Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Calgary Signal HillMore information: Alberta [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	122,818	...	...
Population, 2016¹	121,392	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	1.2	...	...
Total private dwellings²	49,668	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	47,465	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,865.7	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	65.83	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	122,820	59,490	63,330
0 to 14 years	22,525	11,485	11,040
0 to 4 years	6,175	3,145	3,030
5 to 9 years	7,605	3,840	3,770
10 to 14 years	8,745	4,500	4,245
15 to 64 years	81,860	39,755	42,100
15 to 19 years	7,825	3,995	3,825
20 to 24 years	6,670	3,435	3,235
25 to 29 years	6,055	3,020	3,035
30 to 34 years	7,630	3,610	4,025
35 to 39 years	8,930	4,240	4,690
40 to 44 years	9,120	4,260	4,860
45 to 49 years	9,730	4,600	5,125
50 to 54 years	9,160	4,495	4,665
55 to 59 years	8,675	4,195	4,475
60 to 64 years	8,060	3,905	4,160
65 years and over	18,435	8,255	10,180
65 to 69 years	6,300	3,045	3,255
70 to 74 years	4,640	2,155	2,490
75 to 79 years	3,065	1,390	1,670
80 to 84 years	2,150	870	1,280
85 years and over	2,290	790	1,495
85 to 89 years	1,405	515	895
90 to 94 years	710	245	470
95 to 99 years	145	35	110
100 years and over	25	5	20
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.3	19.3	17.4
15 to 64 years	66.7	66.8	66.5
65 years and over	15.0	13.9	16.1
85 years and over	1.9	1.3	2.4
Average age of the population	40.1	39.2	41.0
Median age of the population	40.8	40.0	42.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	47,465	...	...
Single-detached house	27,040	...	...
Semi-detached house	3,580	...	...
Row house	5,485	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,325	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	7,270	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	2,280	...	...
Other single-attached house	5	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	485	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	47,465	...	...
1 person	12,020	...	...
2 persons	15,215	...	...
3 persons	7,745	...	...
4 persons	8,360	...	...
5 or more persons	4,115	...	...
Number of persons in private households	121,475	59,100	62,375
Average household size	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	100,295	48,010	52,285
Married or living common-law	60,520	30,070	30,450
Married	52,295	25,960	26,335
Living common-law	8,225	4,110	4,115
Living common law - Never married	5,990	3,005	2,980
Living common law - Separated	225	120	105
Living common law - Divorced	1,835	900	935
Living common law - Widowed	180	85	95
Not married and not living common-law	39,775	17,935	21,835
Not married and not living common law - Never married	27,100	14,100	13,000
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,120	850	1,265
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,570	2,250	4,325
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	3,985	740	3,245
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	34,330	...	...
2 persons	15,390	...	...
3 persons	7,545	...	...
4 persons	8,295	...	...
5 or more persons	3,110	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	34,330	...	...
Total couple families	29,605	...	...
Married couples	25,490	...	...
With children⁶	15,825	...	...
Without children	9,670	...	...
Common-law couples	4,110	...	...
With children⁶	1,230	...	...
Without children	2,885	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,725	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,740	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	985	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	121,475	59,100	62,375
Total - Persons in census families	102,985	51,015	51,965
Married spouses or common-law partners	59,210	29,565	29,640
Parents in one-parent families	4,725	985	3,740
Children⁶	39,045	20,465	18,585
In a two-parent family	31,815	16,610	15,205
In a one-parent family	7,230	3,855	3,375
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	18,490	8,085	10,410
Living alone	12,020	4,990	7,030
Living with other relatives⁷	2,385	905	1,475
Living with non-relatives only	4,085	2,185	1,900
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	47,465	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	30,950	...	...
Couple-family households	27,025	...	...
With children⁶	15,665	...	...
Without children	11,355	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,925	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,140	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	235	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,205	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,915	...	...
One-person households	12,020	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	98,970	47,625	51,345
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	93,855	45,190	48,660
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,000	56,400	42,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	93,920	45,230	48,690
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,800	49,200	38,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,380	42,075	44,310
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,400	54,800	36,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	68,995	34,650	34,345
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,600	57,600	40,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	80,100	38,245	41,860
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,850	5,200	8,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,570	3,900	4,675
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,800	5,760	5,960
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	27,195	12,955	14,235
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	8,000	8,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	98,920	47,660	51,260
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	93,635	45,145	48,490
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	79,900	101,200	60,100
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	93,695	45,175	48,515
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	62,300	76,100	49,480
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,345	42,005	44,340
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	77,800	101,000	55,850
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	68,855	34,655	34,200
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	78,400	99,700	56,750
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	79,470	37,960	41,510
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,630	8,620	10,550
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,375	3,665	4,710
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,070	6,395	7,590
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	26,875	12,700	14,170
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,280	9,180	9,370
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	98,920	47,660	51,260
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	32,655	18,415	14,240
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	91,000	102,000	78,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	125,700	149,800	94,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	27,485	12,055	15,430
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,000	21,000	19,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	38,800	47,320	32,160
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	89.8	92.8	85.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	72.2	75.6	66.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	10.2	7.2	15.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.5	1.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	3.7	2.8	5.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.3	2.6	4.6
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	98,970	47,625	51,345
Without total income	5,115	2,435	2,685
With total income	93,855	45,190	48,665
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,090	3,750	5,345
$10,000 to $19,999	8,870	3,730	5,140
$20,000 to $29,999	12,615	5,490	7,120
$30,000 to $39,999	9,690	4,115	5,575
$40,000 to $49,999	8,190	3,585	4,610
$50,000 to $59,999	6,525	2,875	3,645
$60,000 to $69,999	5,620	2,470	3,150
$70,000 to $79,999	4,685	2,260	2,420
$80,000 to $89,999	3,820	1,820	2,000
$90,000 to $99,999	3,460	1,675	1,790
$100,000 and over	21,290	13,420	7,870
$100,000 to $149,999	10,370	5,635	4,730
$150,000 and over	10,920	7,785	3,135
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	98,970	47,625	51,345
Without after-tax income	5,050	2,395	2,655
With after-tax income	93,920	45,235	48,690
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,610	3,965	5,645
$10,000 to $19,999	9,180	3,875	5,305
$20,000 to $29,999	14,075	6,200	7,880
$30,000 to $39,999	11,205	4,770	6,430
$40,000 to $49,999	9,320	4,160	5,155
$50,000 to $59,999	7,520	3,325	4,200
$60,000 to $69,999	6,030	2,860	3,170
$70,000 to $79,999	4,750	2,270	2,480
$80,000 to $89,999	4,345	2,170	2,175
$90,000 to $99,999	3,150	1,670	1,485
$100,000 and over	14,735	9,970	4,760
$100,000 to $124,999	5,120	3,035	2,085
$125,000 and over	9,610	6,940	2,670
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	98,970	47,625	51,345
Without employment income	29,970	12,975	16,995
With employment income	68,995	34,645	34,350
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,295	4,305	4,985
$5,000 to $9,999	5,320	2,300	3,015
$10,000 to $19,999	7,045	3,165	3,885
$20,000 to $29,999	4,930	2,225	2,705
$30,000 to $39,999	4,690	2,085	2,605
$40,000 to $49,999	4,310	1,930	2,380
$50,000 to $59,999	3,920	1,780	2,140
$60,000 to $69,999	3,800	1,700	2,100
$70,000 to $79,999	3,185	1,540	1,650
$80,000 to $89,999	2,800	1,295	1,505
$90,000 to $99,999	2,745	1,300	1,445
$100,000 and over	16,965	11,025	5,940
$100,000 to $124,999	5,285	2,755	2,530
$125,000 and over	11,685	8,270	3,415
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	98,970	47,625	51,345
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	91,585	43,995	47,595
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,800	58,800	41,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	91,625	44,000	47,625
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	50,800	37,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	85,095	41,390	43,700
