Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Cloverdale--Langley CityMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	130,665	...	...
Population, 2016¹	117,640	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	11.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	48,570	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	46,569	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,198.9	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	59.42	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	130,665	64,105	66,560
0 to 14 years	24,860	12,825	12,040
0 to 4 years	7,740	3,945	3,800
5 to 9 years	8,570	4,420	4,150
10 to 14 years	8,545	4,455	4,090
15 to 64 years	87,545	43,145	44,400
15 to 19 years	7,525	3,800	3,725
20 to 24 years	7,600	4,005	3,590
25 to 29 years	8,365	4,140	4,225
30 to 34 years	9,960	4,790	5,165
35 to 39 years	11,205	5,400	5,805
40 to 44 years	10,175	4,980	5,195
45 to 49 years	9,315	4,595	4,725
50 to 54 years	8,450	4,195	4,260
55 to 59 years	7,920	3,920	4,000
60 to 64 years	7,035	3,330	3,705
65 years and over	18,260	8,135	10,125
65 to 69 years	6,080	2,775	3,305
70 to 74 years	4,940	2,255	2,685
75 to 79 years	3,260	1,480	1,780
80 to 84 years	2,035	890	1,140
85 years and over	1,950	735	1,220
85 to 89 years	1,170	495	675
90 to 94 years	570	185	385
95 to 99 years	180	50	135
100 years and over	30	5	25
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	19.0	20.0	18.1
15 to 64 years	67.0	67.3	66.7
65 years and over	14.0	12.7	15.2
85 years and over	1.5	1.1	1.8
Average age of the population	38.6	37.6	39.5
Median age of the population	38.0	37.2	38.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	46,570	...	...
Single-detached house	15,830	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,215	...	...
Row house	9,530	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	8,250	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	10,995	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	690	...	...
Other single-attached house	50	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	46,570	...	...
1 person	11,145	...	...
2 persons	13,290	...	...
3 persons	7,640	...	...
4 persons	8,425	...	...
5 or more persons	6,075	...	...
Number of persons in private households	129,245	63,510	65,730
Average household size	2.8	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	105,805	51,280	54,520
Married or living common-law	63,440	31,685	31,755
Married	55,010	27,475	27,535
Living common-law	8,430	4,210	4,220
Living common law - Never married	6,055	3,055	3,000
Living common law - Separated	420	215	205
Living common law - Divorced	1,795	875	920
Living common law - Widowed	160	65	95
Not married and not living common-law	42,365	19,595	22,770
Not married and not living common law - Never married	28,175	15,095	13,075
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,880	1,135	1,740
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,510	2,385	4,125
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,800	975	3,830
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	36,195	...	...
2 persons	15,580	...	...
3 persons	8,280	...	...
4 persons	9,110	...	...
5 or more persons	3,220	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	36,190	...	...
Total couple families	30,745	...	...
Married couples	26,535	...	...
With children⁶	16,835	...	...
Without children	9,700	...	...
Common-law couples	4,215	...	...
With children⁶	1,605	...	...
Without children	2,610	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,445	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,220	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,225	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	129,240	63,510	65,735
Total - Persons in census families	109,425	54,435	54,990
Married spouses or common-law partners	61,495	30,710	30,785
Parents in one-parent families	5,450	1,230	4,220
Children⁶	42,485	22,500	19,985
In a two-parent family	34,230	18,005	16,230
In a one-parent family	8,255	4,500	3,755
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	19,815	9,075	10,745
Living alone	11,145	4,990	6,155
Living with other relatives⁷	4,040	1,520	2,525
Living with non-relatives only	4,635	2,565	2,070
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	46,565	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	28,060	...	...
Couple-family households	24,060	...	...
With children⁶	14,545	...	...
Without children	9,515	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,000	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,805	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	695	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,120	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,745	...	...
