	61,522	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	56,738	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	12.6	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	12,304.43	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	155,580	77,910	77,670
0 to 14 years	32,265	16,700	15,565
0 to 4 years	9,495	4,935	4,565
5 to 9 years	11,380	5,865	5,515
10 to 14 years	11,385	5,900	5,490
15 to 64 years	103,070	51,295	51,780
15 to 19 years	8,995	4,655	4,340
20 to 24 years	7,445	3,815	3,635
25 to 29 years	8,825	4,395	4,435
30 to 34 years	11,825	5,695	6,135
35 to 39 years	13,685	6,675	7,010
40 to 44 years	12,685	6,350	6,335
45 to 49 years	11,035	5,600	5,435
50 to 54 years	9,595	4,875	4,725
55 to 59 years	9,695	4,755	4,935
60 to 64 years	9,280	4,485	4,800
65 years and over	20,245	9,925	10,320
65 to 69 years	7,810	3,940	3,870
70 to 74 years	5,625	2,810	2,815
75 to 79 years	3,205	1,635	1,575
80 to 84 years	1,730	755	970
85 years and over	1,870	775	1,100
85 to 89 years	1,140	545	595
90 to 94 years	605	215	390
95 to 99 years	105	15	85
100 years and over	20	5	20
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	20.7	21.4	20.0
15 to 64 years	66.2	65.8	66.7
65 years and over	13.0	12.7	13.3
85 years and over	1.2	1.0	1.4
Average age of the population	38.0	37.5	38.5
Median age of the population	38.0	38.0	38.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	56,735	...	...
Single-detached house	35,225	...	...
Semi-detached house	4,465	...	...
Row house	7,440	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,165	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	7,680	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	305	...	...
Other single-attached house	115	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	340	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	56,740	...	...
1 person	11,505	...	...
2 persons	19,910	...	...
3 persons	9,355	...	...
4 persons	10,210	...	...
5 or more persons	5,760	...	...
Number of persons in private households	151,745	75,755	75,990
Average household size	2.7	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	123,315	61,210	62,100
Married or living common-law	79,655	39,960	39,700
Married	65,850	33,090	32,765
Living common-law	13,805	6,865	6,935
Living common law - Never married	10,310	5,125	5,180
Living common law - Separated	490	255	235
Living common law - Divorced	2,775	1,385	1,385
Living common law - Widowed	230	95	135
Not married and not living common-law	43,660	21,255	22,400
Not married and not living common law - Never married	29,400	16,115	13,290
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,985	1,330	1,650
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	7,165	2,865	4,300
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,110	945	3,165
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	44,045	...	...
2 persons	20,885	...	...
3 persons	8,915	...	...
4 persons	9,880	...	...
5 or more persons	4,365	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	44,050	...	...
Total couple families	38,745	...	...
Married couples	31,840	...	...
With children⁶	18,250	...	...
Without children	13,590	...	...
Common-law couples	6,900	...	...
With children⁶	2,575	...	...
Without children	4,325	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,305	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,915	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,390	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	151,745	75,755	75,985
Total - Persons in census families	131,220	65,595	65,625
Married spouses or common-law partners	77,480	38,675	38,805
Parents in one-parent families	5,310	1,395	3,915
Children⁶	48,430	25,530	22,905
In a two-parent family	39,975	21,050	18,925
In a one-parent family	8,455	4,475	3,980
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	20,520	10,165	10,360
Living alone	11,505	5,390	6,115
Living with other relatives⁷	2,610	1,125	1,490
Living with non-relatives only	6,410	3,655	2,755
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	56,735	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	39,025	...	...
Couple-family households	34,945	...	...
With children⁶	18,985	...	...
Without children	15,960	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,080	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,355	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	375	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,225	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,260	...	...
One-person households	11,505	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	119,585	59,125	60,460
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	114,550	56,620	57,925
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,000	62,000	41,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	114,635	56,670	57,965
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000	53,200	37,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	107,465	54,165	53,300
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,400	58,000	33,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	90,895	46,895	43,995
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,400	57,600	33,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	98,065	47,130	50,930
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,400	5,040	8,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	13,135	6,040	7,090
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,480	5,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	35,245	16,265	18,975
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	119,560	59,040	60,525
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	114,455	56,520	57,940
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	66,900	82,800	51,350
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	114,535	56,560	57,975
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,400	65,500	43,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	107,510	54,015	53,495
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	62,350	79,100	45,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	90,955	47,000	43,950
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	59,850	74,400	44,320
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	98,015	47,065	50,955
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,690	8,590	10,710
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	13,175	6,125	7,055
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,910	6,470	7,300
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	34,930	16,175	18,760
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,890	8,630	9,130
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	119,555	59,040	60,520
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	42,390	24,750	17,635
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	75,500	86,000	63,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	91,100	104,900	71,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	38,415	17,325	21,090
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,800	26,800	18,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,480	43,440	27,120
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	87.6	91.4	81.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	71.2	74.8	65.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	12.4	8.6	18.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.9	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.5	3.2	6.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.1	3.0	5.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	119,585	59,130	60,460
Without total income	5,040	2,510	2,530
With total income	114,545	56,615	57,930
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,465	3,570	5,895
$10,000 to $19,999	9,415	3,480	5,940
$20,000 to $29,999	14,035	5,550	8,480
$30,000 to $39,999	13,030	5,155	7,875
$40,000 to $49,999	11,410	4,910	6,500
$50,000 to $59,999	10,210	4,720	5,485
$60,000 to $69,999	8,595	4,335	4,260
$70,000 to $79,999	7,100	3,975	3,120
$80,000 to $89,999	5,975	3,550	2,420
$90,000 to $99,999	5,030	2,975	2,055
$100,000 and over	20,285	14,395	5,890
$100,000 to $149,999	12,560	8,395	4,165
$150,000 and over	7,720	6,005	1,720
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	119,585	59,130	60,460
Without after-tax income	4,945	2,455	2,490
With after-tax income	114,640	56,670	57,965
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,020	3,765	6,250
$10,000 to $19,999	9,865	3,640	6,225
$20,000 to $29,999	16,375	6,550	9,825
$30,000 to $39,999	15,350	6,280	9,070
$40,000 to $49,999	13,745	6,275	7,470
$50,000 to $59,999	11,455	5,780	5,675
$60,000 to $69,999	9,230	5,160	4,070
$70,000 to $79,999	7,165	4,305	2,865
$80,000 to $89,999	5,760	3,510	2,250
$90,000 to $99,999	3,935	2,595	1,345
$100,000 and over	11,735	8,810	2,920
$100,000 to $124,999	5,280	3,775	1,505
$125,000 and over	6,450	5,035	1,415
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	119,585	59,130	60,460
Without employment income	28,695	12,230	16,465
With employment income	90,895	46,900	44,000
Under $5,000 (including loss)	11,160	4,945	6,220
$5,000 to $9,999	6,495	2,675	3,815
$10,000 to $19,999	9,860	3,960	5,900
$20,000 to $29,999	7,765	3,280	4,480
$30,000 to $39,999	7,040	3,010	4,035
$40,000 to $49,999	6,810	3,175	3,635
$50,000 to $59,999	6,585	3,140	3,440
$60,000 to $69,999	5,990	3,135	2,850
$70,000 to $79,999	5,095	2,930	2,165
$80,000 to $89,999	4,470	2,725	1,745
$90,000 to $99,999	4,090	2,435	1,655
$100,000 and over	15,535	11,485	4,055
$100,000 to $124,999	6,650	4,425	2,225
$125,000 and over	8,890	7,060	1,825
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	119,585	59,125	60,460
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	112,005	55,380	56,630
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,400	64,000	40,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	112,065	55,390	56,675
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,400	54,800	36,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	105,835	53,355	52,480
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,400	62,400	36,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	90,710	46,745	43,965
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,000	62,000	37,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	91,905	44,475	47,430
