Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Edmonton StrathconaMore information: Alberta [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	102,188	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	106,066	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	- 3.7	...	...	- 3.7	...	...
Total private dwellings²	54,436	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	48,531	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,251.4	...	...	1,251.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	81.66	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	102,185	51,125	51,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	12,715	6,495	6,220	12.4	12.7	12.2
0 to 4 years	4,365	2,195	2,170	4.3	4.3	4.2
5 to 9 years	4,340	2,225	2,110	4.2	4.4	4.1
10 to 14 years	4,015	2,070	1,945	3.9	4.0	3.8
15 to 64 years	72,515	37,075	35,435	71.0	72.5	69.4
15 to 19 years	4,290	2,225	2,060	4.2	4.4	4.0
20 to 24 years	8,900	4,455	4,445	8.7	8.7	8.7
25 to 29 years	10,520	5,375	5,145	10.3	10.5	10.1
30 to 34 years	10,030	5,345	4,685	9.8	10.5	9.2
35 to 39 years	8,220	4,290	3,925	8.0	8.4	7.7
40 to 44 years	6,615	3,400	3,215	6.5	6.7	6.3
45 to 49 years	5,555	2,815	2,740	5.4	5.5	5.4
50 to 54 years	5,645	2,820	2,820	5.5	5.5	5.5
55 to 59 years	6,315	3,140	3,170	6.2	6.1	6.2
60 to 64 years	6,425	3,200	3,225	6.3	6.3	6.3
65 years and over	16,955	7,555	9,400	16.6	14.8	18.4
65 to 69 years	5,480	2,735	2,745	5.4	5.3	5.4
70 to 74 years	3,995	1,875	2,120	3.9	3.7	4.2
75 to 79 years	2,575	1,100	1,480	2.5	2.2	2.9
80 to 84 years	2,135	865	1,270	2.1	1.7	2.5
85 years and over	2,765	980	1,785	2.7	1.9	3.5
85 to 89 years	1,565	610	960	1.5	1.2	1.9
90 to 94 years	885	295	590	0.9	0.6	1.2
95 to 99 years	265	60	205	0.3	0.1	0.4
100 years and over	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	12.4	12.7	12.2	12.4	12.7	12.2
15 to 64 years	71.0	72.5	69.4	71.0	72.5	69.4
65 years and over	16.6	14.8	18.4	16.6	14.8	18.4
85 years and over	2.7	1.9	3.5	2.7	1.9	3.5
Average age of the population	40.9	39.9	41.9	40.9	39.9	41.9
Median age of the population	37.6	36.8	38.8	37.6	36.8	38.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	48,535	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	21,165	...	...	43.6	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,250	...	...	2.6	...	...
Row house	1,890	...	...	3.9	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	4,475	...	...	9.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	12,695	...	...	26.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	6,210	...	...	12.8	...	...
Other single-attached house	20	...	...	0.0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	830	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	48,530	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	18,930	...	...	39.0	...	...
2 persons	16,765	...	...	34.5	...	...
3 persons	6,205	...	...	12.8	...	...
4 persons	4,610	...	...	9.5	...	...
5 or more persons	2,015	...	...	4.2	...	...
Number of persons in private households	100,445	50,450	49,990	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.1	...	...	2.1	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	89,470	44,630	44,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	43,650	21,865	21,790	48.8	49.0	48.6
Married	32,405	16,240	16,165	36.2	36.4	36.1
Living common-law	11,250	5,625	5,620	12.6	12.6	12.5
Living common law - Never married	9,115	4,575	4,540	10.2	10.3	10.1
Living common law - Separated	270	140	130	0.3	0.3	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	1,730	860	870	1.9	1.9	1.9
Living common law - Widowed	135	55	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	45,820	22,765	23,055	51.2	51.0	51.4
Not married and not living common law - Never married	32,595	18,080	14,515	36.4	40.5	32.4
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,125	945	1,180	2.4	2.1	2.6
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,915	2,870	4,050	7.7	6.4	9.0
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,180	870	3,310	4.7	1.9	7.4
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	25,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	15,025	...	...	59.3	...	...
3 persons	4,930	...	...	19.5	...	...
4 persons	4,020	...	...	15.9	...	...
5 or more persons	1,360	...	...	5.4	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	25,330	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	21,255	...	...	83.9	...	...
Married couples	15,630	...	...	61.7	...	...
With children⁶	7,800	...	...	30.8	...	...
Without children	7,830	...	...	30.9	...	...
Common-law couples	5,625	...	...	22.2	...	...
With children⁶	1,215	...	...	4.8	...	...
Without children	4,415	...	...	17.4	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,080	...	...	16.1	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,040	...	...	12.0	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,035	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	100,445	50,455	49,990	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	68,095	33,695	34,400	67.8	66.8	68.8
Married spouses or common-law partners	42,505	21,225	21,275	42.3	42.1	42.6
Parents in one-parent families	4,080	1,040	3,040	4.1	2.1	6.1
Children⁶	21,505	11,425	10,080	21.4	22.6	20.2
In a two-parent family	15,705	8,295	7,405	15.6	16.4	14.8
In a one-parent family	5,805	3,130	2,675	5.8	6.2	5.4
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	32,350	16,760	15,595	32.2	33.2	31.2
Living alone	18,935	9,205	9,725	18.9	18.2	19.5
Living with other relatives⁷	2,880	1,430	1,455	2.9	2.8	2.9
Living with non-relatives only	10,535	6,125	4,410	10.5	12.1	8.8
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	48,530	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	22,710	...	...	46.8	...	...
Couple-family households	19,465	...	...	40.1	...	...
With children⁶	8,360	...	...	17.2	...	...
Without children	11,105	...	...	22.9	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,245	...	...	6.7	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	525	...	...	1.1	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	165	...	...	0.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,535	...	...	3.2	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	4,665	...	...	9.6	...	...
One-person households	18,935	...	...	39.0	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	87,760	43,980	43,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	84,310	42,150	42,155	96.1	95.8	96.3
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,400	48,800	40,800	44,400	48,800	40,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	84,325	42,155	42,165	96.1	95.9	96.3
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	43,200	37,600	40,000	43,200	37,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	76,820	38,620	38,200	87.5	87.8	87.3
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	46,000	35,200	40,400	46,000	35,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	62,755	32,390	30,365	71.5	73.6	69.4
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,800	47,600	37,200	42,800	47,600	37,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	74,595	36,860	37,730	85.0	83.8	86.2
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,200	5,960	8,500	7,200	5,960	8,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	9,100	4,830	4,270	10.4	11.0	9.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,760	5,760	5,800	5,760	5,760	5,800
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	25,100	12,580	12,520	28.6	28.6	28.6
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	87,895	43,990	43,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	84,450	42,220	42,235	96.1	96.0	96.2
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,750	67,500	54,050	60,750	67,500	54,050
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	84,490	42,235	42,260	96.1	96.0	96.3
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,560	55,050	46,040	50,560	55,050	46,040
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	76,970	38,725	38,245	87.6	88.0	87.1
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,200	65,000	49,280	57,200	65,000	49,280
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	62,830	32,435	30,400	71.5	73.7	69.2
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,050	62,700	48,960	56,050	62,700	48,960
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	74,715	36,940	37,770	85.0	84.0	86.0
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,770	8,980	10,540	9,770	8,980	10,540
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	9,160	4,870	4,290	10.4	11.1	9.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,880	6,600	7,200	6,880	6,600	7,200
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	24,885	12,595	12,290	28.3	28.6	28.0
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,960	8,810	9,120	8,960	8,810	9,120
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	87,895	43,995	43,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	28,745	15,730	13,015	32.7	35.8	29.6
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	74,500	78,000	71,000	74,500	78,000	71,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	86,300	92,800	78,400	86,300	92,800	78,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,975	12,930	14,045	30.7	29.4	32.0
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,000	22,600	17,200	20,000	22,600	17,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,560	37,400	28,080	32,560	37,400	28,080
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	85.8	88.4	82.6	85.8	88.4	82.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	68.6	71.4	65.2	68.6	71.4	65.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	14.2	11.6	17.4	14.2	11.6	17.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	1.1	1.4	1.2	1.1	1.4
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.8	4.3	5.6	4.8	4.3	5.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.4	3.9	4.9	4.4	3.9	4.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	87,760	43,980	43,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,450	1,830	1,625	3.9	4.2	3.7
With total income	84,305	42,150	42,160	96.1	95.8	96.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,530	3,125	3,405	7.7	7.4	8.1
$10,000 to $19,999	7,740	3,360	4,385	9.2	8.0	10.4
$20,000 to $29,999	13,585	6,265	7,320	16.1	14.9	17.4
$30,000 to $39,999	10,315	4,805	5,510	12.2	11.4	13.1
$40,000 to $49,999	8,370	4,025	4,350	9.9	9.5	10.3
$50,000 to $59,999	6,980	3,435	3,540	8.3	8.1	8.4
$60,000 to $69,999	5,970	2,960	3,010	7.1	7.0	7.1
$70,000 to $79,999	4,820	2,520	2,305	5.7	6.0	5.5
$80,000 to $89,999	3,885	2,040	1,845	4.6	4.8	4.4
$90,000 to $99,999	3,620	1,905	1,715	4.3	4.5	4.1
$100,000 and over	12,480	7,700	4,780	14.8	18.3	11.3
$100,000 to $149,999	8,025	4,695	3,330	9.5	11.1	7.9
$150,000 and over	4,455	3,005	1,455	5.3	7.1	3.5
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	87,760	43,980	43,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,435	1,825	1,610	3.9	4.1	3.7
With after-tax income	84,325	42,155	42,170	96.1	95.9	96.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,785	3,225	3,560	8.0	7.7	8.4
$10,000 to $19,999	8,060	3,520	4,540	9.6	8.4	10.8
$20,000 to $29,999	15,160	7,005	8,155	18.0	16.6	19.3
$30,000 to $39,999	12,045	5,730	6,315	14.3	13.6	15.0
$40,000 to $49,999	9,790	4,845	4,945	11.6	11.5	11.7
$50,000 to $59,999	7,980	3,935	4,045	9.5	9.3	9.6
$60,000 to $69,999	6,235	3,245	2,985	7.4	7.7	7.1
$70,000 to $79,999	4,810	2,525	2,285	5.7	6.0	5.4
$80,000 to $89,999	3,880	2,095	1,790	4.6	5.0	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	2,505	1,405	1,095	3.0	3.3	2.6
$100,000 and over	7,085	4,630	2,455	8.4	11.0	5.8
