Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Calgary Forest LawnMore information: Alberta [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	107,939	...	...
Population, 2016¹	111,830	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	- 3.5	...	...
Total private dwellings²	41,039	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	38,467	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,046.6	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	52.74	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	107,940	55,005	52,935
0 to 14 years	19,225	9,945	9,275
0 to 4 years	6,020	3,075	2,950
5 to 9 years	6,680	3,480	3,200
10 to 14 years	6,525	3,390	3,135
15 to 64 years	72,990	37,535	35,455
15 to 19 years	6,285	3,320	2,965
20 to 24 years	6,930	3,555	3,370
25 to 29 years	7,070	3,605	3,460
30 to 34 years	7,355	3,660	3,700
35 to 39 years	8,105	4,095	4,005
40 to 44 years	7,570	3,820	3,755
45 to 49 years	6,845	3,560	3,285
50 to 54 years	7,150	3,675	3,475
55 to 59 years	7,895	4,135	3,760
60 to 64 years	7,795	4,110	3,680
65 years and over	15,725	7,530	8,195
65 to 69 years	5,565	2,795	2,775
70 to 74 years	4,330	2,125	2,210
75 to 79 years	2,785	1,290	1,500
80 to 84 years	1,715	780	940
85 years and over	1,330	545	780
85 to 89 years	915	390	525
90 to 94 years	340	135	210
95 to 99 years	65	20	45
100 years and over	5	0	0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.8	18.1	17.5
15 to 64 years	67.6	68.2	67.0
65 years and over	14.6	13.7	15.5
85 years and over	1.2	1.0	1.5
Average age of the population	39.6	39.2	40.0
Median age of the population	39.2	39.2	39.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	38,465	...	...
Single-detached house	19,070	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,335	...	...
Row house	5,425	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	4,580	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	5,660	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	290	...	...
Other single-attached house	0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	1,100	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	38,470	...	...
1 person	9,095	...	...
2 persons	11,700	...	...
3 persons	6,590	...	...
4 persons	5,185	...	...
5 or more persons	5,895	...	...
Number of persons in private households	107,365	54,690	52,675
Average household size	2.8	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	88,720	45,060	43,655
Married or living common-law	44,995	22,635	22,355
Married	38,085	19,170	18,915
Living common-law	6,905	3,460	3,445
Living common law - Never married	5,055	2,550	2,505
Living common law - Separated	440	210	230
Living common law - Divorced	1,290	660	635
Living common law - Widowed	125	45	80
Not married and not living common-law	43,720	22,425	21,295
Not married and not living common law - Never married	29,690	17,005	12,685
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,805	1,235	1,570
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,935	3,175	3,760
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,295	1,010	3,280
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	28,000	...	...
2 persons	12,935	...	...
3 persons	6,420	...	...
4 persons	4,995	...	...
5 or more persons	3,650	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	28,005	...	...
Total couple families	21,620	...	...
Married couples	18,165	...	...
With children⁶	10,985	...	...
Without children	7,180	...	...
Common-law couples	3,455	...	...
With children⁶	1,485	...	...
Without children	1,965	...	...
Total one-parent families	6,380	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,985	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,395	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	107,365	54,690	52,670
Total - Persons in census families	85,445	42,420	43,025
Married spouses or common-law partners	43,240	21,605	21,630
Parents in one-parent families	6,385	1,400	4,990
Children⁶	35,825	19,415	16,405
In a two-parent family	25,590	13,665	11,925
In a one-parent family	10,230	5,745	4,485
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	21,920	12,270	9,650
Living alone	9,095	4,840	4,260
Living with other relatives⁷	4,675	2,205	2,470
Living with non-relatives only	8,150	5,225	2,920
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	38,465	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	20,815	...	...
Couple-family households	16,605	...	...
With children⁶	9,640	...	...
Without children	6,960	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,205	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,095	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	580	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,700	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3,185	...	...
One-person households	9,095	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	88,180	44,770	43,405
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	83,360	42,340	41,025
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200	38,000	32,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	83,390	42,355	41,035
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	34,800	30,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	68,925	36,210	32,715
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	28,600	34,000	23,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	58,160	31,160	27,000
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,600	36,400	26,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	76,865	38,540	38,320
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,700	9,900	13,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	12,560	6,525	6,040
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,920	6,000	5,640
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	33,000	16,740	16,260
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	10,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	87,970	44,515	43,455
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	83,280	42,145	41,140
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,320	44,560	38,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	83,330	42,160	41,165
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,520	38,760	34,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	68,990	36,080	32,915
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,680	40,000	30,920
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	58,200	31,135	27,060
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,160	41,040	32,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	76,605	38,200	38,405
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,780	11,360	14,180
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	12,590	6,515	6,075
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,770	6,860	6,670
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	32,885	16,650	16,235
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,850	9,880	9,810
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	87,965	44,515	43,455
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	23,380	13,610	9,770
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	52,000	55,200	48,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	56,600	59,400	52,750
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,560	12,310	12,245
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,800	21,400	16,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,600	28,280	22,880
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	71.6	76.8	65.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	62.9	68.0	56.7
Government transfers (%)²⁰	28.5	23.1	34.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	2.5	2.4	2.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	10.5	9.5	11.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	9.4	8.8	10.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	88,180	44,770	43,410
Without total income	4,820	2,435	2,385
With total income	83,360	42,340	41,020
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,345	3,395	3,950
$10,000 to $19,999	9,820	4,395	5,430
$20,000 to $29,999	17,440	8,375	9,060
$30,000 to $39,999	13,235	6,055	7,180
$40,000 to $49,999	10,980	5,560	5,425
$50,000 to $59,999	7,795	4,170	3,625
$60,000 to $69,999	5,720	3,275	2,450
$70,000 to $79,999	3,935	2,430	1,510
$80,000 to $89,999	2,370	1,570	805
$90,000 to $99,999	1,525	1,000	525
$100,000 and over	3,190	2,115	1,070
$100,000 to $149,999	2,565	1,685	880
$150,000 and over	625	430	190
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	88,180	44,770	43,410
Without after-tax income	4,790	2,415	2,370
With after-tax income	83,395	42,355	41,035
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,485	3,460	4,030
$10,000 to $19,999	10,220	4,605	5,610
$20,000 to $29,999	19,685	9,450	10,240
$30,000 to $39,999	15,370	7,435	7,935
$40,000 to $49,999	11,870	6,210	5,660
$50,000 to $59,999	7,965	4,455	3,510
$60,000 to $69,999	4,785	2,875	1,910
$70,000 to $79,999	2,480	1,590	895
$80,000 to $89,999	1,455	915	535
$90,000 to $99,999	785	515	270
$100,000 and over	1,290	845	445
$100,000 to $124,999	785	510	275
$125,000 and over	500	335	165
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	88,180	44,770	43,410
Without employment income	30,020	13,615	16,410
With employment income	58,160	31,165	27,005
Under $5,000 (including loss)	7,630	3,770	3,865
$5,000 to $9,999	5,820	2,610	3,210
$10,000 to $19,999	8,065	3,890	4,175
$20,000 to $29,999	6,555	3,180	3,375
$30,000 to $39,999	6,725	3,395	3,325
$40,000 to $49,999	6,285	3,510	2,775
$50,000 to $59,999	5,160	3,010	2,155
$60,000 to $69,999	3,945	2,420	1,525
$70,000 to $79,999	2,730	1,800	925
$80,000 to $89,999	1,745	1,205	540
$90,000 to $99,999	1,185	780	405
$100,000 and over	2,310	1,580	730
$100,000 to $124,999	1,410	965	450
$125,000 and over	900	620	285
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	88,180	44,770	43,405
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	81,305	41,210	40,090
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,800	37,200	29,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	81,315	41,220	40,095
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,800	34,000	28,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	68,330	36,055	32,270
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,800	37,600	28,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	58,600	31,450	27,155
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	39,600	31,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	73,360	36,645	36,710
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,760	1,260	6,160
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	7,390	3,940	3,450
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,550	6,800	6,200
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	87,970	44,515	43,455
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	81,240	40,960	40,280
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,400	43,560	35,160
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	81,255	40,970	40,290
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,640	37,640	31,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	68,525	36,010	32,515
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,360	43,160	33,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	58,825	31,525	27,295
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,920	44,200	35,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	73,190	36,295	36,895
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,820	6,325	9,290
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	7,230	3,770	3,460
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,810	7,670	7,970
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	87,965	44,515	43,455
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	23,130	13,470	9,665
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	50,400	53,200	47,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	55,250	58,100	51,250
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,255	11,775	11,480
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,800	31,600	24,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,960	37,160	28,680
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	82.2	87.2	75.8
Employment income (%)	73.4	78.0	67.4
Government transfers (%)	17.9	12.9	24.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.8	1.6	1.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	38,465	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	70,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	9,095	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	35,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	29,370	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	38,430	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	89,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	9,105	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,440	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,160	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	29,325	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	91,300	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	38,465	...	...
