Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Calgary CentreMore information: Alberta [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	130,010	...	...
Population, 2016¹	119,176	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	9.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	78,403	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	69,745	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,640.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	49.24	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	130,010	65,500	64,510
0 to 14 years	14,695	7,490	7,205
0 to 4 years	5,875	3,010	2,865
5 to 9 years	4,690	2,405	2,285
10 to 14 years	4,130	2,075	2,055
15 to 64 years	99,140	50,415	48,725
15 to 19 years	4,245	2,080	2,160
20 to 24 years	9,110	4,195	4,915
25 to 29 years	16,315	7,775	8,540
30 to 34 years	17,810	9,120	8,690
35 to 39 years	13,565	7,230	6,335
40 to 44 years	9,430	5,010	4,420
45 to 49 years	8,010	4,235	3,775
50 to 54 years	7,140	3,755	3,390
55 to 59 years	6,695	3,465	3,230
60 to 64 years	6,820	3,555	3,275
65 years and over	16,180	7,595	8,585
65 to 69 years	5,685	2,935	2,750
70 to 74 years	4,035	2,035	2,000
75 to 79 years	2,470	1,125	1,345
80 to 84 years	1,780	710	1,075
85 years and over	2,200	780	1,415
85 to 89 years	1,310	495	810
90 to 94 years	685	230	455
95 to 99 years	185	50	135
100 years and over	25	5	15
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	11.3	11.4	11.2
15 to 64 years	76.3	77.0	75.5
65 years and over	12.4	11.6	13.3
85 years and over	1.7	1.2	2.2
Average age of the population	39.2	39.0	39.3
Median age of the population	36.0	36.4	35.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	69,745	...	...
Single-detached house	11,875	...	...
Semi-detached house	3,255	...	...
Row house	3,765	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	3,035	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	17,995	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	29,690	...	...
Other single-attached house	125	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	69,745	...	...
1 person	33,835	...	...
2 persons	23,015	...	...
3 persons	6,420	...	...
4 persons	4,810	...	...
5 or more persons	1,660	...	...
Number of persons in private households	127,175	63,870	63,305
Average household size	1.8	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	115,320	58,015	57,310
Married or living common-law	56,150	28,550	27,600
Married	39,290	19,900	19,390
Living common-law	16,860	8,655	8,210
Living common law - Never married	14,365	7,335	7,035
Living common law - Separated	315	190	125
Living common law - Divorced	2,040	1,080	960
Living common law - Widowed	145	50	90
Not married and not living common-law	59,170	29,460	29,705
Not married and not living common law - Never married	44,140	23,765	20,380
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,850	1,380	1,475
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	8,595	3,560	5,035
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	3,580	760	2,820
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	30,850	...	...
2 persons	19,505	...	...
3 persons	5,505	...	...
4 persons	4,510	...	...
5 or more persons	1,330	...	...
Average size of census families	2.6	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	30,850	...	...
Total couple families	27,080	...	...
Married couples	18,650	...	...
With children⁶	9,105	...	...
Without children	9,545	...	...
Common-law couples	8,435	...	...
With children⁶	1,105	...	...
Without children	7,325	...	...
Total one-parent families	3,770	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	2,945	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	825	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	127,175	63,870	63,305
Total - Persons in census families	80,510	39,890	40,625
Married spouses or common-law partners	54,160	27,405	26,755
Parents in one-parent families	3,770	825	2,940
Children⁶	22,580	11,655	10,920
In a two-parent family	17,370	8,935	8,435
In a one-parent family	5,210	2,720	2,490
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	46,665	23,985	22,685
Living alone	33,840	17,050	16,790
Living with other relatives⁷	2,605	1,230	1,375
Living with non-relatives only	10,220	5,705	4,520
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	69,745	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	29,130	...	...
Couple-family households	25,800	...	...
With children⁶	9,780	...	...
Without children	16,020	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,330	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	350	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	110	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,000	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	5,320	...	...
One-person households	33,840	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	112,515	56,400	56,115
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	108,560	54,545	54,015
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,800	55,200	44,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	108,610	54,575	54,035
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,200	47,600	39,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	100,000	50,550	49,450
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,600	55,200	40,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,645	44,595	42,050
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,000	54,800	41,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	94,680	47,355	47,320
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,400	3,720	6,650
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	11,830	5,750	6,080
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,640	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	34,675	16,765	17,910
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000	9,000	8,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	112,435	56,355	56,080
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	108,400	54,495	53,900
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	87,200	104,800	69,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	108,450	54,530	53,920
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	66,700	77,800	55,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	100,105	50,750	49,350
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	86,200	105,000	66,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,635	44,575	42,055
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	78,600	96,200	59,950
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	94,740	47,355	47,385
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,650	8,000	9,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	11,785	5,675	6,110
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,520	6,295	6,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	34,720	16,785	17,935
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,440	9,450	9,430
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	112,435	56,355	56,080
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	42,860	23,890	18,970
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	80,000	88,000	72,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	119,300	140,000	93,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	34,855	16,400	18,455
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,000	24,400	20,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	40,000	47,800	33,000
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	91.4	93.4	88.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	72.0	75.2	67.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	8.7	6.6	11.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.6	1.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	3.8	3.0	5.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.5	2.8	4.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	112,515	56,400	56,115
Without total income	3,960	1,855	2,100
With total income	108,555	54,540	54,020
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,530	3,250	4,285
$10,000 to $19,999	8,415	3,770	4,645
$20,000 to $29,999	16,280	7,340	8,935
$30,000 to $39,999	12,650	5,810	6,845
$40,000 to $49,999	10,435	4,985	5,450
$50,000 to $59,999	8,245	3,920	4,325
$60,000 to $69,999	6,900	3,390	3,510
$70,000 to $79,999	5,980	3,000	2,985
$80,000 to $89,999	4,790	2,480	2,310
$90,000 to $99,999	4,065	2,135	1,930
$100,000 and over	23,260	14,470	8,790
$100,000 to $149,999	11,325	6,360	4,970
$150,000 and over	11,935	8,105	3,825
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	112,515	56,400	56,115
Without after-tax income	3,905	1,825	2,080
With after-tax income	108,610	54,575	54,030
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,950	3,445	4,510
$10,000 to $19,999	8,875	3,990	4,885
$20,000 to $29,999	18,620	8,485	10,135
$30,000 to $39,999	14,660	6,880	7,775
$40,000 to $49,999	11,880	5,625	6,250
$50,000 to $59,999	9,355	4,590	4,770
$60,000 to $69,999	7,475	3,765	3,710
$70,000 to $79,999	5,865	3,065	2,800
$80,000 to $89,999	4,720	2,450	2,265
$90,000 to $99,999	3,455	1,945	1,510
$100,000 and over	15,760	10,340	5,420
$100,000 to $124,999	5,330	3,205	2,125
$125,000 and over	10,425	7,130	3,295
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	112,515	56,400	56,115
Without employment income	25,865	11,805	14,065
With employment income	86,650	44,600	42,055
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,035	4,165	4,870
$5,000 to $9,999	5,970	2,665	3,305
$10,000 to $19,999	9,145	4,045	5,105
$20,000 to $29,999	7,350	3,560	3,790
$30,000 to $39,999	6,770	3,340	3,430
$40,000 to $49,999	6,280	3,115	3,165
$50,000 to $59,999	6,015	2,895	3,115
$60,000 to $69,999	5,350	2,625	2,730
$70,000 to $79,999	4,720	2,395	2,320
$80,000 to $89,999	3,855	2,030	1,820
$90,000 to $99,999	3,410	1,765	1,645
$100,000 and over	18,750	12,005	6,750
$100,000 to $124,999	6,160	3,415	2,745
$125,000 and over	12,590	8,590	4,000
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	112,515	56,400	56,115
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	106,350	53,405	52,950
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,800	53,200	41,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	106,390	53,420	52,970
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,600	46,000	37,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	98,490	49,770	48,720
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,000	55,200	42,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	85,880	44,210	41,665
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,000	54,400	42,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	89,550	44,855	44,695
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	920	890	1,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,215	2,960	3,255
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,240	5,640	7,050
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	112,435	56,355	56,080
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	106,205	53,360	52,850
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	87,600	109,300	65,700
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	106,235	53,370	52,870
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	66,300	80,500	51,900
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	98,460	49,785	48,675
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	90,200	113,400	66,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	85,890	44,060	41,830
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	83,900	105,700	61,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	89,545	44,780	44,770
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,688	4,188	5,190
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,060	2,890	3,170
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,950	6,970	8,840
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	112,435	56,355	56,080
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	42,410	23,625	18,780
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	75,500	82,000	67,500
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	116,100	138,000	88,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	32,530	15,155	17,370
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,800	32,400	27,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	54,100	69,100	41,040
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	95.4	96.8	93.4
Employment income (%)	77.4	79.8	73.4
Government transfers (%)	4.5	3.2	6.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.5	0.4	0.8
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	69,745	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	33,840	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	35,905	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	69,745	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	135,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	103,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	33,915	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	76,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	60,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	35,830	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	191,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	145,200	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	69,745	...	...