$100,000 to $124,999	3,290	2,080	1,210	3.9	4.9	2.9
$125,000 and over	3,790	2,545	1,245	4.5	6.0	3.0
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	87,760	43,980	43,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	25,010	11,590	13,415	28.5	26.4	30.6
With employment income	62,755	32,395	30,365	71.5	73.7	69.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	7,990	3,850	4,140	12.7	11.9	13.6
$5,000 to $9,999	4,845	2,190	2,650	7.7	6.8	8.7
$10,000 to $19,999	7,230	3,370	3,855	11.5	10.4	12.7
$20,000 to $29,999	5,240	2,550	2,695	8.3	7.9	8.9
$30,000 to $39,999	4,740	2,315	2,430	7.6	7.1	8.0
$40,000 to $49,999	4,765	2,470	2,300	7.6	7.6	7.6
$50,000 to $59,999	4,520	2,285	2,235	7.2	7.1	7.4
$60,000 to $69,999	4,140	2,120	2,015	6.6	6.5	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	3,570	1,880	1,695	5.7	5.8	5.6
$80,000 to $89,999	2,935	1,560	1,375	4.7	4.8	4.5
$90,000 to $99,999	3,010	1,615	1,395	4.8	5.0	4.6
$100,000 and over	9,765	6,190	3,580	15.6	19.1	11.8
$100,000 to $124,999	4,465	2,565	1,905	7.1	7.9	6.3
$125,000 and over	5,300	3,625	1,675	8.4	11.2	5.5
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	87,760	43,980	43,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	82,990	41,455	41,535	94.6	94.3	94.9
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	48,000	38,800	43,200	48,000	38,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	83,010	41,460	41,545	94.6	94.3	94.9
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	42,800	35,600	38,800	42,800	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,400	38,375	38,025	87.1	87.3	86.9
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,000	48,000	36,800	42,000	48,000	36,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	63,370	32,610	30,760	72.2	74.1	70.3
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,000	49,600	39,200	44,000	49,600	39,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	70,985	35,015	35,975	80.9	79.6	82.2
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,040	960	1,780	1,040	960	1,780
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	5,475	2,915	2,560	6.2	6.6	5.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,240	5,720	6,800	6,240	5,720	6,800
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	87,895	43,990	43,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	83,150	41,600	41,545	94.6	94.6	94.6
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,100	65,900	52,250	59,100	65,900	52,250
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	83,160	41,610	41,550	94.6	94.6	94.6
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,960	53,550	44,320	48,960	53,550	44,320
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	76,570	38,560	38,010	87.1	87.7	86.6
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	58,400	66,200	50,480	58,400	66,200	50,480
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	63,460	32,825	30,635	72.2	74.6	69.8
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,700	64,500	50,440	57,700	64,500	50,440
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	71,165	35,145	36,020	81.0	79.9	82.0
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,190	5,390	6,970	6,190	5,390	6,970
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,415	2,895	2,515	6.2	6.6	5.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,690	6,900	8,590	7,690	6,900	8,590
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	87,895	43,995	43,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	28,435	15,540	12,900	32.4	35.3	29.4
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	72,000	76,500	68,000	72,000	76,500	68,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	83,500	90,500	75,000	83,500	90,500	75,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,700	12,415	13,280	29.2	28.2	30.2
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,400	30,800	24,800	27,400	30,800	24,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	40,640	46,400	35,240	40,640	46,400	35,240
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.0	93.0	88.4	91.0	93.0	88.4
Employment income (%)	74.6	77.2	71.2	74.6	77.2	71.2
Government transfers (%)	9.0	6.9	11.6	9.0	6.9	11.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.7	1.0	0.9	0.7	1.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	48,535	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...	79,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	70,000	...	...	70,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	18,935	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,600	...	...	43,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,200	...	...	39,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	29,600	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	48,565	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	105,700	...	...	105,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	18,900	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	56,950	...	...	56,950	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,040	...	...	48,040	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	29,665	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	136,800	...	...	136,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	113,400	...	...	113,400	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	48,530	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	970	...	...	2.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	455	...	...	0.9	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	665	...	...	1.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	800	...	...	1.6	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,185	...	...	4.5	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,410	...	...	5.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,735	...	...	3.6	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,790	...	...	3.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,785	...	...	3.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,755	...	...	3.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,505	...	...	7.2	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,325	...	...	6.9	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,040	...	...	6.3	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,725	...	...	5.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,460	...	...	5.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	18,920	...	...	39.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,055	...	...	10.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,645	...	...	7.5	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,905	...	...	10.1	...	...
$200,000 and over	5,320	...	...	11.0	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	48,530	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,025	...	...	2.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	465	...	...	1.0	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	680	...	...	1.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	855	...	...	1.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,330	...	...	4.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,655	...	...	5.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,040	...	...	4.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,110	...	...	4.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,085	...	...	4.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,120	...	...	4.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,065	...	...	8.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,805	...	...	7.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,365	...	...	6.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,030	...	...	6.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,610	...	...	5.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	15,285	...	...	31.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,930	...	...	10.2	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,640	...	...	7.5	...	...
$150,000 and over	6,720	...	...	13.8	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	25,890	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...	114,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	11,640	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	107,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	9,070	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	151,000	...	...	151,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	128,000	...	...	128,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.8	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	3,910	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...	72,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...	66,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	29,470	15,330	14,135	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,600	38,000	37,200	37,600	38,000	37,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,800	34,800	34,400	34,800	34,800	34,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	25,985	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	141,400	...	...	141,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	116,300	...	...	116,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,685	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	133,200	...	...	133,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...	110,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,110	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	180,400	...	...	180,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	145,600	...	...	145,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,930	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	85,800	...	...	85,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,200	...	...	75,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	29,420	15,385	14,040	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	49,600	50,280	48,880	49,600	50,280	48,880
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,440	42,600	42,280	42,440	42,600	42,280
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	100,445	50,455	49,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	14,930	7,670	7,255	14.9	15.2	14.5
0 to 5 years	5,220	2,595	2,620	5.2	5.1	5.2
18 to 64 years	69,710	35,565	34,140	69.4	70.5	68.3
65 years and over	15,810	7,215	8,595	15.7	14.3	17.2
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	11,865	5,835	6,030	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,575	780	790	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	595	295	300	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	8,280	4,245	4,035	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,015	810	1,205	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.8	11.6	12.1	11.8	11.6	12.1
0 to 17 years (%)	10.5	10.2	10.9	10.5	10.2	10.9
0 to 5 years (%)	11.4	11.4	11.4	11.4	11.4	11.4
18 to 64 years (%)	11.9	11.9	11.8	11.9	11.9	11.8
65 years and over (%)	12.7	11.2	14.0	12.7	11.2	14.0
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	100,445	50,455	49,990	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	14,925	7,670	7,255	14.9	15.2	14.5
0 to 5 years	5,215	2,595	2,620	5.2	5.1	5.2
18 to 64 years	69,710	35,570	34,145	69.4	70.5	68.3
65 years and over	15,805	7,215	8,590	15.7	14.3	17.2
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	9,180	4,880	4,300	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	930	475	455	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	340	165	170	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	7,705	4,155	3,545	...	...	...