One-person households	11,145	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	104,390	50,695	53,700
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	100,740	48,915	51,825
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,800	53,600	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	100,830	48,965	51,865
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	47,200	35,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	91,140	45,270	45,875
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	52,000	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,345	39,890	38,455
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000	54,400	35,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	82,505	36,660	45,845
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,400	6,500	9,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	10,035	4,005	6,020
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,000	5,800
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	28,700	13,130	15,570
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	104,820	50,985	53,835
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	101,055	49,180	51,880
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,050	62,100	44,440
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	101,175	49,220	51,955
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,440	52,000	39,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	91,360	45,640	45,720
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,240	59,350	39,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,575	40,230	38,345
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,600	60,000	40,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	82,815	36,850	45,965
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,400	9,320	11,270
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,410	4,300	6,110
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,560	5,345	7,410
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	28,675	13,105	15,570
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,900	8,660	9,110
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	104,815	50,985	53,830
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	40,285	23,520	16,765
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,000	73,000	57,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	73,100	80,600	62,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	29,345	12,580	16,770
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,800	22,400	18,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,480	33,120	25,000
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.0	88.8	77.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	74.2	79.0	67.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.1	11.2	22.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	0.8	2.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.9	4.5	7.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.8	3.7	6.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	104,395	50,690	53,700
Without total income	3,650	1,775	1,875
With total income	100,740	48,915	51,830
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,585	3,465	5,125
$10,000 to $19,999	10,285	4,090	6,200
$20,000 to $29,999	13,825	5,380	8,445
$30,000 to $39,999	12,220	5,000	7,225
$40,000 to $49,999	11,405	4,815	6,595
$50,000 to $59,999	9,915	4,625	5,290
$60,000 to $69,999	8,125	4,255	3,865
$70,000 to $79,999	6,580	3,875	2,705
$80,000 to $89,999	5,075	3,165	1,910
$90,000 to $99,999	4,040	2,495	1,540
$100,000 and over	10,680	7,755	2,930
$100,000 to $149,999	8,060	5,665	2,400
$150,000 and over	2,615	2,085	530
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	104,395	50,690	53,700
Without after-tax income	3,565	1,730	1,835
With after-tax income	100,830	48,965	51,865
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,865	3,570	5,300
$10,000 to $19,999	10,635	4,225	6,415
$20,000 to $29,999	15,730	6,215	9,515
$30,000 to $39,999	14,510	6,040	8,470
$40,000 to $49,999	13,440	6,060	7,380
$50,000 to $59,999	11,050	5,670	5,380
$60,000 to $69,999	8,450	4,965	3,490
$70,000 to $79,999	6,065	3,755	2,315
$80,000 to $89,999	4,295	2,750	1,540
$90,000 to $99,999	2,710	1,845	865
$100,000 and over	5,070	3,880	1,195
$100,000 to $124,999	3,085	2,310	780
$125,000 and over	1,980	1,565	410
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	104,395	50,690	53,700
Without employment income	26,045	10,800	15,245
With employment income	78,345	39,890	38,455
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,635	3,655	4,975
$5,000 to $9,999	5,540	2,150	3,395
$10,000 to $19,999	8,290	3,320	4,965
$20,000 to $29,999	6,680	2,815	3,865
$30,000 to $39,999	7,115	3,030	4,085
$40,000 to $49,999	7,240	3,340	3,900
$50,000 to $59,999	7,305	3,525	3,785
$60,000 to $69,999	6,040	3,405	2,635
$70,000 to $79,999	5,150	3,220	1,935
$80,000 to $89,999	4,155	2,675	1,475
$90,000 to $99,999	3,430	2,175	1,260
$100,000 and over	8,760	6,575	2,185
$100,000 to $124,999	4,735	3,375	1,355
$125,000 and over	4,025	3,200	825
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	104,390	50,695	53,700
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	97,910	47,445	50,465
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400	52,400	35,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	98,110	47,480	50,630
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	45,600	31,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	90,195	44,615	45,580
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,200	52,400	32,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	79,475	40,135	39,340
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,800	54,000	34,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	63,355	24,855	38,500
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,680	2,400	5,760
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	7,195	2,590	4,605
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,520	4,440	6,240
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	104,820	50,985	53,835
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	98,150	47,655	50,500
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,640	60,400	41,440
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	98,350	47,680	50,670
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,800	50,000	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	90,565	44,955	45,610
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,360	59,900	38,920
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	80,030	40,455	39,570
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,680	59,600	39,560
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	63,750	25,030	38,720
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,860	7,380	8,180
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	7,265	2,610	4,655
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,620	5,540	8,790
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	104,815	50,985	53,830
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	39,990	23,325	16,665
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,000	70,000	52,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	69,000	77,200	57,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	27,660	11,715	15,950
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,400	31,000	24,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,120	40,440	29,480
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.0	93.6	84.8
Employment income (%)	80.0	83.8	74.8
Government transfers (%)	10.1	6.4	15.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.5	2.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	46,570	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	11,145	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	35,425	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	46,645	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	114,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	98,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	11,145	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	55,250	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,280	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	35,500	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	133,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	114,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	46,570	...	...
Under $5,000	380	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	135	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	250	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	640	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,335	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,075	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,070	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,210	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,375	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,380	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,865	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,890	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,820	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,830	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,660	...	...
$100,000 and over	23,645	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,200	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,295	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	6,695	...	...
$200,000 and over	5,460	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	46,570	...	...