Under $5,000	1,455	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	725	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	965	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,260	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,755	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,170	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,715	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,755	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,595	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,500	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,890	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,640	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,290	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,650	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,355	...	...
$100,000 and over	27,010	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,445	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,185	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,665	...	...
$200,000 and over	10,715	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	69,745	...	...
Under $5,000	1,595	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	745	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	980	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,365	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	4,105	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,670	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,195	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,195	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,080	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,000	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,890	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	5,325	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,630	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,005	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,290	...	...
$100,000 and over	21,675	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,815	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,995	...	...
$150,000 and over	11,865	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	31,555	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	16,390	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	10,240	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	178,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	145,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	3,680	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	63,600	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.4	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	44,060	22,750	21,305
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,200	46,800	43,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,400	41,200	39,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	31,530	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	202,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	151,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	16,440	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	178,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	138,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,230	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	286,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	204,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,595	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	98,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	81,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	44,150	22,685	21,460
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	69,800	69,400	70,200
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	55,750	55,400	56,150
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	127,175	63,870	63,305
0 to 17 years	17,050	8,650	8,395
0 to 5 years	6,900	3,535	3,360
18 to 64 years	95,295	48,145	47,150
65 years and over	14,830	7,075	7,755
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	17,255	8,545	8,710
0 to 17 years	2,300	1,175	1,125
0 to 5 years	915	460	455
18 to 64 years	11,765	5,995	5,770
65 years and over	3,190	1,380	1,815
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.6	13.4	13.8
0 to 17 years (%)	13.5	13.6	13.4
0 to 5 years (%)	13.2	13.1	13.5
18 to 64 years (%)	12.3	12.5	12.2
65 years and over (%)	21.5	19.5	23.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	127,175	63,870	63,305
0 to 17 years	17,045	8,655	8,395
0 to 5 years	6,895	3,535	3,365
18 to 64 years	95,300	48,145	47,155
65 years and over	14,830	7,070	7,755
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	11,385	5,935	5,445
0 to 17 years	1,300	645	655
0 to 5 years	460	220	235
18 to 64 years	9,200	4,840	4,360
65 years and over	885	450	435
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.0	9.3	8.6
0 to 17 years (%)	7.6	7.5	7.8
0 to 5 years (%)	6.7	6.4	7.1
18 to 64 years (%)	9.7	10.1	9.2
65 years and over (%)	6.0	6.3	5.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	127,175	63,870	63,305
In bottom half of the distribution	57,295	28,105	29,190
In bottom decile	15,755	7,990	7,760
In second decile	13,115	6,175	6,935
In third decile	10,425	5,065	5,360
In fourth decile	9,160	4,530	4,635
In fifth decile	8,840	4,345	4,495
In top half of the distribution	69,880	35,760	34,115
In sixth decile	8,300	4,170	4,130
In seventh decile	8,855	4,425	4,435
In eighth decile	9,705	4,915	4,790
In ninth decile	12,395	6,295	6,100
In top decile	30,630	15,960	14,670
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	127,175	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.496	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.567	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.438	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	6.3	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	127,835	64,225	63,610
English only	111,750	56,970	54,775
French only	90	35	60
English and French	13,800	6,395	7,405
Neither English nor French	2,190	820	1,370
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	127,835	64,225	63,610
English	122,530	61,845	60,685
French	2,460	1,220	1,235
English and French	735	375	355
Neither English nor French	2,115	780	1,335
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	127,835	64,225	63,610
Single responses	122,460	61,635	60,825
Official languages	93,330	47,815	45,520
English	90,985	46,640	44,345
French	2,350	1,180	1,175
Non-official languages	29,130	13,825	15,305
Indigenous languages³⁹	110	55	55
Algonquian languages	65	35	35
Blackfoot	30	15	10
Cree-Innu languages	30	10	20
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	30	10	20
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	0	5
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	5	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	20	10	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	10	10
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	20	10	10
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	5	0	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	20	10	10
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	20	15	5
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	29,020	13,765	15,255
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,610	1,900	1,710
Berber languages	15	10	5
Kabyle	15	10	5
Tamazight	5	5	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	5	0
Hausa	5	5	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	375	205	170
Bilen	50	25	25
Oromo	175	85	85
Somali	145	85	60
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Semitic languages	3,220	1,680	1,535
Amharic	650	320	330
Arabic	1,605	875	730
Aramaic languages	25	10	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Harari	5	5	0
Hebrew	60	30	25
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	855	430	430
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	500	200	300
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	15	15
Vietnamese	465	180	285
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	5	0
Austronesian languages	2,360	945	1,415
Bikol	5	5	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	10	25
Cebuano	80	35	45
Fijian	5	0	5
Hiligaynon	50	15	35
Ilocano	110	40	70
Indonesian	80	40	40
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	5	5	5
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	10	0
Malay	15	5	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	10	10
Pangasinan	5	0	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,925	765	1,160
Waray-Waray	10	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Creole languages	40	20	25
Haitian Creole	10	5	5
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	5	0	0
Morisyen	5	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Dravidian languages	755	430	325
Kannada	85	50	35
Malayalam	130	75	55
Tamil	235	135	100
Telugu	290	165	120
Tulu	15	5	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	10	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	13,590	6,720	6,870
Albanian	160	90	75
Armenian	25	10	20
Balto-Slavic languages	3,225	1,425	1,805
Baltic languages	55	25	30
Latvian	20	10	10
Lithuanian	35	15	20
Slavic languages	3,170	1,400	1,775
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	90	35	50
Czech	100	45	55
Macedonian	30	15	15
Polish	775	335	445
Russian	1,065	445	615
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	740	355	385
Bosnian	140	65	70
Croatian	255	110	145
Serbian	325	165	155
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	10	10
Slovak	75	30	45
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	5	10
Ukrainian	280	125	160