65 years and over	545	250	300	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.1	9.7	8.6	9.1	9.7	8.6
0 to 17 years (%)	6.2	6.2	6.3	6.2	6.2	6.3
0 to 5 years (%)	6.4	6.4	6.5	6.4	6.4	6.5
18 to 64 years (%)	11.1	11.7	10.4	11.1	11.7	10.4
65 years and over (%)	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	100,445	50,455	49,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	47,905	23,895	24,015	47.7	47.4	48.0
In bottom decile	12,320	6,435	5,885	12.3	12.8	11.8
In second decile	10,505	4,960	5,545	10.5	9.8	11.1
In third decile	8,675	4,310	4,365	8.6	8.5	8.7
In fourth decile	8,400	4,220	4,185	8.4	8.4	8.4
In fifth decile	8,005	3,970	4,035	8.0	7.9	8.1
In top half of the distribution	52,540	26,555	25,980	52.3	52.6	52.0
In sixth decile	8,275	4,120	4,155	8.2	8.2	8.3
In seventh decile	8,775	4,395	4,375	8.7	8.7	8.8
In eighth decile	9,265	4,635	4,625	9.2	9.2	9.3
In ninth decile	11,360	5,720	5,640	11.3	11.3	11.3
In top decile	14,870	7,690	7,180	14.8	15.2	14.4
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	100,445	...	...	100,445	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.371	...	...	0.371	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.465	...	...	0.465	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.330	...	...	0.330	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.5	...	...	4.5	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	101,045	50,720	50,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	88,505	45,070	43,430	87.6	88.9	86.3
French only	185	75	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
English and French	11,615	5,260	6,355	11.5	10.4	12.6
Neither English nor French	745	310	435	0.7	0.6	0.9
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	101,045	50,720	50,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	96,760	48,710	48,050	95.8	96.0	95.5
French	3,060	1,490	1,570	3.0	2.9	3.1
English and French	515	230	285	0.5	0.5	0.6
Neither English nor French	710	285	425	0.7	0.6	0.8
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	101,045	50,720	50,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	97,340	48,890	48,450	96.3	96.4	96.3
Official languages	78,495	39,850	38,645	77.7	78.6	76.8
English	75,540	38,410	37,130	74.8	75.7	73.8
French	2,955	1,440	1,515	2.9	2.8	3.0
Non-official languages	18,845	9,040	9,805	18.7	17.8	19.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	130	40	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Algonquian languages	95	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	85	25	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	85	25	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	18,720	9,000	9,715	18.5	17.7	19.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,080	590	495	1.1	1.2	1.0
Berber languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,005	545	455	1.0	1.1	0.9
Amharic	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Arabic	865	480	385	0.9	0.9	0.8
Aramaic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	360	140	215	0.4	0.3	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	340	135	200	0.3	0.3	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,740	680	1,060	1.7	1.3	2.1
Bikol	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	100	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,355	530	830	1.3	1.0	1.6
Waray-Waray	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	385	210	175	0.4	0.4	0.3
Kannada	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	120	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	115	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	110	75	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	9,610	4,740	4,865	9.5	9.3	9.7
Albanian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,390	1,010	1,380	2.4	2.0	2.7
Baltic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,355	1,000	1,355	2.3	2.0	2.7
Belarusian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	690	295	395	0.7	0.6	0.8
Russian	385	160	220	0.4	0.3	0.4
Rusyn	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	260	130	130	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	145	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Serbian	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	835	325	510	0.8	0.6	1.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,960	915	1,045	1.9	1.8	2.1
Frisian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,510	695	815	1.5	1.4	1.6
German	1,475	675	800	1.5	1.3	1.6
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	335	165	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afrikaans	65	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Dutch	240	120	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	110	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	2,905	1,625	1,275	2.9	3.2	2.5
Indo-Aryan languages	2,040	1,140	895	2.0	2.2	1.8
Assamese	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	400	220	175	0.4	0.4	0.3
Gujarati	190	110	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	395	240	165	0.4	0.5	0.3
Kacchi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	385	205	180	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	320	180	145	0.3	0.4	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	865	480	385	0.9	0.9	0.8
Baluchi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	30	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	815	450	365	0.8	0.9	0.7
Dari	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	700	380	320	0.7	0.7	0.6
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	85	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,225	1,115	1,115	2.2	2.2	2.2
Catalan	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	275	145	130	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	295	150	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Spanish	1,510	755	755	1.5	1.5	1.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	175	60	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Korean	540	240	300	0.5	0.5	0.6
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	310	145	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,000	1,965	2,040	4.0	3.9	4.1
Chinese languages	3,975	1,950	2,025	3.9	3.8	4.0
Hakka	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,535	1,300	1,235	2.5	2.6	2.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,235	560	675	1.2	1.1	1.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	110	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	140	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	125	40	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	185	100	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	125	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	120	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	3,705	1,825	1,880	3.7	3.6	3.7
English and French	780	390	385	0.8	0.8	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	2,525	1,240	1,280	2.5	2.4	2.5
French and non-official language(s)	110	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	215	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	101,045	50,720	50,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	79,070	40,065	39,005	78.3	79.0	77.5
French	1,090	530	565	1.1	1.0	1.1
Non-official language	4,310	2,095	2,210	4.3	4.1	4.4
Indigenous³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	4,300	2,090	2,210	4.3	4.1	4.4
English and French	2,170	1,030	1,135	2.1	2.0	2.3
English and non-official language(s)	13,380	6,530	6,855	13.2	12.9	13.6
French and non-official language(s)	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	615	295	320	0.6	0.6	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	320	140	180	0.3	0.3	0.4
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	101,045	50,720	50,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	98,135	49,295	48,845	97.1	97.2	97.1
Official languages	89,015	44,775	44,235	88.1	88.3	87.9
English	87,395	43,990	43,405	86.5	86.7	86.2
French	1,620	780	835	1.6	1.5	1.7
Non-official languages	9,120	4,515	4,605	9.0	8.9	9.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	9,105	4,505	4,600	9.0	8.9	9.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	645	330	315	0.6	0.7	0.6
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	600	305	295	0.6	0.6	0.6
Amharic	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	530	265	260	0.5	0.5	0.5
Aramaic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	160	70	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,020	435	580	1.0	0.9	1.2
Bikol	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	80	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	780	345	440	0.8	0.7	0.9
Waray-Waray	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	235	135	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kannada	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	75	55	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	3,805	1,925	1,880	3.8	3.8	3.7
Albanian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	720	315	405	0.7	0.6	0.8
Baltic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	715	315	400	0.7	0.6	0.8
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	240	105	135	0.2	0.2	0.3
Russian	165	70	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	180	75	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	285	130	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	235	105	130	0.2	0.2	0.3
German	230	105	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,730	960	765	1.7	1.9	1.5
Indo-Aryan languages	1,125	620	500	1.1	1.2	1.0
Assamese	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	235	125	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	235	135	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	100	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	225	125	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	170	95	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	610	345	265	0.6	0.7	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	590	335	255	0.6	0.7	0.5
Dari	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	515	290	225	0.5	0.6	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	55	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,020	495	525	1.0	1.0	1.0
Catalan	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	160	80	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Spanish	725	355	370	0.7	0.7	0.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	355	170	185	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	125	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
American Sign Language	55	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,455	1,220	1,230	2.4	2.4	2.4
Chinese languages	2,440	1,215	1,225	2.4	2.4	2.4
Hakka	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,805	930	870	1.8	1.8	1.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	540	240	300	0.5	0.5	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	85	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	65	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	2,910	1,420	1,485	2.9	2.8	3.0
English and French	400	175	220	0.4	0.3	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	2,360	1,180	1,175	2.3	2.3	2.3
French and non-official language(s)	55	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	101,045	50,715	50,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	86,870	43,850	43,020	86.0	86.5	85.5