Under $5,000	350	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	225	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	365	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	460	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,475	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,475	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,210	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,505	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,665	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,660	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,200	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,260	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,070	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,830	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,495	...	...
$100,000 and over	13,210	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,820	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,235	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,345	...	...
$200,000 and over	1,815	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	38,465	...	...
Under $5,000	370	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	220	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	380	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	505	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,565	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,645	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,430	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,745	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,955	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,835	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,755	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,735	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,445	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,960	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,570	...	...
$100,000 and over	10,350	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,580	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,675	...	...
$150,000 and over	3,100	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	27,245	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	7,635	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	12,490	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.4	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,635	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	61,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	17,250	10,070	7,180
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,800	36,800	32,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	32,000	33,600	30,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	27,125	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	100,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	88,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,640	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	77,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,435	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	104,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,545	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	17,310	10,070	7,240
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,840	42,560	40,840
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,560	36,960	36,040
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	107,360	54,685	52,675
0 to 17 years	22,935	11,890	11,045
0 to 5 years	7,340	3,735	3,610
18 to 64 years	69,015	35,415	33,605
65 years and over	15,415	7,385	8,030
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	13,610	6,670	6,940
0 to 17 years	4,345	2,240	2,105
0 to 5 years	1,530	760	770
18 to 64 years	7,335	3,625	3,710
65 years and over	1,930	800	1,130
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	12.7	12.2	13.2
0 to 17 years (%)	18.9	18.8	19.1
0 to 5 years (%)	20.9	20.5	21.3
18 to 64 years (%)	10.6	10.2	11.0
65 years and over (%)	12.5	10.8	14.1
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	107,365	54,690	52,670
0 to 17 years	22,930	11,890	11,040
0 to 5 years	7,340	3,730	3,605
18 to 64 years	69,020	35,415	33,605
65 years and over	15,415	7,380	8,030
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	8,545	4,610	3,935
0 to 17 years	2,195	1,140	1,055
0 to 5 years	760	380	380
18 to 64 years	5,770	3,185	2,590
65 years and over	575	280	295
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	8.0	8.4	7.5
0 to 17 years (%)	9.6	9.6	9.6
0 to 5 years (%)	10.4	10.2	10.6
18 to 64 years (%)	8.4	9.0	7.7
65 years and over (%)	3.7	3.8	3.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	107,360	54,690	52,675
In bottom half of the distribution	68,150	34,415	33,735
In bottom decile	12,785	6,645	6,145
In second decile	15,730	7,720	8,010
In third decile	14,405	7,230	7,175
In fourth decile	12,950	6,565	6,390
In fifth decile	12,270	6,260	6,015
In top half of the distribution	39,215	20,275	18,945
In sixth decile	11,045	5,725	5,320
In seventh decile	9,710	4,945	4,760
In eighth decile	8,415	4,385	4,025
In ninth decile	6,680	3,440	3,240
In top decile	3,370	1,780	1,590
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	107,365	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.279	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.437	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.251	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	107,490	54,780	52,710
English only	99,150	50,980	48,170
French only	90	40	45
English and French	3,865	2,020	1,845
Neither English nor French	4,385	1,735	2,645
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	107,490	54,780	52,710
English	101,505	52,140	49,365
French	1,215	680	530
English and French	510	275	235
Neither English nor French	4,260	1,680	2,585
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	107,490	54,780	52,710
Single responses	100,295	51,235	49,060
Official languages	59,460	31,255	28,210
English	58,325	30,610	27,715
French	1,140	645	495
Non-official languages	40,830	19,980	20,850
Indigenous languages³⁹	85	35	55
Algonquian languages	65	25	45
Blackfoot	15	5	10
Cree-Innu languages	40	15	25
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	40	15	25
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	5
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	30	10	15
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	10	0	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	10	0	5
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	5	0	5
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	5	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	40,745	19,950	20,800
Afro-Asiatic languages	9,155	4,740	4,415
Berber languages	15	5	5
Kabyle	10	5	5
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	10	5	0
Hausa	10	5	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	1,260	635	625
Bilen	60	30	25
Oromo	435	225	215
Somali	755	375	385
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Semitic languages	7,870	4,095	3,780
Amharic	1,270	640	635
Arabic	4,680	2,425	2,250
Aramaic languages	165	70	90
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	80	30	45
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	65	30	40
Aramaic, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Harari	10	0	5
Hebrew	5	5	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	1,740	950	795
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	5,460	2,515	2,940
Khmer (Cambodian)	300	140	165
Vietnamese	5,130	2,360	2,770
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	25	15	10
Austronesian languages	7,860	3,565	4,295
Bikol	30	10	20
Bisaya, n.o.s.	120	55	65
Cebuano	245	95	145
Fijian	10	5	5
Hiligaynon	140	65	80
Ilocano	650	290	355
Indonesian	30	5	20
Kankanaey	25	10	15
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	0	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	65	30	35
Pangasinan	25	15	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,415	2,925	3,495
Waray-Waray	25	10	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	75	40	35
Creole languages	105	55	50
Haitian Creole	50	30	20
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	10	15
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Dravidian languages	235	120	115
Kannada	15	10	5
Malayalam	135	65	70
Tamil	65	30	35
Telugu	20	10	5
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	13,055	6,535	6,520
Albanian	40	25	20
Armenian	15	10	5
Balto-Slavic languages	850	395	455
Baltic languages	5	5	5
Latvian	5	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	850	395	455
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	25	10	15
Czech	60	30	35
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	250	115	135
Russian	130	55	75
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	175	90	90
Bosnian	50	25	30
Croatian	100	50	45
Serbian	30	15	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	30	20	15
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	10
Ukrainian	140	55	80
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	5	5
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5
Welsh	0	5	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	695	335	360
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	480	220	260
German	470	215	255
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	10	10	5
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	165	85	80
