Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Burnaby SouthMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	120,305	...	...
Population, 2016¹	111,973	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	7.4	...	...
Total private dwellings²	53,506	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	50,419	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,611.9	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	46.06	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	120,305	58,580	61,720
0 to 14 years	14,770	7,560	7,205
0 to 4 years	5,120	2,580	2,535
5 to 9 years	5,020	2,595	2,425
10 to 14 years	4,630	2,385	2,250
15 to 64 years	84,305	41,385	42,920
15 to 19 years	4,805	2,490	2,315
20 to 24 years	8,080	4,085	3,995
25 to 29 years	11,145	5,685	5,455
30 to 34 years	11,845	6,025	5,820
35 to 39 years	9,705	4,880	4,825
40 to 44 years	7,910	3,930	3,985
45 to 49 years	7,265	3,350	3,915
50 to 54 years	7,670	3,540	4,140
55 to 59 years	8,430	3,900	4,525
60 to 64 years	7,450	3,505	3,945
65 years and over	21,235	9,640	11,590
65 to 69 years	6,615	3,050	3,565
70 to 74 years	5,355	2,505	2,850
75 to 79 years	3,580	1,595	1,985
80 to 84 years	2,730	1,250	1,480
85 years and over	2,950	1,240	1,710
85 to 89 years	1,830	835	995
90 to 94 years	850	325	525
95 to 99 years	230	70	160
100 years and over	40	10	30
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	12.3	12.9	11.7
15 to 64 years	70.1	70.6	69.5
65 years and over	17.7	16.5	18.8
85 years and over	2.5	2.1	2.8
Average age of the population	42.1	41.0	43.1
Median age of the population	40.0	38.4	41.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	50,420	...	...
Single-detached house	7,350	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,665	...	...
Row house	3,600	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,110	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	12,625	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	17,950	...	...
Other single-attached house	125	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	50,420	...	...
1 person	15,285	...	...
2 persons	17,075	...	...
3 persons	8,460	...	...
4 persons	6,070	...	...
5 or more persons	3,530	...	...
Number of persons in private households	119,145	58,090	61,055
Average household size	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	105,535	51,025	54,510
Married or living common-law	58,980	29,325	29,655
Married	51,370	25,465	25,905
Living common-law	7,610	3,860	3,750
Living common law - Never married	6,270	3,180	3,090
Living common law - Separated	175	95	75
Living common law - Divorced	1,095	550	545
Living common law - Widowed	70	35	35
Not married and not living common-law	46,555	21,695	24,855
Not married and not living common law - Never married	33,270	17,645	15,630
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,360	940	1,420
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,210	2,185	4,025
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,710	920	3,790
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	33,225	...	...
2 persons	17,645	...	...
3 persons	8,180	...	...
4 persons	5,950	...	...
5 or more persons	1,455	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	33,225	...	...
Total couple families	27,980	...	...
Married couples	24,175	...	...
With children⁶	13,190	...	...
Without children	10,985	...	...
Common-law couples	3,805	...	...
With children⁶	765	...	...
Without children	3,035	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,245	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,305	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	940	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	119,140	58,090	61,050
Total - Persons in census families	91,185	44,580	46,600
Married spouses or common-law partners	55,955	28,020	27,930
Parents in one-parent families	5,250	940	4,305
Children⁶	29,980	15,620	14,360
In a two-parent family	22,715	11,775	10,945
In a one-parent family	7,265	3,845	3,420
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	27,955	13,505	14,455
Living alone	15,290	7,025	8,260
Living with other relatives⁷	4,225	1,680	2,550
Living with non-relatives only	8,445	4,805	3,640
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	50,420	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	27,030	...	...
Couple-family households	23,070	...	...
With children⁶	11,505	...	...
Without children	11,565	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,955	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,905	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	565	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,995	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3,645	...	...
One-person households	15,290	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	104,395	50,540	53,855
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	101,145	49,030	52,115
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	42,000	34,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	101,165	49,040	52,125
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800	38,400	31,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	89,740	44,040	45,700
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	40,000	27,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	71,360	36,300	35,065
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	44,800	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	84,890	39,075	45,820
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,750	6,550	8,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,660	3,820	4,840
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	29,460	14,280	15,175
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	9,500	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	104,405	50,660	53,750
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	100,965	49,005	51,960
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,280	57,950	43,040
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	100,990	49,020	51,975
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,640	47,960	37,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,710	44,185	45,525
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,400	56,350	38,720
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	71,435	36,435	34,995
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,040	58,300	41,440
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	84,525	38,955	45,570
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,760	9,020	10,390
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,555	3,690	4,865
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,610	5,795	7,220
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	29,730	14,520	15,210
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,720	9,580	9,860
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	104,405	50,655	53,750
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	33,395	18,725	14,670
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,500	70,500	58,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	75,400	83,000	65,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	28,965	13,555	15,410
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,000	20,000	16,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,280	35,560	25,680
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	83.8	87.6	78.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.4	74.8	64.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.2	12.4	21.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.9	5.8	8.3
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.7	4.9	6.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	104,390	50,535	53,855
Without total income	3,250	1,505	1,740
With total income	101,145	49,030	52,115
Under $10,000 (including loss)	12,750	5,580	7,170
$10,000 to $19,999	12,275	5,405	6,870
$20,000 to $29,999	15,995	6,910	9,080
$30,000 to $39,999	12,380	5,500	6,880
$40,000 to $49,999	10,360	4,755	5,605
$50,000 to $59,999	8,475	3,955	4,520
$60,000 to $69,999	6,695	3,380	3,315
$70,000 to $79,999	5,125	2,790	2,335
$80,000 to $89,999	4,145	2,405	1,740
$90,000 to $99,999	3,265	1,920	1,350
$100,000 and over	9,680	6,435	3,250
$100,000 to $149,999	6,580	4,185	2,395
$150,000 and over	3,100	2,245	855
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	104,390	50,535	53,855
Without after-tax income	3,230	1,500	1,730
With after-tax income	101,165	49,040	52,125
Under $10,000 (including loss)	13,070	5,710	7,360
$10,000 to $19,999	12,630	5,550	7,080
$20,000 to $29,999	17,860	7,810	10,055
$30,000 to $39,999	14,230	6,410	7,825
$40,000 to $49,999	11,740	5,475	6,260
$50,000 to $59,999	9,120	4,480	4,635
$60,000 to $69,999	6,650	3,650	3,000
$70,000 to $79,999	5,005	2,890	2,115
$80,000 to $89,999	3,360	2,025	1,335
$90,000 to $99,999	2,230	1,395	835
$100,000 and over	5,270	3,645	1,620
$100,000 to $124,999	2,785	1,850	935
$125,000 and over	2,490	1,800	685
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	104,390	50,535	53,855
Without employment income	33,030	14,240	18,795
With employment income	71,365	36,300	35,065
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,130	4,130	4,995
$5,000 to $9,999	6,345	2,745	3,595
$10,000 to $19,999	8,585	3,925	4,655
$20,000 to $29,999	6,345	2,980	3,370
$30,000 to $39,999	6,215	2,970	3,245
$40,000 to $49,999	6,335	2,965	3,375
$50,000 to $59,999	6,090	2,945	3,150
$60,000 to $69,999	4,840	2,555	2,285
$70,000 to $79,999	3,865	2,195	1,675
$80,000 to $89,999	3,205	1,935	1,265
$90,000 to $99,999	2,675	1,600	1,070
$100,000 and over	7,730	5,350	2,380
$100,000 to $124,999	3,790	2,455	1,325
$125,000 and over	3,945	2,890	1,050
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	104,395	50,540	53,855
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	97,350	46,995	50,355
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	40,800	30,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	97,520	47,025	50,500
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,800	36,400	28,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	88,365	43,245	45,115
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	41,200	29,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	72,105	36,405	35,705
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	44,000	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	67,140	29,150	37,995
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,780	990	2,920
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,645	1,995	2,650
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,640	4,880	6,450
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	104,405	50,660	53,750
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	97,290	47,000	50,290
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,960	53,050	39,360
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	97,455	47,065	50,395
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,840	43,920	34,080
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	88,370	43,310	45,055
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,760	53,700	38,160
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	72,125	36,535	35,590
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,240	54,400	39,880
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	67,165	29,200	37,965
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,360	5,740	6,840
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,735	2,090	2,645
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,560	6,205	8,620
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	104,405	50,655	53,750
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	33,005	18,455	14,545
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,800	64,000	53,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,800	75,000	58,750
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,570	12,415	14,155
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,400	28,000	24,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,280	38,120	30,920
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.4	93.2	86.8
Employment income (%)	76.2	79.8	71.8
Government transfers (%)	9.6	6.7	13.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.5	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	50,420	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	15,290	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	35,130	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	50,415	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	100,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	85,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	15,265	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,150	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	35,150	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	121,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	50,420	...	...