English	4,355	2,205	2,150	4.3	4.3	4.3
French	1,455	700	755	1.4	1.4	1.5
Non-official language	6,605	3,085	3,520	6.5	6.1	7.0
Indigenous³⁹	180	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-Indigenous	6,430	3,000	3,430	6.4	5.9	6.8
English and French	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	580	295	285	0.6	0.6	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	305	140	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	785	400	385	0.8	0.8	0.8
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	100,635	50,535	50,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	99,860	50,190	49,670	99.2	99.3	99.1
English	99,725	50,150	49,575	99.1	99.2	99.0
French	11,650	5,345	6,305	11.6	10.6	12.6
Non-official languages	27,370	13,165	14,205	27.2	26.1	28.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	330	185	145	0.3	0.4	0.3
Algonquian languages	295	165	130	0.3	0.3	0.3
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	270	155	110	0.3	0.3	0.2
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	270	155	110	0.3	0.3	0.2
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	130	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	125	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	27,060	13,005	14,060	26.9	25.7	28.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,565	895	665	1.6	1.8	1.3
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,515	875	635	1.5	1.7	1.3
Amharic	105	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	1,335	785	545	1.3	1.6	1.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	500	220	290	0.5	0.4	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	470	195	275	0.5	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,475	965	1,510	2.5	1.9	3.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	140	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	90	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	150	55	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	100	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,200	830	1,370	2.2	1.6	2.7
Waray-Waray	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	120	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	485	230	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kannada	50	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Malayalam	155	75	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Tamil	220	125	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	15,705	7,720	7,985	15.6	15.3	15.9
Albanian	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,940	1,270	1,670	2.9	2.5	3.3
Baltic languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,915	1,255	1,665	2.9	2.5	3.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	130	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	895	380	510	0.9	0.8	1.0
Russian	735	340	395	0.7	0.7	0.8
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	260	130	135	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Croatian	160	80	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	1,145	435	710	1.1	0.9	1.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	65	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Irish	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,835	1,880	1,955	3.8	3.7	3.9
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	3,155	1,545	1,610	3.1	3.1	3.2
German	3,130	1,520	1,610	3.1	3.0	3.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	575	290	290	0.6	0.6	0.6
Afrikaans	110	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	415	210	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	55	25	20	0.1	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	225	120	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Icelandic	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swedish	95	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	4,555	2,520	2,035	4.5	5.0	4.1
Indo-Aryan languages	3,475	1,905	1,565	3.5	3.8	3.1
Assamese	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	630	325	305	0.6	0.6	0.6
Gujarati	455	240	215	0.5	0.5	0.4
Hindi	1,745	985	760	1.7	1.9	1.5
Kacchi	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	90	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	150	90	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	855	470	385	0.8	0.9	0.8
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	105	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	720	400	320	0.7	0.8	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	1,130	650	480	1.1	1.3	1.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	30	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	1,060	595	465	1.1	1.2	0.9
Dari	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	885	495	390	0.9	1.0	0.8
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	165	90	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,020	2,385	2,630	5.0	4.7	5.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	685	350	335	0.7	0.7	0.7
Portuguese	460	225	235	0.5	0.4	0.5
Romanian	195	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	3,970	1,875	2,090	3.9	3.7	4.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	610	250	360	0.6	0.5	0.7
Korean	680	325	355	0.7	0.6	0.7
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	750	415	330	0.7	0.8	0.7
Akan (Twi)	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	50	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Shona	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	345	200	145	0.3	0.4	0.3
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	90	60	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	265	80	185	0.3	0.2	0.4
American Sign Language	215	55	160	0.2	0.1	0.3
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,660	2,235	2,425	4.6	4.4	4.8
Chinese languages	4,585	2,205	2,380	4.6	4.4	4.8
Hakka	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,400	1,645	1,760	3.4	3.3	3.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	70	15	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,505	640	865	1.5	1.3	1.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	140	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	175	80	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lao	40	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	295	175	120	0.3	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	70	50	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	180	125	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	195	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hungarian	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	100,635	50,535	50,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	6,305	3,080	3,225	6.3	6.1	6.4
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	6,085	2,960	3,125	6.0	5.9	6.2
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,760	1,365	1,400	2.7	2.7	2.8
Métis	3,215	1,535	1,685	3.2	3.0	3.4
Inuk (Inuit)	110	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	170	95	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	40	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	94,330	47,455	46,875	93.7	93.9	93.6
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	100,635	50,535	50,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	2,225	1,045	1,185	2.2	2.1	2.4
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	98,410	49,495	48,920	97.8	97.9	97.6
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	48,565	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	24,705	...	...	50.9	...	...
Renter	23,855	...	...	49.1	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	48,565	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	8,085	...	...	16.6	...	...
Not condominium	40,475	...	...	83.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	48,565	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	585	...	...	1.2	...	...
1 bedroom	10,400	...	...	21.4	...	...
2 bedrooms	12,960	...	...	26.7	...	...
3 bedrooms	12,095	...	...	24.9	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	12,515	...	...	25.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	48,565	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	19,440	...	...	40.0	...	...
5 rooms	6,600	...	...	13.6	...	...
6 rooms	5,510	...	...	11.3	...	...
7 rooms	4,900	...	...	10.1	...	...
8 or more rooms	12,120	...	...	25.0	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.7	...	...	5.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	48,565	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	47,890	...	...	98.6	...	...
More than one person per room	670	...	...	1.4	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	48,565	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	46,610	...	...	96.0	...	...
Not suitable	1,950	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	48,565	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	15,755	...	...	32.4	...	...
1961 to 1980	17,190	...	...	35.4	...	...
1981 to 1990	3,920	...	...	8.1	...	...
1991 to 2000	3,210	...	...	6.6	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,190	...	...	4.5	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,845	...	...	3.8	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,935	...	...	4.0	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,520	...	...	5.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	48,565	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	45,130	...	...	92.9	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,435	...	...	7.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	48,565	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	26,650	...	...	54.9	...	...
Two-maintainer household	19,310	...	...	39.8	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,600	...	...	5.4	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	48,565	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	3,445	...	...	7.1	...	...
25 to 34 years	10,780	...	...	22.2	...	...
35 to 44 years	8,520	...	...	17.5	...	...
45 to 54 years	6,600	...	...	13.6	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,175	...	...	16.8	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,165	...	...	12.7	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,210	...	...	6.6	...	...
85 years and over	1,675	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	48,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	35,050	...	...	72.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	13,155	...	...	27.3	...	...
30% to less than 100%	11,455	...	...	23.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	48,565	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	16,945	...	...	34.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	11,680	...	...	24.1	...	...
Not suitable only	1,400	...	...	2.9	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,295	...	...	4.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	430	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,020	...	...	2.1	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	90	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	25	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	31,620	...	...	65.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	46,500	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	6,235	...	...	13.4	...	...