Under $5,000	415	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	150	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	260	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	645	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,395	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,250	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,300	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,495	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,610	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,660	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,445	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,395	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,325	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,245	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,100	...	...
$100,000 and over	19,890	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,950	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,955	...	...
$150,000 and over	7,985	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	34,475	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,050	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	18,360	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	124,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,800	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	15,780	7,560	8,220
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,000	48,000	41,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,600	42,800	37,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	34,460	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	132,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,050	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	109,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	18,345	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	155,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	132,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,720	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	87,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	15,915	7,520	8,395
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	51,120	55,750	46,960
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,080	47,240	41,280
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	129,245	63,510	65,735
0 to 17 years	29,445	15,135	14,310
0 to 5 years	9,365	4,780	4,585
18 to 64 years	82,560	40,610	41,950
65 years and over	17,240	7,765	9,475
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	8,740	3,940	4,795
0 to 17 years	2,200	1,110	1,090
0 to 5 years	685	325	360
18 to 64 years	4,555	2,135	2,425
65 years and over	1,980	700	1,285
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	6.8	6.2	7.3
0 to 17 years (%)	7.5	7.3	7.6
0 to 5 years (%)	7.3	6.8	7.9
18 to 64 years (%)	5.5	5.3	5.8
65 years and over (%)	11.5	9.0	13.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	129,245	63,510	65,735
0 to 17 years	29,445	15,135	14,310
0 to 5 years	9,360	4,780	4,580
18 to 64 years	82,560	40,610	41,950
65 years and over	17,240	7,760	9,475
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	5,370	2,620	2,750
0 to 17 years	1,095	560	535
0 to 5 years	305	150	155
18 to 64 years	3,565	1,810	1,760
65 years and over	710	255	455
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.2	4.1	4.2
0 to 17 years (%)	3.7	3.7	3.7
0 to 5 years (%)	3.3	3.1	3.5
18 to 64 years (%)	4.3	4.5	4.2
65 years and over (%)	4.1	3.2	4.8
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	129,245	63,510	65,735
In bottom half of the distribution	51,255	24,280	26,975
In bottom decile	8,245	3,805	4,440
In second decile	8,780	3,995	4,780
In third decile	9,980	4,790	5,190
In fourth decile	11,435	5,485	5,955
In fifth decile	12,815	6,205	6,610
In top half of the distribution	77,990	39,230	38,760
In sixth decile	14,405	7,080	7,325
In seventh decile	16,055	7,970	8,085
In eighth decile	17,380	8,770	8,610
In ninth decile	17,540	8,875	8,665
In top decile	12,610	6,535	6,080
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	129,245	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.272	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.358	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.245	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	129,470	63,600	65,870
English only	120,005	59,545	60,455
French only	45	25	20
English and French	5,725	2,470	3,255
Neither English nor French	3,695	1,555	2,135
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	129,470	63,600	65,870
English	124,550	61,430	63,120
French	890	440	450
English and French	415	215	205
Neither English nor French	3,620	1,520	2,095
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	129,470	63,600	65,870
Single responses	123,100	60,530	62,570
Official languages	85,465	42,605	42,865
English	84,585	42,170	42,410
French	885	435	450
Non-official languages	37,635	17,930	19,710
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	5	5
Algonquian languages	5	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	37,625	17,920	19,700
Afro-Asiatic languages	995	535	465
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	15	10	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	10	10	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	980	520	460
Amharic	25	10	15
Arabic	850	445	405
Aramaic languages	50	30	25
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	15	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	20	15	10
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	10	10	5
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	40	25	20
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,080	475	605
Khmer (Cambodian)	125	55	70
Vietnamese	955	420	535
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	4,040	1,765	2,270
Bikol	20	5	15
Bisaya, n.o.s.	55	25	30
Cebuano	160	70	90
Fijian	10	5	5
Hiligaynon	70	35	30
Ilocano	235	105	130
Indonesian	75	35	40
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	15	0	10
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	15	5	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	40	20	20
Pangasinan	15	5	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,300	1,430	1,870
Waray-Waray	5	0	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Creole languages	65	25	30
Haitian Creole	5	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	5
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	45	20	25
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Dravidian languages	575	275	300
Kannada	30	15	10
Malayalam	260	125	140
Tamil	195	90	105
Telugu	95	45	45
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	5	5	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	24,130	11,780	12,350
Albanian	85	40	45
Armenian	25	5	15
Balto-Slavic languages	1,675	780	890
Baltic languages	20	5	10