Under $5,000	1,565	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	585	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	655	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,115	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,250	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,590	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,745	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,005	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,785	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,850	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,600	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,295	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,265	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,075	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,720	...	...
$100,000 and over	19,320	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,730	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,095	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,950	...	...
$200,000 and over	4,555	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	50,420	...	...
Under $5,000	1,670	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	580	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	675	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,155	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,340	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,810	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,960	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,270	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,135	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,135	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,110	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,900	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,740	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,305	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,875	...	...
$100,000 and over	15,755	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,700	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,780	...	...
$150,000 and over	6,270	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	32,680	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	12,240	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	13,970	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	124,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,750	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	23,730	11,830	11,900
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	39,600	35,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,800	36,000	33,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	32,665	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	121,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,125	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	104,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,915	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,805	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	81,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	23,885	11,855	12,030
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,960	49,840	44,160
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,600	42,320	38,880
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	119,140	58,085	61,055
0 to 17 years	17,495	8,985	8,510
0 to 5 years	6,160	3,130	3,030
18 to 64 years	81,255	39,810	41,440
65 years and over	20,390	9,290	11,105
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	17,505	8,160	9,345
0 to 17 years	2,535	1,350	1,185
0 to 5 years	835	430	400
18 to 64 years	10,985	5,210	5,775
65 years and over	3,985	1,600	2,385
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.7	14.0	15.3
0 to 17 years (%)	14.5	15.0	14.0
0 to 5 years (%)	13.5	13.8	13.2
18 to 64 years (%)	13.5	13.1	13.9
65 years and over (%)	19.5	17.2	21.5
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	119,140	58,090	61,050
0 to 17 years	17,495	8,985	8,510
0 to 5 years	6,160	3,130	3,030
18 to 64 years	81,255	39,815	41,440
65 years and over	20,395	9,290	11,100
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	12,455	6,105	6,350
0 to 17 years	1,575	830	745
0 to 5 years	490	245	245
18 to 64 years	9,165	4,575	4,585
65 years and over	1,715	700	1,020
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	10.5	10.5	10.4
0 to 17 years (%)	9.0	9.3	8.8
0 to 5 years (%)	7.9	7.8	8.1
18 to 64 years (%)	11.3	11.5	11.1
65 years and over (%)	8.4	7.5	9.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	119,140	58,085	61,055
In bottom half of the distribution	60,545	28,915	31,635
In bottom decile	17,255	8,295	8,955
In second decile	11,695	5,475	6,220
In third decile	10,600	5,050	5,550
In fourth decile	10,430	5,000	5,430
In fifth decile	10,570	5,090	5,480
In top half of the distribution	58,595	29,175	29,420
In sixth decile	10,780	5,250	5,520
In seventh decile	11,105	5,505	5,605
In eighth decile	11,880	5,920	5,960
In ninth decile	12,300	6,130	6,170
In top decile	12,530	6,370	6,160
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	119,140	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.352	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.450	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.316	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.5	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	119,375	58,200	61,175
English only	105,205	52,070	53,130
French only	40	20	25
English and French	5,415	2,550	2,870
Neither English nor French	8,715	3,565	5,150
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	119,375	58,200	61,175
English	109,160	53,880	55,275
French	810	435	370
English and French	815	375	440
Neither English nor French	8,595	3,510	5,085
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	119,375	58,200	61,175
Single responses	111,200	54,305	56,895
Official languages	41,670	22,180	19,490
English	40,945	21,775	19,165
French	725	405	320
Non-official languages	69,525	32,125	37,405
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	10	15
Algonquian languages	10	0	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	5	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	69,510	32,110	37,395
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,170	640	530
Berber languages	5	5	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	5	0
Hausa	5	5	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	60	35	25
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	15	10	5
Somali	45	20	25
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,105	605	500
Amharic	120	55	60
Arabic	825	450	375
Aramaic languages	15	5	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	40	30	15
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	110	65	45
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,620	710	915
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	10	10
Vietnamese	1,600	695	905
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	4,900	1,960	2,945
Bikol	15	5	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	55	25	30
Cebuano	115	45	70
Fijian	5	0	5
Hiligaynon	85	35	50
Ilocano	270	110	160
Indonesian	410	185	225
Kankanaey	10	0	5
Kinaray-a	10	0	10
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	20	10	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	55	25	25
Pangasinan	5	5	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,775	1,480	2,300
Waray-Waray	20	15	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	60	20	35
Creole languages	25	20	10
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Dravidian languages	930	525	405
Kannada	70	40	35
Malayalam	195	100	100
Tamil	330	180	145
Telugu	330	205	125
Tulu	5	5	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	20	15	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	19,050	9,600	9,450
Albanian	135	65	65
Armenian	65	35	25
Balto-Slavic languages	3,900	1,930	1,965
Baltic languages	15	10	0
Latvian	5	0	5
Lithuanian	10	5	0
Slavic languages	3,880	1,925	1,960
Belarusian	10	5	0
Bulgarian	85	40	40
Czech	140	70	65
Macedonian	25	15	15
Polish	405	215	195
Russian	1,350	640	715
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,545	785	760
Bosnian	130	70	60
Croatian	440	215	230
Serbian	945	495	450
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Slovak	75	35	35
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	15	15
Ukrainian	205	100	110
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	0
Irish	5	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	810	400	410
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	575	280	295
German	555	270	285
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	20	10	10
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	130	70	55
Afrikaans	15	10	5
Dutch	105	55	45
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	5	5	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	100	45	55