Afrikaans	5	5	5
Dutch	140	75	65
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	15	10	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	0
Scandinavian languages	45	25	20
Danish	35	20	20
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	5	5	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Greek	25	15	10
Indo-Iranian languages	8,500	4,265	4,240
Indo-Aryan languages	7,635	3,815	3,820
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	235	120	115
Gujarati	485	240	245
Hindi	770	375	395
Kacchi	235	100	135
Kashmiri	0	0	5
Konkani	10	5	10
Marathi	20	10	10
Nepali	115	55	60
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,385	2,240	2,150
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	5	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	15	25
Urdu	1,240	595	640
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	90	55	40
Iranian languages	855	445	420
Baluchi	10	5	0
Kurdish	140	75	65
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	320	165	155
Persian languages	380	190	190
Dari	260	135	125
Iranian Persian	50	25	25
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	65	35	35
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Italic (Romance) languages	2,915	1,495	1,420
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	310	150	165
Portuguese	275	135	135
Romanian	70	40	30
Spanish	2,270	1,170	1,100
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	60	15	40
Korean	80	40	40
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	490	255	235
Akan (Twi)	80	45	35
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	10	5	10
Éwé	5	5	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	5	5
Gikuyu	5	0	5
Igbo	50	25	25
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	5
Lingala	10	5	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	10	5	5
Ndebele	5	0	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	10	10
Shona	15	10	5
Soninke	5	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	115	60	50
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	10	5	0
Yoruba	70	35	35
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25
Nilo-Saharan languages	385	225	160
Dinka	225	140	85
Nuer	70	35	40
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	75	45	35
African, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Sign languages	35	20	15
American Sign Language	25	10	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,390	1,655	1,730
Chinese languages	3,010	1,460	1,550
Hakka	30	15	10
Mandarin	395	190	205
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	225	100	120
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,305	1,120	1,190
Chinese, n.o.s.	55	30	25
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	360	185	175
Burmese	90	45	40
Kuki-Chin languages	45	25	20
Karenic languages	130	70	65
S'gaw Karen	100	55	45
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15
Tibetan	90	45	45
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Tai-Kadai languages	160	65	95
Lao	120	60	65
Thai	40	10	35
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	95	60	35
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	85	50	35
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Uralic languages	165	75	90
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	20	10	10
Hungarian	145	65	75
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Multiple responses	7,195	3,545	3,650
English and French	315	165	150
English and non-official language(s)	6,005	2,970	3,035
French and non-official language(s)	125	65	55
English, French and non-official language(s)	80	40	40
Multiple non-official languages	670	305	370
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	107,490	54,780	52,710
English	59,150	31,045	28,100
French	265	135	125
Non-official language	14,565	6,970	7,595
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	0
Non-Indigenous	14,560	6,970	7,590
English and French	620	345	270
English and non-official language(s)	30,595	15,165	15,430
French and non-official language(s)	50	25	25
English, French and non-official language(s)	545	280	270
Multiple non-official languages	1,700	815	890
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	107,490	54,780	52,710
Single responses	99,190	50,730	48,455
Official languages	70,465	36,615	33,855
English	70,045	36,390	33,655
French	420	225	200
Non-official languages	28,725	14,120	14,605
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	5	5
Algonquian languages	15	5	5
Blackfoot	5	0	5
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	28,710	14,110	14,595
Afro-Asiatic languages	6,540	3,345	3,200
Berber languages	5	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	5	5
Hausa	5	5	5
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	935	460	475
Bilen	45	25	20
Oromo	325	165	160
Somali	570	270	300
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	5,595	2,880	2,720
Amharic	945	465	475
Arabic	3,120	1,595	1,525
Aramaic languages	140	55	80
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	65	25	40
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	55	25	30
Aramaic, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Harari	0	5	5
Hebrew	5	5	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	1,385	750	635
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,485	2,075	2,415
Khmer (Cambodian)	195	85	110
Vietnamese	4,275	1,980	2,300
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	20	10	10
Austronesian languages	5,410	2,610	2,800
Bikol	20	10	15
Bisaya, n.o.s.	70	30	35
Cebuano	150	75	75
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	75	35	40
Ilocano	465	215	255
Indonesian	5	0	5
Kankanaey	5	0	5
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	30	15	15
Pangasinan	10	10	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,520	2,180	2,345
Waray-Waray	15	10	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	45	30	20
Creole languages	75	40	40
Haitian Creole	50	30	20
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	0	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Dravidian languages	155	80	80
Kannada	10	10	5
Malayalam	80	40	40
Tamil	50	25	30
Telugu	10	5	5
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	8,560	4,280	4,285
Albanian	20	15	10
Armenian	10	5	5
Balto-Slavic languages	340	160	180
Baltic languages	5	0	0
Latvian	5	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	335	155	180
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	10	5	5
Czech	5	0	5
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	100	50	50
Russian	65	30	35
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	95	40	50
Bosnian	30	15	15
Croatian	55	25	30
Serbian	10	5	5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	10	5	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	5	5
Ukrainian	40	20	15
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	60	30	30
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	45	20	20
German	40	15	25
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	10	5
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	15	10	5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	5	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	10	5	5
Indo-Iranian languages	6,360	3,175	3,185
Indo-Aryan languages	5,815	2,900	2,915
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	175	85	90
Gujarati	285	135	155
Hindi	540	265	270
Kacchi	140	55	85
Kashmiri	5	0	5
Konkani	10	5	5
Marathi	10	5	5
Nepali	80	40	45
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,595	1,835	1,765
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	10	5
Urdu	915	440	475
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20
Iranian languages	540	270	265
Baluchi	10	5	0
Kurdish	95	50	50
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	190	100	90
Persian languages	240	110	125
Dari	165	80	90
Iranian Persian	35	10	20
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	20	25
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,760	895	870
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	95	45	55
Portuguese	150	75	75
Romanian	20	15	10
Spanish	1,495	765	730
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	25	10	15
Korean	55	30	25
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	250	130	115
Akan (Twi)	55	30	25
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	10	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	30	10	15
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	5
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	5	5
Shona	15	5	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	50	30	25
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	10	5	5
Yoruba	35	20	20
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	235	130	110
Dinka	145	85	60
Nuer	50	25	25
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	55	30	25
American Sign Language	35	20	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,615	1,245	1,370
Chinese languages	2,330	1,100	1,235
Hakka	15	10	10
Mandarin	270	140	135
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	120	50	75
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,890	885	1,010
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	25	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	280	145	135
Burmese	55	30	25
Kuki-Chin languages	40	25	20
Karenic languages	100	55	50
S'gaw Karen	70	40	35
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Tibetan	80	40	35