Latvian	10	5	5
Lithuanian	5	0	5
Slavic languages	1,650	770	880
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	25	15	10
Czech	90	40	50
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	390	180	205
Russian	530	230	300
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	360	185	175
Bosnian	50	30	25
Croatian	140	60	75
Serbian	160	85	70
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	70	25	40
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	10
Ukrainian	170	85	80
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	0	5
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,440	660	775
Frisian	10	5	5
High German languages	820	365	455
German	795	350	445
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	25	15	10
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	480	230	255
Afrikaans	95	45	50
Dutch	360	175	190
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	20	10	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	125	60	70
Danish	65	30	35
Icelandic	5	5	5
Norwegian	25	15	10
Swedish	25	15	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	150	85	65
Indo-Iranian languages	17,730	8,780	8,950
Indo-Aryan languages	16,975	8,390	8,590
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	135	75	60
Gujarati	275	145	130
Hindi	1,820	895	925
Kacchi	30	15	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	15	10	5
Marathi	45	20	20
Nepali	80	40	45
Oriya languages	5	5	5
Odia	5	5	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	13,670	6,750	6,925
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	20	15	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	175	85	90
Urdu	690	340	350
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Iranian languages	755	395	365
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	65	40	25
Parsi	5	5	0
Pashto	55	30	25
Persian languages	630	315	310
Dari	315	150	165
Iranian Persian	245	135	115
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	60	30	35
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,025	1,430	1,595
Catalan	5	0	0
Italian	290	140	155
Portuguese	515	225	290
Romanian	205	100	105
Spanish	2,005	965	1,045
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Japanese	280	100	180
Korean	2,045	960	1,090
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	250	115	130
Akan (Twi)	45	25	20
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	5	5	0
Éwé	5	5	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	0	5
Gikuyu	5	5	5
Igbo	15	10	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	5
Lingala	10	0	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	20	5	15
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	0
Swahili	60	25	30
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	35	15	15
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	5	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	45	25	20
American Sign Language	40	25	20
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,625	1,645	1,980
Chinese languages	3,320	1,500	1,820
Hakka	30	15	15
Mandarin	2,030	910	1,120
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	185	85	100
Wu (Shanghainese)	25	10	15
Yue (Cantonese)	1,030	475	560
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	305	140	155
Burmese	30	15	20
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	250	120	130
S'gaw Karen	230	110	120
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Tibetan	15	10	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	125	45	85
Lao	65	30	40
Thai	60	15	40
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	80	35	40
Azerbaijani	5	5	0
Kazakh	5	5	5
Turkish	60	30	30
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	275	125	150
Estonian	15	5	10
Finnish	50	15	30
Hungarian	215	100	110
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Multiple responses	6,370	3,070	3,300
English and French	340	140	195
English and non-official language(s)	5,415	2,630	2,780
French and non-official language(s)	70	35	30
English, French and non-official language(s)	90	50	45
Multiple non-official languages	455	210	240
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	129,470	63,600	65,870
English	87,590	43,445	44,145
French	160	75	90
Non-official language	11,805	5,705	6,100
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	11,800	5,705	6,095
English and French	670	280	385
English and non-official language(s)	27,875	13,455	14,420
French and non-official language(s)	25	15	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	530	235	295
Multiple non-official languages	815	390	430
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	129,470	63,600	65,870
Single responses	122,805	60,400	62,400
Official languages	99,775	49,120	50,655
English	99,535	49,005	50,525
French	245	110	125
Non-official languages	23,030	11,285	11,745
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	23,030	11,285	11,740
Afro-Asiatic languages	630	330	300
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	5	5	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	5	5	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	620	320	300
Amharic	10	0	5
Arabic	550	285	270
Aramaic languages	30	15	15
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	10	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	10	5
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	5	5	5
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	30	15	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	685	310	365
Khmer (Cambodian)	80	45	40
Vietnamese	600	270	330
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,130	1,005	1,125
Bikol	5	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Cebuano	90	40	50
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	30	15	15
Ilocano	145	60	80
Indonesian	30	15	10
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	5	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	10	5	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	15	5
Pangasinan	5	5	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,755	830	925
Waray-Waray	5	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Creole languages	55	20	30
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	40	20	20
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Dravidian languages	390	185	205
Kannada	10	5	5
Malayalam	165	80	85
Tamil	145	70	80
Telugu	65	30	30
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	14,515	7,200	7,315
Albanian	40	20	25
Armenian	10	5	10
Balto-Slavic languages	705	345	355
Baltic languages	5	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	695	345	350
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	5	5	5
Czech	15	5	5
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	145	70	75
Russian	340	165	175
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	130	70	60
Bosnian	25	15	10
Croatian	35	15	15
Serbian	65	40	30