Danish	50	20	25
Icelandic	5	0	5
Norwegian	20	10	10
Swedish	30	15	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	180	95	85
Indo-Iranian languages	8,735	4,450	4,285
Indo-Aryan languages	6,070	3,040	3,030
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	380	210	170
Gujarati	950	475	475
Hindi	1,425	725	705
Kacchi	210	80	130
Kashmiri	10	10	5
Konkani	10	0	5
Marathi	260	135	130
Nepali	20	10	10
Oriya languages	15	10	10
Odia	15	5	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,380	1,175	1,205
Rohingya	5	5	0
Sindhi	30	15	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	55	25	30
Urdu	300	155	145
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Iranian languages	2,665	1,410	1,255
Baluchi	10	5	5
Kurdish	265	145	120
Parsi	5	0	5
Pashto	40	25	10
Persian languages	2,345	1,230	1,115
Dari	350	175	175
Iranian Persian	1,760	935	825
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	235	120	115
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,230	2,620	2,610
Catalan	5	5	0
Italian	670	340	325
Portuguese	1,505	750	755
Romanian	405	210	200
Spanish	2,645	1,315	1,330
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	1,250	410	835
Korean	3,895	1,690	2,200
Mongolian	30	15	15
Niger-Congo languages	155	80	70
Akan (Twi)	10	10	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	5	5	0
Ganda	5	5	5
Gikuyu	10	5	0
Igbo	10	0	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	10	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	5
Shona	10	5	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	30	20	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	5	0	5
Yoruba	20	5	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Sign languages	50	30	20
American Sign Language	45	30	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	35,610	16,045	19,560
Chinese languages	35,535	16,015	19,520
Hakka	180	75	110
Mandarin	19,555	8,745	10,810
Min Dong	25	10	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,140	520	620
Wu (Shanghainese)	335	160	175
Yue (Cantonese)	14,095	6,415	7,680
Chinese, n.o.s.	185	80	105
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	65	25	40
Burmese	55	25	30
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Tai-Kadai languages	155	55	100
Lao	15	10	10
Thai	140	50	95
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	325	180	145
Azerbaijani	30	10	15
Kazakh	5	5	5
Turkish	225	140	85
Uyghur	45	20	30
Uzbek	10	5	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Uralic languages	305	130	175
Estonian	15	5	10
Finnish	60	25	35
Hungarian	230	100	130
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Multiple responses	8,180	3,900	4,285
English and French	245	140	110
English and non-official language(s)	6,705	3,230	3,480
French and non-official language(s)	105	50	50
English, French and non-official language(s)	90	35	55
Multiple non-official languages	1,030	445	585
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	119,375	58,200	61,175
English	46,725	24,325	22,400
French	160	80	85
Non-official language	25,220	11,460	13,760
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	25,220	11,460	13,755
English and French	570	310	255
English and non-official language(s)	43,170	20,460	22,705
French and non-official language(s)	45	20	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	765	350	415
Multiple non-official languages	2,730	1,200	1,530
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	119,375	58,200	61,175
Single responses	109,590	53,580	56,010
Official languages	62,960	32,030	30,930
English	62,715	31,905	30,810
French	250	125	120
Non-official languages	46,630	21,550	25,080
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	5
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	46,620	21,545	25,075
Afro-Asiatic languages	680	340	340
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	20	10	10
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	5	5	0
Somali	15	5	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	655	330	325
Amharic	45	20	25
Arabic	525	255	265
Aramaic languages	10	0	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	0	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	10	5	5
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	70	45	25
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	920	415	500
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	10
Vietnamese	905	410	495
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,670	1,155	1,515
Bikol	10	5	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	20	15
Cebuano	60	20	35
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	40	15	25
Ilocano	140	55	85
Indonesian	170	90	80
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	15	10
Pangasinan	10	5	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,150	925	1,225
Waray-Waray	5	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Creole languages	10	10	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	5	5	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	580	315	275
Kannada	25	10	10
Malayalam	125	65	60
Tamil	215	115	100
Telugu	215	120	95
Tulu	5	5	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	10	5	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	10,735	5,345	5,390
Albanian	30	20	15
Armenian	50	25	20
Balto-Slavic languages	2,300	1,130	1,170
Baltic languages	5	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	2,295	1,130	1,170
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	40	20	20
Czech	65	35	30
Macedonian	15	5	5
Polish	160	75	85
Russian	975	475	495
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	930	465	465
Bosnian	75	40	35
Croatian	200	85	115
Serbian	645	335	310
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Slovak	20	10	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	0
Ukrainian	85	45	45
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	80	40	40
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	55	25	30
German	55	25	25
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	5	5
Afrikaans	5	5	0
Dutch	10	5	5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	5	5	5
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	65	30	40
Indo-Iranian languages	5,225	2,615	2,610
Indo-Aryan languages	3,345	1,650	1,695
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	210	110	105
Gujarati	505	245	260
Hindi	785	410	370
Kacchi	105	45	60
Kashmiri	10	5	5
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	135	70	70
Nepali	5	5	5
Oriya languages	10	5	5
Odia	10	5	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,365	655	710
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	10	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	25	15	10
Urdu	160	80	80
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Iranian languages	1,885	965	920
Baluchi	10	5	5
Kurdish	190	100	90
Parsi	5	0	0
Pashto	20	10	10
Persian languages	1,660	850	810
Dari	220	110	110
Iranian Persian	1,275	660	620
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	165	80	80
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,985	1,485	1,495
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	190	85	105
Portuguese	975	485	495
Romanian	220	100	115
Spanish	1,600	820	780
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	650	280	375
Korean	3,035	1,355	1,680
Mongolian	20	15	5
Niger-Congo languages	50	25	25
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	5	0
Gikuyu	5	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	5
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	5	5
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	5	5	0
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	5	5	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	65	45	25
American Sign Language	50	35	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	26,880	12,090	14,795
Chinese languages	26,825	12,065	14,765
Hakka	70	35	40
Mandarin	15,935	7,205	8,740
Min Dong	10	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	715	330	385
Wu (Shanghainese)	230	105	125
Yue (Cantonese)	9,765	4,345	5,420
Chinese, n.o.s.	95	45	50
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	25	25
Burmese	45	20	20
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	50	25	25
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	45	25	25
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	165	90	75
Azerbaijani	15	10	10
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	110	65	50
Uyghur	20	5	15
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Uralic languages	100	45	50
Estonian	10	5	0
Finnish	5	5	5
Hungarian	85	40	45
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	9,785	4,620	5,170
English and French	135	65	65
English and non-official language(s)	9,105	4,295	4,810
French and non-official language(s)	25	10	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	25	20
Multiple non-official languages	485	215	265
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	119,380	58,205	61,180