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,300	970	3,520
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	8,755	3,655	5,095
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,960	4,920	7,000
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	119,560	59,040	60,525
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	111,870	55,280	56,590
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	68,200	86,500	50,320
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	111,930	55,295	56,635
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,950	67,600	42,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	105,775	53,155	52,625
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	66,900	85,800	47,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	90,620	46,775	43,845
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	63,800	80,200	46,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	92,115	44,680	47,430
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,025	4,952	7,040
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	8,605	3,615	4,995
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,990	6,190	9,290
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	119,555	59,040	60,520
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	42,165	24,645	17,515
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	74,000	86,000	60,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	90,300	105,400	68,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	36,155	16,295	19,855
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,400	39,200	25,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	44,040	56,900	33,520
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	92.8	95.4	88.2
Employment income (%)	75.8	78.4	71.4
Government transfers (%)	7.3	4.6	11.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.5	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	56,740	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	11,505	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	55,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	45,235	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	127,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	56,710	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	135,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	109,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	11,505	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	69,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	57,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	45,210	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	151,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	123,300	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	56,740	...	...
Under $5,000	410	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	205	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	255	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	440	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	895	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,170	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,075	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,145	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,330	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,370	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,000	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,290	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,385	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,450	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,320	...	...
$100,000 and over	32,010	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	7,875	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	6,490	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	8,335	...	...
$200,000 and over	9,305	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	56,740	...	...
Under $5,000	495	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	225	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	290	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	475	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	980	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,330	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,270	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,390	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,670	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,705	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,775	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,125	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,165	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,325	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	4,125	...	...
$100,000 and over	26,390	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	8,700	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	6,115	...	...
$150,000 and over	11,565	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	43,495	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	16,725	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	20,875	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	126,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,970	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	17,915	9,040	8,870
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,000	52,800	44,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,400	45,600	39,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	43,350	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	150,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	122,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	16,685	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	136,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	21,000	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	176,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	141,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,820	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	80,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	18,040	9,210	8,830
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	61,600	68,800	54,100
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	51,120	55,850	46,200
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	151,745	75,760	75,985
0 to 17 years	37,830	19,530	18,300
0 to 5 years	11,735	6,020	5,710
18 to 64 years	95,325	47,050	48,270
65 years and over	18,590	9,175	9,415
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	9,370	4,305	5,065
0 to 17 years	2,740	1,375	1,360
0 to 5 years	855	435	425
18 to 64 years	5,340	2,440	2,895
65 years and over	1,295	485	810
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	6.2	5.7	6.7
0 to 17 years (%)	7.2	7.1	7.4
0 to 5 years (%)	7.3	7.2	7.4
18 to 64 years (%)	5.6	5.2	6.0
65 years and over (%)	7.0	5.3	8.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	151,745	75,755	75,985
0 to 17 years	37,830	19,535	18,295
0 to 5 years	11,730	6,020	5,710
18 to 64 years	95,320	47,050	48,275
65 years and over	18,590	9,175	9,415
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	4,040	2,050	1,995
0 to 17 years	1,035	535	495
0 to 5 years	310	170	145
18 to 64 years	2,745	1,385	1,355
65 years and over	265	125	140
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	2.7	2.7	2.6
0 to 17 years (%)	2.7	2.8	2.7
0 to 5 years (%)	2.7	2.8	2.5
18 to 64 years (%)	2.9	3.0	2.8
65 years and over (%)	1.4	1.4	1.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	151,745	75,760	75,985
In bottom half of the distribution	58,265	28,135	30,135
In bottom decile	8,840	4,215	4,620
In second decile	10,045	4,605	5,435
In third decile	11,480	5,540	5,945
In fourth decile	13,380	6,585	6,795
In fifth decile	14,520	7,190	7,335
In top half of the distribution	93,475	47,625	45,855
In sixth decile	15,905	8,020	7,890
In seventh decile	16,615	8,365	8,245
In eighth decile	17,975	9,175	8,795
In ninth decile	19,580	9,975	9,605
In top decile	23,400	12,080	11,320
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	151,745	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.343	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.419	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.301	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.5	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	154,800	77,565	77,235
English only	139,665	70,530	69,130
French only	125	60	65
English and French	14,260	6,665	7,595
Neither English nor French	750	310	435
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	154,800	77,565	77,235
English	149,775	75,025	74,750
French	3,825	2,005	1,820
English and French	485	250	240
Neither English nor French	715	290	425
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	154,800	77,565	77,235
Single responses	150,800	75,600	75,195
Official languages	132,870	67,155	65,720
English	128,840	65,025	63,820
French	4,035	2,130	1,900
Non-official languages	17,925	8,450	9,480
Indigenous languages³⁹	40	15	25
Algonquian languages	10	5	5
Blackfoot	5	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	5
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	10	0	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	5
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	5
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	5	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	10	5	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	5	0	5
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	10	5	5
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	17,885	8,430	9,455
Afro-Asiatic languages	585	320	265
Berber languages	10	5	5
Kabyle	5	5	5
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	25	10	15
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	20	10	10
Somali	5	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	555	305	250
Amharic	50	25	25
Arabic	440	245	200
Aramaic languages	10	5	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	5	5	0
Hebrew	15	5	10
Maltese	5	0	0
Tigrigna	25	15	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	235	100	130
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	10	15
Vietnamese	200	85	115