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Celtic languages	25	20	5
Irish	15	10	5
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0
Germanic languages	1,290	650	640
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	680	330	350
German	650	310	335
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	25	15	5
Yiddish	10	5	5
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	440	235	210
Afrikaans	125	70	60
Dutch	290	145	140
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	10	5	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	5
Scandinavian languages	165	85	75
Danish	80	45	30
Icelandic	5	0	5
Norwegian	25	10	20
Swedish	55	30	25
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	190	90	95
Indo-Iranian languages	4,090	2,150	1,940
Indo-Aryan languages	2,980	1,595	1,385
Assamese	10	5	5
Bengali	335	175	165
Gujarati	415	245	175
Hindi	820	445	380
Kacchi	70	35	40
Kashmiri	5	0	0
Konkani	20	10	10
Marathi	160	85	75
Nepali	80	40	35
Oriya languages	15	5	5
Odia	5	5	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	445	235	210
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	25	10	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	30	20	15
Urdu	520	265	255
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5
Iranian languages	1,105	560	550
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	100	50	50
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	40	25	20
Persian languages	965	485	480
Dari	75	35	35
Iranian Persian	740	375	365
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	155	70	85
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,580	2,290	2,285
Catalan	10	0	5
Italian	295	150	140
Portuguese	700	355	345
Romanian	375	170	210
Spanish	3,200	1,615	1,585
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	310	105	205
Korean	1,520	655	865
Mongolian	80	35	45
Niger-Congo languages	390	205	185
Akan (Twi)	20	10	15
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	5
Éwé	5	0	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15	10	10
Ga	5	0	0
Ganda	5	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	40	30	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	10	10
Lingala	5	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	10	5	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	35	25	20
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	5
Swahili	80	35	40
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	10	10	0
Yoruba	85	50	40
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	35	15	25
Nilo-Saharan languages	80	40	40
Dinka	20	15	5
Nuer	30	10	15
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	25	5	15
African, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Sign languages	10	5	5
American Sign Language	10	5	5
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,110	2,210	2,905
Chinese languages	5,040	2,170	2,870
Hakka	30	5	20
Mandarin	2,355	995	1,360
Min Dong	5	0	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	95	35	55
Wu (Shanghainese)	25	15	15
Yue (Cantonese)	2,315	1,025	1,290
Chinese, n.o.s.	210	85	130
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	70	40	35
Burmese	5	5	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	5	0	5
S'gaw Karen	5	0	5
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	60	35	25
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	90	30	65
Lao	20	10	5
Thai	75	20	55
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	210	115	100
Azerbaijani	35	20	10
Kazakh	10	5	10
Turkish	150	80	70
Uyghur	5	0	5
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Uralic languages	340	150	195
Estonian	10	5	5
Finnish	35	15	25
Hungarian	290	130	160
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Multiple responses	5,370	2,585	2,780
English and French	795	405	390
English and non-official language(s)	3,860	1,860	2,005
French and non-official language(s)	135	65	70
English, French and non-official language(s)	105	45	60
Multiple non-official languages	475	215	260
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	127,835	64,225	63,610
English	95,900	49,065	46,835
French	600	295	300
Non-official language	7,980	3,645	4,335
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5
Non-Indigenous	7,975	3,645	4,335
English and French	1,915	885	1,030
English and non-official language(s)	19,745	9,530	10,215
French and non-official language(s)	75	30	45
English, French and non-official language(s)	815	395	415
Multiple non-official languages	815	375	435
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	127,835	64,225	63,610
Single responses	123,640	62,150	61,490
Official languages	108,055	54,865	53,195
English	107,120	54,405	52,715
French	935	460	475
Non-official languages	15,580	7,285	8,300
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	10	10
Algonquian languages	5	5	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	5	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	10	0	5
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	5	0	5
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	15,565	7,275	8,290
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,360	1,160	1,200
Berber languages	10	10	5
Kabyle	5	5	5
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	240	125	120
Bilen	30	15	20
Oromo	125	65	60
Somali	85	50	35
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	2,105	1,025	1,075
Amharic	385	175	205
Arabic	940	475	465
Aramaic languages	15	10	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Harari	5	0	0
Hebrew	20	10	10
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	730	350	380
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	190	80	110
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	0	5
Vietnamese	180	75	105
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,230	535	695
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	10	10
Cebuano	40	25	20
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	5	5
Ilocano	45	25	20
Indonesian	15	5	10
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	10	5	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,090	465	630
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Creole languages	10	5	10
Haitian Creole	10	0	10
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	5	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	450	240	215
Kannada	60	30	35
Malayalam	70	40	35
Tamil	150	85	65
Telugu	160	80	75
Tulu	5	5	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	5	5	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	6,410	3,095	3,320
Albanian	90	50	40
Armenian	15	5	10
Balto-Slavic languages	1,300	585	720
Baltic languages	15	10	10
Latvian	10	5	5
Lithuanian	10	5	5
Slavic languages	1,290	580	710
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	25	15	15
Czech	25	10	15
Macedonian	20	10	5
Polish	240	110	130
Russian	590	255	335
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	275	130	145
Bosnian	55	30	25
Croatian	85	40	40
Serbian	135	65	70
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Slovak	20	10	15
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	90	40	45
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Germanic languages	210	100	110
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	50	25	30
German	50	25	30
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	110	55	55
Afrikaans	60	30	30
Dutch	45	20	20
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	0
Scandinavian languages	50	20	30
Danish	10	5	5
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	35	15	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	65	30	35
Indo-Iranian languages	2,355	1,175	1,185
Indo-Aryan languages	1,660	835	830
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	195	75	115
Gujarati	215	115	100
Hindi	495	265	230
Kacchi	30	10	25
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	10	0	5
Marathi	115	55	55
Nepali	45	25	20
Oriya languages	5	5	5
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	180	95	90
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	15	10	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	10	0
Urdu	340	155	180
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Iranian languages	695	335	355
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	65	35	30
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	30	15	15
Persian languages	595	285	310
Dari	50	20	25
Iranian Persian	465	220	245
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	85	45	40
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,370	1,155	1,220
Catalan	5	5	5
Italian	90	45	45
Portuguese	400	200	205
Romanian	135	60	80
Spanish	1,735	845	890
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	160	75	90
Korean	1,070	465	605
Mongolian	55	30	30
Niger-Congo languages	105	50	60
Akan (Twi)	5	5	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	5	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	5	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	5	0	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	25	15	15
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	5	0	0
Yoruba	45	20	20
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	25	15	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	15	5	10
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	20	10	10
American Sign Language	15	5	5
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,225	1,405	1,820
Chinese languages	3,175	1,375	1,800
Hakka	5	5	5
Mandarin	1,600	715	880
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	5	15
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	10
Yue (Cantonese)	1,365	575	790
Chinese, n.o.s.	170	65	105
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	50	30	25
Burmese	10	5	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	5	0	0