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,000	58,800	39,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	69,340	34,765	34,575
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,600	60,400	42,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	74,935	35,965	38,970
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,050	900	2,340
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	5,395	2,315	3,085
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,700	6,040	7,350
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	98,920	47,660	51,260
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	91,205	43,920	47,285
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	79,900	100,100	61,100
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	91,245	43,930	47,315
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	62,100	75,600	49,560
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	84,750	41,285	43,465
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	80,700	102,100	60,300
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	69,090	34,645	34,445
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	79,800	99,400	60,150
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	74,305	35,700	38,605
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,080	5,135	6,950
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,425	2,280	3,150
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,680	7,490	9,540
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	98,920	47,660	51,260
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	32,290	18,195	14,095
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	87,000	101,000	74,500
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	119,200	140,200	92,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,830	11,325	14,505
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,600	29,000	27,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	50,320	59,950	42,800
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	93.8	95.8	90.8
Employment income (%)	75.6	78.2	71.8
Government transfers (%)	6.2	4.2	9.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	47,465	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	12,020	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	35,445	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	137,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	47,495	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	157,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	122,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	12,120	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	71,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	57,950	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	35,370	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	187,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	145,200	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	47,465	...	...
Under $5,000	610	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	270	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	400	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	490	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,330	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,365	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,130	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,255	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,400	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,265	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,570	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,600	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,480	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,370	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,205	...	...
$100,000 and over	25,725	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,935	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,855	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,695	...	...
$200,000 and over	11,240	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	47,465	...	...
Under $5,000	705	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	295	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	410	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	540	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,415	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,500	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,315	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,495	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,570	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,480	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,185	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,040	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,945	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,775	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,505	...	...
$100,000 and over	22,275	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,365	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,090	...	...
$150,000 and over	12,815	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	34,055	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	139,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	11,610	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	17,095	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	182,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,470	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	16,105	7,175	8,935
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,200	45,200	45,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,400	40,400	40,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	33,960	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	189,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	146,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,595	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	158,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	123,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	17,150	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	236,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	179,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,350	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	97,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	83,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	16,130	7,195	8,935
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	64,800	69,400	61,100
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	53,000	55,500	51,000
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	121,475	59,100	62,375
0 to 17 years	27,405	13,985	13,425
0 to 5 years	7,620	3,875	3,745
18 to 64 years	76,740	37,120	39,620
65 years and over	17,325	7,990	9,335
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	10,925	5,110	5,815
0 to 17 years	2,830	1,470	1,355
0 to 5 years	840	440	395
18 to 64 years	6,385	2,980	3,400
65 years and over	1,720	655	1,060
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.0	8.6	9.3
0 to 17 years (%)	10.3	10.5	10.1
0 to 5 years (%)	11.0	11.4	10.6
18 to 64 years (%)	8.3	8.0	8.6
65 years and over (%)	9.9	8.2	11.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	121,475	59,100	62,375
0 to 17 years	27,410	13,985	13,420
0 to 5 years	7,620	3,875	3,745
18 to 64 years	76,740	37,125	39,615
65 years and over	17,330	7,995	9,335
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	6,840	3,340	3,505
0 to 17 years	1,615	825	790
0 to 5 years	470	255	220
18 to 64 years	4,605	2,235	2,365
65 years and over	620	270	345
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.6	5.6	5.6
0 to 17 years (%)	5.9	5.9	5.9
0 to 5 years (%)	6.2	6.5	5.9
18 to 64 years (%)	6.0	6.0	6.0
65 years and over (%)	3.6	3.4	3.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	121,475	59,100	62,375
In bottom half of the distribution	43,030	20,245	22,790
In bottom decile	9,640	4,635	5,000
In second decile	9,075	4,105	4,970
In third decile	8,080	3,770	4,315
In fourth decile	7,875	3,715	4,165
In fifth decile	8,360	4,025	4,335
In top half of the distribution	78,440	38,860	39,585
In sixth decile	9,035	4,335	4,705
In seventh decile	10,070	4,860	5,210
In eighth decile	11,685	5,775	5,910
In ninth decile	15,595	7,685	7,910
In top decile	32,050	16,200	15,845
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	121,475	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.422	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.495	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.367	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	5.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	122,010	59,235	62,780
English only	109,615	53,815	55,805
French only	65	25	40
English and French	10,425	4,650	5,780
Neither English nor French	1,910	750	1,160
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	122,010	59,235	62,780
English	117,685	57,345	60,335
French	1,730	805	925
English and French	745	360	380
Neither English nor French	1,855	725	1,130
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	122,010	59,235	62,780
Single responses	117,020	56,935	60,085
Official languages	86,555	42,835	43,720
English	84,885	42,050	42,840
French	1,665	785	880
Non-official languages	30,465	14,100	16,365
Indigenous languages³⁹	70	25	45
Algonquian languages	50	15	35
Blackfoot	15	5	10
Cree-Innu languages	30	10	20
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	30	10	20
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	0	5
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	20	10	15
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	0	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	5	5	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	10	5	5
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	10	5	5
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	30,395	14,080	16,320
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,870	1,415	1,450
Berber languages	25	10	15
Kabyle	20	15	5
Tamazight	5	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	165	70	95
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	70	30	40
Somali	95	40	55
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	2,680	1,335	1,345
Amharic	145	60	85
Arabic	2,280	1,165	1,115