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	100	45	60
Lao	80	40	40
Thai	15	5	15
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	60	35	35
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	60	35	35
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	60	25	30
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	10	5	5
Hungarian	55	25	25
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	8,300	4,050	4,255
English and French	145	75	70
English and non-official language(s)	7,840	3,820	4,015
French and non-official language(s)	15	10	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	65	30	30
Multiple non-official languages	230	110	125
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	107,490	54,780	52,710
None	80,960	41,575	39,390
English	10,860	5,525	5,335
French	485	265	220
Non-official language	11,815	5,765	6,050
Indigenous³⁹	100	50	50
Non-Indigenous	11,710	5,710	6,005
English and French	115	65	50
English and non-official language(s)	1,820	910	910
French and non-official language(s)	215	100	110
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	15	5
Multiple non-official languages	1,205	570	635
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	106,985	54,275	52,710
Official languages	102,755	52,530	50,225
English	102,615	52,475	50,140
French	3,970	1,950	2,020
Non-official languages	54,605	26,860	27,745
Indigenous languages³⁹	340	130	210
Algonquian languages	255	90	170
Blackfoot	100	35	60
Cree-Innu languages	130	55	80
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	130	55	80
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	0	10
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	105	40	70
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	40	0	35
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	40	0	35
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	30	0	25
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	25	15	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	25	15	10
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	50	30	20
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	40	25	20
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	54,315	26,750	27,565
Afro-Asiatic languages	13,560	7,040	6,520
Berber languages	40	20	20
Kabyle	35	15	20
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	10	10	0
Hausa	10	10	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	1,930	980	950
Bilen	70	50	25
Oromo	705	360	345
Somali	1,190	600	595
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	12,070	6,290	5,780
Amharic	2,495	1,285	1,210
Arabic	8,110	4,245	3,870
Aramaic languages	300	160	140
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	85	50	40
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	200	105	90
Aramaic, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	35	25	0
Maltese	10	0	10
Tigrigna	2,155	1,175	985
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	20	20	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	7,430	3,545	3,890
Khmer (Cambodian)	445	230	215
Vietnamese	6,950	3,295	3,660
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	70	30	40
Austronesian languages	10,655	4,965	5,690
Bikol	70	35	35
Bisaya, n.o.s.	195	90	105
Cebuano	420	180	240
Fijian	35	20	15
Hiligaynon	120	70	55
Ilocano	1,325	605	720
Indonesian	35	10	25
Kankanaey	25	15	15
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	30	20	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	185	70	110
Pangasinan	95	55	40
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10,270	4,760	5,510
Waray-Waray	70	50	15
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	250	115	135
Creole languages	305	150	160
Haitian Creole	145	75	70
Jamaican English Creole	20	15	0
Krio	15	0	10
Morisyen	15	10	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	80	35	45
Creole languages, n.i.e.	65	25	35
Dravidian languages	395	180	215
Kannada	50	15	35
Malayalam	105	50	55
Tamil	205	110	100
Telugu	70	30	40
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	17,285	8,720	8,575
Albanian	60	40	15
Armenian	35	25	10
Balto-Slavic languages	1,150	580	580
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	1,150	580	580
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	10	10	0
Czech	95	45	50
Macedonian	15	10	0
Polish	360	180	180
Russian	260	120	140
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	255	130	120
Bosnian	90	40	50
Croatian	165	90	70
Serbian	40	15	25
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	55	15	40
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	0
Ukrainian	185	85	100
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	30	25	15
Irish	15	10	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	10	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,110	530	580
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	765	360	410
German	755	340	410
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	20	15	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	260	130	125
Afrikaans	30	10	20
Dutch	200	105	95
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	10	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	10	0
Scandinavian languages	105	55	50
Danish	75	45	40
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	20	10	10
Swedish	10	10	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	65	35	30
Indo-Iranian languages	10,885	5,430	5,455
Indo-Aryan languages	9,910	4,950	4,960
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	300	170	130
Gujarati	910	415	495
Hindi	3,180	1,605	1,570
Kacchi	485	205	280
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	40	20	15
Marathi	55	25	30
Nepali	135	70	65
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,690	2,885	2,805
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	65	30	35
Urdu	2,040	1,050	990
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	185	85	100
Iranian languages	1,205	590	615
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	125	60	70
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	420	205	215
Persian languages	755	390	370
Dari	555	285	270
Iranian Persian	120	55	65
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	100	60	40
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,240	2,230	2,015
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	620	325	295
Portuguese	400	215	190
Romanian	70	30	40
Spanish	3,230	1,715	1,515
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	155	85	70
Korean	120	45	70
Mongolian	10	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	1,435	745	695
Akan (Twi)	155	85	75
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	10	10	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15	0	15
Ga	15	15	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	20	10	10
Igbo	95	55	45
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	10	10
Lingala	40	20	20
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	30	20	10
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	15	15
Shona	15	0	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	590	310	280
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	65	40	25
Yoruba	230	105	125
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	290	165	125
Nilo-Saharan languages	430	215	215
Dinka	245	135	115
Nuer	70	30	40
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	130	60	70
African, n.o.s.	15	0	15
Sign languages	225	95	135
American Sign Language	165	65	110
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,620	2,190	2,425
Chinese languages	4,140	1,940	2,200
Hakka	45	20	20
Mandarin	1,130	475	650
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	355	170	180
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	3,385	1,575	1,810
Chinese, n.o.s.	75	35	40
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	515	270	250
Burmese	140	75	65
Kuki-Chin languages	75	35	35
Karenic languages	220	115	105
S'gaw Karen	160	90	70
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	75	30	45
Tibetan	140	70	70
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	210	95	115
Lao	135	70	65
Thai	100	30	65
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	245	165	80
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	225	160	65
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15
Uralic languages	200	100	95
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	10	0	10
Hungarian	180	90	90
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	106,985	54,275	52,710
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	5,180	2,470	2,710
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	4,970	2,370	2,600
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,605	1,195	1,410
Métis	2,310	1,135	1,175
Inuk (Inuit)	55	35	20
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	155	75	80
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	60	25	25
Non-Indigenous identity	101,805	51,810	50,000
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	106,985	54,275	52,710
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	2,250	1,075	1,175
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	104,735	53,200	51,535
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	38,430	...	...
Owner	24,195	...	...
Renter	14,235	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	38,430	...	...
Condominium	6,825	...	...
Not condominium	31,610	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	38,430	...	...
No bedrooms	250	...	...
1 bedroom	2,895	...	...