Not in core need	40,265	...	...	86.6	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	24,705	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	52.9	...	...	52.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	15.1	...	...	15.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.1	...	...	5.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,320	...	...	1,320	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,606	...	...	1,606	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	424,000	...	...	424,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	491,200	...	...	491,200	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	23,860	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.3	...	...	8.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.0	...	...	40.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	22.4	...	...	22.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,210	...	...	1,210	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,280	...	...	1,280	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	100,635	50,540	50,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	2,245	1,100	1,150	2.2	2.2	2.3
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	2,135	1,055	1,075	2.1	2.1	2.1
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,470	735	735	1.5	1.5	1.5
Métis single ancestry	630	305	325	0.6	0.6	0.6
Inuit single ancestry	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	115	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	110	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	5,255	2,575	2,680	5.2	5.1	5.3
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	4,985	2,445	2,545	5.0	4.8	5.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,925	1,385	1,540	2.9	2.7	3.1
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,985	1,000	985	2.0	2.0	2.0
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	75	55	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	275	135	135	0.3	0.3	0.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	265	135	130	0.3	0.3	0.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	93,130	46,855	46,270	92.5	92.7	92.4
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	100,635	50,540	50,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	89,270	44,815	44,450	88.7	88.7	88.7
Canadian citizens aged under 18	14,125	7,280	6,840	14.0	14.4	13.7
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	75,140	37,535	37,610	74.7	74.3	75.1
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	11,365	5,720	5,645	11.3	11.3	11.3
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	100,635	50,540	50,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	77,435	39,190	38,250	76.9	77.5	76.3
Immigrants⁸¹	18,245	8,700	9,540	18.1	17.2	19.0
Before 1980	4,005	1,970	2,035	4.0	3.9	4.1
1980 to 1990	1,910	910	1,000	1.9	1.8	2.0
1991 to 2000	2,200	1,010	1,190	2.2	2.0	2.4
2001 to 2010	3,310	1,460	1,845	3.3	2.9	3.7
2011 to 2021⁸²	6,820	3,350	3,470	6.8	6.6	6.9
2011 to 2015	2,665	1,305	1,360	2.6	2.6	2.7
2016 to 2021	4,155	2,045	2,110	4.1	4.0	4.2
Non-permanent residents⁸³	4,955	2,650	2,310	4.9	5.2	4.6
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	18,245	8,700	9,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	1,715	830	885	9.4	9.5	9.3
5 to 14 years	3,455	1,805	1,645	18.9	20.7	17.2
15 to 24 years	2,895	1,400	1,495	15.9	16.1	15.7
25 to 44 years	8,610	3,965	4,650	47.2	45.6	48.7
45 years and over	1,570	705	865	8.6	8.1	9.1
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	18,245	8,700	9,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	2,500	1,205	1,300	13.7	13.9	13.6
Brazil	145	65	75	0.8	0.7	0.8
Colombia	200	110	90	1.1	1.3	0.9
El Salvador	80	50	30	0.4	0.6	0.3
Guyana	95	45	45	0.5	0.5	0.5
Haiti	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	105	50	55	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mexico	250	105	150	1.4	1.2	1.6
Peru	15	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Trinidad and Tobago	100	45	50	0.5	0.5	0.5
United States of America	1,015	465	545	5.6	5.3	5.7
Other places of birth in Americas	500	255	250	2.7	2.9	2.6
Europe	5,375	2,615	2,765	29.5	30.1	29.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	50	15	35	0.3	0.2	0.4
Croatia	95	45	50	0.5	0.5	0.5
France	120	40	80	0.7	0.5	0.8
Germany	805	380	425	4.4	4.4	4.5
Greece	65	35	30	0.4	0.4	0.3
Hungary	60	20	35	0.3	0.2	0.4
Italy	175	90	90	1.0	1.0	0.9
Netherlands	265	115	145	1.5	1.3	1.5
Poland	700	315	385	3.8	3.6	4.0
Portugal	25	20	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Romania	165	70	90	0.9	0.8	0.9
Russian Federation	195	75	115	1.1	0.9	1.2
Serbia⁸⁶	40	15	20	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	260	120	145	1.4	1.4	1.5
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,560	840	715	8.6	9.7	7.5
Other places of birth in Europe	795	400	395	4.4	4.6	4.1
Africa	1,670	915	755	9.2	10.5	7.9
Algeria	45	40	10	0.2	0.5	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	50	35	15	0.3	0.4	0.2
Egypt	160	105	55	0.9	1.2	0.6
Eritrea	45	30	15	0.2	0.3	0.2
Ethiopia	50	25	25	0.3	0.3	0.3
Morocco	90	40	55	0.5	0.5	0.6
Nigeria	140	85	55	0.8	1.0	0.6
Somalia	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	170	85	85	0.9	1.0	0.9
Other places of birth in Africa	900	475	425	4.9	5.5	4.5
Asia	8,475	3,890	4,590	46.5	44.7	48.1
Afghanistan	30	20	10	0.2	0.2	0.1
Iran⁸⁸	475	240	240	2.6	2.8	2.5
Iraq	30	30	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Lebanon	85	50	35	0.5	0.6	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	130	65	70	0.7	0.7	0.7
Turkey	55	30	20	0.3	0.3	0.2
China⁹⁰	1,455	635	825	8.0	7.3	8.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	410	190	220	2.2	2.2	2.3
Korea, South⁹²	450	215	230	2.5	2.5	2.4
Taiwan	75	30	45	0.4	0.3	0.5
Philippines	2,165	845	1,315	11.9	9.7	13.8
Viet Nam	320	145	175	1.8	1.7	1.8
Bangladesh	170	85	85	0.9	1.0	0.9
India	1,150	590	555	6.3	6.8	5.8
Pakistan	320	190	130	1.8	2.2	1.4
Sri Lanka	100	55	45	0.5	0.6	0.5
Other places of birth in Asia	1,055	475	580	5.8	5.5	6.1
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	225	85	140	1.2	1.0	1.5
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	4,155	2,045	2,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	435	210	225	10.5	10.3	10.6
Brazil	50	25	30	1.2	1.2	1.4
Colombia	15	0	15	0.4	0.0	0.7
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	20	0	10	0.5	0.0	0.5
Mexico	90	40	50	2.2	2.0	2.4
United States of America	170	90	85	4.1	4.4	4.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	10	0	0.4	0.5	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	75	50	25	1.8	2.4	1.2
Europe	495	260	235	11.9	12.7	11.1
France	40	15	30	1.0	0.7	1.4
Germany	30	0	30	0.7	0.0	1.4
Ireland⁹⁶	75	50	20	1.8	2.4	0.9
Italy	15	10	10	0.4	0.5	0.5
Russian Federation	25	15	10	0.6	0.7	0.5
Ukraine	65	35	30	1.6	1.7	1.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	140	80	60	3.4	3.9	2.8
Other places of birth in Europe	100	55	45	2.4	2.7	2.1
Africa	435	220	215	10.5	10.8	10.2
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	20	10	10	0.5	0.5	0.5
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	35	20	15	0.8	1.0	0.7
Côte d'Ivoire	25	15	10	0.6	0.7	0.5
Egypt	40	20	15	1.0	1.0	0.7
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.5
Morocco	15	10	10	0.4	0.5	0.5
Nigeria	40	15	25	1.0	0.7	1.2
Somalia	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	20	15	0	0.5	0.7	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	35	20	15	0.8	1.0	0.7
Other places of birth in Africa	135	65	65	3.2	3.2	3.1
Asia	2,735	1,315	1,420	65.8	64.3	67.1
Afghanistan	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	85	40	50	2.0	2.0	2.4
China⁹⁰	455	195	255	11.0	9.5	12.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	20	15	0	0.5	0.7	0.0
India	530	285	245	12.8	13.9	11.6
Iran⁸⁸	195	90	105	4.7	4.4	5.0
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Japan	15	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.5
Jordan	10	10	0	0.2	0.5	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	85	35	55	2.0	1.7	2.6
Lebanon	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.5
Nepal	30	15	15	0.7	0.7	0.7
Pakistan	105	70	40	2.5	3.4	1.9
Philippines	805	350	455	19.4	17.1	21.5
Saudi Arabia	60	35	20	1.4	1.7	0.9
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	105	50	55	2.5	2.4	2.6
Turkey	45	30	15	1.1	1.5	0.7
United Arab Emirates	10	10	0	0.2	0.5	0.0
Viet Nam	25	15	10	0.6	0.7	0.5
Other places of birth in Asia	120	50	65	2.9	2.4	3.1
Oceania and other⁹³	50	35	15	1.2	1.7	0.7
Australia	35	30	10	0.8	1.5	0.5
Other places of birth⁹⁸	15	0	0	0.4	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	100,635	50,535	50,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	24,255	11,890	12,365	24.1	23.5	24.7
Second generation¹⁰¹	18,920	9,200	9,720	18.8	18.2	19.4
Third generation or more¹⁰²	57,460	29,445	28,010	57.1	58.3	55.9
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	14,240	6,725	7,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	8,810	4,380	4,430	61.9	65.1	59.0
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	3,980	2,255	1,725	27.9	33.5	23.0
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	4,830	2,125	2,705	33.9	31.6	36.0
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	3,755	1,430	2,330	26.4	21.3	31.0
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,515	835	680	10.6	12.4	9.1
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	155	85	70	1.1	1.3	0.9
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	14,240	6,725	7,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	425	255	175	3.0	3.8	2.3
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,655	1,270	1,380	18.6	18.9	18.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	845	325	520	5.9	4.8	6.9
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,640	870	765	11.5	12.9	10.2
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	75	40	35	0.5	0.6	0.5
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	8,605	3,970	4,630	60.4	59.0	61.7
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	100,635	50,535	50,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	22,645	11,230	11,415	22.5	22.2	22.8
South Asian	4,855	2,550	2,305	4.8	5.0	4.6
Chinese	5,660	2,765	2,895	5.6	5.5	5.8
Black	2,410	1,275	1,135	2.4	2.5	2.3
Filipino	2,700	1,110	1,590	2.7	2.2	3.2
Arab	1,130	645	480	1.1	1.3	1.0
Latin American	1,500	725	775	1.5	1.4	1.5
Southeast Asian	915	435	480	0.9	0.9	1.0
West Asian	1,050	590	455	1.0	1.2	0.9
Korean	720	375	345	0.7	0.7	0.7
Japanese	515	195	320	0.5	0.4	0.6
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	295	145	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple visible minorities	895	410	485	0.9	0.8	1.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	77,995	39,310	38,685	77.5	77.8	77.2
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	100,635	50,535	50,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	9,025	4,815	4,215	9.0	9.5	8.4
English	20,660	10,540	10,115	20.5	20.9	20.2
Irish	16,275	7,815	8,455	16.2	15.5	16.9
Scottish	18,800	9,250	9,555	18.7	18.3	19.1
French, n.o.s.¹²²	10,700	5,400	5,300	10.6	10.7	10.6
German	17,735	8,825	8,915	17.6	17.5	17.8
Chinese	5,835	2,815	3,020	5.8	5.6	6.0
Italian	2,785	1,410	1,370	2.8	2.8	2.7
Indian (India)	2,925	1,415	1,510	2.9	2.8	3.0
Ukrainian	12,300	5,960	6,350	12.2	11.8	12.7
Dutch	4,075	2,090	1,980	4.0	4.1	4.0
Polish	5,730	2,775	2,955	5.7	5.5	5.9
Québécois	295	185	110	0.3	0.4	0.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	4,020	1,985	2,035	4.0	3.9	4.1
Filipino	2,740	1,110	1,630	2.7	2.2	3.3
French Canadian	1,395	670	725	1.4	1.3	1.4
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,515	785	730	1.5	1.6	1.5