Aramaic languages	25	5	20
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	20	15	5
Maltese	5	0	5
Tigrigna	200	85	115
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	585	240	340
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	5	15
Vietnamese	555	230	320
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,605	1,040	1,565
Bikol	5	0	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	15	25
Cebuano	105	50	55
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	100	45	55
Ilocano	190	80	115
Indonesian	85	35	50
Kankanaey	5	5	5
Kinaray-a	10	5	5
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	60	25	35
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	25	10	15
Pangasinan	10	5	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,930	760	1,170
Waray-Waray	5	0	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20
Creole languages	50	20	30
Haitian Creole	5	0	5
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	5
Krio	0	0	5
Morisyen	10	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	10	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Dravidian languages	260	125	140
Kannada	20	10	15
Malayalam	90	45	45
Tamil	110	55	60
Telugu	35	20	15
Tulu	5	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	15	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	13,785	6,445	7,340
Albanian	320	175	155
Armenian	35	20	15
Balto-Slavic languages	3,125	1,370	1,750
Baltic languages	40	20	20
Latvian	25	10	15
Lithuanian	20	5	10
Slavic languages	3,080	1,355	1,730
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	130	65	70
Czech	110	40	70
Macedonian	10	0	5
Polish	775	355	420
Russian	970	410	560
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	670	310	360
Bosnian	100	50	55
Croatian	280	125	155
Serbian	275	130	145
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Slovak	90	35	50
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	10	20
Ukrainian	305	140	170
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	15	5	10
Irish	5	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	0	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,660	755	900
Frisian	5	5	0
High German languages	835	365	470
German	810	350	455
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	25	20	10
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	680	325	360
Afrikaans	150	70	75
Dutch	510	240	265
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	10	5	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	5	5
Scandinavian languages	130	60	70
Danish	75	40	35
Icelandic	5	0	0
Norwegian	25	10	15
Swedish	30	10	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Greek	490	215	270
Indo-Iranian languages	4,365	2,145	2,220
Indo-Aryan languages	2,515	1,255	1,265
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	210	100	105
Gujarati	245	115	125
Hindi	410	210	200
Kacchi	50	25	25
Kashmiri	5	5	0
Konkani	10	5	5
Marathi	45	20	25
Nepali	105	55	50
Oriya languages	5	5	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	585	290	300
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	40	20	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	20	15
Urdu	770	385	385
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Iranian languages	1,845	895	950
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	195	80	115
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	45	20	30
Persian languages	1,595	790	805
Dari	130	60	70
Iranian Persian	1,325	655	660
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	145	70	80
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,775	1,755	2,015
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	395	195	205
Portuguese	355	155	200
Romanian	395	195	200
Spanish	2,620	1,210	1,415
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Japanese	245	90	155
Korean	2,360	1,105	1,255
Mongolian	110	50	55
Niger-Congo languages	400	200	205
Akan (Twi)	20	10	10
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	5
Éwé	5	5	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	5
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	70	35	35
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	10	5	5
Ndebele	5	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	5
Shona	15	5	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5
Swahili	45	20	25
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	10	0	5
Yoruba	135	70	60
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	70	40	35
Nilo-Saharan languages	30	10	25
Dinka	10	0	10
Nuer	15	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	15	10	10
American Sign Language	15	10	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,385	3,005	3,380
Chinese languages	6,030	2,835	3,190
Hakka	20	10	10
Mandarin	3,610	1,700	1,915
Min Dong	5	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	110	55	55
Wu (Shanghainese)	25	15	10
Yue (Cantonese)	2,190	1,020	1,175
Chinese, n.o.s.	50	25	25
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	350	165	180
Burmese	10	5	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	320	155	165
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Tai-Kadai languages	55	15	45
Lao	10	0	10
Thai	45	15	35
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	335	170	160
Azerbaijani	60	30	30
Kazakh	10	0	5
Turkish	220	115	105
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	45	20	20
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Uralic languages	295	125	165
Estonian	10	5	5
Finnish	35	10	25
Hungarian	250	110	135
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	4,990	2,300	2,690
English and French	590	265	325
English and non-official language(s)	3,825	1,785	2,045
French and non-official language(s)	105	50	55
English, French and non-official language(s)	110	55	55
Multiple non-official languages	355	145	210
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	122,010	59,235	62,780
English	88,250	43,430	44,820
French	415	190	225
Non-official language	8,295	3,890	4,405
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	8,295	3,890	4,405
English and French	1,340	600	745
English and non-official language(s)	22,285	10,520	11,765
French and non-official language(s)	40	10	30
English, French and non-official language(s)	825	345	485
Multiple non-official languages	560	255	300
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	122,010	59,235	62,780
Single responses	117,190	56,970	60,215
Official languages	100,185	48,900	51,280
English	99,560	48,610	50,950
French	625	295	335
Non-official languages	17,005	8,070	8,935
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	5
Algonquian languages	5	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	17,000	8,070	8,930
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,625	800	830
Berber languages	10	5	5
Kabyle	10	5	5
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	70	35	35
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	45	20	20
Somali	30	10	15
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,545	760	785
Amharic	70	30	40
Arabic	1,310	655	655
Aramaic languages	20	5	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	5	5	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	145	70	75
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	265	120	150
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	5
Vietnamese	255	115	145
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	5
Austronesian languages	1,580	685	895
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	15	20
Cebuano	55	25	25
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	45	25	25
Ilocano	120	50	65
Indonesian	35	15	20
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	20	10	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,235	525	705
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Creole languages	20	15	10
Haitian Creole	5	5	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	10	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	125	60	65
Kannada	10	5	5
Malayalam	45	25	25
Tamil	55	25	30
Telugu	10	0	5
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	5	5	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	6,670	3,170	3,505
Albanian	160	90	70
Armenian	10	5	5
Balto-Slavic languages	1,385	655	725
Baltic languages	15	10	10
Latvian	15	5	5
Lithuanian	5	5	5
Slavic languages	1,365	650	715
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	55	25	30
Czech	35	10	20
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	320	155	165
Russian	575	275	300
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	255	125	135
Bosnian	40	20	20
Croatian	105	45	60
Serbian	110	55	55
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Slovak	25	15	15
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	5	0
Ukrainian	85	40	45
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	0	5
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	215	100	115
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	80	35	45
German	75	35	45
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	120	55	65
Afrikaans	90	40	50
Dutch	30	15	20
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	5
Danish	10	5	5
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	5	0	5
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	185	80	105
Indo-Iranian languages	2,720	1,310	1,410
Indo-Aryan languages	1,400	675	730
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	100	45	55
Gujarati	110	55	55
Hindi	255	125	125
Kacchi	20	5	10
Kashmiri	5	0	0
Konkani	5	5	5
Marathi	20	10	10
Nepali	65	30	35
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	295	145	155
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	25	15	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	10	5
Urdu	485	235	250
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	1,320	635	685
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	165	70	95
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	30	15	15
Persian languages	1,120	550	575
Dari	60	25	35
Iranian Persian	965	480	490
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	100	45	55
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,995	930	1,055
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	65	25	35
Portuguese	190	85	105
Romanian	165	75	85
Spanish	1,570	745	825
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	125	60	70
Korean	1,915	915	995
Mongolian	70	35	40
Niger-Congo languages	105	45	60