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	10	0	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	60	25	35
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	135	65	70
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	60	25	35
German	60	25	35
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	65	30	35
Afrikaans	45	25	20
Dutch	15	5	10
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	50	25	20
Indo-Iranian languages	12,205	6,070	6,135
Indo-Aryan languages	11,790	5,855	5,935
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	90	45	45
Gujarati	175	90	85
Hindi	960	470	495
Kacchi	10	5	5
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	15	5	5
Nepali	50	25	25
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	9,885	4,930	4,955
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	10	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	95	40	50
Urdu	490	240	255
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Iranian languages	410	210	200
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	40	25	15
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	25	10	10
Persian languages	345	175	170
Dari	190	95	95
Iranian Persian	130	65	65
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	10	10
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,375	670	700
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	50	25	25
Portuguese	215	100	115
Romanian	75	40	35
Spanish	1,035	515	520
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	125	55	65
Korean	1,705	820	880
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	85	45	45
Akan (Twi)	15	10	10
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	5	5	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	0
Lingala	5	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	25	15	15
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	20	10	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	90	55	40
American Sign Language	70	40	30
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,490	1,195	1,295
Chinese languages	2,315	1,100	1,215
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	1,560	750	815
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	115	50	65
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	15	10
Yue (Cantonese)	595	280	315
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	175	90	80
Burmese	15	10	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	155	80	75
S'gaw Karen	140	75	70
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	45	20	25
Lao	25	15	10
Thai	20	10	15
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	40	20	25
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	35	15	20
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	50	25	20
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	10	0	5
Hungarian	40	25	20
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	6,665	3,195	3,470
English and French	125	65	65
English and non-official language(s)	6,300	3,015	3,285
French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	35	20
Multiple non-official languages	160	75	85
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	129,470	63,600	65,870
None	104,955	51,815	53,135
English	8,950	4,445	4,505
French	595	245	355
Non-official language	11,825	5,550	6,270
Indigenous³⁹	5	5	5
Non-Indigenous	11,820	5,550	6,270
English and French	90	35	55
English and non-official language(s)	1,605	820	780
French and non-official language(s)	245	105	135
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	10	5
Multiple non-official languages	1,200	580	620
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	129,605	63,805	65,800
Official languages	125,880	62,250	63,635
English	125,840	62,225	63,620
French	5,625	2,415	3,205
Non-official languages	50,240	24,160	26,080
Indigenous languages³⁹	60	20	35
Algonquian languages	25	15	15
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	20	10	15
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	20	10	15
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	15	0	10
Salish languages	10	0	10
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	50,185	24,140	26,045
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,480	845	645
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	35	15	15
Cushitic languages	30	25	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	25	25	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,455	820	640
Amharic	100	55	50
Arabic	1,290	725	565
Aramaic languages	70	45	30
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	50	30	20
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	25	15	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	40	30	15
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	50	30	20
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,270	595	675
Khmer (Cambodian)	175	80	95
Vietnamese	1,095	510	580
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	5,825	2,565	3,260
Bikol	25	20	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	50	25	25
Cebuano	205	70	135
Fijian	50	40	10
Hiligaynon	90	45	45
Ilocano	420	170	245
Indonesian	105	45	65
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	130	50	85
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	45	30	15
Pangasinan	60	35	25
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	5,485	2,410	3,075
Waray-Waray	30	10	20
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	105	45	60
Creole languages	190	95	90
Haitian Creole	20	15	10
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	100	45	60
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	20	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	20	15
Dravidian languages	840	375	460
Kannada	75	35	40
Malayalam	315	140	175
Tamil	420	215	205
Telugu	195	75	120
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	33,345	16,395	16,955
Albanian	160	70	90
Armenian	30	10	15
Balto-Slavic languages	2,130	980	1,150
Baltic languages	15	0	15
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	10	0	10
Slavic languages	2,120	980	1,140
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	50	35	15
Czech	135	70	65
Macedonian	10	0	0
Polish	445	185	260
Russian	875	405	470
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	490	245	245
Bosnian	55	35	25
Croatian	235	105	130
Serbian	245	125	120
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Slovak	95	40	45
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	10
Ukrainian	285	120	170
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	15	0	10
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,440	1,135	1,305
Frisian	10	0	0
High German languages	1,445	695	745
German	1,415	685	730
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	40	20	20
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	805	365	435
Afrikaans	265	145	125
Dutch	505	210	290