S'gaw Karen	5	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	40	25	20
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	35	15	15
Lao	5	5	5
Thai	25	10	15
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	90	50	45
Azerbaijani	15	10	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	65	35	30
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Uralic languages	105	45	60
Estonian	5	0	5
Finnish	10	5	0
Hungarian	95	40	60
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Multiple responses	4,195	2,070	2,120
English and French	360	175	180
English and non-official language(s)	3,655	1,810	1,845
French and non-official language(s)	35	15	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	15	20
Multiple non-official languages	105	45	60
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	127,835	64,225	63,610
None	107,845	54,655	53,185
English	6,145	2,935	3,210
French	1,450	660	790
Non-official language	9,595	4,600	4,995
Indigenous³⁹	80	35	40
Non-Indigenous	9,520	4,565	4,955
English and French	125	60	65
English and non-official language(s)	905	455	450
French and non-official language(s)	435	210	225
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	10	10
Multiple non-official languages	1,315	635	675
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	127,045	63,835	63,210
Official languages	124,940	63,035	61,900
English	124,835	62,995	61,840
French	13,835	6,270	7,565
Non-official languages	41,520	19,985	21,540
Indigenous languages³⁹	150	60	95
Algonquian languages	110	45	65
Blackfoot	50	25	25
Cree-Innu languages	45	20	30
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	45	20	30
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	30	0	30
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	20	20	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	10	0	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	10	0	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	0	10
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	10	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	41,385	19,935	21,455
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,380	2,860	2,525
Berber languages	20	20	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	30	20	10
Hausa	30	20	10
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	555	305	250
Bilen	70	35	35
Oromo	210	105	100
Somali	275	175	105
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	4,925	2,605	2,320
Amharic	1,045	530	515
Arabic	2,785	1,535	1,255
Aramaic languages	70	55	15
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	35	25	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	20	15	0
Harari	20	15	0
Hebrew	215	120	100
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	1,440	735	700
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Austro-Asiatic languages	815	290	525
Khmer (Cambodian)	35	15	15
Vietnamese	760	260	495
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	25	20	0
Austronesian languages	3,370	1,265	2,110
Bikol	65	45	20
Bisaya, n.o.s.	55	20	35
Cebuano	125	50	75
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	75	25	45
Ilocano	200	65	135
Indonesian	150	80	80
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	95	35	65
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	30	0	20
Pangasinan	10	0	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,050	1,135	1,910
Waray-Waray	15	0	15
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	95	45	50
Creole languages	155	95	60
Haitian Creole	40	10	25
Jamaican English Creole	20	0	10
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	40	25	15
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	45	35	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10
Dravidian languages	1,305	715	585
Kannada	210	120	90
Malayalam	200	105	90
Tamil	465	255	205
Telugu	555	315	235
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	21,765	10,875	10,890
Albanian	250	165	85
Armenian	40	15	30
Balto-Slavic languages	4,280	1,900	2,380
Baltic languages	45	15	35
Latvian	10	0	10
Lithuanian	40	15	25
Slavic languages	4,245	1,895	2,355
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	150	45	105
Czech	180	80	110
Macedonian	20	10	15
Polish	1,060	480	580
Russian	1,640	720	920
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,010	485	525
Bosnian	280	145	135
Croatian	490	195	300
Serbian	495	255	240
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	15	15
Slovak	115	45	65
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	10
Ukrainian	485	205	285
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	85	60	25
Irish	70	50	20
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	15	10	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,770	1,335	1,440
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	1,790	845	945
German	1,760	830	935
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	30	15	20
Yiddish	10	10	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	800	400	395
Afrikaans	310	185	125
Dutch	480	205	270
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	10	0	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	0
Scandinavian languages	275	135	135
Danish	100	60	40
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	55	30	30
Swedish	140	60	80
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	275	120	160
Indo-Iranian languages	6,300	3,430	2,870
Indo-Aryan languages	5,040	2,775	2,265
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	470	245	225
Gujarati	720	405	315
Hindi	3,105	1,700	1,405
Kacchi	180	70	110
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	35	20	15
Marathi	365	175	190
Nepali	85	45	40
Oriya languages	30	10	20
Odia	15	10	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,005	580	430
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	55	25	25
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	50	30	25
Urdu	1,000	570	430
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Iranian languages	1,300	685	620
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	135	75	65
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	40	25	15
Persian languages	1,150	600	545
Dari	100	50	50
Iranian Persian	885	465	425
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	180	100	75
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	8,770	4,305	4,460
Catalan	10	0	10
Italian	1,005	535	475
Portuguese	1,030	570	470
Romanian	480	205	270
Spanish	6,840	3,310	3,530
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	825	385	435
Korean	1,535	665	870
Mongolian	145	70	75
Niger-Congo languages	1,260	655	605
Akan (Twi)	95	50	45
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	10	10	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20	10	0
Ga	15	0	10
Ganda	20	0	15
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	225	120	100
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	35	15	20
Lingala	30	15	15
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	10	10	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	65	25	30
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	0	0
Swahili	295	160	135
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	25	20	10
Yoruba	385	190	200
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	140	70	65
Nilo-Saharan languages	100	65	35
Dinka	20	10	10
Nuer	40	15	20
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	40	35	10
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	165	45	120
American Sign Language	140	30	110
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	35	25	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,165	2,770	3,390
Chinese languages	6,045	2,710	3,340
Hakka	45	0	45
Mandarin	3,555	1,530	2,025
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	185	75	115
Wu (Shanghainese)	40	15	30
Yue (Cantonese)	3,115	1,445	1,670
Chinese, n.o.s.	95	40	45
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	100	60	45
Burmese	10	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	85	50	35
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Tai-Kadai languages	170	80	90
Lao	45	20	20
Thai	140	70	75
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	315	185	130
Azerbaijani	70	35	30
Kazakh	70	35	35
Turkish	200	120	80
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Uralic languages	425	185	240
Estonian	30	10	20
Finnish	65	25	40
Hungarian	335	155	180
Other languages, n.i.e.	55	40	15
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	127,045	63,830	63,210
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	4,170	1,895	2,280
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	3,990	1,800	2,190
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,815	820	995
Métis	2,125	965	1,165
Inuk (Inuit)	45	10	35
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	80	45	40
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	100	55	45
Non-Indigenous identity	122,875	61,940	60,930
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	127,045	63,830	63,210
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,525	720	805
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	125,520	63,115	62,405
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	69,745	...	...
Owner	28,140	...	...
Renter	41,605	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	69,745	...	...
Condominium	31,880	...	...
Not condominium	37,870	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	69,745	...	...
No bedrooms	1,355	...	...
1 bedroom	25,770	...	...
2 bedrooms	25,605	...	...
3 bedrooms	8,540	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	8,475	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	69,745	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	43,920	...	...