None	80,015	39,590	40,425
English	16,385	7,800	8,580
French	560	280	280
Non-official language	17,100	8,015	9,090
Indigenous³⁹	15	5	10
Non-Indigenous	17,085	8,005	9,080
English and French	140	70	70
English and non-official language(s)	2,680	1,265	1,410
French and non-official language(s)	360	165	195
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	10	15
Multiple non-official languages	2,120	1,005	1,110
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	119,175	58,095	61,075
Official languages	110,295	54,480	55,815
English	110,265	54,465	55,790
French	5,575	2,670	2,905
Non-official languages	84,340	39,295	45,040
Indigenous languages³⁹	45	20	25
Algonquian languages	15	10	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	20	10	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	10	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	10	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	10	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	84,320	39,285	45,030
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,845	1,030	810
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	25	15	10
Hausa	25	15	10
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	70	50	25
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	40	30	10
Somali	40	25	15
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,775	995	780
Amharic	205	95	110
Arabic	1,395	785	610
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	110	50	50
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	165	100	65
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,050	935	1,115
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	20	15
Vietnamese	2,010	910	1,095
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	0	0
Austronesian languages	7,270	2,915	4,350
Bikol	65	35	30
Bisaya, n.o.s.	80	35	45
Cebuano	190	75	120
Fijian	45	20	20
Hiligaynon	125	55	70
Ilocano	495	190	305
Indonesian	640	295	345
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	10	0	10
Malagasy languages	10	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	0
Malay	240	110	130
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	30	15	15
Pangasinan	40	10	30
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,155	2,425	3,735
Waray-Waray	50	25	30
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	205	100	105
Creole languages	95	55	45
Haitian Creole	20	10	10
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	25	0	25
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	20	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10
Dravidian languages	1,605	890	720
Kannada	210	110	95
Malayalam	305	160	140
Tamil	625	340	290
Telugu	685	400	285
Tulu	20	10	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	25,995	12,965	13,030
Albanian	255	120	130
Armenian	95	50	35
Balto-Slavic languages	4,535	2,225	2,305
Baltic languages	20	20	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	20	20	0
Slavic languages	4,520	2,215	2,305
Belarusian	30	10	15
Bulgarian	135	70	65
Czech	190	85	110
Macedonian	40	25	15
Polish	480	245	235
Russian	1,870	870	995
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,840	930	910
Bosnian	305	145	155
Croatian	675	320	360
Serbian	1,305	660	645
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	45	15	30
Slovak	60	30	30
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	10
Ukrainian	410	185	225
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	45	25	15
Irish	40	25	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	10	0	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,645	820	825
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	1,225	610	615
German	1,215	605	610
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	35	15	15
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	235	125	110
Afrikaans	75	45	30
Dutch	165	85	85
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	195	90	105
Danish	95	40	50
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	40	10	30
Swedish	70	45	30
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	235	125	110
Indo-Iranian languages	12,645	6,415	6,230
Indo-Aryan languages	9,780	4,980	4,795
Assamese	25	10	15
Bengali	450	235	215
Gujarati	1,815	855	960
Hindi	5,095	2,580	2,515
Kacchi	385	175	215
Kashmiri	10	10	0
Konkani	35	10	30
Marathi	490	245	245
Nepali	20	0	10
Oriya languages	15	0	10
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	0	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,790	2,010	1,780
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	50	35	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	100	35	65
Urdu	805	445	365
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	60	20	40
Iranian languages	2,975	1,490	1,480
Baluchi	15	10	10
Kurdish	380	205	175
Parsi	15	0	10
Pashto	115	70	45
Persian languages	2,595	1,310	1,280
Dari	410	180	230
Iranian Persian	2,005	1,030	970
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	235	140	95
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,360	3,600	3,760
Catalan	20	15	0
Italian	1,055	450	600
Portuguese	1,785	905	885
Romanian	540	290	245
Spanish	4,480	2,225	2,260
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	0	20
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	2,290	995	1,300
Korean	4,665	2,125	2,535
Mongolian	15	10	10
Niger-Congo languages	545	300	245
Akan (Twi)	45	25	20
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	20	10	0
Ganda	15	10	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	10	0	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	35	15	20
Shona	10	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	290	165	135
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	20	15	0
Yoruba	70	35	40
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	90	40	55
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	310	160	145
American Sign Language	295	155	140
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	40,655	18,415	22,240
Chinese languages	40,595	18,385	22,215
Hakka	250	110	140
Mandarin	28,510	12,735	15,780
Min Dong	30	15	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,405	1,085	1,320
Wu (Shanghainese)	540	235	305
Yue (Cantonese)	17,630	7,930	9,695
Chinese, n.o.s.	160	85	75
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	50	25	20
Burmese	35	15	20
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Tai-Kadai languages	220	100	120
Lao	35	15	15
Thai	190	80	110
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	460	240	215
Azerbaijani	50	35	15
Kazakh	10	0	0
Turkish	375	200	175
Uyghur	50	25	20
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Uralic languages	330	140	195
Estonian	10	0	10
Finnish	55	20	40
Hungarian	260	120	145
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	119,175	58,095	61,080
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,765	915	845
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,715	890	820
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,100	615	480
Métis	615	280	335
Inuk (Inuit)	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	25	10	15
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	25	15	10
Non-Indigenous identity	117,410	57,180	60,230
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	119,175	58,095	61,080
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	830	460	375
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	118,335	57,640	60,700
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	50,415	...	...
Owner	30,645	...	...
Renter	19,770	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	50,415	...	...
Condominium	25,305	...	...
Not condominium	25,110	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	50,415	...	...
No bedrooms	1,020	...	...
1 bedroom	12,300	...	...
2 bedrooms	19,955	...	...
3 bedrooms	7,680	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	9,470	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	50,415	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	30,915	...	...
5 rooms	6,110	...	...
6 rooms	3,775	...	...
7 rooms	2,950	...	...
8 or more rooms	6,670	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	50,415	...	...
One person or fewer per room	47,655	...	...
More than one person per room	2,755	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	50,415	...	...
Suitable	44,815	...	...
Not suitable	5,595	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	50,415	...	...
1960 or before	4,810	...	...
1961 to 1980	10,850	...	...
1981 to 1990	6,900	...	...
1991 to 2000	8,305	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,990	...	...
2006 to 2010	4,920	...	...
2011 to 2015	4,900	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	6,740	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	50,415	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	47,205	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,215	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	50,415	...	...