Low German, n.o.s.	10	10	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	25	10	20
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	245	100	150
Danish	105	55	55
Icelandic	15	0	10
Norwegian	60	25	35
Swedish	80	30	50
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	190	110	80
Indo-Iranian languages	24,440	12,180	12,260
Indo-Aryan languages	23,510	11,695	11,815
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	260	150	110
Gujarati	535	300	230
Hindi	7,515	3,760	3,755
Kacchi	55	25	25
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	30	15	15
Marathi	85	60	25
Nepali	120	65	55
Oriya languages	25	10	15
Odia	20	10	15
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	19,115	9,515	9,600
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	15	10	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	310	135	175
Urdu	1,275	645	630
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	95	40	50
Iranian languages	1,030	525	505
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	70	40	25
Parsi	15	10	0
Pashto	90	50	45
Persian languages	910	465	445
Dari	470	215	250
Iranian Persian	395	225	170
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	75	35	35
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,525	2,175	2,345
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	515	265	255
Portuguese	805	395	410
Romanian	260	135	130
Spanish	3,170	1,515	1,655
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Japanese	510	215	295
Korean	2,415	1,085	1,320
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	710	385	330
Akan (Twi)	150	85	65
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	15	15	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	15	15	10
Ganda	10	0	0
Gikuyu	10	0	0
Igbo	35	15	20
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	20	10
Lingala	35	15	20
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	10	0	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	30	10	20
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	255	120	135
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	135	60	75
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	120	75	45
Nilo-Saharan languages	40	15	30
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	190	80	110
American Sign Language	175	70	110
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,170	1,920	2,250
Chinese languages	3,890	1,785	2,105
Hakka	60	25	30
Mandarin	2,770	1,255	1,515
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	320	145	180
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	15	20
Yue (Cantonese)	1,480	655	835
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	10	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	290	140	145
Burmese	55	25	35
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	235	115	120
S'gaw Karen	235	115	120
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	220	90	135
Lao	95	45	50
Thai	145	50	95
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	145	65	80
Azerbaijani	10	10	0
Kazakh	25	0	15
Turkish	110	55	55
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	10	0	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	340	165	180
Estonian	15	10	10
Finnish	60	15	45
Hungarian	270	140	130
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	129,610	63,805	65,800
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	4,750	2,250	2,495
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	4,475	2,095	2,380
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,230	1,045	1,185
Métis	2,210	1,040	1,170
Inuk (Inuit)	35	15	20
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	180	90	90
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	100	65	35
Non-Indigenous identity	124,855	61,555	63,300
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	129,610	63,805	65,800
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,200	615	580
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	128,410	63,190	65,220
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	46,650	...	...
Owner	34,390	...	...
Renter	12,255	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	46,650	...	...
Condominium	11,185	...	...
Not condominium	35,460	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	46,650	...	...
No bedrooms	285	...	...
1 bedroom	6,165	...	...
2 bedrooms	12,425	...	...
3 bedrooms	12,965	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	14,805	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	46,650	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	15,800	...	...
5 rooms	7,090	...	...
6 rooms	5,880	...	...
7 rooms	4,905	...	...
8 or more rooms	12,960	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	46,650	...	...
One person or fewer per room	44,865	...	...
More than one person per room	1,785	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	46,650	...	...
Suitable	43,610	...	...
Not suitable	3,040	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	46,650	...	...
1960 or before	1,165	...	...
1961 to 1980	7,505	...	...
1981 to 1990	5,590	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,620	...	...
2001 to 2005	5,570	...	...
2006 to 2010	8,745	...	...
2011 to 2015	5,830	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	4,620	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	46,650	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	45,065	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,585	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	46,650	...	...
One-maintainer household	20,365	...	...
Two-maintainer household	22,315	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,975	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	46,650	...	...
15 to 24 years	860	...	...
25 to 34 years	6,790	...	...
35 to 44 years	10,625	...	...
45 to 54 years	10,205	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,290	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,975	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,910	...	...
85 years and over	985	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	46,500	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	35,405	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	11,095	...	...
30% to less than 100%	10,160	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	46,650	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	14,650	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	10,125	...	...
Not suitable only	2,435	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,050	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	505	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	435	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	70	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	30	...	...
Acceptable housing	32,000	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	45,570	...	...
In core need	6,565	...	...