5 rooms	7,865	...	...
6 rooms	5,075	...	...
7 rooms	3,765	...	...
8 or more rooms	9,120	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	69,745	...	...
One person or fewer per room	68,430	...	...
More than one person per room	1,320	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	69,745	...	...
Suitable	66,610	...	...
Not suitable	3,140	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	69,745	...	...
1960 or before	11,965	...	...
1961 to 1980	17,400	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,415	...	...
1991 to 2000	6,410	...	...
2001 to 2005	5,830	...	...
2006 to 2010	6,175	...	...
2011 to 2015	6,135	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	8,420	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	69,745	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	66,065	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,680	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	69,745	...	...
One-maintainer household	44,390	...	...
Two-maintainer household	23,920	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,440	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	69,745	...	...
15 to 24 years	4,310	...	...
25 to 34 years	21,085	...	...
35 to 44 years	14,725	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,855	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,005	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,595	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,885	...	...
85 years and over	1,280	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	69,140	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	48,855	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	20,285	...	...
30% to less than 100%	17,655	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	69,745	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	24,960	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	18,325	...	...
Not suitable only	2,330	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,200	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	615	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,295	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	140	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	45	...	...
Acceptable housing	44,785	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	66,510	...	...
In core need	9,955	...	...
Not in core need	56,555	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	28,145	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	62.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	20.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	6.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,820	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,112	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	552,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	708,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	41,600	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	35.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	20.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,250	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,328	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	127,040	63,835	63,210
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,265	560	705
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,210	535	675
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	875	395	480
Métis single ancestry	320	130	190
Inuit single ancestry	10	0	10
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	60	25	30
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	60	25	30
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	3,810	1,735	2,075
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	3,750	1,705	2,045
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,090	960	1,130
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,630	740	895
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	10	20
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	60	30	30
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	30	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	121,970	61,535	60,435
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	127,045	63,835	63,210
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	109,650	55,295	54,355
Canadian citizens aged under 18	15,370	7,835	7,535
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	94,280	47,460	46,825
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	17,390	8,535	8,860
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	127,045	63,835	63,210
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	88,405	45,100	43,305
Immigrants⁸¹	33,435	15,945	17,485
Before 1980	4,255	2,125	2,130
1980 to 1990	3,005	1,470	1,535
1991 to 2000	4,735	2,205	2,530
2001 to 2010	7,370	3,405	3,965
2011 to 2021⁸²	14,070	6,745	7,325
2011 to 2015	5,180	2,380	2,800
2016 to 2021	8,885	4,365	4,525
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,210	2,790	2,415
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	33,435	15,945	17,485
Under 5 years	2,910	1,470	1,445
5 to 14 years	5,820	2,890	2,930
15 to 24 years	5,455	2,465	2,990
25 to 44 years	16,075	7,830	8,250
45 years and over	3,165	1,305	1,865
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	33,435	15,945	17,485
Americas	4,690	2,230	2,460
Brazil	380	185	195
Colombia	555	260	295
El Salvador	200	85	115
Guyana	35	15	20
Haiti	35	20	20
Jamaica	230	95	130
Mexico	465	240	225
Peru	120	60	60
Trinidad and Tobago	90	40	55
United States of America	1,410	665	745
Other places of birth in Americas	1,165	565	600
Europe	7,905	3,925	3,985
Bosnia and Herzegovina	345	175	170
Croatia	215	100	110
France	300	165	130
Germany	395	200	195
Greece	110	45	65
Hungary	195	95	105
Italy	240	140	105
Netherlands	250	135	120
Poland	730	325	405
Portugal	95	55	40
Romania	435	195	240
Russian Federation	455	180	275
Serbia⁸⁶	175	70	105
Ukraine	315	100	215
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,275	1,285	985
Other places of birth in Europe	1,380	655	725
Africa	5,205	2,725	2,480
Algeria	75	35	40
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	105	50	50
Egypt	240	135	100
Eritrea	840	440	400
Ethiopia	975	460	510
Morocco	155	80	75
Nigeria	780	395	380
Somalia	200	130	70
South Africa, Republic of	470	265	200
Other places of birth in Africa	1,370	725	650
Asia	15,175	6,855	8,325
Afghanistan	100	40	60
Iran⁸⁸	775	440	335
Iraq	300	160	135
Lebanon	235	135	105
Syria⁸⁹	335	165	165
Turkey	90	50	40
China⁹⁰	2,550	1,020	1,535
Hong Kong⁹¹	825	395	430
Korea, South⁹²	920	400	525
Taiwan	225	95	135
Philippines	2,830	1,050	1,780
Viet Nam	545	185	365
Bangladesh	185	90	100
India	2,645	1,420	1,225
Pakistan	630	350	280
Sri Lanka	90	50	40
Other places of birth in Asia	1,885	805	1,080
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	450	210	240
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	8,890	4,360	4,525
Americas	1,045	555	495
Brazil	225	105	125
Colombia	100	30	70
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	35	15	20
Mexico	120	75	45
United States of America	335	210	130
Venezuela⁹⁵	90	35	55
Other places of birth in Americas	140	85	55
Europe	1,095	560	530
France	55	30	25
Germany	15	10	10
Ireland⁹⁶	55	30	25
Italy	25	10	15
Russian Federation	85	45	45
Ukraine	100	30	75
United Kingdom⁸⁷	245	165	80
Other places of birth in Europe	500	240	260
Africa	2,070	1,055	1,010
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	10	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	10	10	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	45	20	25
Eritrea	530	275	255
Ethiopia	370	180	190
Morocco	30	15	20
Nigeria	610	300	310
Somalia	15	10	0
South Africa, Republic of	115	70	45
Sudan⁹⁷	105	50	55
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	220	130	90
Asia	4,510	2,105	2,400
Afghanistan	15	0	10
Bangladesh	65	30	40
China⁹⁰	385	125	255
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	10	10
India	1,520	790	730
Iran⁸⁸	230	125	110
Iraq	80	50	35
Israel	25	15	15
Japan	45	0	35
Jordan	15	10	0
Korea, South⁹²	260	110	150
Lebanon	65	35	25
Nepal	30	20	15
Pakistan	125	75	50
Philippines	865	345	525
Saudi Arabia	35	15	15
Sri Lanka	10	10	10
Syria⁸⁹	240	120	125
Turkey	35	25	15
United Arab Emirates	45	35	10
Viet Nam	25	0	20
Other places of birth in Asia	370	160	210
Oceania and other⁹³	170	85	85
Australia	150	75	75
Other places of birth⁹⁸	20	15	10
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	127,045	63,830	63,210
First generation¹⁰⁰	40,420	19,745	20,680
Second generation¹⁰¹	25,195	12,930	12,260
Third generation or more¹⁰²	61,430	31,160	30,270
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	29,175	13,820	15,355
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	17,005	8,370	8,640
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	7,915	4,520	3,400
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	9,090	3,850	5,240
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	7,035	2,715	4,310
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,850	2,580	2,270
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	280	150	135
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	29,175	13,820	15,355
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,105	655	450
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	4,405	2,060	2,345
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,135	515	630
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,585	1,210	1,380
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	90	30	60
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	19,845	9,355	10,495
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	127,045	63,830	63,210
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	38,065	18,575	19,485