2 bedrooms	8,665	...	...
3 bedrooms	14,110	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	12,515	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	38,430	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	10,640	...	...
5 rooms	8,170	...	...
6 rooms	6,085	...	...
7 rooms	4,745	...	...
8 or more rooms	8,795	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	38,430	...	...
One person or fewer per room	36,075	...	...
More than one person per room	2,355	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	38,430	...	...
Suitable	34,770	...	...
Not suitable	3,655	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	38,430	...	...
1960 or before	2,875	...	...
1961 to 1980	21,215	...	...
1981 to 1990	4,745	...	...
1991 to 2000	6,175	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,460	...	...
2006 to 2010	700	...	...
2011 to 2015	675	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	575	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	38,430	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	35,705	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,730	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	38,430	...	...
One-maintainer household	18,875	...	...
Two-maintainer household	15,150	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	4,405	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	38,430	...	...
15 to 24 years	875	...	...
25 to 34 years	4,395	...	...
35 to 44 years	7,500	...	...
45 to 54 years	7,570	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,915	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,635	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,730	...	...
85 years and over	820	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	38,295	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	28,870	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	9,430	...	...
30% to less than 100%	8,700	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	38,430	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	14,205	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	8,050	...	...
Not suitable only	2,925	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,670	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	500	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	830	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	180	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	50	...	...
Acceptable housing	24,225	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	37,570	...	...
In core need	5,610	...	...
Not in core need	31,960	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	24,190	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	61.3	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	19.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	9.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,330	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,352	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	348,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	339,600	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	14,235	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.6	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	32.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	24.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,280	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,290	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	106,985	54,275	52,705
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	2,580	1,160	1,420
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	2,535	1,145	1,395
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,805	835	975
Métis single ancestry	715	295	420
Inuit single ancestry	15	10	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	50	20	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	40	10	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	3,215	1,585	1,630
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	3,090	1,530	1,560
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,105	1,030	1,075
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	970	490	480
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	10	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	125	60	70
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	120	60	65
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	101,185	51,525	49,660
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	106,985	54,280	52,705
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	90,560	46,230	44,330
Canadian citizens aged under 18	20,200	10,390	9,810
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	70,360	35,845	34,515
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	16,425	8,045	8,380
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	106,985	54,280	52,705
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	61,020	31,565	29,455
Immigrants⁸¹	44,300	21,835	22,465
Before 1980	5,050	2,470	2,580
1980 to 1990	5,900	3,020	2,885
1991 to 2000	6,525	3,170	3,355
2001 to 2010	9,430	4,515	4,915
2011 to 2021⁸²	17,390	8,660	8,730
2011 to 2015	8,365	4,150	4,215
2016 to 2021	9,025	4,510	4,515
Non-permanent residents⁸³	1,665	880	785
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	44,295	21,830	22,465
Under 5 years	3,155	1,750	1,405
5 to 14 years	6,765	3,535	3,235
15 to 24 years	10,305	4,920	5,385
25 to 44 years	19,580	9,635	9,945
45 years and over	4,490	2,000	2,495
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	44,295	21,830	22,465
Americas	3,430	1,735	1,695
Brazil	75	45	30
Colombia	260	155	100
El Salvador	385	190	200
Guyana	90	40	50
Haiti	75	40	35
Jamaica	520	255	265
Mexico	500	260	235
Peru	80	25	55
Trinidad and Tobago	130	65	60
United States of America	490	260	230
Other places of birth in Americas	830	405	420
Europe	3,175	1,630	1,545
Bosnia and Herzegovina	120	55	70
Croatia	105	55	50
France	55	40	20
Germany	310	125	180
Greece	25	15	10
Hungary	105	65	45
Italy	300	135	170
Netherlands	150	80	65
Poland	300	145	160
Portugal	165	105	60
Romania	85	35	45
Russian Federation	110	45	65
Serbia⁸⁶	10	10	0
Ukraine	80	40	45
United Kingdom⁸⁷	785	420	365
Other places of birth in Europe	470	275	195
Africa	8,105	4,130	3,970
Algeria	115	60	55
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	100	55	50
Egypt	220	105	115
Eritrea	1,425	780	645
Ethiopia	2,040	1,055	985
Morocco	75	45	35
Nigeria	465	245	225
Somalia	765	370	395
South Africa, Republic of	95	55	35
Other places of birth in Africa	2,805	1,370	1,430
Asia	29,085	14,115	14,970
Afghanistan	480	240	240
Iran⁸⁸	85	55	30
Iraq	810	455	350
Lebanon	1,760	945	820
Syria⁸⁹	1,050	565	490
Turkey	85	40	45
China⁹⁰	965	410	550
Hong Kong⁹¹	310	170	140
Korea, South⁹²	90	30	55
Taiwan	30	10	15
Philippines	9,935	4,595	5,340
Viet Nam	5,645	2,580	3,065
Bangladesh	235	120	110
India	4,295	2,180	2,115
Pakistan	1,245	670	580
Sri Lanka	90	40	50
Other places of birth in Asia	1,985	1,000	990
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	505	225	285
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	9,030	4,515	4,520
Americas	555	260	295
Brazil	25	20	10
Colombia	35	20	20
Haiti	0	0	10
Jamaica	95	30	60
Mexico	165	80	80
United States of America	60	25	35
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Americas	160	75	80
Europe	215	135	85
France	0	0	0
Germany	20	10	10
Ireland⁹⁶	20	15	0
Italy	20	10	10
Russian Federation	20	10	15
Ukraine	25	15	10
United Kingdom⁸⁷	10	0	0
Other places of birth in Europe	100	75	30
Africa	2,485	1,275	1,215
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	50	15	35
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	10	10	0
Côte d'Ivoire	35	15	15
Egypt	15	15	0
Eritrea	865	475	390
Ethiopia	620	300	320
Morocco	15	0	15
Nigeria	180	80	100
Somalia	225	100	130
South Africa, Republic of	35	30	0
Sudan⁹⁷	95	40	60
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	315	190	130
Asia	5,735	2,820	2,910
Afghanistan	95	55	45
Bangladesh	55	30	25
China⁹⁰	60	30	25
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0
India	735	390	345
Iran⁸⁸	30	10	15
Iraq	225	130	90
Israel	35	20	15
Japan	0	0	0
Jordan	25	15	10
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0
Lebanon	140	60	75
Nepal	15	0	15
Pakistan	185	100	90
Philippines	2,590	1,235	1,360
Saudi Arabia	25	10	15
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	885	480	410
Turkey	25	0	20
United Arab Emirates	20	15	0
Viet Nam	350	120	235
Other places of birth in Asia	215	100	110
Oceania and other⁹³	35	25	10
Australia	15	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	20	20	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	106,985	54,275	52,710
First generation¹⁰⁰	46,890	23,200	23,690
Second generation¹⁰¹	25,240	12,900	12,340
Third generation or more¹⁰²	34,855	18,180	16,675
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	39,245	19,360	19,885
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	13,690	6,875	6,815
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	5,710	3,075	2,635
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	7,975	3,800	4,175
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	14,220	6,005	8,210
Refugees¹⁰⁸	10,870	6,235	4,630
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	470	245	225
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	39,245	19,360	19,885
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,270	830	440
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	4,280	1,900	2,380
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	435	200	235
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,005	535	470