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	15	5	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	5	0	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	20	10	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	10	0	5
Yoruba	30	10	15
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	25	10	10
Dinka	5	5	0
Nuer	15	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	40	25	15
American Sign Language	25	15	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,120	1,980	2,140
Chinese languages	3,870	1,860	2,015
Hakka	5	0	0
Mandarin	2,660	1,280	1,380
Min Dong	5	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	45	15	25
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	10	5
Yue (Cantonese)	1,135	540	590
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	15	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	245	120	130
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	235	115	120
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	15	5	15
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	20	5	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	190	95	90
Azerbaijani	35	10	20
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	150	80	65
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	5	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	80	40	35
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	10	10	5
Hungarian	70	35	35
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	4,820	2,260	2,560
English and French	260	125	130
English and non-official language(s)	4,395	2,065	2,330
French and non-official language(s)	20	5	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	60	25	35
Multiple non-official languages	90	40	50
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	122,010	59,235	62,775
None	101,025	49,430	51,590
English	7,405	3,580	3,825
French	1,060	440	625
Non-official language	10,080	4,670	5,410
Indigenous³⁹	55	25	30
Non-Indigenous	10,020	4,645	5,380
English and French	160	75	85
English and non-official language(s)	845	400	445
French and non-official language(s)	420	170	250
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	10	10
Multiple non-official languages	995	460	530
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	121,320	58,995	62,330
Official languages	119,405	58,175	61,225
English	119,370	58,160	61,210
French	10,350	4,675	5,670
Non-official languages	42,110	19,795	22,310
Indigenous languages³⁹	95	40	55
Algonquian languages	75	30	45
Blackfoot	35	10	25
Cree-Innu languages	25	10	15
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	25	10	15
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	0	10
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	10	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	15	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	42,010	19,755	22,255
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,520	2,250	2,275
Berber languages	40	25	15
Kabyle	35	15	10
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	55	40	20
Hausa	50	30	20
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	10	0	10
Cushitic languages	195	125	65
Bilen	20	20	0
Oromo	95	65	30
Somali	95	50	40
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	4,290	2,105	2,190
Amharic	380	165	215
Arabic	3,620	1,785	1,840
Aramaic languages	20	10	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	125	60	65
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	370	175	200
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	825	300	525
Khmer (Cambodian)	40	20	15
Vietnamese	785	275	510
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,810	1,610	2,200
Bikol	15	0	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	10	15
Cebuano	240	120	120
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	115	50	65
Ilocano	475	205	270
Indonesian	185	80	105
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	15	10	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	10	0
Malay	180	85	95
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	65	20	45
Pangasinan	15	0	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,350	1,400	1,940
Waray-Waray	15	0	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	50	15	35
Creole languages	125	60	65
Haitian Creole	35	20	10
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	25	10	15
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	40	15	20
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	15	20
Dravidian languages	475	250	230
Kannada	85	40	45
Malayalam	155	75	80
Tamil	280	135	145
Telugu	75	45	30
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	30	15	15
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	20,785	9,840	10,950
Albanian	445	220	225
Armenian	80	60	20
Balto-Slavic languages	4,120	1,885	2,235
Baltic languages	15	10	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	15	10	0
Slavic languages	4,105	1,875	2,235
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	165	70	95
Czech	195	85	105
Macedonian	20	10	10
Polish	1,000	470	535
Russian	1,635	745	885
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	915	430	495
Bosnian	180	100	80
Croatian	535	235	300
Serbian	405	205	200
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Slovak	90	30	70
Slovene (Slovenian)	50	20	35
Ukrainian	385	155	230
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	55	20	35
Irish	20	10	10
Scottish Gaelic	15	0	10
Welsh	15	0	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,760	1,300	1,465
Frisian	20	0	10
High German languages	1,670	775	895
German	1,630	755	875
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	65	30	35
Yiddish	10	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	925	480	445
Afrikaans	235	130	100
Dutch	655	340	320
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	25	0	20
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	0	10
Scandinavian languages	285	125	165
Danish	165	85	80
Icelandic	10	0	10
Norwegian	45	15	25
Swedish	80	30	50
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	650	295	360
Indo-Iranian languages	6,230	3,070	3,160
Indo-Aryan languages	4,060	1,980	2,080
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	260	115	145
Gujarati	545	275	275
Hindi	1,875	880	1,000
Kacchi	105	45	60
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	25	15	10
Marathi	95	40	55
Nepali	205	95	110
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,045	515	525
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	75	50	25
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	75	35	40
Urdu	1,220	630	590
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	35	20	10
Iranian languages	2,220	1,120	1,100
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	210	90	115
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	50	30	20
Persian languages	1,985	1,015	975
Dari	205	100	105
Iranian Persian	1,635	825	800
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	155	85	65
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,240	3,405	3,835
Catalan	10	0	0
Italian	955	480	475
Portuguese	665	285	375
Romanian	495	260	240
Spanish	5,505	2,555	2,955
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Japanese	500	215	280
Korean	2,760	1,320	1,440
Mongolian	180	80	100
Niger-Congo languages	1,140	555	585
Akan (Twi)	40	20	20
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	30	10	25
Éwé	15	0	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	255	130	130
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	25	10	10
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	10	10
Shona	35	10	25
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	0	0
Swahili	140	70	70
Wojenaka	10	10	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	500	250	250
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	155	80	75
Nilo-Saharan languages	80	35	50
Dinka	30	15	15
Nuer	15	10	10
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	130	60	70
American Sign Language	95	40	55
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	50	30	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,750	3,730	4,020
Chinese languages	7,365	3,540	3,820
Hakka	40	25	15
Mandarin	5,115	2,485	2,625
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	135	65	70
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	10	10
Yue (Cantonese)	2,855	1,295	1,555
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	10	20
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	390	195	200
Burmese	20	0	20
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	335	175	160
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	55	15	40
Tai-Kadai languages	70	30	40
Lao	10	0	0
Thai	60	20	35
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	585	305	280
Azerbaijani	130	60	70
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	400	245	155
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	75	30	40
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Uralic languages	395	170	230
Estonian	10	0	10
Finnish	75	40	35
Hungarian	315	130	185
Other languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	121,320	58,995	62,330
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	3,430	1,380	2,045
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	3,320	1,310	2,005
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,465	565	895
Métis	1,815	720	1,100
Inuk (Inuit)	40	25	15
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	65	35	30
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	50	40	15
Non-Indigenous identity	117,890	57,615	60,280
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	121,320	58,995	62,330
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,170	485	685
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	120,155	58,510	61,640
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	47,495	...	...
Owner	35,245	...	...
Renter	12,250	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	47,495	...	...
Condominium	12,035	...	...
Not condominium	35,460	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	47,495	...	...
No bedrooms	155	...	...
1 bedroom	4,200	...	...
2 bedrooms	11,090	...	...
3 bedrooms	15,370	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	16,680	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	47,495	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	11,680	...	...
5 rooms	6,935	...	...
6 rooms	6,540	...	...
7 rooms	5,520	...	...
8 or more rooms	16,820	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	47,495	...	...