South Asian	7,415	4,020	3,390
Chinese	7,400	3,455	3,945
Black	6,500	3,265	3,230
Filipino	3,830	1,590	2,235
Arab	2,305	1,300	1,005
Latin American	3,415	1,705	1,710
Southeast Asian	1,465	525	945
West Asian	1,365	705	660
Korean	1,635	745	895
Japanese	655	305	350
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	470	255	215
Multiple visible minorities	1,595	705	890
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	88,980	45,255	43,725
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	127,045	63,835	63,215
Canadian	10,320	5,415	4,905
English	24,110	12,360	11,755
Irish	20,285	10,065	10,215
Scottish	22,920	11,605	11,315
French, n.o.s.¹²²	9,705	4,930	4,780
German	16,615	8,250	8,365
Chinese	7,940	3,665	4,275
Italian	4,330	2,255	2,075
Indian (India)	5,110	2,750	2,355
Ukrainian	7,915	3,780	4,135
Dutch	4,495	2,185	2,305
Polish	5,395	2,710	2,690
Québécois	180	95	85
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	5,625	2,955	2,670
Filipino	3,780	1,635	2,145
French Canadian	990	465	525
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,925	1,530	1,390
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,160	515	655
Métis	2,065	930	1,135
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	3,110	1,580	1,530
Russian	3,190	1,480	1,710
Norwegian	4,220	2,000	2,220
Welsh	2,595	1,235	1,360
Portuguese	770	405	360
American	2,100	1,030	1,075
Spanish	1,570	755	815
Swedish	2,650	1,295	1,350
Hungarian	2,070	975	1,090
Acadian	285	125	160
Pakistani	820	425	400
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,030	505	525
Jewish	1,290	690	600
Punjabi	205	140	70
Vietnamese	1,160	440	720
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	845	495	350
Greek	845	380	460
Jamaican	450	205	240
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	840	375	470
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	590	260	330
Korean	1,665	755	910
Romanian	1,240	510	740
Lebanese	845	505	340
Iranian	880	435	445
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	375	180	195
Danish	1,660	890	770
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	405	180	220
Sikh	100	70	30
Austrian	1,350	720	630
Belgian	700	345	360
Haitian	110	50	60
Hindu	740	410	340
Mexican	795	380	415
Mennonite	420	245	175
Swiss	720	360	355
Finnish	660	345	320
Sri Lankan	120	50	70
Croatian	765	345	415
Japanese	875	420	450
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	270	140	130
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	175	80	100
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	850	420	435
Muslim	345	175	165
Egyptian	480	260	220
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	575	315	265
Tamil	140	70	70
Icelandic	825	405	415
Colombian	680	350	330
Moroccan	125	55	75
Czech	705	325	385
Syrian	330	170	165
Guyanese	130	65	65
Afghan	125	45	75
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	300	150	150
Serbian	560	290	270
Ojibway	85	60	25
Newfoundlander	140	70	70
Hong Konger	355	170	185
Ontarian	140	70	70
Persian	305	205	105
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	150	55	90
Turkish	275	150	130
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	40	15	30
Bangladeshi	230	120	105
Algerian	165	95	70
Brazilian	485	255	225
Nigerian	610	330	285
Armenian	130	60	65
Slovak	380	200	180
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	505	245	260
Somali	270	180	90
Taiwanese	290	100	180
Iraqi	180	95	85
Salvadorean	130	55	75
African Caribbean	60	35	30
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	215	80	140
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	275	140	135
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	150	55	85
Algonquin	60	35	30
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	115	60	50
Lithuanian	255	105	150
South African	395	200	195
Australian	565	265	305
Palestinian	150	75	80
Chilean	295	170	120
Congolese	100	45	50
Nova Scotian	100	45	55
Ethiopian	760	400	360
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	280	140	140
Peruvian	195	120	80
Yoruba	300	125	170
Cambodian (Khmer)	105	30	70
Berber	45	25	20
Albanian	305	200	110
Maltese	85	30	50
Macedonian	55	15	40
Slovenian	200	105	95
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	245	105	140
New Brunswicker	60	30	30
Gujarati	155	95	55
Eritrean	730	330	400
African Canadian	35	20	15
Israeli	190	90	95
Mohawk	60	45	15
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	235	110	135
Bulgarian	265	105	165
Albertan	515	285	230
Ghanaian	150	65	90
Barbadian	75	55	25
African American	115	55	60
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	175	90	80
Tunisian	45	20	25
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	185	85	100
Cuban	100	35	65
Bosnian	275	135	140
Venezuelan	330	140	190
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	20	15	0
Latvian	110	50	60
Bengali	45	25	25
Cameroonian	20	15	10
Guatemalan	90	40	50
Indonesian	125	40	90
Laotian	60	25	35
Ilocano	95	15	75
Northern Irish	175	100	80
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	150	75	75
British Columbian	55	35	20
Ecuadorian	90	55	40
Franco Ontarian	25	20	0
Argentinian	160	100	60
Estonian	230	115	115
Kurdish	95	50	45
Fijian	80	40	35
Jatt	0	0	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	55	35	20
Coptic	15	10	0
Thai	160	35	125
Dominican	35	30	10
Nepali	55	30	30
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	40	30	15
Igbo	170	85	90
Byelorussian	65	35	35
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	20	15	10
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	150	65	80
Abenaki	10	10	0
Moldovan	50	25	20
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	10	0	10
New Zealander	110	65	45
Sudanese	280	135	150
Breton	10	10	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	50	20	30
Malaysian	205	100	110
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	85	55	30
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	120	70	55
Buddhist	35	20	15
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	25	20	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	155	55	100
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	25	10	15
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	20	10	10
Burundian	10	10	0
Tigrinya	495	285	210
Nicaraguan	40	30	20
Mauritian	45	20	25
Kenyan	120	55	60
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	35	15	20
Jordanian	15	15	0
Manitoban	35	20	15
Cape Bretoner	20	0	10
Rwandan	40	20	20
Grenadian	15	10	10
Malayali	45	30	15
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	30	10	25
Mayan	70	35	35
Honduran	25	15	10
Cherokee	60	30	30
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	45	15	35
Indo-Caribbean	10	0	0
Flemish	75	25	55
United Empire Loyalist	15	10	0
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	65	45	20
Sicilian	15	0	10
Pashtun	20	15	0
Malay	40	15	25
Goan	25	15	10
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	15	15	0
Tibetan	80	55	20
Zimbabwean	65	40	30
Burmese	25	15	10
Mongolian	200	85	110
Azorean	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	50	30	15
Oromo	140	65	75
Tanzanian	85	50	40
Yemeni	45	25	20
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	95	65	30
Basque	45	25	20
Uruguayan	0	0	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	30	15	10
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	50	30	20
Igorot	35	0	30
Fulani	20	10	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	35	15	20
Prince Edward Islander	60	35	25
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	15	10	10
Telugu	30	20	0
Roma	30	0	25
Costa Rican	25	15	10
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	60	10	50
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	40	35	0
Tajik	10	0	10
Amhara	90	25	55
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	127,045	63,830	63,210
Buddhist	1,280	510	770
Christian	47,580	22,110	25,475
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	10,010	4,570	5,440
Anabaptist	150	80	70
Anglican	3,200	1,550	1,650
Baptist	710	290	420
Catholic	20,625	9,705	10,925
Christian Orthodox	2,730	1,320	1,400
Jehovah's Witness	310	130	185
Latter Day Saints	575	290	290
Lutheran	1,000	450	550
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	195	80	115
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	965	425	540
Presbyterian	890	415	480
Reformed	80	40	45
United Church	3,635	1,615	2,020
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,515	1,155	1,365
Hindu	3,220	1,750	1,465
Jewish	1,270	625	645
Muslim	5,670	3,010	2,655
Sikh	555	320	235
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	150	55	95
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,520	690	830
No religion and secular perspectives	65,800	34,765	31,040
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	125,715	63,105	62,605
Non-movers	95,245	48,095	47,155
Movers	30,470	15,020	15,455
Non-migrants	22,870	11,320	11,545
Migrants	7,605	3,695	3,905
Internal migrants	5,370	2,575	2,795
Intraprovincial migrants	2,335	1,120	1,210
Interprovincial migrants	3,035	1,455	1,580
External migrants	2,235	1,120	1,110
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	121,215	60,865	60,355
Non-movers	48,305	24,420	23,880
Movers	72,915	36,445	36,470
Non-migrants	44,625	22,285	22,335
Migrants	28,290	14,160	14,130
Internal migrants	17,780	8,785	8,995
Intraprovincial migrants	8,310	4,160	4,155
Interprovincial migrants	9,460	4,630	4,835
External migrants	10,510	5,375	5,135
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	112,435	56,355	56,080
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	9,555	5,050	4,505
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	102,875	51,305	51,575
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	84,485	43,240	41,245