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	140	85	60
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	32,115	15,810	16,300
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	106,985	54,275	52,710
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	61,665	30,785	30,880
South Asian	11,065	5,555	5,510
Chinese	3,565	1,710	1,855
Black	11,595	5,935	5,660
Filipino	12,410	5,900	6,505
Arab	8,055	4,240	3,815
Latin American	2,525	1,350	1,175
Southeast Asian	7,830	3,765	4,055
West Asian	1,085	580	505
Korean	100	35	55
Japanese	185	70	125
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	770	365	405
Multiple visible minorities	2,485	1,275	1,210
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	45,320	23,490	21,830
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	106,990	54,280	52,710
Canadian	10,380	5,440	4,945
English	9,955	5,085	4,875
Irish	7,685	3,900	3,780
Scottish	8,985	4,525	4,460
French, n.o.s.¹²²	4,695	2,275	2,415
German	8,025	4,005	4,020
Chinese	5,235	2,465	2,770
Italian	1,805	915	890
Indian (India)	5,665	2,750	2,915
Ukrainian	3,205	1,580	1,620
Dutch	1,960	975	980
Polish	2,000	985	1,015
Québécois	55	25	30
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,660	875	785
Filipino	11,220	5,320	5,895
French Canadian	580	370	215
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,805	990	815
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,490	705	790
Métis	1,855	865	985
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	880	465	415
Russian	1,365	630	735
Norwegian	1,685	830	855
Welsh	985	450	540
Portuguese	475	255	215
American	990	475	510
Spanish	1,255	550	705
Swedish	995	490	510
Hungarian	885	455	430
Acadian	120	65	55
Pakistani	1,495	765	730
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,710	910	800
Jewish	115	40	75
Punjabi	1,530	800	730
Vietnamese	6,920	3,280	3,640
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	2,295	1,225	1,070
Greek	180	85	90
Jamaican	750	360	390
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,550	760	795
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	750	355	395
Korean	115	50	65
Romanian	360	170	185
Lebanese	3,765	1,955	1,800
Iranian	110	60	45
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	465	245	215
Danish	695	360	340
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	755	365	395
Sikh	1,425	750	675
Austrian	445	225	215
Belgian	185	100	85
Haitian	175	85	85
Hindu	645	320	320
Mexican	640	350	290
Mennonite	170	75	95
Swiss	255	165	90
Finnish	275	125	145
Sri Lankan	55	25	30
Croatian	240	135	110
Japanese	390	170	225
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	340	200	145
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	125	45	80
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	310	170	140
Muslim	700	320	380
Egyptian	215	120	100
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	455	235	220
Tamil	55	35	15
Icelandic	195	115	80
Colombian	280	175	105
Moroccan	115	55	60
Czech	235	110	125
Syrian	855	420	435
Guyanese	70	25	45
Afghan	705	360	345
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	265	120	150
Serbian	50	20	30
Ojibway	250	125	130
Newfoundlander	170	105	60
Hong Konger	85	45	45
Ontarian	60	20	45
Persian	75	50	25
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	130	70	60
Turkish	215	130	85
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	35	30	0
Bangladeshi	205	120	90
Algerian	125	85	45
Brazilian	120	65	60
Nigerian	380	205	175
Armenian	75	50	25
Slovak	125	60	65
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	70	25	45
Somali	1,240	620	615
Taiwanese	30	15	20
Iraqi	635	355	280
Salvadorean	345	170	175
African Caribbean	90	45	45
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	555	270	285
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	470	235	235
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	80	35	45
Algonquin	25	10	15
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	60	25	35
Lithuanian	60	30	35
South African	140	80	60
Australian	40	25	10
Palestinian	175	90	85
Chilean	285	180	110
Congolese	160	80	80
Nova Scotian	45	10	35
Ethiopian	1,860	900	960
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	175	70	100
Peruvian	85	30	60
Yoruba	160	90	65
Cambodian (Khmer)	615	330	280
Berber	40	15	25
Albanian	60	40	20
Maltese	15	10	10
Macedonian	0	0	0
Slovenian	40	25	20
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	70	35	35
New Brunswicker	55	15	40
Gujarati	55	20	40
Eritrean	1,325	725	600
African Canadian	145	45	95
Israeli	45	15	25
Mohawk	35	15	20
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	70	30	40
Bulgarian	10	10	0
Albertan	370	205	165
Ghanaian	180	90	85
Barbadian	55	20	30
African American	115	50	65
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	100	60	40
Tunisian	55	25	35
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	35	25	10
Cuban	55	35	30
Bosnian	110	50	60
Venezuelan	25	10	10
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	40	30	0
Bengali	40	30	15
Cameroonian	125	65	65
Guatemalan	110	60	55
Indonesian	100	50	55
Laotian	175	95	90
Ilocano	510	235	270
Northern Irish	15	10	0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	30	15	15
British Columbian	20	10	10
Ecuadorian	40	30	10
Franco Ontarian	10	0	10
Argentinian	15	0	10
Estonian	20	0	10
Kurdish	150	50	100
Fijian	265	115	145
Jatt	60	35	25
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	30	10	15
Coptic	0	0	0
Thai	90	30	60
Dominican	25	20	0
Nepali	100	50	45
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	50	25	25
Igbo	70	40	30
Byelorussian	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	25	10	15
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	345	150	200
Abenaki	10	0	0
Moldovan	0	0	0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	40	20	20
New Zealander	10	0	10
Sudanese	605	285	315
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	25	0	20
Malaysian	45	25	20
Plains Cree	40	25	15
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	40	25	20
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	65	30	40
Buddhist	180	90	85
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	10	0	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	285	155	135
Ivorian	50	25	25
Saulteaux	65	40	20
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	35	10	20
Burundian	20	0	15
Tigrinya	775	410	365
Nicaraguan	130	60	70
Mauritian	10	15	0
Kenyan	95	30	65
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	10	0	0
Jordanian	55	35	20
Manitoban	20	15	0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	25	10	10
Malayali	15	10	0
Chaldean	50	25	25
Sinhalese	25	20	0
Mayan	100	70	30
Honduran	50	20	30
Cherokee	55	25	30
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0
Flemish	20	15	10
United Empire Loyalist	10	0	0
Senegalese	45	25	10
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Sicilian	0	0	0
Pashtun	45	15	25
Malay	70	30	40
Goan	10	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	70	40	35
Tibetan	135	65	75
Zimbabwean	45	15	30
Burmese	150	70	75
Mongolian	15	0	10
Azorean	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	30	0	25
Oromo	475	275	205
Tanzanian	170	90	80
Yemeni	0	0	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	40	15	30
Basque	20	0	20
Uruguayan	0	0	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	45	25	20
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	25	10	15
Igorot	290	135	155
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	10	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	25	10	15
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Roma	0	0	0
Costa Rican	15	15	0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	135	80	55
Singaporean	0	0	0
Karen	195	110	85
Edo	20	10	10
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	285	145	140
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	106,985	54,275	52,710
Buddhist	4,960	2,340	2,620
Christian	46,590	22,840	23,750
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	9,945	5,050	4,895
Anabaptist	105	40	65
Anglican	1,365	635	730
Baptist	955	450	505
Catholic	22,660	11,240	11,415
Christian Orthodox	2,660	1,380	1,280
Jehovah's Witness	640	285	355
Latter Day Saints	405	160	245
Lutheran	1,050	485	560
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	275	120	150
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,195	510	680
Presbyterian	395	170	225
Reformed	70	20	45
United Church	1,930	815	1,120
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,950	1,475	1,475
Hindu	2,055	1,065	990
Jewish	55	35	25
Muslim	15,955	8,090	7,865
Sikh	4,695	2,360	2,335
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	160	55	110
Other religions and spiritual traditions	805	345	460
No religion and secular perspectives	31,705	17,155	14,550
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	105,845	53,635	52,205
Non-movers	93,530	47,145	46,390
Movers	12,310	6,495	5,820
Non-migrants	9,805	5,210	4,600
Migrants	2,505	1,285	1,225
Internal migrants	1,665	855	815
Intraprovincial migrants	935	510	430
Interprovincial migrants	735	345	385
External migrants	840	430	410
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	101,115	51,295	49,825
Non-movers	62,915	31,510	31,405
Movers	38,205	19,785	18,420
Non-migrants	25,465	13,430	12,035
Migrants	12,740	6,350	6,390
Internal migrants	6,475	3,215	3,255
Intraprovincial migrants	3,495	1,715	1,780
Interprovincial migrants	2,975	1,495	1,480
External migrants	6,265	3,135	3,130
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	87,965	44,515	43,455
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	24,135	12,615	11,515
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	63,840	31,900	31,935