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,915	1,280	1,635
Bikol	15	5	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	20	20
Cebuano	75	30	45
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	35	15	20
Ilocano	85	35	45
Indonesian	15	5	10
Kankanaey	5	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	5	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	25	15	15
Pangasinan	10	5	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,585	1,145	1,445
Waray-Waray	5	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	5	15
Creole languages	40	20	15
Haitian Creole	15	5	10
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	5	0	0
Morisyen	10	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Dravidian languages	270	150	125
Kannada	0	5	5
Malayalam	120	65	55
Tamil	100	55	50
Telugu	45	20	20
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	10,680	5,185	5,500
Albanian	30	20	10
Armenian	5	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,875	840	1,035
Baltic languages	40	20	15
Latvian	10	5	5
Lithuanian	30	15	15
Slavic languages	1,835	815	1,020
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	25	10	10
Czech	290	130	160
Macedonian	15	10	10
Polish	480	220	260
Russian	420	170	245
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	215	100	110
Bosnian	55	30	30
Croatian	115	55	60
Serbian	40	20	20
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	125	55	65
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	0	10
Ukrainian	255	110	140
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Celtic languages	15	5	10
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5
Welsh	15	5	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,280	1,100	1,185
Frisian	10	5	5
High German languages	1,420	680	735
German	1,305	625	680
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	110	60	55
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	700	340	365
Afrikaans	155	65	90
Dutch	485	240	245
Low German, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Low Saxon	5	0	5
Plautdietsch	40	15	25
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	5	10
Scandinavian languages	145	75	75
Danish	80	40	45
Icelandic	5	0	5
Norwegian	30	15	20
Swedish	35	15	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	85	50	35
Indo-Iranian languages	3,540	1,805	1,730
Indo-Aryan languages	3,165	1,620	1,540
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	70	35	30
Gujarati	185	100	85
Hindi	335	190	140
Kacchi	10	5	5
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	20	15	5
Marathi	35	10	20
Nepali	45	25	20
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,815	905	910
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	10	0	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	15	25
Urdu	585	305	280
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Iranian languages	375	185	190
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	25	15	15
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	30	15	15
Persian languages	315	155	155
Dari	160	75	80
Iranian Persian	95	50	45
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	60	30	30
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,850	1,365	1,485
Catalan	10	0	5
Italian	295	145	150
Portuguese	285	130	155
Romanian	270	140	125
Spanish	1,995	945	1,045
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	740	280	455
Korean	435	190	245
Mongolian	15	5	10
Niger-Congo languages	470	245	230
Akan (Twi)	75	40	35
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	10	5	10
Éwé	5	5	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	5	5	0
Ganda	5	0	5
Gikuyu	15	5	5
Igbo	45	20	20
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	0
Lingala	5	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	5	5	0
Ndebele	10	5	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	5	5
Shona	50	20	25
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	0
Swahili	50	25	25
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	5	5	0
Yoruba	135	75	60
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25
Nilo-Saharan languages	25	15	10
Dinka	10	5	5
Nuer	10	0	5
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	30	15	15
American Sign Language	25	15	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,015	450	570
Chinese languages	1,005	445	565
Hakka	5	5	5
Mandarin	490	205	285
Min Dong	5	5	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30	10	20
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	10
Yue (Cantonese)	450	205	240
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	10	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	105	25	75
Lao	15	5	10
Thai	90	25	65
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	35	20	15
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	25	15	10
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	10	10	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	285	135	150
Estonian	25	15	10
Finnish	45	25	25
Hungarian	215	105	110
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Multiple responses	4,000	1,960	2,035
English and French	865	410	455
English and non-official language(s)	2,725	1,355	1,370
French and non-official language(s)	70	30	40
English, French and non-official language(s)	95	50	50
Multiple non-official languages	240	115	125
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	154,800	77,565	77,235
English	132,465	66,695	65,770
French	1,180	605	575
Non-official language	4,340	2,095	2,250
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	0
Non-Indigenous	4,340	2,095	2,245
English and French	2,745	1,395	1,350
English and non-official language(s)	13,120	6,330	6,790
French and non-official language(s)	50	25	25
English, French and non-official language(s)	560	270	295
Multiple non-official languages	335	155	180
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	154,800	77,565	77,235
Single responses	151,275	75,820	75,455
Official languages	142,440	71,505	70,935
English	140,730	70,635	70,095
French	1,710	875	835
Non-official languages	8,835	4,310	4,525
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	5	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	8,825	4,305	4,525
Afro-Asiatic languages	275	140	135
Berber languages	5	0	5
Kabyle	5	0	5
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	5	5	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	5	5	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	260	130	125
Amharic	35	20	10
Arabic	180	90	95
Aramaic languages	15	15	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	10	0	5
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	20	10	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	85	40	50
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	85	35	45
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,670	800	870
Bikol	5	5	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	15	10
Cebuano	45	20	20
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	15	10	10
Ilocano	25	15	15
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	5
Pangasinan	5	5	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,525	730	800
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	5	15
Creole languages	15	10	5
Haitian Creole	5	0	5
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5
Dravidian languages	190	100	90
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	80	45	40
Tamil	80	35	40
Telugu	30	10	20
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	4,920	2,440	2,475
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	705	335	375
Baltic languages	15	5	5
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	15	5	5
Slavic languages	690	325	365
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	15	5	5
Czech	115	55	60
Macedonian	10	5	5
Polish	140	70	70
Russian	230	105	130
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	70	35	35
Bosnian	25	10	15
Croatian	30	15	15
Serbian	10	5	5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	50	25	25
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	60	30	35
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	370	185	185
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	205	105	100
German	180	90	90
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	30	15	15
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	145	70	80
Afrikaans	65	30	35
Dutch	80	40	40
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	5
Danish	5	0	5
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	5	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	35	15	20
Indo-Iranian languages	2,405	1,205	1,205
Indo-Aryan languages	2,175	1,090	1,080
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	45	25	25
Gujarati	115	60	55
Hindi	190	105	90
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	5	5	0
Marathi	10	5	5
Nepali	20	10	10
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,370	680	695
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	0	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	25	10	15
Urdu	365	190	180
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Iranian languages	235	110	120
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	10	5	5
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	25	10	15
Persian languages	200	100	100
Dari	120	55	65
Iranian Persian	50	25	25
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	15	15
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,390	695	695
Catalan	5	0	5
Italian	40	20	15
Portuguese	130	65	65
Romanian	125	65	60
Spanish	1,090	540	550
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	500	220	280
Korean	315	150	165
Mongolian	5	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	105	55	50
Akan (Twi)	15	10	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	5	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	5	0	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	15	10	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	10	10	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	35	15	20
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	35	25	10
American Sign Language	30	25	5
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	550	255	295
Chinese languages	545	250	295
Hakka	5	0	0
Mandarin	315	145	170
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10	0	5
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	210	100	115