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	4,195	2,525	1,670
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	80,290	40,720	39,570
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	112,435	56,355	56,080
No certificate, diploma or degree	8,495	4,415	4,080
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	22,805	11,725	11,080
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	81,140	40,215	40,925
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	24,020	11,720	12,300
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,065	3,545	1,515
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,065	1,150	915
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,000	2,400	600
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	15,460	6,675	8,790
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,495	1,495	2,000
Bachelor's degree or higher	57,120	28,495	28,620
Bachelor's degree	38,295	18,870	19,420
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,925	1,530	1,390
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,615	785	835
Master's degree	12,675	6,360	6,315
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,615	950	660
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	84,480	43,245	41,240
No certificate, diploma or degree	3,480	2,085	1,400
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	13,545	7,675	5,870
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	67,455	33,485	33,975
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	18,770	9,425	9,345
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,950	2,825	1,125
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,580	925	660
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,370	1,905	465
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,075	5,425	6,650
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,745	1,175	1,565
Bachelor's degree or higher	48,690	24,055	24,630
Bachelor's degree	32,355	15,985	16,370
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,450	1,230	1,220
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,415	640	775
Master's degree	11,195	5,460	5,735
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,275	735	540
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	112,435	56,355	56,080
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	31,295	16,140	15,155
Education	3,680	855	2,825
13. Education	3,680	855	2,825
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,655	1,505	2,150
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	275	210	65
50. Visual and performing arts	3,380	1,290	2,085
Humanities	3,680	1,320	2,360
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	510	100	410
23. English language and literature/letters	985	340	645
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	880	310	570
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	100	20	75
38. Philosophy and religious studies	335	185	150
39. Theology and religious vocations	250	140	110
54. History	490	195	290
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	140	20	115
Social and behavioural sciences and law	12,375	4,880	7,495
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	130	35	100
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,855	635	1,225
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	860	80	780
22. Legal professions and studies	2,910	1,420	1,490
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	345	130	215
42. Psychology	1,940	450	1,490
45. Social sciences	4,330	2,140	2,190
Business, management and public administration	21,035	10,490	10,545
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	915	215	695
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	20,110	10,270	9,835
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,610	2,430	2,175
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,545	595	955
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	845	390	460
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	100	40	60
40. Physical sciences	2,025	1,380	645
41. Science technologies/technicians	90	35	60
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,625	2,435	1,190
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,930	2,075	855
25. Library science	185	20	160
27. Mathematics and statistics	405	260	140
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	105	75	30
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	14,775	11,670	3,105
04. Architecture and related services	1,055	575	475
14. Engineering	8,210	6,245	1,960
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,670	2,095	570
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,460	1,405	55
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	775	750	25
48. Precision production	610	585	20
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,185	575	610
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	585	300	285
03. Natural resources and conservation	605	275	325
Health and related fields	9,760	2,635	7,125
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,085	535	555
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	8,070	1,805	6,265
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	10	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	590	290	305
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,740	1,395	1,350
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,850	740	1,115
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	15	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0
43. Security and protective services	495	285	205
49. Transportation and materials moving	365	340	25
Other¹⁷⁹	25	25	0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	84,485	43,240	41,240
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	17,025	9,760	7,265
Education	2,650	610	2,040
13. Education	2,650	610	2,040
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,955	1,240	1,715
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	215	155	60
50. Visual and performing arts	2,745	1,090	1,655
Humanities	2,960	1,060	1,900
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	395	70	330
23. English language and literature/letters	800	265	535
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	725	245	480
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	60	10	45
38. Philosophy and religious studies	300	155	150
39. Theology and religious vocations	200	115	90
54. History	375	175	200
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	95	15	80
Social and behavioural sciences and law	10,425	4,025	6,405
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	125	35	100
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,645	540	1,105
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	675	65	610
22. Legal professions and studies	2,395	1,090	1,305
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	305	115	195
42. Psychology	1,605	360	1,240
45. Social sciences	3,670	1,825	1,850
Business, management and public administration	17,995	9,000	8,995
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	725	180	550
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	17,265	8,820	8,445
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,720	1,885	1,835
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,295	480	815
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	705	330	370
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	75	35	45
40. Physical sciences	1,570	1,005	560
41. Science technologies/technicians	75	30	45
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,205	2,185	1,020
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,670	1,880	790
25. Library science	125	15	110
27. Mathematics and statistics	325	225	100
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	95	65	25
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	12,320	9,550	2,770
04. Architecture and related services	905	475	430
14. Engineering	7,020	5,275	1,750
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,170	1,670	505
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,185	1,145	45
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	595	580	20
48. Precision production	435	415	20
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	985	470	515
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	465	245	220
03. Natural resources and conservation	520	230	290
Health and related fields	8,010	2,265	5,745
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	935	460	475
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,575	1,585	4,990
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	495	210	280
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,200	1,170	1,030
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,470	630	840
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	15	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	405	235	170
49. Transportation and materials moving	310	285	20
Other¹⁷⁹	20	20	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	84,485	43,240	41,240
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	17,025	9,760	7,265
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	67,455	33,480	33,975
Location of study inside Canada	51,995	26,060	25,935
Same as province or territory of residence	33,155	16,500	16,655
Different than province or territory of residence	18,840	9,565	9,280
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	15,460	7,420	8,040
Americas	3,985	2,000	1,980
United States of America	2,630	1,420	1,215
Mexico	260	130	130
Cuba	10	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	50	15	35
Brazil	365	165	200
Colombia	215	95	115
Peru	65	35	30
Venezuela⁹⁵	195	70	120
Other locations of study in Americas	195	70	125
Europe	3,765	1,930	1,835
Belgium	35	25	10
France	330	180	155