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	59,230	30,360	28,870
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	13,780	7,350	6,425
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	45,450	23,010	22,445
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	87,970	44,510	43,450
No certificate, diploma or degree	22,000	11,345	10,655
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	30,140	15,525	14,610
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	35,830	17,640	18,190
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	22,985	11,695	11,290
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	6,670	4,975	1,695
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,785	1,740	1,050
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,885	3,235	650
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	13,540	5,515	8,025
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,780	1,210	1,570
Bachelor's degree or higher	12,845	5,945	6,900
Bachelor's degree	9,760	4,395	5,365
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	850	395	455
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	235	105	125
Master's degree	1,865	945	920
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	135	105	35
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	59,230	30,365	28,870
No certificate, diploma or degree	12,285	6,505	5,785
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	18,915	10,080	8,835
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	28,030	13,775	14,255
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,325	8,765	8,555
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,835	3,655	1,180
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,955	1,260	690
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,880	2,395	485
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,355	4,195	6,155
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,135	915	1,220
Bachelor's degree or higher	10,710	5,010	5,700
Bachelor's degree	8,055	3,690	4,360
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	710	315	390
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	200	95	105
Master's degree	1,645	825	820
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	100	75	20
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	87,970	44,515	43,455
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	52,140	26,875	25,260
Education	1,540	300	1,240
13. Education	1,540	300	1,240
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	935	405	530
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	220	160	55
50. Visual and performing arts	715	240	470
Humanities	1,600	635	965
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	150	45	100
23. English language and literature/letters	330	100	240
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	690	260	430
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	15	10	10
38. Philosophy and religious studies	95	60	35
39. Theology and religious vocations	165	95	65
54. History	115	70	50
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	35	0	30
Social and behavioural sciences and law	2,930	935	1,995
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	25	10	15
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	390	145	250
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	555	45	515
22. Legal professions and studies	515	105	405
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	60	25	30
42. Psychology	340	80	265
45. Social sciences	1,045	525	520
Business, management and public administration	7,880	2,855	5,020
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	10	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	360	70	285
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	7,500	2,775	4,730
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,140	570	575
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	400	150	250
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	295	140	155
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	10	0	10
40. Physical sciences	345	225	120
41. Science technologies/technicians	85	40	45
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,900	1,300	600
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,705	1,230	475
25. Library science	60	0	55
27. Mathematics and statistics	115	65	50
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	20	0	10
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,935	8,030	905
04. Architecture and related services	225	145	75
14. Engineering	1,995	1,645	350
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,090	1,720	365
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,895	1,855	45
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,735	1,690	50
48. Precision production	1,000	970	30
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	650	295	355
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	470	195	275
03. Natural resources and conservation	180	100	80
Health and related fields	5,980	1,075	4,905
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	210	70	140
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,745	1,000	4,740
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	25	10	15
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,345	1,245	1,100
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,525	575	955
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0
43. Security and protective services	265	165	105
49. Transportation and materials moving	540	495	40
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	59,235	30,360	28,875
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	31,205	16,585	14,615
Education	1,160	245	910
13. Education	1,160	245	910
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	730	325	405
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	165	120	45
50. Visual and performing arts	560	205	360
Humanities	1,305	495	810
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	140	40	100
23. English language and literature/letters	280	85	200
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	565	195	365
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	15	0	10
38. Philosophy and religious studies	90	55	35
39. Theology and religious vocations	100	70	35
54. History	100	55	45
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	20	0	20
Social and behavioural sciences and law	2,375	775	1,595
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	15	10	10
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	325	135	190
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	425	35	390
22. Legal professions and studies	420	80	340
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	55	30	30
42. Psychology	285	50	235
45. Social sciences	850	440	410
Business, management and public administration	6,195	2,255	3,945
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	290	55	235
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	5,900	2,200	3,705
Physical and life sciences and technologies	860	395	460
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	315	115	205
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	225	105	120
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	10	0	10
40. Physical sciences	270	165	100
41. Science technologies/technicians	40	15	25
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,580	1,085	500
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,445	1,040	410
25. Library science	40	0	40
27. Mathematics and statistics	80	45	35
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	20	0	10
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,865	6,135	730
04. Architecture and related services	140	95	45
14. Engineering	1,690	1,380	305
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,645	1,350	300
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,385	1,345	35
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,260	1,225	35
48. Precision production	745	730	15
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	500	220	285
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	340	135	210
03. Natural resources and conservation	160	80	75
Health and related fields	4,665	870	3,790
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	145	50	95
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,490	810	3,680
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	25	10	20
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,795	975	820
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,135	410	720
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	200	120	75
49. Transportation and materials moving	450	430	20
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	59,235	30,360	28,875
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	31,205	16,585	14,615
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	28,030	13,775	14,255
Location of study inside Canada	18,875	9,380	9,495
Same as province or territory of residence	15,525	7,510	8,015
Different than province or territory of residence	3,345	1,865	1,480
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	9,150	4,395	4,755
Americas	760	425	335
United States of America	400	245	160
Mexico	110	55	55
Cuba	15	0	10
Haiti	40	25	15
Jamaica	55	30	25
Brazil	15	10	0
Colombia	35	10	25
Peru	10	0	10
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Americas	80	50	30
Europe	595	315	275
Belgium	15	10	10
France	40	20	20
Germany	20	0	10
Netherlands	20	15	0
Switzerland	0	0	0
Hungary	15	0	10
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	20	10	10
Romania	15	0	10