One-maintainer household	25,845	...	...
Two-maintainer household	20,650	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,925	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	50,415	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,985	...	...
25 to 34 years	9,845	...	...
35 to 44 years	8,995	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,310	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,180	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,820	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,660	...	...
85 years and over	1,625	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	50,115	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	33,900	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	16,220	...	...
30% to less than 100%	12,930	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	50,415	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	22,245	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	13,960	...	...
Not suitable only	3,745	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,895	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,335	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	800	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	395	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	130	...	...
Acceptable housing	28,175	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	46,825	...	...
In core need	9,375	...	...
Not in core need	37,455	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	30,650	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	54.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	28.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	15.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,380	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,738	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	850,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,105,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	19,770	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	38.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	27.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,500	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,556	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	119,170	58,100	61,075
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	695	380	315
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	670	365	310
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	570	330	245
Métis single ancestry	90	35	60
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	20	10	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,270	660	610
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,220	630	585
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	850	465	385
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	360	165	190
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	55	25	30
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	25	30
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	117,205	57,065	60,145
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	119,170	58,095	61,075
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	91,265	44,680	46,580
Canadian citizens aged under 18	15,030	7,650	7,375
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	76,240	37,035	39,205
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	27,905	13,410	14,495
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	119,170	58,095	61,075
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	45,450	23,915	21,535
Immigrants⁸¹	64,325	29,315	35,010
Before 1980	7,585	3,500	4,080
1980 to 1990	6,675	3,045	3,630
1991 to 2000	16,475	7,515	8,960
2001 to 2010	15,825	7,005	8,815
2011 to 2021⁸²	17,770	8,250	9,515
2011 to 2015	7,395	3,375	4,025
2016 to 2021	10,375	4,875	5,500
Non-permanent residents⁸³	9,395	4,865	4,530
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	64,325	29,315	35,015
Under 5 years	4,225	2,175	2,045
5 to 14 years	9,720	4,985	4,735
15 to 24 years	10,835	5,015	5,820
25 to 44 years	31,045	13,295	17,750
45 years and over	8,495	3,840	4,655
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	64,325	29,315	35,015
Americas	3,560	1,795	1,770
Brazil	495	245	255
Colombia	260	130	130
El Salvador	190	110	80
Guyana	45	15	35
Haiti	15	10	0
Jamaica	95	75	20
Mexico	595	275	320
Peru	160	80	80
Trinidad and Tobago	75	50	30
United States of America	910	495	415
Other places of birth in Americas	725	315	410
Europe	6,870	3,415	3,460
Bosnia and Herzegovina	480	225	255
Croatia	325	160	160
France	115	90	25
Germany	365	150	215
Greece	70	40	30
Hungary	105	40	65
Italy	425	205	220
Netherlands	105	60	45
Poland	390	185	200
Portugal	365	185	180
Romania	475	240	230
Russian Federation	675	300	370
Serbia⁸⁶	435	190	240
Ukraine	435	195	245
United Kingdom⁸⁷	925	555	370
Other places of birth in Europe	1,190	595	590
Africa	2,530	1,260	1,265
Algeria	30	15	10
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15	0	10
Egypt	105	75	35
Eritrea	110	65	40
Ethiopia	165	85	80
Morocco	45	30	20
Nigeria	130	70	65
Somalia	15	10	10
South Africa, Republic of	205	90	110
Other places of birth in Africa	1,715	815	905
Asia	50,470	22,425	28,040
Afghanistan	375	160	210
Iran⁸⁸	1,410	715	695
Iraq	225	115	110
Lebanon	110	70	45
Syria⁸⁹	235	110	120
Turkey	120	70	50
China⁹⁰	18,090	7,855	10,235
Hong Kong⁹¹	5,460	2,390	3,065
Korea, South⁹²	3,365	1,535	1,825
Taiwan	4,730	2,205	2,525
Philippines	6,120	2,455	3,665
Viet Nam	1,665	725	940
Bangladesh	215	110	105
India	4,115	2,055	2,055
Pakistan	400	205	195
Sri Lanka	180	85	95
Other places of birth in Asia	3,655	1,555	2,100
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	895	420	475
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	10,375	4,880	5,495
Americas	1,120	550	570
Brazil	380	190	195
Colombia	55	25	25
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	0	0	0
Mexico	175	75	100
United States of America	260	135	130
Venezuela⁹⁵	45	15	25
Other places of birth in Americas	185	100	90
Europe	950	530	425
France	40	30	10
Germany	15	10	0
Ireland⁹⁶	40	25	15
Italy	20	15	0
Russian Federation	120	35	90
Ukraine	185	105	75
United Kingdom⁸⁷	110	60	45
Other places of birth in Europe	425	240	185
Africa	450	275	170
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	10	10	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	35	25	15
Eritrea	75	50	25
Ethiopia	40	30	15
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	75	50	20
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	60	25	35
Sudan⁹⁷	20	15	10
Tunisia	35	10	20
Other places of birth in Africa	95	60	35
Asia	7,780	3,480	4,300
Afghanistan	95	45	45
Bangladesh	65	35	30
China⁹⁰	3,065	1,295	1,765
Hong Kong⁹¹	145	70	70
India	1,590	805	785
Iran⁸⁸	225	95	135
Iraq	65	45	20
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	115	35	80
Jordan	10	10	0
Korea, South⁹²	515	205	310
Lebanon	15	10	10
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	150	100	55
Philippines	725	320	410
Saudi Arabia	55	30	30
Sri Lanka	10	0	10
Syria⁸⁹	140	65	75
Turkey	25	20	10
United Arab Emirates	15	10	10
Viet Nam	180	65	110
Other places of birth in Asia	565	235	330
Oceania and other⁹³	80	45	35
Australia	70	45	30
Other places of birth⁹⁸	10	0	10
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	119,175	58,095	61,075
First generation¹⁰⁰	75,090	34,845	40,250
Second generation¹⁰¹	26,580	13,855	12,730
Third generation or more¹⁰²	17,505	9,400	8,095
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	56,745	25,815	30,925
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	37,385	17,880	19,510
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	15,445	8,610	6,835
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	21,940	9,265	12,675
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	14,165	5,315	8,845
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,180	2,200	1,980
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,015	420	590
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	56,745	25,815	30,925
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,110	585	520
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,230	1,975	3,255
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,760	1,385	1,370
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	5,035	2,310	2,725
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	170	80	90
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	42,440	19,480	22,960
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	119,175	58,095	61,080
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	87,405	41,305	46,105
South Asian	12,705	6,465	6,235
Chinese	44,680	20,660	24,020
Black	1,820	1,020	800
Filipino	7,635	3,210	4,425
Arab	1,075	625	455
Latin American	3,155	1,595	1,560
Southeast Asian	3,105	1,380	1,725
West Asian	2,645	1,355	1,285
Korean	4,750	2,200	2,550
Japanese	1,920	835	1,085
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	745	390	355
Multiple visible minorities	3,175	1,570	1,610
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	31,770	16,795	14,975
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	119,170	58,095	61,075
Canadian	4,530	2,415	2,115
English	7,495	4,060	3,435
Irish	4,845	2,500	2,345
Scottish	5,940	3,075	2,865
French, n.o.s.¹²²	2,710	1,380	1,330
German	4,485	2,255	2,230
Chinese	39,590	18,455	21,135
Italian	3,040	1,540	1,495
Indian (India)	8,440	4,200	4,240