Germany	135	70	65
Netherlands	130	60	75
Switzerland	55	35	20
Hungary	20	10	10
Moldova¹⁸³	25	0	15
Poland	145	35	110
Romania	160	90	70
Russian Federation	155	60	90
Ukraine	130	55	75
Ireland⁹⁶	205	120	85
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,565	855	700
Bosnia and Herzegovina	55	25	30
Italy	60	30	30
Serbia⁸⁶	55	25	30
Other locations of study in Europe	515	250	265
Africa	1,330	735	595
Nigeria	300	165	140
Algeria	55	40	15
Morocco	60	35	25
Tunisia	30	25	0
Egypt	135	90	45
South Africa, Republic of	245	120	120
Other locations of study in Africa	505	265	240
Asia	5,790	2,425	3,370
Iran⁸⁸	255	120	135
Iraq	55	40	20
Israel	30	25	0
Lebanon	50	15	35
Syria⁸⁹	130	60	70
Turkey	35	15	10
China⁹⁰	685	305	380
Taiwan	70	20	50
Hong Kong⁹¹	55	10	45
Japan	170	50	115
Korea, South⁹²	460	160	295
Philippines	1,160	330	830
Viet Nam	15	0	15
Bangladesh	60	20	40
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
India	1,945	1,005	945
Pakistan	185	75	110
Other locations of study in Asia	425	160	265
Oceania	590	330	255
Australia	495	290	205
New Zealand	90	40	50
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	112,435	56,355	56,080
In the labour force	84,600	44,505	40,100
Employed	74,810	39,685	35,125
Unemployed	9,790	4,815	4,975
Not in the labour force	27,835	11,850	15,980
Participation rate	75.2	79.0	71.5
Employment rate	66.5	70.4	62.6
Unemployment rate	11.6	10.8	12.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	112,435	56,355	56,080
Did not work¹⁸⁶	29,945	13,215	16,725
Worked	82,485	43,135	39,350
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	44,840	25,270	19,565
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	37,650	17,865	19,790
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.0	41.8	40.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	84,605	44,505	40,100
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,055	985	1,075
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	82,545	43,520	39,025
Employee	69,265	35,635	33,630
Permanent position	57,770	30,260	27,515
Temporary position	11,490	5,370	6,120
Fixed term (1 year or more)	4,695	2,200	2,500
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,790	3,175	3,615
Self-employed¹⁹²	13,285	7,885	5,395
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	84,605	44,505	40,100
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,055	985	1,075
All occupations¹⁹¹	82,545	43,520	39,025
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,860	1,425	435
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	18,060	7,470	10,585
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	11,585	8,535	3,055
3 Health occupations	6,695	1,685	5,010
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	10,720	4,170	6,550
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	3,730	1,770	1,965
6 Sales and service occupations	19,510	9,525	9,980
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	7,890	6,955	930
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,145	915	235
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,350	1,070	275
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	84,605	44,505	40,100
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,055	985	1,075
All industries¹⁹¹	82,545	43,520	39,025
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	335	225	105
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	5,155	3,210	1,945
22 Utilities	1,195	735	465
23 Construction	5,160	4,225	935
31-33 Manufacturing	2,745	2,015	740
41 Wholesale trade	2,230	1,510	725
44-45 Retail trade	7,340	3,645	3,700
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,270	2,210	1,055
51 Information and cultural industries	1,775	1,035	740
52 Finance and insurance	4,445	2,720	1,720
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,140	1,200	940
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	14,175	8,100	6,075
55 Management of companies and enterprises	370	185	185
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,230	1,920	1,310
61 Educational services	5,145	1,710	3,430
62 Health care and social assistance	9,820	2,450	7,360
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,205	1,130	1,070
72 Accommodation and food services	5,705	2,770	2,935
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,240	1,115	2,125
91 Public administration	2,865	1,395	1,465
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	88,325	46,270	42,055
English	84,425	44,425	39,995
French	145	40	105
Non-official language	430	225	205
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	430	225	205
English and French	1,235	555	685
English and non-official language(s)	1,965	960	1,000
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	85	35	55
Multiple non-official languages	35	30	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	88,325	46,270	42,055
Single responses	87,890	46,060	41,830
Official languages	87,100	45,660	41,445
English	86,765	45,550	41,220
French	335	110	225
Non-official languages	785	400	385
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	785	400	385
Afro-Asiatic languages	65	40	25
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	65	40	25
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	45	30	15
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	15	15	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	10	0	10
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	10	0	10
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	15	10	10
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	15	10	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	245	105	140
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	35	0	30
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	35	0	30
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	20	0	20
Russian	15	0	10
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	40	15	25
Indo-Aryan languages	35	10	20
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	15	0	15
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	10	0	10
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	10	10	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	10	10	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	10	10	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	160	80	80
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	25	20	10
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	130	55	70
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	25	0	20
Korean	135	75	55
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	270	150	120
Chinese languages	270	150	120
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	130	65	65
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	135	85	50
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	440	215	225
English and French	135	70	70
English and non-official language(s)	280	140	140
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	15	0	10
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	88,325	46,270	42,055
None	85,380	44,890	40,490
English	480	200	285
French	915	420	495
Non-official language	1,275	650	625
Indigenous³⁹	15	0	10
Non-Indigenous	1,260	645	615
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	35	20	20
French and non-official language(s)	80	35	50
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	155	65	90
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	74,810	39,685	35,125
Worked at home	28,875	14,935	13,945
Worked outside Canada	275	180	85
No fixed workplace address	7,605	5,400	2,200
Usual place of work	38,060	19,170	18,885
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	38,060	19,170	18,885
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	35,915	17,745	18,170
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	1,205	795	410
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	570	395	180
Commute to a different province or territory	370	240	130
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	45,660	24,570	21,090
Car, truck or van	30,035	16,410	13,625
Car, truck or van - as a driver	28,080	15,680	12,400
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,960	730	1,225
Public transit	5,950	2,895	3,050
Walked	6,995	3,635	3,360
Bicycle	1,110	780	330
Other method	1,575	850	725
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	45,660	24,570	21,090
Less than 15 minutes	14,110	7,195	6,920
15 to 29 minutes	21,195	11,560	9,635
30 to 44 minutes	6,755	3,775	2,980
45 to 59 minutes	1,595	835	755
60 minutes and over	2,010	1,215	795
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	45,660	24,570	21,090
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,065	1,495	565
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,805	4,190	2,615
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	12,355	6,515	5,835
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	10,440	5,390	5,045
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	7,910	3,755	4,155
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,090	3,220	2,870
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	17,340	8,800	8,540
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,920	955	965
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,415	7,840	7,575
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	11,090	5,595	5,495
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,355	680	675
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	825	405	415
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	530	270	260
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,735	4,915	4,820

Symbol legend

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not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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