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,710	840	870	1.7	1.7	1.7
Métis	3,000	1,490	1,510	3.0	2.9	3.0
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,115	1,175	935	2.1	2.3	1.9
Russian	2,395	1,060	1,335	2.4	2.1	2.7
Norwegian	4,075	2,015	2,060	4.0	4.0	4.1
Welsh	2,555	1,385	1,175	2.5	2.7	2.3
Portuguese	550	245	295	0.5	0.5	0.6
American	1,820	885	940	1.8	1.8	1.9
Spanish	1,000	465	535	1.0	0.9	1.1
Swedish	2,665	1,235	1,430	2.6	2.4	2.9
Hungarian	1,045	490	560	1.0	1.0	1.1
Acadian	350	180	165	0.3	0.4	0.3
Pakistani	600	340	260	0.6	0.7	0.5
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	585	315	270	0.6	0.6	0.5
Jewish	580	295	275	0.6	0.6	0.5
Punjabi	265	160	105	0.3	0.3	0.2
Vietnamese	615	260	355	0.6	0.5	0.7
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	435	230	205	0.4	0.5	0.4
Greek	295	155	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jamaican	305	160	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	565	265	300	0.6	0.5	0.6
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,340	620	720	1.3	1.2	1.4
Korean	745	380	365	0.7	0.8	0.7
Romanian	965	490	475	1.0	1.0	0.9
Lebanese	475	240	235	0.5	0.5	0.5
Iranian	840	485	355	0.8	1.0	0.7
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	265	135	135	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	1,285	565	720	1.3	1.1	1.4
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	685	375	305	0.7	0.7	0.6
Sikh	65	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	1,200	610	585	1.2	1.2	1.2
Belgian	610	295	310	0.6	0.6	0.6
Haitian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	310	165	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mexican	510	205	305	0.5	0.4	0.6
Mennonite	575	255	315	0.6	0.5	0.6
Swiss	830	435	395	0.8	0.9	0.8
Finnish	550	265	280	0.5	0.5	0.6
Sri Lankan	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	530	260	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Japanese	680	295	385	0.7	0.6	0.8
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	220	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	185	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	765	395	370	0.8	0.8	0.7
Muslim	240	145	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Egyptian	390	245	140	0.4	0.5	0.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	300	155	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	80	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Icelandic	590	300	290	0.6	0.6	0.6
Colombian	155	75	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Moroccan	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	640	285	350	0.6	0.6	0.7
Syrian	160	75	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
Guyanese	155	80	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Afghan	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	145	80	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ojibway	135	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Newfoundlander	110	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	205	85	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ontarian	30	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	320	165	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	180	105	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Turkish	160	85	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	110	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	335	190	150	0.3	0.4	0.3
Algerian	60	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Brazilian	195	85	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	200	95	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Slovak	315	170	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	200	85	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	85	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	100	75	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
African Caribbean	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	180	105	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	75	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	270	140	130	0.3	0.3	0.3
South African	195	120	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Australian	260	115	140	0.3	0.2	0.3
Palestinian	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	315	140	180	0.3	0.3	0.4
Congolese	95	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ethiopian	90	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	190	80	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yoruba	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Berber	35	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Albanian	35	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Maltese	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	210	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	185	60	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
New Brunswicker	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	155	80	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Eritrean	70	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
African Canadian	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Israeli	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	180	65	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bulgarian	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Albertan	490	265	225	0.5	0.5	0.4
Ghanaian	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	60	55	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
African American	90	60	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	150	85	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Cuban	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bosnian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	130	85	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Bengali	115	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	55	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Northern Irish	165	95	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	75	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
British Columbian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Franco Ontarian	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	55	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Estonian	150	95	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kurdish	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	190	75	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Dominican	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	135	95	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	140	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudanese	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Breton	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	75	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Plains Cree	105	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Buddhist	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cape Bretoner	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	30	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	35	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Goan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	65	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Oromo	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	100,635	50,535	50,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	955	450	505	0.9	0.9	1.0
Christian	40,250	18,275	21,980	40.0	36.2	43.9
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7,425	3,550	3,880	7.4	7.0	7.7
Anabaptist	290	115	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Anglican	2,405	1,055	1,345	2.4	2.1	2.7
Baptist	1,215	545	670	1.2	1.1	1.3
Catholic	17,025	7,810	9,215	16.9	15.5	18.4
Christian Orthodox	1,275	575	700	1.3	1.1	1.4
Jehovah's Witness	320	110	205	0.3	0.2	0.4
Latter Day Saints	860	460	405	0.9	0.9	0.8
Lutheran	2,110	915	1,195	2.1	1.8	2.4
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	95	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	665	285	380	0.7	0.6	0.8
Presbyterian	515	230	285	0.5	0.5	0.6
Reformed	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	3,240	1,300	1,940	3.2	2.6	3.9
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,640	1,200	1,440	2.6	2.4	2.9
Hindu	1,650	840	805	1.6	1.7	1.6
Jewish	295	105	190	0.3	0.2	0.4
Muslim	3,510	1,920	1,590	3.5	3.8	3.2
Sikh	430	225	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	165	75	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,430	675	750	1.4	1.3	1.5
No religion and secular perspectives	51,955	27,965	23,985	51.6	55.3	47.9
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	99,695	50,080	49,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	81,010	40,675	40,335	81.3	81.2	81.3
Movers	18,685	9,400	9,285	18.7	18.8	18.7
Non-migrants	14,305	7,150	7,150	14.3	14.3	14.4
Migrants	4,380	2,250	2,130	4.4	4.5	4.3
Internal migrants	3,255	1,720	1,540	3.3	3.4	3.1
Intraprovincial migrants	2,050	1,125	925	2.1	2.2	1.9
Interprovincial migrants	1,200	595	610	1.2	1.2	1.2
External migrants	1,125	535	590	1.1	1.1	1.2
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	96,425	48,400	48,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	48,780	24,035	24,745	50.6	49.7	51.5
Movers	47,650	24,360	23,285	49.4	50.3	48.5
Non-migrants	28,070	14,370	13,700	29.1	29.7	28.5
Migrants	19,580	9,990	9,585	20.3	20.6	20.0
Internal migrants	13,455	6,960	6,495	14.0	14.4	13.5
Intraprovincial migrants	8,760	4,610	4,155	9.1	9.5	8.7
Interprovincial migrants	4,695	2,345	2,340	4.9	4.8	4.9
External migrants	6,125	3,030	3,090	6.4	6.3	6.4
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	87,895	43,995	43,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	10,745	5,930	4,815	12.2	13.5	11.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	77,150	38,060	39,090	87.8	86.5	89.0
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	59,040	30,125	28,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	4,680	2,955	1,725	7.9	9.8	6.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	54,365	27,170	27,195	92.1	90.2	94.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	87,895	43,990	43,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	9,170	4,935	4,230	10.4	11.2	9.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	21,455	11,290	10,175	24.4	25.7	23.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	57,275	27,770	29,505	65.2	63.1	67.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,460	11,170	10,290	24.4	25.4	23.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	6,020	4,745	1,270	6.8	10.8	2.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,835	1,125	705	2.1	2.6	1.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	4,185	3,620	570	4.8	8.2	1.3
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,850	5,445	7,410	14.6	12.4	16.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,590	985	1,610	2.9	2.2	3.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	35,810	16,605	19,210	40.7	37.7	43.7
Bachelor's degree	21,665	9,900	11,760	24.6	22.5	26.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,415	575	840	1.6	1.3	1.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,505	775	725	1.7	1.8	1.7
Master's degree	8,520	3,885	4,635	9.7	8.8	10.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,710	1,460	1,250	3.1	3.3	2.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	59,040	30,120	28,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	3,715	2,350	1,370	6.3	7.8	4.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	11,115	6,245	4,870	18.8	20.7	16.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	44,205	21,530	22,680	74.9	71.5	78.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	15,695	8,325	7,365	26.6	27.6	25.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,275	3,415	855	7.2	11.3	3.0