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	35	20	20
Lao	5	5	5
Thai	30	15	15
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	25	15	10
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	10	10	5
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	10	10	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	100	50	45
Estonian	15	5	5
Finnish	10	5	5
Hungarian	75	40	40
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	3,525	1,745	1,780
English and French	455	240	215
English and non-official language(s)	2,945	1,445	1,500
French and non-official language(s)	25	10	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	60	25	30
Multiple non-official languages	45	25	25
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	154,800	77,565	77,235
None	140,965	70,860	70,100
English	4,145	2,050	2,090
French	1,915	965	950
Non-official language	6,255	2,935	3,320
Indigenous³⁹	15	5	15
Non-Indigenous	6,235	2,930	3,305
English and French	75	35	35
English and non-official language(s)	480	240	235
French and non-official language(s)	280	130	150
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	10	5
Multiple non-official languages	675	335	340
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	151,710	75,765	75,945
Official languages	150,890	75,395	75,495
English	150,740	75,320	75,420
French	13,905	6,325	7,575
Non-official languages	26,635	12,770	13,870
Indigenous languages³⁹	80	20	65
Algonquian languages	60	10	50
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	40	10	40
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	40	10	40
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	25	0	20
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	15	0	10
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	10	0	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	10	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	10	0	10
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	26,575	12,750	13,820
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,130	620	505
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	15	10	10
Hausa	15	10	10
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	25	15	15
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	25	15	10
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,095	605	490
Amharic	75	45	30
Arabic	920	500	420
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	60	30	25
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	50	30	20
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	315	135	175
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	0
Vietnamese	305	130	175
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	4,165	1,875	2,285
Bikol	50	30	20
Bisaya, n.o.s.	70	35	35
Cebuano	195	80	115
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	60	30	25
Ilocano	120	50	65
Indonesian	55	30	25
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	25	20	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	30	15	15
Pangasinan	40	30	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,950	1,780	2,175
Waray-Waray	45	25	20
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	150	65	90
Creole languages	170	80	90
Haitian Creole	75	40	35
Jamaican English Creole	25	15	10
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30
Dravidian languages	420	245	175
Kannada	10	0	0
Malayalam	115	65	50
Tamil	200	115	85
Telugu	125	80	40
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	16,300	8,020	8,280
Albanian	30	20	10
Armenian	15	10	0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,215	940	1,275
Baltic languages	50	20	30
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	45	15	30
Slavic languages	2,200	935	1,265
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	35	15	20
Czech	355	155	200
Macedonian	35	20	20
Polish	475	200	280
Russian	725	290	445
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	320	165	155
Bosnian	150	70	85
Croatian	180	90	85
Serbian	75	35	40
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	185	85	105
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	0	30
Ukrainian	280	120	160
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	45	10	30
Irish	30	15	20
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	10
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	3,645	1,760	1,885
Frisian	25	0	20
High German languages	2,605	1,285	1,315
German	2,455	1,205	1,255
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	230	110	115
Yiddish	10	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	995	490	505
Afrikaans	250	125	130
Dutch	680	335	345
Low German, n.o.s.	20	15	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	45	25	20
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	0
Scandinavian languages	250	120	135
Danish	110	55	55
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	65	15	45
Swedish	80	50	35
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Greek	155	85	75
Indo-Iranian languages	4,840	2,540	2,290
Indo-Aryan languages	4,355	2,320	2,030
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	80	35	40
Gujarati	280	175	100
Hindi	1,655	895	760
Kacchi	25	15	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	20	20	0
Marathi	80	55	25
Nepali	100	60	40
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,635	1,375	1,265
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	60	30	30
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	50	15	30
Urdu	1,045	575	470
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	20	15
Iranian languages	545	265	280
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	30	20	15
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	20	10	0
Persian languages	500	235	265
Dari	255	115	140
Iranian Persian	170	85	85
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	90	40	45
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,935	2,870	3,065
Catalan	15	0	10
Italian	780	410	375
Portuguese	515	245	275
Romanian	330	190	140
Spanish	4,650	2,200	2,450
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	1,000	400	595
Korean	525	225	300
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	1,125	595	530
Akan (Twi)	115	55	55
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	40	25	15
Éwé	15	10	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15	10	0
Ga	25	10	15
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	25	10	10
Igbo	200	110	90
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	10	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	15	10	10
Ndebele	25	10	15
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	0	15
Shona	65	35	30
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	155	70	80
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	15	10	0
Yoruba	405	220	185
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	105	55	50
Nilo-Saharan languages	45	20	20
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
African, n.o.s.	10	10	0
Sign languages	180	50	135
American Sign Language	155	45	115
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,335	605	730
Chinese languages	1,290	580	715
Hakka	35	10	20
Mandarin	895	400	495
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	55	15	40
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	530	255	275
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	10	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	30	15	15
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	15	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	145	55	95
Lao	30	20	10
Thai	125	45	80
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	35	20	15
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	35	20	15
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	450	230	220
Estonian	55	15	40
Finnish	40	20	20
Hungarian	355	190	170
Other languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	151,710	75,765	75,945
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	6,625	3,205	3,420
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	6,315	3,040	3,270
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,250	1,090	1,160
Métis	3,980	1,910	2,070
Inuk (Inuit)	85	40	45
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	125	55	65
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	190	110	80
Non-Indigenous identity	145,085	72,560	72,525
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	151,710	75,765	75,945
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,510	755	760
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	150,200	75,010	75,190
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	56,710	...	...
Owner	44,295	...	...
Renter	12,410	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	56,710	...	...
Condominium	12,640	...	...
Not condominium	44,070	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	56,710	...	...
No bedrooms	190	...	...
1 bedroom	3,290	...	...
2 bedrooms	10,875	...	...
3 bedrooms	23,110	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	19,245	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	56,710	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	11,755	...	...
5 rooms	8,320	...	...
6 rooms	8,950	...	...
7 rooms	8,120	...	...
8 or more rooms	19,565	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	56,710	...	...
One person or fewer per room	55,765	...	...
More than one person per room	945	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	56,710	...	...
Suitable	54,845	...	...
Not suitable	1,865	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	56,710	...	...
1960 or before	1,480	...	...
1961 to 1980	6,510	...	...
1981 to 1990	4,640	...	...
1991 to 2000	10,350	...	...
2001 to 2005	6,080	...	...
2006 to 2010	8,520	...	...
2011 to 2015	10,220	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	8,915	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	56,710	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	55,050	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,660	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	56,710	...	...
One-maintainer household	24,230	...	...
Two-maintainer household	29,665	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,815	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	56,710	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,100	...	...
25 to 34 years	8,790	...	...
35 to 44 years	13,855	...	...