Ukrainian	2,400	1,175	1,225
Dutch	1,100	600	500
Polish	1,615	785	830
Québécois	95	45	45
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,835	950	885
Filipino	7,365	3,160	4,200
French Canadian	360	210	155
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	885	465	415
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	630	350	280
Métis	525	235	290
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,100	610	490
Russian	1,835	865	970
Norwegian	1,030	505	520
Welsh	805	410	395
Portuguese	1,325	685	645
American	760	380	380
Spanish	1,590	815	770
Swedish	750	350	400
Hungarian	660	300	360
Acadian	65	30	30
Pakistani	460	285	175
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	645	370	275
Jewish	385	195	190
Punjabi	960	490	475
Vietnamese	2,400	1,110	1,295
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	545	275	275
Greek	495	285	215
Jamaican	235	130	105
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	3,410	1,615	1,795
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	245	135	110
Korean	4,845	2,250	2,590
Romanian	720	415	295
Lebanese	195	95	100
Iranian	1,840	910	930
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	470	255	225
Danish	355	175	185
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	260	155	110
Sikh	710	370	340
Austrian	575	285	290
Belgian	220	115	105
Haitian	10	0	10
Hindu	905	475	425
Mexican	960	470	495
Mennonite	175	85	85
Swiss	220	120	100
Finnish	355	175	185
Sri Lankan	210	95	120
Croatian	620	320	300
Japanese	2,535	1,115	1,425
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	635	315	325
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	25	10	20
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	210	120	90
Muslim	520	255	265
Egyptian	140	90	50
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	400	210	195
Tamil	135	75	60
Icelandic	170	115	60
Colombian	360	195	165
Moroccan	20	20	0
Czech	305	140	170
Syrian	205	110	100
Guyanese	30	10	15
Afghan	455	215	240
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	150	90	60
Serbian	1,080	590	495
Ojibway	35	20	15
Newfoundlander	30	20	0
Hong Konger	2,245	1,080	1,170
Ontarian	25	20	0
Persian	570	300	270
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	85	50	40
Turkish	335	215	130
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	15	0	10
Bangladeshi	300	175	135
Algerian	35	20	15
Brazilian	725	365	360
Nigerian	150	70	80
Armenian	195	105	90
Slovak	145	60	85
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	190	80	110
Somali	85	55	30
Taiwanese	4,350	1,985	2,360
Iraqi	130	65	60
Salvadorean	165	65	100
African Caribbean	30	15	15
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	510	250	265
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	220	135	95
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	35	15	20
Algonquin	25	0	20
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	45	25	25
Lithuanian	75	45	25
South African	150	70	75
Australian	180	100	80
Palestinian	105	55	55
Chilean	120	55	70
Congolese	40	15	25
Nova Scotian	30	25	10
Ethiopian	180	80	100
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	260	135	125
Peruvian	115	70	50
Yoruba	60	35	20
Cambodian (Khmer)	105	55	50
Berber	10	10	0
Albanian	225	115	110
Maltese	65	35	30
Macedonian	40	20	20
Slovenian	70	35	35
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	80	55	25
New Brunswicker	0	0	0
Gujarati	205	95	115
Eritrean	70	35	35
African Canadian	25	10	15
Israeli	85	40	45
Mohawk	35	30	0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	40	15	20
Bulgarian	180	110	70
Albertan	40	25	25
Ghanaian	50	35	15
Barbadian	50	30	15
African American	55	20	30
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	80	35	45
Tunisian	45	25	20
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	200	100	95
Cuban	80	40	40
Bosnian	325	190	140
Venezuelan	70	25	40
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	30	15	15
Bengali	75	35	40
Cameroonian	10	10	0
Guatemalan	85	55	35
Indonesian	565	260	310
Laotian	80	25	55
Ilocano	235	80	155
Northern Irish	55	25	30
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	20	15	10
British Columbian	190	95	95
Ecuadorian	25	10	10
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0
Argentinian	55	25	20
Estonian	40	25	20
Kurdish	295	155	140
Fijian	370	155	215
Jatt	50	30	25
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	40	30	10
Coptic	25	15	10
Thai	185	70	115
Dominican	15	10	0
Nepali	25	0	20
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	10	10	0
Byelorussian	125	60	65
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	15	0	10
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	0	0	0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0
New Zealander	85	30	55
Sudanese	35	25	10
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	10	0	0
Malaysian	305	140	170
Plains Cree	25	20	10
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	45	20	25
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	20	15	0
Buddhist	170	80	85
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	0	0	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	210	95	115
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	95	60	35
Nicaraguan	90	25	70
Mauritian	15	0	15
Kenyan	150	90	60
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	0	0	0
Jordanian	10	0	10
Manitoban	30	15	15
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	0	0	0
Malayali	45	20	25
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	40	20	15
Mayan	75	50	20
Honduran	30	15	15
Cherokee	25	10	10
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	15	0	10
Flemish	25	15	0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	50	35	20
Sicilian	20	10	10
Pashtun	55	20	30
Malay	170	80	90
Goan	10	0	10
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	20	10	10
Burmese	50	25	20
Mongolian	65	35	30
Azorean	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	95	25	70
Oromo	45	30	20
Tanzanian	85	35	45
Yemeni	0	0	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	120	75	45
Basque	35	30	0
Uruguayan	10	0	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0
Igorot	15	0	15
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	25	0	20
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	15	10	0
Telugu	105	60	50
Roma	40	20	15
Costa Rican	20	10	0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	10	0	10
Kashmiri	20	10	10
Singaporean	120	65	55
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	60	30	30
Amhara	20	10	10
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	119,175	58,095	61,075
Buddhist	4,990	1,995	2,995
Christian	39,295	17,695	21,595
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	11,145	4,865	6,280
Anabaptist	325	150	175
Anglican	1,170	555	615
Baptist	1,200	515	685
Catholic	16,780	7,555	9,225
Christian Orthodox	2,645	1,345	1,300
Jehovah's Witness	455	170	275
Latter Day Saints	110	45	60
Lutheran	635	285	355
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	185	75	110
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	700	325	375
Presbyterian	465	225	240
Reformed	45	15	35
United Church	1,265	515	745
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,175	1,050	1,130
Hindu	4,665	2,435	2,225
Jewish	245	135	110
Muslim	6,510	3,265	3,245
Sikh	3,330	1,705	1,630
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	70	35	35
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,135	465	665
No religion and secular perspectives	58,940	30,370	28,570
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	118,155	57,570	60,585
Non-movers	98,940	47,845	51,095
Movers	19,215	9,725	9,490
Non-migrants	9,415	4,745	4,675
Migrants	9,795	4,980	4,815
Internal migrants	6,460	3,320	3,140
Intraprovincial migrants	5,230	2,615	2,610
Interprovincial migrants	1,230	700	535
External migrants	3,340	1,665	1,680
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	114,065	55,565	58,505
Non-movers	63,010	29,850	33,165
Movers	51,055	25,710	25,340
Non-migrants	16,105	7,920	8,185
Migrants	34,945	17,790	17,155
Internal migrants	21,260	11,015	10,245
Intraprovincial migrants	17,540	8,950	8,585
Interprovincial migrants	3,715	2,065	1,655
External migrants	13,685	6,775	6,910
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	104,405	50,655	53,750
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	11,685	5,675	6,010
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	92,715	44,980	47,735
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	71,325	34,785	36,540
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	4,365	2,360	2,005
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	66,960	32,425	34,535
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	104,405	50,660	53,750
No certificate, diploma or degree	10,655	5,090	5,555
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	25,440	12,680	12,760
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	68,315	32,885	35,435
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	25,450	12,530	12,915
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,745	3,200	1,545
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,260	1,245	1,015
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,480	1,955	530
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	15,970	7,185	8,780
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,740	2,150	2,590
Bachelor's degree or higher	42,870	20,350	22,520
Bachelor's degree	28,615	13,355	15,260