One person or fewer per room	46,565	...	...
More than one person per room	930	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	47,495	...	...
Suitable	45,825	...	...
Not suitable	1,670	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	47,495	...	...
1960 or before	6,075	...	...
1961 to 1980	8,845	...	...
1981 to 1990	5,245	...	...
1991 to 2000	8,365	...	...
2001 to 2005	7,645	...	...
2006 to 2010	5,060	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,810	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,450	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	47,495	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	45,530	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,960	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	47,495	...	...
One-maintainer household	23,090	...	...
Two-maintainer household	22,455	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,945	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	47,495	...	...
15 to 24 years	895	...	...
25 to 34 years	5,515	...	...
35 to 44 years	9,310	...	...
45 to 54 years	10,825	...	...
55 to 64 years	10,000	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,695	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,090	...	...
85 years and over	1,170	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	47,230	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	36,825	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	10,405	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,120	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	47,490	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	13,045	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,515	...	...
Not suitable only	1,240	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,310	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	330	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	550	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	90	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	10	...	...
Acceptable housing	34,450	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	45,950	...	...
In core need	4,580	...	...
Not in core need	41,370	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	35,245	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	59.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,680	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,916	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	600,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	641,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	12,250	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	36.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	23.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,350	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,458	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	121,325	58,995	62,325
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,095	450	640
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,075	445	630
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	780	300	485
Métis single ancestry	275	135	145
Inuit single ancestry	15	10	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	15	0	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	15	0	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	3,095	1,325	1,770
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	3,010	1,295	1,720
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,655	720	930
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,325	545	780
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40	30	10
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	80	35	50
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	65	20	45
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	117,130	57,215	59,920
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	121,325	58,995	62,325
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	109,765	53,640	56,120
Canadian citizens aged under 18	25,250	12,790	12,465
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	84,510	40,850	43,660
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	11,560	5,355	6,205
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	121,325	58,995	62,325
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	83,950	41,305	42,645
Immigrants⁸¹	35,415	16,735	18,680
Before 1980	5,470	2,600	2,875
1980 to 1990	3,435	1,615	1,815
1991 to 2000	5,375	2,670	2,705
2001 to 2010	9,545	4,545	5,000
2011 to 2021⁸²	11,585	5,305	6,280
2011 to 2015	5,665	2,635	3,030
2016 to 2021	5,920	2,675	3,250
Non-permanent residents⁸³	1,965	955	1,010
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	35,410	16,735	18,680
Under 5 years	3,575	1,885	1,690
5 to 14 years	6,380	3,340	3,045
15 to 24 years	5,225	2,170	3,055
25 to 44 years	17,010	7,860	9,150
45 years and over	3,225	1,485	1,740
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	35,410	16,735	18,680
Americas	4,150	1,860	2,290
Brazil	205	80	120
Colombia	505	235	275
El Salvador	115	45	70
Guyana	105	50	60
Haiti	35	25	10
Jamaica	125	55	65
Mexico	310	165	145
Peru	100	40	60
Trinidad and Tobago	125	45	80
United States of America	1,310	615	700
Other places of birth in Americas	1,205	520	690
Europe	8,110	3,950	4,160
Bosnia and Herzegovina	325	170	160
Croatia	190	75	110
France	155	70	85
Germany	545	245	300
Greece	270	140	125
Hungary	135	65	70
Italy	300	160	140
Netherlands	530	275	255
Poland	650	310	345
Portugal	105	40	70
Romania	400	195	210
Russian Federation	625	265	360
Serbia⁸⁶	95	35	55
Ukraine	255	95	165
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,200	1,205	990
Other places of birth in Europe	1,335	605	730
Africa	3,980	1,950	2,035
Algeria	70	30	40
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	30	20	15
Egypt	570	315	260
Eritrea	230	100	130
Ethiopia	315	145	165
Morocco	80	35	45
Nigeria	1,135	560	580
Somalia	55	35	25
South Africa, Republic of	425	235	190
Other places of birth in Africa	1,070	475	590
Asia	18,840	8,825	10,015
Afghanistan	155	75	80
Iran⁸⁸	1,385	715	665
Iraq	380	165	210
Lebanon	465	245	225
Syria⁸⁹	560	300	255
Turkey	120	65	60
China⁹⁰	3,615	1,745	1,875
Hong Kong⁹¹	990	480	510
Korea, South⁹²	2,085	985	1,105
Taiwan	140	65	70
Philippines	3,310	1,395	1,915
Viet Nam	650	250	400
Bangladesh	130	70	65
India	1,975	895	1,075
Pakistan	800	415	385
Sri Lanka	120	65	60
Other places of birth in Asia	1,950	895	1,055
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	330	155	180
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,925	2,675	3,245
Americas	510	200	310
Brazil	40	15	25
Colombia	30	15	20
Haiti	10	0	0
Jamaica	0	0	0
Mexico	50	25	30
United States of America	200	80	115
Venezuela⁹⁵	100	25	75
Other places of birth in Americas	75	35	35
Europe	560	270	285
France	25	10	15
Germany	50	15	35
Ireland⁹⁶	20	10	0
Italy	0	0	0
Russian Federation	75	30	50
Ukraine	35	10	30
United Kingdom⁸⁷	135	95	40
Other places of birth in Europe	205	95	105
Africa	1,100	505	600
Algeria	15	0	10
Burundi	10	0	10
Cameroon	10	0	10
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	10	10	0
Egypt	170	90	85
Eritrea	70	35	35
Ethiopia	55	25	30
Morocco	15	0	10
Nigeria	450	205	250
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	105	55	45
Sudan⁹⁷	45	25	20
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	135	50	85
Asia	3,710	1,675	2,035
Afghanistan	15	0	15
Bangladesh	15	0	10
China⁹⁰	785	385	395
Hong Kong⁹¹	40	10	30
India	360	165	195
Iran⁸⁸	135	70	65
Iraq	145	45	100
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	15	0	15
Jordan	25	10	25
Korea, South⁹²	385	140	250
Lebanon	25	15	0
Nepal	20	0	15
Pakistan	60	35	30
Philippines	950	415	535
Saudi Arabia	35	30	10
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	335	175	160
Turkey	20	10	10
United Arab Emirates	35	25	15
Viet Nam	30	15	20
Other places of birth in Asia	265	120	145
Oceania and other⁹³	40	20	20
Australia	35	20	15
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	121,320	58,995	62,330
First generation¹⁰⁰	39,005	18,530	20,475
Second generation¹⁰¹	25,995	12,675	13,320
Third generation or more¹⁰²	56,325	27,785	28,530
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	29,935	14,135	15,800
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	19,610	9,790	9,820
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	7,850	4,805	3,045
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	11,755	4,985	6,775
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	6,155	2,330	3,820
Refugees¹⁰⁸	3,860	1,875	1,985
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	315	135	180
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	29,935	14,135	15,800
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	845	445	400
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,980	1,670	2,310
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,170	550	620
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,945	885	1,065
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	115	50	70
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	21,885	10,540	11,340
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	121,320	58,995	62,330
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	39,400	18,920	20,475
South Asian	6,165	3,055	3,105
Chinese	9,230	4,460	4,765
Black	4,540	2,250	2,290
Filipino	4,285	1,940	2,345
Arab	3,385	1,710	1,680
Latin American	2,585	1,165	1,415
Southeast Asian	1,340	550	785
West Asian	2,115	1,050	1,065