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,205	760	445	2.0	2.5	1.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,075	2,655	415	5.2	8.8	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,510	4,175	5,330	16.1	13.9	18.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,910	735	1,175	3.2	2.4	4.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	28,515	13,205	15,315	48.3	43.8	53.0
Bachelor's degree	16,760	7,680	9,075	28.4	25.5	31.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	975	435	540	1.7	1.4	1.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,285	645	640	2.2	2.1	2.2
Master's degree	7,285	3,310	3,970	12.3	11.0	13.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,220	1,135	1,085	3.8	3.8	3.8
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	87,900	43,990	43,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	30,625	16,220	14,405	34.8	36.9	32.8
Education	4,650	1,225	3,425	5.3	2.8	7.8
13. Education	4,650	1,225	3,425	5.3	2.8	7.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,710	1,225	1,480	3.1	2.8	3.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	280	195	85	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	2,425	1,035	1,395	2.8	2.4	3.2
Humanities	3,220	1,395	1,825	3.7	3.2	4.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	410	130	275	0.5	0.3	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	965	355	605	1.1	0.8	1.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	620	215	405	0.7	0.5	0.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	300	180	120	0.3	0.4	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	320	185	130	0.4	0.4	0.3
54. History	435	255	175	0.5	0.6	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,895	2,455	4,435	7.8	5.6	10.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	220	75	145	0.3	0.2	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	835	310	525	0.9	0.7	1.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	930	95	835	1.1	0.2	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	1,210	560	655	1.4	1.3	1.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	100	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	1,490	385	1,105	1.7	0.9	2.5
45. Social sciences	2,100	985	1,115	2.4	2.2	2.5
Business, management and public administration	9,215	3,945	5,270	10.5	9.0	12.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	745	165	580	0.8	0.4	1.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,455	3,780	4,680	9.6	8.6	10.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,310	2,270	2,040	4.9	5.2	4.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,085	965	1,130	2.4	2.2	2.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	790	385	405	0.9	0.9	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,290	880	410	1.5	2.0	0.9
41. Science technologies/technicians	110	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,435	1,460	970	2.8	3.3	2.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,665	1,145	530	1.9	2.6	1.2
25. Library science	340	60	280	0.4	0.1	0.6
27. Mathematics and statistics	380	220	160	0.4	0.5	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	50	40	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	11,560	9,940	1,615	13.2	22.6	3.7
04. Architecture and related services	415	280	130	0.5	0.6	0.3
14. Engineering	4,340	3,390	950	4.9	7.7	2.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,180	1,810	375	2.5	4.1	0.9
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,135	2,045	90	2.4	4.6	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,185	1,145	35	1.3	2.6	0.1
48. Precision production	1,300	1,270	35	1.5	2.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,370	615	755	1.6	1.4	1.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	715	275	445	0.8	0.6	1.0
03. Natural resources and conservation	650	345	310	0.7	0.8	0.7
Health and related fields	9,005	2,275	6,740	10.2	5.2	15.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	805	375	430	0.9	0.9	1.0
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,620	1,580	6,035	8.7	3.6	13.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	550	300	250	0.6	0.7	0.6
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,900	955	945	2.2	2.2	2.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,255	435	815	1.4	1.0	1.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	330	220	110	0.4	0.5	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	300	275	20	0.3	0.6	0.0
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	59,040	30,125	28,915	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	14,830	8,595	6,240	25.1	28.5	21.6
Education	3,195	820	2,380	5.4	2.7	8.2
13. Education	3,195	820	2,380	5.4	2.7	8.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,180	980	1,195	3.7	3.3	4.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	210	140	70	0.4	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,970	845	1,125	3.3	2.8	3.9
Humanities	2,355	1,005	1,345	4.0	3.3	4.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	290	105	185	0.5	0.3	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	745	280	465	1.3	0.9	1.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	470	150	325	0.8	0.5	1.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	60	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	230	130	100	0.4	0.4	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	200	120	80	0.3	0.4	0.3
54. History	305	185	120	0.5	0.6	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,420	1,890	3,530	9.2	6.3	12.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	155	50	110	0.3	0.2	0.4
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	715	240	470	1.2	0.8	1.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	700	80	620	1.2	0.3	2.1
22. Legal professions and studies	965	420	550	1.6	1.4	1.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	90	45	45	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	1,110	260	855	1.9	0.9	3.0
45. Social sciences	1,680	795	885	2.8	2.6	3.1
Business, management and public administration	7,220	3,150	4,070	12.2	10.5	14.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
44. Public administration and social service professions	565	105	455	1.0	0.3	1.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	6,640	3,040	3,600	11.2	10.1	12.5
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,270	1,715	1,560	5.5	5.7	5.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,615	750	865	2.7	2.5	3.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	590	285	300	1.0	0.9	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	990	650	345	1.7	2.2	1.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	55	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,030	1,245	785	3.4	4.1	2.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,430	975	455	2.4	3.2	1.6
25. Library science	250	55	195	0.4	0.2	0.7
27. Mathematics and statistics	310	180	130	0.5	0.6	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	40	35	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,945	7,600	1,345	15.2	25.2	4.7
04. Architecture and related services	315	200	115	0.5	0.7	0.4
14. Engineering	3,505	2,755	755	5.9	9.1	2.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,710	1,385	330	2.9	4.6	1.1
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,665	1,585	80	2.8	5.3	0.3
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	795	760	35	1.3	2.5	0.1
48. Precision production	945	920	25	1.6	3.1	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,160	505	665	2.0	1.7	2.3
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	600	205	395	1.0	0.7	1.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	560	290	265	0.9	1.0	0.9
Health and related fields	6,985	1,870	5,115	11.8	6.2	17.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	615	300	315	1.0	1.0	1.1
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,870	1,310	4,560	9.9	4.3	15.8
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	40	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	465	250	220	0.8	0.8	0.8
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,440	750	695	2.4	2.5	2.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	930	345	585	1.6	1.1	2.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	260	165	95	0.4	0.5	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	235	220	15	0.4	0.7	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	59,040	30,125	28,915	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	14,830	8,595	6,240	25.1	28.5	21.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	44,210	21,525	22,680	74.9	71.5	78.4
Location of study inside Canada	36,770	18,125	18,645	62.3	60.2	64.5
Same as province or territory of residence	29,695	14,605	15,095	50.3	48.5	52.2
Different than province or territory of residence	7,070	3,525	3,555	12.0	11.7	12.3
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	7,440	3,405	4,035	12.6	11.3	14.0
Americas	1,730	840	900	2.9	2.8	3.1
United States of America	1,185	595	585	2.0	2.0	2.0
Mexico	165	75	85	0.3	0.2	0.3
Cuba	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Brazil	110	55	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	70	15	55	0.1	0.0	0.2
Peru	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	145	75	75	0.2	0.2	0.3
Europe	1,665	855	805	2.8	2.8	2.8
Belgium	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	115	60	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Germany	160	80	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Netherlands	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	30	10	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungary	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	110	50	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romania	45	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	55	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ukraine	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	135	80	55	0.2	0.3	0.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	600	320	280	1.0	1.1	1.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	185	90	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
Africa	510	245	265	0.9	0.8	0.9
Nigeria	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	30	15	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Morocco	35	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tunisia	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	100	55	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	190	85	105	0.3	0.3	0.4
Asia	3,325	1,370	1,960	5.6	4.5	6.8
Iran⁸⁸	375	205	170	0.6	0.7	0.6
Iraq	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lebanon	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	50	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Turkey	35	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	420	185	240	0.7	0.6	0.8
Taiwan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	30	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Japan	80	20	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	120	60	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Philippines	965	305	660	1.6	1.0	2.3
Viet Nam	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	155	70	80	0.3	0.2	0.3
Sri Lanka	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	605	270	335	1.0	0.9	1.2
Pakistan	100	35	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	280	115	165	0.5	0.4	0.6
Oceania	200	90	115	0.3	0.3	0.4
Australia	165	65	100	0.3	0.2	0.3
New Zealand	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	87,895	43,990	43,910	...	...	...