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,880	1,210	1,670
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	955	475	475
Master's degree	9,295	4,575	4,720
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,120	730	385
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	71,320	34,780	36,535
No certificate, diploma or degree	3,755	2,015	1,740
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	13,470	7,075	6,395
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	54,095	25,690	28,400
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	18,445	9,090	9,355
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,215	2,175	1,040
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,525	875	650
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,695	1,300	395
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	11,730	5,340	6,385
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,505	1,575	1,930
Bachelor's degree or higher	35,645	16,600	19,045
Bachelor's degree	23,410	10,745	12,660
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,290	940	1,350
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	765	345	415
Master's degree	8,340	4,030	4,315
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	845	535	310
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	104,410	50,660	53,750
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	36,090	17,770	18,315
Education	3,220	680	2,545
13. Education	3,220	680	2,545
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,645	1,695	1,955
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	605	390	215
50. Visual and performing arts	3,040	1,300	1,740
Humanities	3,910	1,315	2,595
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	735	175	565
23. English language and literature/letters	995	265	735
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,255	445	810
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	40	15	25
38. Philosophy and religious studies	175	105	70
39. Theology and religious vocations	270	150	125
54. History	320	135	185
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	110	25	80
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,115	2,995	5,125
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	105	30	80
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,155	470	680
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	995	130	865
22. Legal professions and studies	955	305	655
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	210	95	115
42. Psychology	1,365	390	980
45. Social sciences	3,325	1,575	1,750
Business, management and public administration	17,050	7,325	9,715
30.16 Accounting and computer science	30	10	20
44. Public administration and social service professions	490	130	355
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	16,530	7,190	9,340
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,515	1,820	1,695
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,345	595	750
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	905	470	435
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	70	10	60
40. Physical sciences	1,150	735	410
41. Science technologies/technicians	45	10	40
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,555	3,675	1,875
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,735	3,315	1,420
25. Library science	195	45	150
27. Mathematics and statistics	490	235	260
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	130	80	45
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	12,060	9,795	2,265
04. Architecture and related services	655	410	250
14. Engineering	6,255	4,740	1,505
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,065	1,715	350
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,480	1,400	80
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,135	1,095	40
48. Precision production	465	440	30
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,045	490	555
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	610	230	380
03. Natural resources and conservation	435	255	180
Health and related fields	7,835	1,970	5,865
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	525	260	275
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,035	1,585	5,455
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	260	135	130
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,350	1,115	1,240
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,805	700	1,110
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0
43. Security and protective services	185	130	50
49. Transportation and materials moving	350	270	80
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	71,320	34,785	36,535
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	17,225	9,090	8,135
Education	2,125	415	1,710
13. Education	2,125	415	1,710
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,055	1,450	1,605
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	505	335	165
50. Visual and performing arts	2,550	1,110	1,440
Humanities	2,865	860	2,005
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	535	85	450
23. English language and literature/letters	775	175	605
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	950	320	630
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	20	10	15
38. Philosophy and religious studies	95	50	45
39. Theology and religious vocations	185	115	70
54. History	215	85	130
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	75	25	55
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,715	2,420	4,295
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	70	15	65
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,020	410	610
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	820	110	710
22. Legal professions and studies	775	225	560
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	165	75	90
42. Psychology	1,135	325	810
45. Social sciences	2,730	1,275	1,455
Business, management and public administration	13,910	5,875	8,025
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	10	15
44. Public administration and social service professions	345	85	260
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,535	5,790	7,750
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,780	1,355	1,420
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,110	475	635
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	745	355	390
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	55	0	45
40. Physical sciences	830	515	315
41. Science technologies/technicians	35	0	35
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,890	3,305	1,590
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,290	3,030	1,260
25. Library science	145	30	110
27. Mathematics and statistics	335	165	170
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	125	80	45
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,235	7,310	1,925
04. Architecture and related services	500	300	200
14. Engineering	5,130	3,800	1,330
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,530	1,225	295
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,070	1,015	55
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	730	705	20
48. Precision production	275	260	10
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	830	370	460
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	450	145	300
03. Natural resources and conservation	380	220	165
Health and related fields	5,985	1,505	4,480
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	440	225	215
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,340	1,190	4,150
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	195	90	105
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,700	820	880
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,320	540	785
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	155	115	40
49. Transportation and materials moving	220	165	55
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	71,320	34,785	36,535
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	17,225	9,090	8,135
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	54,095	25,695	28,400
Location of study inside Canada	32,460	16,195	16,265
Same as province or territory of residence	27,255	13,290	13,960
Different than province or territory of residence	5,210	2,905	2,305
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	21,635	9,500	12,135
Americas	3,295	1,690	1,605
United States of America	1,715	935	780
Mexico	465	210	255
Cuba	25	15	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	15	10	10
Brazil	580	290	290
Colombia	160	70	90
Peru	55	30	25
Venezuela⁹⁵	50	20	30
Other locations of study in Americas	225	110	115
Europe	2,880	1,485	1,400
Belgium	25	20	0
France	80	55	30
Germany	85	40	40
Netherlands	20	0	15
Switzerland	35	20	20
Hungary	30	15	10
Moldova¹⁸³	15	15	0
Poland	95	40	55
Romania	255	140	115
Russian Federation	380	165	215
Ukraine	215	105	110
Ireland⁹⁶	110	75	30
United Kingdom⁸⁷	775	385	385
Bosnia and Herzegovina	100	50	45
Italy	25	25	0
Serbia⁸⁶	180	95	85
Other locations of study in Europe	455	230	225
Africa	385	230	160
Nigeria	35	25	15
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	35	25	10
Tunisia	40	20	15
Egypt	55	35	25
South Africa, Republic of	75	45	30
Other locations of study in Africa	140	75	65
Asia	14,580	5,870	8,710
Iran⁸⁸	660	310	345
Iraq	60	45	20
Israel	15	10	10
Lebanon	45	20	25
Syria⁸⁹	45	15	30
Turkey	65	45	20
China⁹⁰	4,965	2,070	2,890