45 to 54 years	11,360	...	...
55 to 64 years	10,565	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,440	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,880	...	...
85 years and over	715	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	56,150	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	44,520	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	11,630	...	...
30% to less than 100%	10,560	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	56,705	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	14,290	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	10,845	...	...
Not suitable only	1,470	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,125	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	315	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	455	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	70	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	10	...	...
Acceptable housing	42,420	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	55,085	...	...
In core need	3,720	...	...
Not in core need	51,365	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	43,920	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	70.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	16.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,880	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,918	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	460,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	585,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	12,380	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	6.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	35.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	16.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,540	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,608	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	151,715	75,760	75,950
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,995	975	1,020
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,920	955	965
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	960	445	510
Métis single ancestry	940	500	445
Inuit single ancestry	20	10	10
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	80	20	60
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	70	20	55
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	6,495	3,100	3,395
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	6,350	3,040	3,310
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,350	1,675	1,675
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,940	1,335	1,605
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	65	35	30
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	145	65	85
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	125	45	80
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	143,220	71,690	71,530
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	151,710	75,765	75,950
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	140,870	70,550	70,320
Canadian citizens aged under 18	36,605	18,985	17,610
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	104,265	51,560	52,705
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	10,845	5,215	5,630
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	151,710	75,765	75,950
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	124,155	62,285	61,870
Immigrants⁸¹	25,730	12,485	13,250
Before 1980	4,135	2,165	1,970
1980 to 1990	2,115	1,010	1,110
1991 to 2000	3,090	1,445	1,650
2001 to 2010	6,155	3,000	3,150
2011 to 2021⁸²	10,230	4,865	5,370
2011 to 2015	5,390	2,655	2,735
2016 to 2021	4,845	2,210	2,635
Non-permanent residents⁸³	1,830	1,000	830
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	25,730	12,485	13,250
Under 5 years	2,530	1,260	1,265
5 to 14 years	4,545	2,300	2,245
15 to 24 years	4,395	2,085	2,310
25 to 44 years	12,295	5,940	6,350
45 years and over	1,965	900	1,070
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	25,730	12,485	13,250
Americas	4,035	1,865	2,165
Brazil	190	75	120
Colombia	315	125	190
El Salvador	210	110	100
Guyana	40	25	15
Haiti	45	20	25
Jamaica	335	185	155
Mexico	435	185	250
Peru	50	30	20
Trinidad and Tobago	85	40	40
United States of America	1,510	655	850
Other places of birth in Americas	820	415	405
Europe	8,690	4,420	4,265
Bosnia and Herzegovina	105	55	50
Croatia	90	45	45
France	170	95	70
Germany	845	400	440
Greece	60	40	20
Hungary	200	105	90
Italy	225	130	95
Netherlands	435	215	225
Poland	375	165	210
Portugal	75	45	30
Romania	205	110	95
Russian Federation	215	85	135
Serbia⁸⁶	20	10	10
Ukraine	175	60	115
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,075	2,205	1,870
Other places of birth in Europe	1,425	675	750
Africa	2,480	1,275	1,200
Algeria	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	40	25	20
Egypt	115	55	60
Eritrea	40	20	15
Ethiopia	65	30	30
Morocco	70	35	35
Nigeria	785	430	350
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	405	205	200
Other places of birth in Africa	955	480	470
Asia	9,935	4,585	5,350
Afghanistan	220	100	120
Iran⁸⁸	125	65	60
Iraq	55	35	20
Lebanon	130	75	50
Syria⁸⁹	65	25	40
Turkey	20	10	0
China⁹⁰	540	235	305
Hong Kong⁹¹	150	60	95
Korea, South⁹²	410	185	225
Taiwan	65	25	35
Philippines	3,700	1,650	2,050
Viet Nam	230	110	125
Bangladesh	60	30	30
India	2,215	1,120	1,095
Pakistan	720	350	375
Sri Lanka	140	60	85
Other places of birth in Asia	1,095	455	645
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	590	330	260
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	4,840	2,210	2,630
Americas	760	350	410
Brazil	60	35	30
Colombia	50	15	35
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	75	45	35
Mexico	110	35	70
United States of America	255	120	130
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	0	15
Other places of birth in Americas	185	100	90
Europe	1,055	490	565
France	50	30	20
Germany	40	20	20
Ireland⁹⁶	25	15	15
Italy	35	20	20
Russian Federation	55	10	40
Ukraine	55	25	35
United Kingdom⁸⁷	340	190	155
Other places of birth in Europe	445	180	270
Africa	595	305	290
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	30	10	20
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	0	0	0
Eritrea	15	10	0
Ethiopia	20	15	0
Morocco	25	10	10
Nigeria	270	140	125
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	100	50	50
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	110	60	50
Asia	2,225	975	1,245
Afghanistan	25	0	20
Bangladesh	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	100	40	65
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	0	10
India	525	260	270
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0
Iraq	0	0	0
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	20	10	10
Jordan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	85	40	45
Lebanon	25	0	20
Nepal	30	15	20
Pakistan	65	10	55
Philippines	1,185	555	630
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	30	0	30
Turkey	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0
Viet Nam	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Asia	90	25	65
Oceania and other⁹³	215	90	125
Australia	195	70	125
Other places of birth⁹⁸	25	15	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	151,710	75,765	75,945
First generation¹⁰⁰	29,120	14,260	14,860
Second generation¹⁰¹	26,155	13,145	13,005
Third generation or more¹⁰²	96,435	48,360	48,085
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	21,595	10,320	11,275
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	13,340	6,670	6,665
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	5,635	3,520	2,115
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	7,700	3,150	4,550
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	6,260	2,660	3,595
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,810	885	930
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	185	105	85
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	21,595	10,320	11,275
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	760	425	335
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,300	2,550	2,750
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	800	415	385
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,225	655	570
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	120	60	55
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	13,390	6,215	7,175
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	151,710	75,765	75,945
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	24,370	11,935	12,435
South Asian	6,120	3,245	2,875
Chinese	1,785	830	960
Black	4,220	2,180	2,035
Filipino	4,940	2,240	2,700
Arab	825	475	355
Latin American	2,270	1,050	1,220
Southeast Asian	755	335	420
West Asian	455	240	210
Korean	560	250	310
Japanese	1,185	465	715
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	280	120	160
Multiple visible minorities	980	500	475
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	127,340	63,825	63,515
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	151,710	75,765	75,950
Canadian	22,100	11,490	10,615
English	36,810	18,180	18,630
Irish	26,755	13,040	13,715
Scottish	31,040	15,185	15,850
French, n.o.s.¹²²	14,125	6,885	7,235
German	26,050	12,770	13,280
Chinese	2,225	1,035	1,195
Italian	5,005	2,415	2,585
Indian (India)	3,305	1,765	1,540
Ukrainian	11,135	5,360	5,780
Dutch	7,670	3,810	3,860
Polish	5,785	2,765	3,015
Québécois	430	210	220