Not in core need	39,005	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	34,345	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	74.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	20.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	9.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,880	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,948	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	900,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	939,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	12,250	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	33.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	29.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,300	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,438	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	129,605	63,810	65,800
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,125	505	625
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,080	485	600
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	690	305	385
Métis single ancestry	395	180	210
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	45	20	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	45	20	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	4,125	1,985	2,140
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	3,975	1,915	2,060
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,380	1,135	1,245
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,560	765	790
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40	15	25
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	150	65	80
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	145	65	80
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	124,360	61,320	63,035
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	129,605	63,805	65,800
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	115,145	56,990	58,155
Canadian citizens aged under 18	27,600	14,210	13,385
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	87,545	42,780	44,765
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	14,465	6,810	7,645
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	129,605	63,805	65,800
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	87,465	43,730	43,735
Immigrants⁸¹	39,230	18,595	20,635
Before 1980	5,995	2,870	3,125
1980 to 1990	4,220	2,005	2,220
1991 to 2000	6,955	3,210	3,745
2001 to 2010	10,045	4,720	5,330
2011 to 2021⁸²	12,010	5,790	6,220
2011 to 2015	5,760	2,860	2,895
2016 to 2021	6,250	2,930	3,325
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,905	1,485	1,425
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	39,230	18,590	20,640
Under 5 years	3,510	1,690	1,815
5 to 14 years	6,895	3,555	3,340
15 to 24 years	8,225	3,635	4,585
25 to 44 years	16,555	7,890	8,665
45 years and over	4,050	1,820	2,225
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	39,230	18,590	20,640
Americas	3,440	1,525	1,920
Brazil	215	95	120
Colombia	240	110	130
El Salvador	275	145	130
Guyana	85	25	55
Haiti	20	10	0
Jamaica	135	55	80
Mexico	340	150	195
Peru	115	35	75
Trinidad and Tobago	135	50	80
United States of America	1,085	465	625
Other places of birth in Americas	790	380	410
Europe	6,210	3,050	3,155
Bosnia and Herzegovina	95	55	45
Croatia	85	35	50
France	55	30	30
Germany	490	240	250
Greece	90	60	30
Hungary	145	85	65
Italy	195	105	95
Netherlands	375	185	195
Poland	315	145	165
Portugal	245	110	140
Romania	220	100	125
Russian Federation	275	120	150
Serbia⁸⁶	95	70	30
Ukraine	250	120	130
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,425	1,185	1,240
Other places of birth in Europe	845	415	430
Africa	1,775	930	840
Algeria	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	85	50	35
Egypt	155	80	80
Eritrea	30	15	15
Ethiopia	55	30	30
Morocco	25	10	15
Nigeria	235	130	100
Somalia	20	15	0
South Africa, Republic of	365	185	175
Other places of birth in Africa	800	410	390
Asia	26,700	12,580	14,125
Afghanistan	335	155	180
Iran⁸⁸	315	180	135
Iraq	270	160	115
Lebanon	95	60	40
Syria⁸⁹	255	135	120
Turkey	35	20	15
China⁹⁰	1,615	730	885
Hong Kong⁹¹	425	160	265
Korea, South⁹²	1,635	735	905
Taiwan	550	255	300
Philippines	5,500	2,420	3,080
Viet Nam	805	370	430
Bangladesh	120	65	55
India	11,750	5,760	5,985
Pakistan	680	320	365
Sri Lanka	275	130	150
Other places of birth in Asia	2,025	925	1,105
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,100	505	600
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	6,250	2,930	3,320
Americas	600	245	355
Brazil	120	50	70
Colombia	55	15	40
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	20	10	10
Mexico	85	35	55
United States of America	185	85	95
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Americas	130	35	95
Europe	335	200	140
France	0	0	0
Germany	10	10	0
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	10
Italy	20	10	10
Russian Federation	30	10	25
Ukraine	50	25	20
United Kingdom⁸⁷	95	55	35
Other places of birth in Europe	110	75	30
Africa	465	220	245
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	40	20	20
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	30	10	20
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	10	0	10
Morocco	10	0	10
Nigeria	120	60	65
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	80	40	40
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	130	65	65
Asia	4,790	2,250	2,540
Afghanistan	35	20	15
Bangladesh	35	20	15
China⁹⁰	335	140	200
Hong Kong⁹¹	30	10	25
India	2,550	1,315	1,240
Iran⁸⁸	20	0	15
Iraq	45	25	20
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	10	0	10
Jordan	10	0	10
Korea, South⁹²	325	155	175
Lebanon	20	0	20
Nepal	20	0	15
Pakistan	140	55	90
Philippines	650	255	390
Saudi Arabia	10	10	0
Sri Lanka	55	30	25