Korean	2,895	1,355	1,540
Japanese	715	365	350
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	805	385	420
Multiple visible minorities	1,350	635	715
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	81,925	40,075	41,850
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	121,320	58,990	62,330
Canadian	12,485	6,470	6,015
English	21,755	10,625	11,135
Irish	16,135	7,655	8,475
Scottish	19,225	9,250	9,980
French, n.o.s.¹²²	8,430	4,095	4,335
German	15,555	7,550	8,000
Chinese	9,225	4,450	4,780
Italian	4,030	1,885	2,150
Indian (India)	3,640	1,820	1,820
Ukrainian	8,130	3,930	4,205
Dutch	4,835	2,335	2,505
Polish	4,805	2,215	2,595
Québécois	190	90	95
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	4,825	2,410	2,420
Filipino	4,270	1,950	2,320
French Canadian	965	490	480
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,820	915	910
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,135	455	680
Métis	1,695	715	980
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,695	1,315	1,380
Russian	3,150	1,425	1,720
Norwegian	3,460	1,615	1,845
Welsh	2,325	1,090	1,235
Portuguese	630	245	390
American	2,000	910	1,090
Spanish	1,570	640	930
Swedish	2,250	1,125	1,125
Hungarian	1,870	890	980
Acadian	260	110	145
Pakistani	1,035	525	510
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	995	490	505
Jewish	575	310	265
Punjabi	440	215	225
Vietnamese	1,025	410	620
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,125	565	565
Greek	1,265	640	625
Jamaican	365	185	185
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,175	565	605
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	405	150	255
Korean	2,825	1,325	1,505
Romanian	1,125	530	595
Lebanese	1,365	690	680
Iranian	1,465	735	730
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	405	175	230
Danish	1,760	850	910
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	390	185	205
Sikh	170	80	85
Austrian	1,415	655	760
Belgian	580	300	285
Haitian	55	30	20
Hindu	425	195	230
Mexican	415	210	200
Mennonite	410	175	235
Swiss	515	225	290
Finnish	570	295	275
Sri Lankan	140	65	75
Croatian	800	390	410
Japanese	875	455	420
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	315	150	165
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	95	40	55
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	710	350	365
Muslim	340	180	160
Egyptian	720	375	345
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	510	225	280
Tamil	55	25	30
Icelandic	695	360	335
Colombian	570	285	285
Moroccan	75	30	45
Czech	685	320	370
Syrian	680	360	325
Guyanese	155	70	85
Afghan	235	120	115
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	140	85	55
Serbian	400	210	190
Ojibway	95	60	35
Newfoundlander	120	55	65
Hong Konger	350	180	165
Ontarian	60	15	45
Persian	435	220	220
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	115	80	40
Turkish	335	200	135
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	70	60	10
Bangladeshi	130	55	75
Algerian	60	20	40
Brazilian	250	125	120
Nigerian	845	405	435
Armenian	130	90	40
Slovak	385	160	220
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	285	145	140
Somali	125	85	45
Taiwanese	115	70	45
Iraqi	270	100	165
Salvadorean	95	45	55
African Caribbean	75	40	35
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	120	50	75
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	180	90	85
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	80	35	40
Algonquin	35	10	25
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	85	30	55
Lithuanian	205	105	105
South African	305	160	145
Australian	380	190	190
Palestinian	295	140	155
Chilean	155	85	70
Congolese	80	40	40
Nova Scotian	60	20	35
Ethiopian	295	145	145
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	365	170	195
Peruvian	145	65	80
Yoruba	535	275	260
Cambodian (Khmer)	60	35	25
Berber	75	40	40
Albanian	405	215	185
Maltese	55	35	20
Macedonian	15	0	10
Slovenian	215	85	125
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	190	75	115
New Brunswicker	25	0	25
Gujarati	115	75	40
Eritrean	280	140	130
African Canadian	100	40	60
Israeli	50	30	20
Mohawk	30	10	25
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	150	70	80
Bulgarian	180	90	85
Albertan	435	190	240
Ghanaian	85	45	40
Barbadian	45	25	15
African American	85	40	45
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	90	50	40
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	110	55	55
Cuban	60	30	30
Bosnian	305	145	160
Venezuelan	525	235	295
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	70	30	40
Bengali	90	25	60
Cameroonian	40	15	20
Guatemalan	75	30	50
Indonesian	160	70	85
Laotian	45	30	10
Ilocano	160	80	85
Northern Irish	105	65	40
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	80	30	50
British Columbian	30	20	15
Ecuadorian	30	15	10
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0
Argentinian	95	50	40
Estonian	100	55	40
Kurdish	60	20	40
Fijian	25	10	20
Jatt	45	25	20
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	40	20	20
Coptic	95	55	45
Thai	75	10	65
Dominican	50	30	15
Nepali	185	90	95
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	305	140	165
Byelorussian	35	20	20
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	15	10	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	150	60	95
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	25	10	20
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0
New Zealander	110	45	65
Sudanese	110	55	50
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	20	0	15
Malaysian	120	50	75
Plains Cree	25	10	15
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	40	20	15
Huron (Wendat)	30	10	15
Saskatchewanian	145	45	100
Buddhist	30	10	20
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	20	15	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	55	25	25
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	35	10	20
Tigrinya	80	40	40
Nicaraguan	45	25	20
Mauritian	50	25	20
Kenyan	45	20	25
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	10	0	0
Jordanian	25	10	15
Manitoban	25	10	10
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	30	20	10
Grenadian	60	15	45
Malayali	0	0	0
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	45	25	25
Mayan	30	20	10
Honduran	10	0	10
Cherokee	40	25	20
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	10	10	0
Flemish	40	35	10
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	135	70	60
Sicilian	0	0	0
Pashtun	15	10	0
Malay	120	65	55
Goan	30	15	15
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	370	190	175
Zimbabwean	0	0	0
Burmese	25	10	20
Mongolian	195	90	105
Azorean	20	10	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	10	10	0
Ugandan	25	10	15
Oromo	100	65	30
Tanzanian	15	15	0
Yemeni	50	25	25
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	80	45	40
Basque	0	0	0
Uruguayan	0	0	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	30	20	10
Igorot	65	20	45
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	10	0	10
Prince Edward Islander	20	15	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	15	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Roma	20	15	10
Costa Rican	10	10	0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	15	0	15
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	45	20	25
Tajik	25	15	15
Amhara	40	25	20
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	121,320	58,995	62,330
Buddhist	1,590	655	940
Christian	56,815	26,335	30,480
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	12,165	5,770	6,395
Anabaptist	160	75	85
Anglican	3,010	1,330	1,685
Baptist	790	310	475
Catholic	25,080	11,735	13,340
Christian Orthodox	2,885	1,335	1,550
Jehovah's Witness	320	140	180
Latter Day Saints	685	310	380
Lutheran	1,505	690	820
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	240	110	130
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,040	485	560
Presbyterian	995	470	525
Reformed	460	210	245
United Church	4,440	1,940	2,505
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,035	1,425	1,615
Hindu	1,950	965	985
Jewish	555	250	300
Muslim	7,455	3,750	3,705
Sikh	845	395	450
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	165	60	105
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,175	505	665
No religion and secular perspectives	50,780	26,075	24,705
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	120,200	58,410	61,795
Non-movers	105,240	51,135	54,100
Movers	14,965	7,270	7,695
Non-migrants	11,705	5,650	6,055
Migrants	3,260	1,620	1,645
Internal migrants	1,975	995	980
Intraprovincial migrants	875	455	415
Interprovincial migrants	1,100	535	565
External migrants	1,285	630	660
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	115,160	55,850	59,315
Non-movers	71,040	34,470	36,570
Movers	44,125	21,380	22,745
Non-migrants	29,515	14,530	14,980
Migrants	14,610	6,845	7,765
Internal migrants	8,650	4,025	4,630
Intraprovincial migrants	4,485	2,110	2,375
Interprovincial migrants	4,165	1,910	2,250
External migrants	5,960	2,820	3,140
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	98,920	47,660	51,260
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	11,430	5,875	5,550
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	87,490	41,780	45,705
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	66,990	32,160	34,835
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,655	2,000	1,660
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	63,335	30,160	33,175
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	98,915	47,660	51,255