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	6,855	3,315	3,540
Filipino	4,595	2,095	2,505
French Canadian	1,495	700	795
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	3,500	1,725	1,770
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,895	960	935
Métis	4,090	1,910	2,185
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	3,530	1,890	1,645
Russian	4,065	1,870	2,195
Norwegian	5,595	2,640	2,955
Welsh	3,765	1,820	1,955
Portuguese	770	400	370
American	2,760	1,380	1,380
Spanish	1,665	775	890
Swedish	3,530	1,650	1,885
Hungarian	2,385	1,100	1,290
Acadian	570	235	335
Pakistani	860	455	400
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,090	540	550
Jewish	460	215	250
Punjabi	575	320	255
Vietnamese	435	215	225
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	260	155	105
Greek	655	345	310
Jamaican	680	365	310
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	650	285	360
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	820	330	490
Korean	525	225	300
Romanian	1,210	570	640
Lebanese	630	325	305
Iranian	260	125	135
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	605	305	305
Danish	2,485	1,255	1,230
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	520	245	280
Sikh	700	380	320
Austrian	1,590	765	825
Belgian	950	495	460
Haitian	145	70	75
Hindu	295	140	150
Mexican	845	380	460
Mennonite	625	325	295
Swiss	1,300	655	640
Finnish	855	435	420
Sri Lankan	195	100	95
Croatian	460	245	220
Japanese	1,390	570	820
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	165	85	80
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	330	180	150
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,380	645	735
Muslim	245	130	110
Egyptian	215	90	125
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	370	200	165
Tamil	65	40	30
Icelandic	1,045	490	550
Colombian	295	155	140
Moroccan	110	75	40
Czech	1,025	510	520
Syrian	170	85	85
Guyanese	75	30	45
Afghan	285	135	150
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	105	45	55
Serbian	90	45	45
Ojibway	225	135	90
Newfoundlander	305	155	150
Hong Konger	105	50	55
Ontarian	280	130	150
Persian	85	45	40
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	235	120	115
Turkish	45	35	10
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	95	55	45
Bangladeshi	25	15	15
Algerian	25	10	15
Brazilian	215	90	130
Nigerian	505	255	250
Armenian	90	35	55
Slovak	525	230	295
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	375	185	190
Somali	20	10	10
Taiwanese	90	30	60
Iraqi	55	25	25
Salvadorean	230	110	120
African Caribbean	140	75	65
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	215	100	110
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	85	35	45
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	50	35	10
Algonquin	120	70	50
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	85	25	60
Lithuanian	175	90	90
South African	445	230	215
Australian	835	435	400
Palestinian	155	95	65
Chilean	405	240	160
Congolese	40	10	25
Nova Scotian	110	55	55
Ethiopian	85	45	40
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	220	120	100
Peruvian	85	55	30
Yoruba	315	160	155
Cambodian (Khmer)	30	10	15
Berber	0	0	0
Albanian	30	20	0
Maltese	150	95	55
Macedonian	90	35	55
Slovenian	150	65	90
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	230	105	125
New Brunswicker	85	30	65
Gujarati	50	25	25
Eritrean	20	15	0
African Canadian	105	75	30
Israeli	10	0	10
Mohawk	65	20	45
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	335	200	135
Bulgarian	90	30	60
Albertan	1,065	515	540
Ghanaian	120	75	45
Barbadian	50	25	20
African American	140	80	60
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	145	80	60
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	40	10	25
Cuban	55	25	25
Bosnian	195	80	115
Venezuelan	80	20	55
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	10	10	0
Latvian	95	50	45
Bengali	30	15	15
Cameroonian	105	50	55
Guatemalan	115	50	60
Indonesian	90	45	45
Laotian	45	20	25
Ilocano	70	35	40
Northern Irish	190	85	105
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	110	35	75
British Columbian	60	40	15
Ecuadorian	20	0	15
Franco Ontarian	25	15	10
Argentinian	180	80	100
Estonian	220	110	110
Kurdish	35	15	15
Fijian	10	10	0
Jatt	70	35	30
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	120	65	55
Coptic	0	0	0
Thai	125	30	95
Dominican	0	0	0
Nepali	65	30	35
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	270	155	120
Byelorussian	45	25	20
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	25	10	15
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	105	40	65
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	70	35	40
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	35	20	20
New Zealander	240	130	110
Sudanese	60	20	45
Breton	15	15	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	50	10	40
Malaysian	80	45	35
Plains Cree	25	0	25
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	80	45	40
Huron (Wendat)	15	15	0
Saskatchewanian	235	95	135
Buddhist	10	0	10
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	20	0	15
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	10	0	0
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	15	10	10
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	10	10	10
Burundian	20	0	15
Tigrinya	25	15	10
Nicaraguan	120	65	55
Mauritian	0	0	0
Kenyan	70	45	25
Oji-Cree	10	0	0
Vincentian	55	40	20
Jordanian	20	15	0
Manitoban	150	75	75
Cape Bretoner	35	15	20
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	20	0	10
Malayali	15	10	10
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	0	0	0
Mayan	70	40	30
Honduran	10	0	10
Cherokee	50	30	20
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	25	15	10
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0
Flemish	45	10	40
United Empire Loyalist	65	35	35
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Sicilian	15	10	0
Pashtun	20	10	15
Malay	55	25	20
Goan	15	10	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	40	30	10
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	70	35	45
Burmese	45	30	15
Mongolian	25	10	15
Azorean	25	10	15
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	60	40	15
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	35	15	20
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	20	0	15
Yemeni	25	15	15
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	15	0	15
Uruguayan	0	0	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	45	20	25
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0
Igorot	30	0	25
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	45	15	25
Prince Edward Islander	60	25	30
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Roma	15	10	10
Costa Rican	10	10	0
African Nova Scotian	20	10	10
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	0	0	0
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	55	30	25
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	10	0	10
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	151,710	75,765	75,945
Buddhist	630	230	395
Christian	69,940	33,200	36,740
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	16,700	8,100	8,600
Anabaptist	210	100	110
Anglican	4,255	1,985	2,270
Baptist	2,045	905	1,145
Catholic	26,400	12,695	13,705
Christian Orthodox	1,030	475	555
Jehovah's Witness	625	265	350
Latter Day Saints	1,500	745	760
Lutheran	2,600	1,235	1,360
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	415	150	255
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,660	795	865
Presbyterian	1,010	480	530
Reformed	275	170	105
United Church	6,600	2,880	3,725
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	4,630	2,220	2,410
Hindu	1,155	600	560
Jewish	235	95	140
Muslim	3,000	1,620	1,380
Sikh	2,275	1,190	1,085
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	115	55	70
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,085	425	660
No religion and secular perspectives	73,275	38,350	34,930
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	150,045	74,835	75,210
Non-movers	127,595	63,960	63,635
Movers	22,455	10,875	11,575
Non-migrants	10,380	5,075	5,305
Migrants	12,070	5,800	6,270
Internal migrants	11,080	5,300	5,785
Intraprovincial migrants	8,075	3,925	4,150
Interprovincial migrants	3,005	1,375	1,630
External migrants	990	505	490
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	142,230	70,835	71,395
Non-movers	74,170	37,265	36,900
Movers	68,060	33,570	34,495
Non-migrants	21,325	10,645	10,675
Migrants	46,740	22,915	23,820
Internal migrants	42,330	20,810	21,520
Intraprovincial migrants	32,780	16,315	16,465
Interprovincial migrants	9,545	4,490	5,055
External migrants	4,405	2,105	2,300
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	119,560	59,040	60,520
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	15,120	8,385	6,735
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	104,440	50,655	53,785
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	84,790	41,740	43,050
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	6,250	3,790	2,460
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	78,535	37,950	40,585
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	119,560	59,035	60,525
No certificate, diploma or degree	13,030	7,015	6,015
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	33,605	16,615	16,995
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	72,925	35,415	37,515
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	41,440	21,495	19,950