Taiwan	1,050	345	705
Hong Kong⁹¹	505	200	305
Japan	460	105	360
Korea, South⁹²	1,195	435	760
Philippines	2,515	870	1,640
Viet Nam	100	25	75
Bangladesh	90	35	55
Sri Lanka	30	15	20
India	2,130	1,080	1,055
Pakistan	115	50	65
Other locations of study in Asia	530	195	335
Oceania	495	235	265
Australia	415	195	220
New Zealand	70	35	35
Other locations of study in Oceania	10	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	104,405	50,660	53,750
In the labour force	67,175	35,035	32,140
Employed	60,600	31,855	28,740
Unemployed	6,575	3,180	3,400
Not in the labour force	37,230	15,625	21,610
Participation rate	64.3	69.2	59.8
Employment rate	58.0	62.9	53.5
Unemployment rate	9.8	9.1	10.6
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	104,410	50,660	53,750
Did not work¹⁸⁶	38,585	16,440	22,140
Worked	65,825	34,215	31,605
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	34,785	19,555	15,225
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	31,040	14,655	16,385
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.5	41.4	39.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	67,175	35,030	32,140
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,840	835	1,005
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	65,335	34,200	31,140
Employee	55,345	28,055	27,290
Permanent position	45,930	23,595	22,330
Temporary position	9,415	4,455	4,960
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,855	1,940	1,915
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,565	2,510	3,045
Self-employed¹⁹²	9,995	6,140	3,850
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	67,175	35,030	32,140
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,840	835	1,005
All occupations¹⁹¹	65,335	34,200	31,140
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	495	330	165
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	13,620	4,570	9,050
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	9,445	7,160	2,285
3 Health occupations	4,385	1,200	3,185
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,165	2,005	4,160
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	3,145	1,640	1,505
6 Sales and service occupations	17,075	7,950	9,130
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	8,670	7,840	835
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	490	390	105
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,835	1,115	720
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	67,175	35,030	32,140
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,840	835	1,005
All industries¹⁹¹	65,335	34,200	31,140
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	215	125	90
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	130	70	60
22 Utilities	475	310	165
23 Construction	4,450	3,830	625
31-33 Manufacturing	3,690	2,420	1,265
41 Wholesale trade	2,515	1,500	1,015
44-45 Retail trade	7,790	3,780	4,015
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,100	2,335	770
51 Information and cultural industries	3,240	2,090	1,145
52 Finance and insurance	3,495	1,580	1,915
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,970	1,070	895
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	8,900	5,215	3,690
55 Management of companies and enterprises	180	75	110
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,810	1,510	1,300
61 Educational services	4,215	1,560	2,655
62 Health care and social assistance	7,025	1,560	5,465
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,170	630	540
72 Accommodation and food services	4,660	2,200	2,455
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,940	1,235	1,705
91 Public administration	2,370	1,100	1,265
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	71,545	37,015	34,525
English	59,855	31,545	28,310
French	60	30	30
Non-official language	2,890	1,455	1,435
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	2,890	1,455	1,435
English and French	355	160	200
English and non-official language(s)	8,030	3,635	4,395
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	60	30	30
Multiple non-official languages	285	165	120
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	71,545	37,015	34,525
Single responses	69,640	36,105	33,535
Official languages	64,470	33,665	30,810
English	64,365	33,620	30,745
French	105	45	65
Non-official languages	5,170	2,445	2,725
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	5,170	2,445	2,725
Afro-Asiatic languages	10	0	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	10	0	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	10	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	130	50	85
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	130	50	85
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	60	15	45
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	10	0	10
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	45	10	35
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	475	235	240
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	50	20	30
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	50	20	30
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	25	0	20
Serbo-Croatian	30	20	10
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	30	20	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	10	10	0
Indo-Iranian languages	180	110	70
Indo-Aryan languages	95	60	35
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	25	15	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	60	45	25
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	85	50	35
Kurdish	10	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	80	45	35
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	70	40	30
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	215	90	125
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	50	15	35
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	160	80	80
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	95	10	85
Korean	455	235	220
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	30	10	25
American Sign Language	30	10	25
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,920	1,890	2,030
Chinese languages	3,920	1,890	2,030
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	2,640	1,230	1,415
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	35	25	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,230	625	605
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,905	910	995
English and French	60	35	25
English and non-official language(s)	1,780	835	940
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	65	40	25
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	71,545	37,015	34,525
None	64,340	33,770	30,565
English	1,810	770	1,040
French	285	125	155
Non-official language	3,930	1,855	2,080
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	3,925	1,855	2,075
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	290	110	185
French and non-official language(s)	45	15	25
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	850	375	480
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	60,600	31,855	28,745
Worked at home	18,260	9,480	8,780
Worked outside Canada	525	365	160
No fixed workplace address	7,575	5,590	1,985
Usual place of work	34,245	16,425	17,825
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	34,245	16,420	17,825
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	12,775	5,960	6,815
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	21,125	10,245	10,880
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	245	155	80
Commute to a different province or territory	100	55	40
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	41,815	22,010	19,805
Car, truck or van	28,275	16,210	12,065
Car, truck or van - as a driver	25,865	15,500	10,365
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,410	710	1,705
Public transit	9,940	4,085	5,855
Walked	2,330	1,015	1,315
Bicycle	390	310	85
Other method	880	395	485
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	41,815	22,010	19,805
Less than 15 minutes	6,855	3,380	3,475
15 to 29 minutes	14,230	7,650	6,575
30 to 44 minutes	13,495	7,485	6,015
45 to 59 minutes	4,345	2,140	2,195
60 minutes and over	2,900	1,360	1,540
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	41,815	22,010	19,805
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,020	1,310	705
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,830	3,615	2,215
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	8,645	4,485	4,160
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	9,740	4,620	5,120
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	9,490	4,625	4,865
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,100	3,360	2,740
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	17,815	9,140	8,675
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	750	380	370
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	17,060	8,755	8,305
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	12,310	6,360	5,950
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	570	295	275
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	385	195	190
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	185	95	85
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,740	6,065	5,675

Symbol legend

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 24, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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