No certificate, diploma or degree	10,415	5,330	5,085
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	22,150	10,725	11,420
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	66,355	31,600	34,755
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	22,850	10,450	12,400
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,575	3,220	1,355
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,765	1,000	770
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,810	2,220	590
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	14,925	5,895	9,030
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,350	1,335	2,015
Bachelor's degree or higher	43,505	21,150	22,355
Bachelor's degree	29,065	14,000	15,065
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,345	1,020	1,325
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,300	640	665
Master's degree	9,305	4,560	4,750
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,485	930	555
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	66,995	32,160	34,830
No certificate, diploma or degree	3,025	1,680	1,350
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	10,915	5,615	5,300
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	53,050	24,870	28,185
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	16,700	7,710	8,985
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,245	2,225	1,015
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,280	710	575
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,965	1,520	445
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,945	4,465	6,480
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,510	1,020	1,485
Bachelor's degree or higher	36,355	17,155	19,200
Bachelor's degree	24,175	11,340	12,835
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,825	745	1,085
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,095	525	570
Master's degree	8,100	3,895	4,205
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,160	665	495
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	98,915	47,660	51,255
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	32,565	16,060	16,500
Education	4,395	890	3,500
13. Education	4,395	890	3,500
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,925	715	1,210
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	130	90	45
50. Visual and performing arts	1,795	630	1,165
Humanities	3,035	965	2,070
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	410	55	355
23. English language and literature/letters	660	130	530
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	875	265	610
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	40	15	30
38. Philosophy and religious studies	200	100	100
39. Theology and religious vocations	330	185	150
54. History	430	205	225
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	85	15	75
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,980	2,880	5,100
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	90	10	75
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,085	385	700
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	755	95	660
22. Legal professions and studies	1,560	630	930
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	140	45	95
42. Psychology	1,320	255	1,070
45. Social sciences	3,040	1,465	1,570
Business, management and public administration	16,355	7,500	8,855
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	865	165	695
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	15,480	7,330	8,150
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,210	2,155	2,050
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,285	505	780
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	855	355	500
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	70	25	45
40. Physical sciences	1,840	1,220	615
41. Science technologies/technicians	160	50	115
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,875	1,935	940
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,360	1,675	680
25. Library science	100	15	85
27. Mathematics and statistics	360	200	155
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	65	40	25
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	13,440	11,040	2,400
04. Architecture and related services	615	355	260
14. Engineering	7,425	5,845	1,580
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,410	1,980	430
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,530	1,460	65
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	945	905	40
48. Precision production	510	485	25
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,070	470	595
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	570	250	320
03. Natural resources and conservation	495	220	275
Health and related fields	9,050	2,145	6,910
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	835	405	430
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,720	1,485	6,240
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	10	15
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	470	250	220
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,000	900	1,100
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,390	420	960
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	20	10	10
43. Security and protective services	340	245	100
49. Transportation and materials moving	250	220	35
Other¹⁷⁹	25	0	20
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	66,990	32,160	34,830
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	13,940	7,290	6,650
Education	3,080	545	2,535
13. Education	3,080	545	2,535
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,605	575	1,030
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	105	70	35
50. Visual and performing arts	1,495	505	990
Humanities	2,410	725	1,685
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	310	40	280
23. English language and literature/letters	540	100	440
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	705	210	500
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	15	30
38. Philosophy and religious studies	160	80	80
39. Theology and religious vocations	240	135	110
54. History	345	155	190
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	60	10	55
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,635	2,300	4,335
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	75	10	60
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	980	335	640
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	560	60	500
22. Legal professions and studies	1,275	470	805
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	90	30	55
42. Psychology	1,070	180	895
45. Social sciences	2,590	1,210	1,380
Business, management and public administration	13,520	6,180	7,340
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	655	125	540
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	12,855	6,060	6,795
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,265	1,590	1,675
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,040	390	650
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	670	260	410
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	55	25	35
40. Physical sciences	1,405	890	520
41. Science technologies/technicians	100	30	70
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,445	1,645	795
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,100	1,490	610
25. Library science	60	15	50
27. Mathematics and statistics	230	115	115
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	55	30	20
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,640	8,470	2,170
04. Architecture and related services	510	265	245
14. Engineering	6,200	4,750	1,450
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,845	1,490	360
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,085	1,030	55
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	650	610	40
48. Precision production	350	325	25
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	860	360	495
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	410	165	240
03. Natural resources and conservation	450	195	255
Health and related fields	7,015	1,755	5,255
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	695	350	345
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,920	1,200	4,720
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	25	10	15
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	380	205	175
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,565	715	855
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,065	320	745
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	285	215	75
49. Transportation and materials moving	210	175	35
Other¹⁷⁹	20	0	15
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	66,990	32,160	34,830
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	13,940	7,290	6,650
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	53,055	24,870	28,185
Location of study inside Canada	39,225	18,355	20,870
Same as province or territory of residence	27,345	12,615	14,735
Different than province or territory of residence	11,880	5,740	6,135
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	13,825	6,510	7,315
Americas	2,920	1,525	1,395
United States of America	1,955	1,125	835
Mexico	145	60	85
Cuba	15	0	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	0	0	0
Brazil	140	50	90
Colombia	210	95	115
Peru	35	0	30
Venezuela⁹⁵	295	135	160
Other locations of study in Americas	130	45	85
Europe	2,945	1,500	1,450
Belgium	30	20	15
France	135	65	70
Germany	85	30	55