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	11,475	9,085	2,395
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,380	2,035	1,350
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	8,090	7,045	1,045
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	25,860	10,750	15,115
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,105	1,665	2,440
Bachelor's degree or higher	31,480	13,915	17,565
Bachelor's degree	22,705	9,705	12,995
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,605	650	955
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	785	410	375
Master's degree	5,530	2,665	2,865
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	865	485	385
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	84,785	41,740	43,045
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,775	2,835	1,940
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	21,135	10,730	10,405
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	58,875	28,175	30,700
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	33,155	17,265	15,890
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	9,140	7,300	1,835
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,540	1,545	1,000
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	6,595	5,755	835
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	20,785	8,625	12,155
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,235	1,340	1,900
Bachelor's degree or higher	25,715	10,915	14,805
Bachelor's degree	18,805	7,800	11,005
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,270	485	785
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	585	260	325
Master's degree	4,475	2,075	2,400
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	580	295	290
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	119,560	59,035	60,520
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	46,635	23,625	23,005
Education	5,100	1,185	3,915
13. Education	5,100	1,185	3,915
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,165	705	1,465
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	270	190	75
50. Visual and performing arts	1,900	515	1,390
Humanities	2,980	1,140	1,840
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	220	45	175
23. English language and literature/letters	615	105	505
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	910	320	590
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	10	35
38. Philosophy and religious studies	275	145	125
39. Theology and religious vocations	525	320	205
54. History	290	180	110
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	105	20	95
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,350	2,415	4,930
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	95	15	75
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	985	380	605
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,075	80	985
22. Legal professions and studies	1,275	380	900
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	150	70	85
42. Psychology	1,195	280	915
45. Social sciences	2,570	1,215	1,360
Business, management and public administration	15,295	5,850	9,450
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	875	135	740
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	14,410	5,705	8,700
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,035	1,555	1,480
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,050	400	650
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	670	360	315
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	85	30	60
40. Physical sciences	1,040	690	350
41. Science technologies/technicians	185	80	105
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,245	1,515	725
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,850	1,350	500
25. Library science	145	15	130
27. Mathematics and statistics	240	140	100
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	10	10	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	16,785	15,165	1,620
04. Architecture and related services	445	265	175
14. Engineering	3,290	2,750	535
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	4,225	3,600	625
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	4,080	3,975	105
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,170	3,060	110
48. Precision production	1,575	1,515	65
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,475	1,365	1,110
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,540	810	725
03. Natural resources and conservation	930	550	385
Health and related fields	10,985	2,160	8,820
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,360	610	750
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	9,415	1,435	7,990
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	10	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	200	115	85
Personal, protective and transportation services	4,480	2,340	2,135
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,410	685	1,730
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	30	30	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	20	20	0
43. Security and protective services	1,055	735	325
49. Transportation and materials moving	955	870	85
Other¹⁷⁹	30	15	15
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	84,790	41,740	43,050
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	25,915	13,565	12,350
Education	3,685	815	2,865
13. Education	3,685	815	2,865
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,815	550	1,260
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	210	145	70
50. Visual and performing arts	1,600	410	1,195
Humanities	2,320	845	1,475
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	175	30	140
23. English language and literature/letters	470	75	400
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	755	260	490
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	35	10	30
38. Philosophy and religious studies	195	95	105
39. Theology and religious vocations	370	215	150
54. History	245	140	105
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	65	10	55
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,110	1,915	4,200
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	65	10	50
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	880	330	550
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	905	70	840
22. Legal professions and studies	1,045	265	785
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	135	60	75
42. Psychology	950	215	735
45. Social sciences	2,135	970	1,170
Business, management and public administration	12,605	4,685	7,925
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	705	90	610
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,890	4,590	7,305
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,330	1,110	1,215
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	830	310	525
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	510	240	270
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	75	25	55
40. Physical sciences	780	490	290
41. Science technologies/technicians	135	55	80
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,885	1,300	585
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,620	1,180	440
25. Library science	75	10	70
27. Mathematics and statistics	175	95	75
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	10	10	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	13,605	12,175	1,435
04. Architecture and related services	375	210	160
14. Engineering	2,610	2,125	485
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,445	2,890	555
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	3,365	3,275	95
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,530	2,440	90
48. Precision production	1,280	1,235	50
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,980	1,020	960
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,190	570	620
03. Natural resources and conservation	790	450	340
Health and related fields	8,785	1,755	7,030
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,190	550	650
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,440	1,130	6,315
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	145	70	70
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,730	1,995	1,735
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,975	590	1,385
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	30	30	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	20	20	0
43. Security and protective services	925	640	280
49. Transportation and materials moving	785	715	65
Other¹⁷⁹	20	15	15
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	84,790	41,740	43,050
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	25,915	13,565	12,350
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	58,875	28,175	30,695
Location of study inside Canada	48,075	23,060	25,010
Same as province or territory of residence	31,415	15,095	16,320
Different than province or territory of residence	16,660	7,965	8,700
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	10,800	5,120	5,685
Americas	2,425	1,090	1,340
United States of America	1,655	770	885
Mexico	185	70	115
Cuba	20	0	15
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	50	35	20
Brazil	100	15	75
Colombia	100	40	65
Peru	25	10	15
Venezuela⁹⁵	45	10	35
Other locations of study in Americas	250	135	115
Europe	3,205	1,675	1,535
Belgium	35	15	20
France	115	60	55
Germany	225	120	105
Netherlands	125	70	50
Switzerland	110	65	45