In the labour force	59,740	31,310	28,430	...	...	...
Employed	52,385	27,275	25,110	...	...	...
Unemployed	7,360	4,035	3,320	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	28,155	12,680	15,475	...	...	...
Participation rate	68.0	71.2	64.7	68.0	71.2	64.7
Employment rate	59.6	62.0	57.2	59.6	62.0	57.2
Unemployment rate	12.3	12.9	11.7	12.3	12.9	11.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	87,900	43,990	43,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	29,155	13,550	15,600	33.2	30.8	35.5
Worked	58,745	30,435	28,305	66.8	69.2	64.5
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	29,775	16,415	13,360	33.9	37.3	30.4
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	28,965	14,030	14,940	33.0	31.9	34.0
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.3	40.8	39.7	40.3	40.8	39.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	59,745	31,310	28,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,750	930	820	2.9	3.0	2.9
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	57,995	30,385	27,610	97.1	97.0	97.1
Employee	50,105	25,825	24,280	83.9	82.5	85.4
Permanent position	38,625	20,015	18,610	64.6	63.9	65.5
Temporary position	11,475	5,805	5,670	19.2	18.5	19.9
Fixed term (1 year or more)	4,255	2,045	2,210	7.1	6.5	7.8
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	7,225	3,760	3,460	12.1	12.0	12.2
Self-employed¹⁹²	7,890	4,565	3,325	13.2	14.6	11.7
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	59,745	31,310	28,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,750	930	820	2.9	3.0	2.9
All occupations¹⁹¹	57,995	30,385	27,610	97.1	97.0	97.1
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	800	490	310	1.3	1.6	1.1
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	9,240	3,400	5,840	15.5	10.9	20.5
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,695	4,160	1,540	9.5	13.3	5.4
3 Health occupations	6,015	1,630	4,385	10.1	5.2	15.4
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	10,770	4,365	6,405	18.0	13.9	22.5
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,390	1,050	1,340	4.0	3.4	4.7
6 Sales and service occupations	12,220	5,720	6,500	20.5	18.3	22.9
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	8,495	7,685	810	14.2	24.5	2.8
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	970	765	200	1.6	2.4	0.7
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,395	1,115	270	2.3	3.6	0.9
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	59,745	31,310	28,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,750	930	820	2.9	3.0	2.9
All industries¹⁹¹	57,995	30,385	27,610	97.1	97.0	97.1
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	295	180	115	0.5	0.6	0.4
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	865	710	150	1.4	2.3	0.5
22 Utilities	570	395	175	1.0	1.3	0.6
23 Construction	4,710	4,035	675	7.9	12.9	2.4
31-33 Manufacturing	2,680	2,005	680	4.5	6.4	2.4
41 Wholesale trade	1,455	1,065	395	2.4	3.4	1.4
44-45 Retail trade	5,865	2,860	3,005	9.8	9.1	10.6
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	1,905	1,440	465	3.2	4.6	1.6
51 Information and cultural industries	1,090	545	545	1.8	1.7	1.9
52 Finance and insurance	1,685	855	830	2.8	2.7	2.9
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	935	525	415	1.6	1.7	1.5
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	5,955	3,525	2,430	10.0	11.3	8.5
55 Management of companies and enterprises	65	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,210	1,325	890	3.7	4.2	3.1
61 Educational services	7,885	3,275	4,610	13.2	10.5	16.2
62 Health care and social assistance	8,330	2,220	6,110	13.9	7.1	21.5
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,480	810	675	2.5	2.6	2.4
72 Accommodation and food services	3,160	1,535	1,630	5.3	4.9	5.7
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,640	1,160	1,480	4.4	3.7	5.2
91 Public administration	4,220	1,895	2,325	7.1	6.1	8.2
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	63,280	32,920	30,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	60,355	31,650	28,700	95.4	96.1	94.5
French	370	125	240	0.6	0.4	0.8
Non-official language	240	130	110	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	240	130	110	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and French	1,085	450	635	1.7	1.4	2.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,150	515	630	1.8	1.6	2.1
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	63,280	32,920	30,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	62,975	32,790	30,185	99.5	99.6	99.4
Official languages	62,570	32,585	29,985	98.9	99.0	98.8
English	61,965	32,365	29,600	97.9	98.3	97.5
French	605	220	390	1.0	0.7	1.3
Non-official languages	405	205	200	0.6	0.6	0.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	405	205	200	0.6	0.6	0.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	150	80	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	35	15	15	0.1	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	70	50	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	125	80	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Chinese languages	125	80	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	110	70	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	310	135	170	0.5	0.4	0.6
English and French	95	30	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	200	90	105	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	63,280	32,920	30,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	61,250	32,035	29,215	96.8	97.3	96.2
English	380	150	230	0.6	0.5	0.8
French	760	330	430	1.2	1.0	1.4
Non-official language	730	325	405	1.2	1.0	1.3
Indigenous³⁹	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous	690	320	375	1.1	1.0	1.2
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	52,385	27,275	25,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	15,650	7,450	8,195	29.9	27.3	32.6
Worked outside Canada	165	100	65	0.3	0.4	0.3
No fixed workplace address	6,270	4,660	1,605	12.0	17.1	6.4
Usual place of work	30,305	15,060	15,240	57.9	55.2	60.7
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	30,305	15,065	15,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	26,480	12,620	13,860	87.4	83.8	90.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	3,085	1,960	1,125	10.2	13.0	7.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	575	390	185	1.9	2.6	1.2
Commute to a different province or territory	170	100	75	0.6	0.7	0.5
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	36,570	19,725	16,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	27,540	15,360	12,175	75.3	77.9	72.3
Car, truck or van - as a driver	25,695	14,650	11,045	70.3	74.3	65.6
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,845	715	1,135	5.0	3.6	6.7
Public transit	3,675	1,600	2,075	10.0	8.1	12.3
Walked	3,260	1,515	1,750	8.9	7.7	10.4
Bicycle	1,175	770	410	3.2	3.9	2.4
Other method	925	480	435	2.5	2.4	2.6
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	36,570	19,725	16,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	10,295	5,145	5,150	28.2	26.1	30.6
15 to 29 minutes	17,230	8,945	8,285	47.1	45.3	49.2
30 to 44 minutes	5,935	3,640	2,300	16.2	18.5	13.7
45 to 59 minutes	1,505	905	600	4.1	4.6	3.6
60 minutes and over	1,600	1,085	515	4.4	5.5	3.1
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	36,570	19,725	16,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,910	1,400	505	5.2	7.1	3.0
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,410	3,395	2,020	14.8	17.2	12.0
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	10,695	5,815	4,875	29.2	29.5	28.9
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	7,835	3,810	4,025	21.4	19.3	23.9
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,655	2,620	3,040	15.5	13.3	18.0
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,065	2,685	2,385	13.9	13.6	14.2
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	15,225	7,810	7,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,775	890	890	11.7	11.4	12.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	13,450	6,925	6,525	88.3	88.7	88.1
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	10,575	5,485	5,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,270	640	620	12.0	11.7	12.2
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	750	380	370	7.1	6.9	7.3
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	515	265	250	4.9	4.8	4.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,305	4,840	4,465	88.0	88.2	87.7

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 23, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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