Netherlands	80	45	35
Switzerland	35	20	15
Hungary	25	20	10
Moldova¹⁸³	15	10	0
Poland	120	40	75
Romania	200	100	100
Russian Federation	320	145	170
Ukraine	115	40	70
Ireland⁹⁶	75	50	25
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,135	605	530
Bosnia and Herzegovina	50	35	15
Italy	30	15	15
Serbia⁸⁶	35	15	20
Other locations of study in Europe	460	245	215
Africa	1,125	560	565
Nigeria	340	170	165
Algeria	30	15	15
Morocco	35	15	20
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	270	130	140
South Africa, Republic of	220	115	100
Other locations of study in Africa	220	100	120
Asia	6,505	2,745	3,755
Iran⁸⁸	615	300	315
Iraq	70	30	40
Israel	10	0	10
Lebanon	70	40	35
Syria⁸⁹	150	75	70
Turkey	40	25	15
China⁹⁰	1,295	595	700
Taiwan	35	10	25
Hong Kong⁹¹	95	50	50
Japan	125	50	75
Korea, South⁹²	910	370	530
Philippines	1,515	555	960
Viet Nam	20	0	15
Bangladesh	30	0	25
Sri Lanka	20	10	10
India	775	330	450
Pakistan	285	125	160
Other locations of study in Asia	440	165	275
Oceania	330	180	150
Australia	285	155	125
New Zealand	50	25	25
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	98,915	47,660	51,255
In the labour force	66,255	34,030	32,225
Employed	58,255	29,935	28,315
Unemployed	8,000	4,090	3,910
Not in the labour force	32,670	13,630	19,035
Participation rate	67.0	71.4	62.9
Employment rate	58.9	62.8	55.2
Unemployment rate	12.1	12.0	12.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	98,915	47,660	51,255
Did not work¹⁸⁶	34,635	14,655	19,980
Worked	64,285	33,005	31,275
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	34,105	19,450	14,655
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	30,180	13,560	16,620
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.7	41.5	39.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	66,255	34,030	32,220
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,430	1,165	1,260
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	63,825	32,865	30,960
Employee	51,715	25,720	25,995
Permanent position	42,490	21,670	20,820
Temporary position	9,230	4,045	5,175
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,155	1,315	1,840
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,070	2,735	3,335
Self-employed¹⁹²	12,105	7,140	4,960
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	66,255	34,030	32,220
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,430	1,165	1,260
All occupations¹⁹¹	63,825	32,865	30,960
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,555	1,160	400
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	13,545	5,025	8,520
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	9,355	7,060	2,295
3 Health occupations	5,810	1,380	4,430
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	8,285	2,735	5,550
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,135	835	1,300
6 Sales and service occupations	13,905	6,610	7,300
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	7,145	6,405	745
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,025	835	190
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,050	815	240
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	66,255	34,030	32,220
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,430	1,165	1,260
All industries¹⁹¹	63,825	32,865	30,960
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	175	105	75
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	4,920	3,200	1,720
22 Utilities	1,080	710	375
23 Construction	4,395	3,650	745
31-33 Manufacturing	1,945	1,355	595
41 Wholesale trade	1,720	1,200	525
44-45 Retail trade	6,075	3,100	2,975
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,590	1,770	825
51 Information and cultural industries	1,150	635	510
52 Finance and insurance	2,635	1,365	1,275
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,450	835	610
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	9,465	5,525	3,940
55 Management of companies and enterprises	310	155	155
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,300	1,305	995
61 Educational services	5,255	1,500	3,755
62 Health care and social assistance	8,590	1,940	6,650
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,500	795	710
72 Accommodation and food services	3,315	1,555	1,760
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,480	925	1,560
91 Public administration	2,450	1,250	1,205
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	69,575	35,580	34,000
English	66,520	34,250	32,275
French	130	25	105
Non-official language	350	160	185
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	350	160	185
English and French	700	255	450
English and non-official language(s)	1,790	840	950
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	65	30	35
Multiple non-official languages	20	20	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	69,575	35,580	34,000
Single responses	69,235	35,430	33,810
Official languages	68,475	35,060	33,415
English	68,220	34,990	33,230
French	250	70	180
Non-official languages	760	370	395
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	760	370	395
Afro-Asiatic languages	50	35	15
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	50	35	15
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	45	30	15
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	20	0	15
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	20	0	15
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	170	75	95
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	20	0	15
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	20	0	15
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	10	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	10	10	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	10	0	10
Indo-Iranian languages	15	0	10
Indo-Aryan languages	0	0	0
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	15	0	10
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	15	0	10
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	15	0	10
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	115	55	55
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	10	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	95	50	45
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	15	0	15
Korean	205	95	110
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	280	150	130
Chinese languages	275	150	125
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	185	95	85
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	90	50	40
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	345	150	195
English and French	65	35	30
English and non-official language(s)	270	115	150
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	10
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	69,575	35,580	34,000
None	67,290	34,565	32,725
English	465	210	250
French	530	185	345
Non-official language	1,095	515	575
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,095	515	575
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	40	15	25
French and non-official language(s)	40	25	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	115	65	55
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	58,250	29,935	28,315
Worked at home	21,075	10,700	10,380
Worked outside Canada	285	240	50
No fixed workplace address	6,395	4,475	1,920
Usual place of work	30,500	14,530	15,970
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	30,500	14,530	15,970
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	28,415	13,265	15,150
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	1,195	690	505
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	565	395	170
Commute to a different province or territory	325	180	145
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	36,890	19,000	17,885
Car, truck or van	30,995	16,045	14,950
Car, truck or van - as a driver	29,175	15,440	13,735
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,820	605	1,215
Public transit	3,025	1,445	1,575
Walked	1,130	520	610
Bicycle	440	335	105
Other method	1,300	650	645
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	36,890	19,000	17,885
Less than 15 minutes	7,565	2,990	4,575
15 to 29 minutes	17,515	8,805	8,710
30 to 44 minutes	8,830	5,375	3,455
45 to 59 minutes	1,425	825	595
60 minutes and over	1,560	1,005	550
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	36,890	19,000	17,885
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,685	1,160	525
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,990	3,630	2,365
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	10,275	5,415	4,860
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	7,815	3,680	4,135
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,960	2,635	3,330
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,165	2,490	2,680
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	27,970	14,265	13,705
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,560	1,300	1,260
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	25,410	12,965	12,445
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	21,275	10,865	10,410
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,020	1,035	980
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,195	580	615
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	825	455	370
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	19,260	9,830	9,430

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 24, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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