Hungary	40	15	30
Moldova¹⁸³	25	10	15
Poland	50	0	45
Romania	65	50	15
Russian Federation	115	25	85
Ukraine	80	40	40
Ireland⁹⁶	80	45	40
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,700	935	765
Bosnia and Herzegovina	20	10	10
Italy	50	35	15
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Europe	355	165	195
Africa	675	345	330
Nigeria	290	135	160
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	35	25	15
Tunisia	10	10	0
Egypt	35	20	15
South Africa, Republic of	145	75	70
Other locations of study in Africa	160	85	75
Asia	3,880	1,615	2,265
Iran⁸⁸	35	15	20
Iraq	10	0	0
Israel	15	10	0
Lebanon	20	10	10
Syria⁸⁹	15	10	0
Turkey	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	205	85	120
Taiwan	45	10	40
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
Japan	295	85	215
Korea, South⁹²	200	75	125
Philippines	1,765	685	1,080
Viet Nam	0	0	0
Bangladesh	30	15	10
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
India	860	450	410
Pakistan	210	95	120
Other locations of study in Asia	155	65	95
Oceania	610	395	215
Australia	520	315	205
New Zealand	90	75	10
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	119,560	59,035	60,525
In the labour force	86,100	45,105	40,995
Employed	76,970	40,615	36,355
Unemployed	9,135	4,490	4,645
Not in the labour force	33,460	13,930	19,520
Participation rate	72.0	76.4	67.7
Employment rate	64.4	68.8	60.1
Unemployment rate	10.6	10.0	11.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	119,560	59,035	60,520
Did not work¹⁸⁶	34,155	14,350	19,805
Worked	85,410	44,685	40,725
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	44,075	25,875	18,205
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	41,335	18,815	22,515
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.9	41.9	39.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	86,105	45,105	41,000
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,810	815	1,000
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	84,295	44,295	40,000
Employee	70,240	36,420	33,825
Permanent position	59,530	31,450	28,085
Temporary position	10,710	4,970	5,740
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,010	1,220	1,790
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	7,700	3,750	3,950
Self-employed¹⁹²	14,050	7,870	6,180
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	86,105	45,105	41,000
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,810	815	1,000
All occupations¹⁹¹	84,295	44,295	40,000
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,175	895	275
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	14,205	4,040	10,165
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,505	4,980	1,530
3 Health occupations	6,050	1,090	4,965
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	9,495	3,375	6,125
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,510	975	1,530
6 Sales and service occupations	22,190	9,655	12,535
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	17,055	15,200	1,850
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	2,700	2,155	545
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,405	1,925	480
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	86,105	45,105	41,000
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,810	815	1,000
All industries¹⁹¹	84,295	44,295	40,000
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,295	825	475
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	3,455	2,700	755
22 Utilities	980	680	295
23 Construction	8,835	7,425	1,415
31-33 Manufacturing	3,725	2,815	910
41 Wholesale trade	2,175	1,540	635
44-45 Retail trade	9,920	4,440	5,480
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	5,400	3,750	1,645
51 Information and cultural industries	1,235	685	550
52 Finance and insurance	2,300	875	1,425
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,500	835	665
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,770	3,525	3,245
55 Management of companies and enterprises	200	85	115
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,745	1,985	1,755
61 Educational services	5,090	1,300	3,795
62 Health care and social assistance	9,195	1,465	7,735
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,855	1,545	1,305
72 Accommodation and food services	7,100	3,385	3,715
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,820	1,745	2,075
91 Public administration	4,705	2,700	2,005
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	91,635	47,655	43,985
English	88,365	46,195	42,165
French	220	40	175
Non-official language	225	95	130
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	225	95	130
English and French	1,370	550	820
English and non-official language(s)	1,355	710	640
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	95	55	40
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	91,635	47,655	43,985
Single responses	91,200	47,425	43,780
Official languages	90,760	47,185	43,575
English	90,360	47,120	43,240
French	405	70	335
Non-official languages	440	235	205
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	440	235	205
Afro-Asiatic languages	20	0	15
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	20	0	15
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	20	0	15
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	10	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	235	115	120
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	20	10	20
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	20	10	20
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	10	0	10
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	20	15	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	20	15	0
German	15	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	95	55	40
Indo-Aryan languages	95	55	40
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	10	10	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	80	45	35
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	95	40	50
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	10	10	0
Romanian	10	0	0
Spanish	75	35	45
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	55	40	15
Korean	25	15	15
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	100	50	45
Chinese languages	100	50	45
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	50	20	30
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	50	35	15
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	435	230	200
English and French	190	85	105
English and non-official language(s)	235	140	95
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	10	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	91,635	47,655	43,985
None	89,220	46,555	42,665
English	375	155	225
French	1,005	445	565
Non-official language	820	395	430
Indigenous³⁹	20	0	15
Non-Indigenous	800	390	405
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	15	10	0
French and non-official language(s)	75	40	35
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	130	65	65
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	76,965	40,615	36,355
Worked at home	18,220	8,160	10,060
Worked outside Canada	220	165	55
No fixed workplace address	12,520	9,410	3,110
Usual place of work	46,010	22,885	23,130
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	46,015	22,885	23,130
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	20,765	8,940	11,825
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	22,120	11,855	10,265
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,610	1,740	870
Commute to a different province or territory	515	350	170
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	58,530	32,290	26,240
Car, truck or van	50,785	28,395	22,390
Car, truck or van - as a driver	48,195	27,350	20,845
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,590	1,045	1,550
Public transit	1,055	505	545
Walked	3,765	1,570	2,195
Bicycle	920	570	345
Other method	2,010	1,250	760
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	58,530	32,290	26,240
Less than 15 minutes	20,085	9,065	11,025
15 to 29 minutes	15,950	8,850	7,100
30 to 44 minutes	14,010	8,670	5,340
45 to 59 minutes	5,035	3,250	1,780
60 minutes and over	3,445	2,455	990
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	58,530	32,290	26,240
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	4,830	3,715	1,110
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	11,260	7,490	3,775
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	14,800	7,955	6,850
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	11,235	5,060	6,175
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	7,530	2,965	4,570
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	8,870	5,110	3,765
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	38,440	19,845	18,595
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,560	1,820	1,745
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	34,875	18,025	16,850
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	28,180	14,540	13,640
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,680	1,360	1,315
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,520	755	765
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,160	605	550
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	25,500	13,175	12,325

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 25, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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