Russian Federation	65	35	35
Ukraine	55	30	30
Ireland⁹⁶	20	10	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	160	80	75
Bosnia and Herzegovina	10	10	0
Italy	20	10	10
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Europe	100	65	35
Africa	1,065	600	470
Nigeria	185	85	100
Algeria	55	25	30
Morocco	35	15	20
Tunisia	35	20	20
Egypt	60	40	25
South Africa, Republic of	15	10	0
Other locations of study in Africa	680	405	275
Asia	6,655	3,010	3,645
Iran⁸⁸	30	20	10
Iraq	145	80	65
Israel	10	0	0
Lebanon	150	80	65
Syria⁸⁹	40	30	10
Turkey	10	10	0
China⁹⁰	90	20	70
Taiwan	10	0	10
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	10	10
Japan	35	10	20
Korea, South⁹²	25	15	15
Philippines	3,665	1,545	2,120
Viet Nam	285	120	160
Bangladesh	95	40	60
Sri Lanka	30	15	20
India	1,390	695	695
Pakistan	395	205	195
Other locations of study in Asia	240	115	120
Oceania	75	45	35
Australia	20	20	0
New Zealand	30	10	20
Other locations of study in Oceania	30	20	10
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	87,970	44,510	43,450
In the labour force	54,730	29,860	24,870
Employed	45,700	25,165	20,535
Unemployed	9,035	4,695	4,340
Not in the labour force	33,235	14,660	18,580
Participation rate	62.2	67.1	57.2
Employment rate	51.9	56.5	47.3
Unemployment rate	16.5	15.7	17.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	87,970	44,515	43,450
Did not work¹⁸⁶	37,145	16,715	20,430
Worked	50,820	27,800	23,025
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	24,405	14,340	10,065
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	26,420	13,460	12,960
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.2	39.8	38.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	54,735	29,860	24,875
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,780	1,290	1,495
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	51,955	28,570	23,380
Employee	45,075	23,965	21,110
Permanent position	37,965	20,375	17,590
Temporary position	7,110	3,590	3,520
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,205	1,040	1,160
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,905	2,550	2,355
Self-employed¹⁹²	6,875	4,605	2,270
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	54,735	29,860	24,875
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,780	1,290	1,495
All occupations¹⁹¹	51,955	28,570	23,380
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	110	55	55
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	7,135	2,185	4,950
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	2,970	2,320	650
3 Health occupations	3,460	545	2,915
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	3,090	865	2,225
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	785	355	430
6 Sales and service occupations	16,110	6,705	9,405
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	14,085	12,670	1,420
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	780	630	145
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,420	2,240	1,175
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	54,735	29,860	24,875
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,780	1,290	1,495
All industries¹⁹¹	51,955	28,570	23,380
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	270	120	150
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	845	530	315
22 Utilities	225	135	90
23 Construction	5,980	5,165	810
31-33 Manufacturing	4,325	3,095	1,230
41 Wholesale trade	1,770	1,160	610
44-45 Retail trade	7,205	3,510	3,695
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	5,320	4,165	1,155
51 Information and cultural industries	655	390	265
52 Finance and insurance	1,055	360	695
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	745	470	280
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	2,880	1,610	1,270
55 Management of companies and enterprises	35	10	30
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,630	2,105	1,530
61 Educational services	1,860	585	1,270
62 Health care and social assistance	5,785	915	4,875
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	775	350	425
72 Accommodation and food services	4,175	1,785	2,390
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,255	1,515	1,735
91 Public administration	1,160	600	560
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	57,105	31,245	25,860
English	53,045	29,215	23,825
French	50	20	35
Non-official language	785	380	405
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	780	380	400
English and French	260	100	165
English and non-official language(s)	2,845	1,475	1,375
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	60	40	20
Multiple non-official languages	60	25	30
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	57,105	31,245	25,860
Single responses	56,380	30,865	25,520
Official languages	54,960	30,145	24,815
English	54,890	30,115	24,775
French	65	25	35
Non-official languages	1,425	715	710
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,420	715	705
Afro-Asiatic languages	150	95	55
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	145	90	55
Amharic	20	15	0
Arabic	95	60	35
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	25	10	15
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	420	160	260
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	420	160	260
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	135	75	65
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	125	70	60
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	440	245	195
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	25	20	10
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	25	20	10
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	10	10	0
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	295	160	135
Indo-Aryan languages	285	160	125
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	235	145	90
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	45	15	35
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	10	0	10
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	115	65	55
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	15	10	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	105	60	45
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	225	110	120
Chinese languages	215	100	120
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	25	10	15
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	185	85	105
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	10	0
Burmese	10	10	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	35	25	10
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	35	25	10
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	720	385	335
English and French	60	30	35
English and non-official language(s)	635	350	290
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	20	0	15
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	57,105	31,245	25,860
None	54,525	29,945	24,580
English	545	295	250
French	205	75	130
Non-official language	1,525	765	760
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10
Non-Indigenous	1,510	760	750
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	65	25	35
French and non-official language(s)	40	20	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	200	115	80
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	45,695	25,165	20,535
Worked at home	5,475	2,350	3,125
Worked outside Canada	95	75	20
No fixed workplace address	9,245	7,035	2,205
Usual place of work	30,890	15,705	15,185
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	30,885	15,700	15,185
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	28,020	13,860	14,160
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	2,265	1,440	825
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	450	305	140
Commute to a different province or territory	155	95	60
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	40,135	22,740	17,395
Car, truck or van	33,840	19,845	13,995
Car, truck or van - as a driver	30,415	18,510	11,905
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,425	1,335	2,090
Public transit	4,410	1,915	2,495
Walked	855	350	505
Bicycle	175	155	15
Other method	850	470	380
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	40,135	22,740	17,395
Less than 15 minutes	7,845	3,835	4,010
15 to 29 minutes	19,885	11,760	8,120
30 to 44 minutes	8,160	4,805	3,350
45 to 59 minutes	1,815	995	825
60 minutes and over	2,430	1,340	1,090
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	40,135	22,740	17,395
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	3,725	2,625	1,100
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	7,785	4,975	2,815
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	8,450	4,725	3,725
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	5,585	2,770	2,820
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,810	2,635	3,180
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	8,775	5,010	3,765
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	23,410	12,160	11,245
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,290	670	620
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	22,120	11,495	10,625
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	16,935	8,870	8,065
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	960	505	465
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	465	245	225
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	495	255	240
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,970	8,365	7,600

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed July 2, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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