Syria⁸⁹	170	85	90
Turkey	10	0	0
United Arab Emirates	70	35	40
Viet Nam	55	15	35
Other places of birth in Asia	190	75	110
Oceania and other⁹³	60	15	45
Australia	25	0	15
Other places of birth⁹⁸	35	10	25
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	129,610	63,805	65,795
First generation¹⁰⁰	43,300	20,700	22,605
Second generation¹⁰¹	32,790	16,560	16,225
Third generation or more¹⁰²	53,520	26,545	26,970
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	33,235	15,720	17,510
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	17,330	8,575	8,755
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	6,685	3,845	2,840
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	10,640	4,735	5,910
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	12,150	5,135	7,015
Refugees¹⁰⁸	3,515	1,895	1,615
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	240	120	120
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	33,235	15,720	17,510
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,010	595	415
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,580	1,560	2,015
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	840	410	430
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,700	910	795
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	225	95	130
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	25,885	12,155	13,730
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	129,610	63,805	65,800
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	56,010	27,545	28,460
South Asian	27,555	13,870	13,685
Chinese	5,010	2,480	2,530
Black	2,785	1,380	1,410
Filipino	7,835	3,650	4,185
Arab	940	490	450
Latin American	2,230	1,095	1,135
Southeast Asian	2,500	1,195	1,305
West Asian	1,005	495	510
Korean	2,555	1,175	1,390
Japanese	835	395	440
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	725	350	370
Multiple visible minorities	2,035	970	1,065
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	73,600	36,260	37,340
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	129,605	63,805	65,800
Canadian	13,070	6,610	6,455
English	24,370	11,900	12,475
Irish	14,720	6,900	7,820
Scottish	18,805	9,180	9,620
French, n.o.s.¹²²	6,945	3,280	3,670
German	13,130	6,415	6,710
Chinese	5,775	2,800	2,975
Italian	4,260	2,145	2,115
Indian (India)	15,460	7,780	7,685
Ukrainian	5,675	2,860	2,815
Dutch	5,095	2,625	2,465
Polish	3,105	1,360	1,740
Québécois	75	35	40
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	3,940	1,960	1,985
Filipino	7,715	3,615	4,100
French Canadian	1,035	525	505
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,065	1,085	980
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,590	790	805
Métis	2,135	1,025	1,110
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,540	1,265	1,275
Russian	2,680	1,230	1,450
Norwegian	3,270	1,595	1,685
Welsh	2,530	1,225	1,305
Portuguese	1,305	610	695
American	1,575	725	850
Spanish	1,805	830	975
Swedish	2,195	985	1,205
Hungarian	1,430	640	785
Acadian	80	45	35
Pakistani	1,065	515	545
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	650	320	330
Jewish	365	175	195
Punjabi	5,820	2,895	2,920
Vietnamese	1,565	745	815
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	485	270	215
Greek	610	330	280
Jamaican	375	165	215
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,095	540	560
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	455	200	250
Korean	2,445	1,130	1,315
Romanian	715	335	380
Lebanese	275	150	125
Iranian	430	240	190
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	480	280	200
Danish	1,335	670	665
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	370	130	240
Sikh	4,485	2,235	2,245
Austrian	1,120	615	505
Belgian	405	145	255
Haitian	65	30	35
Hindu	1,105	540	565
Mexican	765	425	340
Mennonite	385	210	175
Swiss	545	235	310
Finnish	890	450	440
Sri Lankan	225	95	135
Croatian	685	300	380
Japanese	1,215	560	660
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,275	625	650
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	65	45	20
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	860	445	415
Muslim	270	145	120
Egyptian	225	110	120
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	570	270	300
Tamil	105	60	45
Icelandic	710	380	325
Colombian	240	125	120
Moroccan	25	15	10
Czech	435	215	220
Syrian	225	140	80
Guyanese	125	55	70
Afghan	575	280	295
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	210	85	125
Serbian	300	165	130
Ojibway	155	80	75
Newfoundlander	95	40	60
Hong Konger	200	85	120
Ontarian	90	50	35
Persian	200	95	105
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	240	135	110
Turkish	110	45	65
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	40	20	25
Bangladeshi	110	75	35
Algerian	0	0	0
Brazilian	155	65	90
Nigerian	225	125	105
Armenian	85	50	35
Slovak	225	115	115
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	220	115	105
Somali	30	25	15
Taiwanese	555	265	290
Iraqi	180	95	85
Salvadorean	370	190	180
African Caribbean	80	60	20
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	475	245	230
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	130	60	70
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	175	75	100
Algonquin	50	25	25
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	115	35	80
Lithuanian	130	45	80
South African	295	150	145
Australian	325	150	175
Palestinian	145	75	70
Chilean	190	85	105
Congolese	75	45	25
Nova Scotian	30	25	0
Ethiopian	45	25	20
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	200	90	110
Peruvian	155	60	95
Yoruba	90	35	55
Cambodian (Khmer)	205	95	105
Berber	0	0	0
Albanian	170	65	105
Maltese	95	40	55
Macedonian	15	0	15
Slovenian	155	85	75
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	235	100	130
New Brunswicker	20	0	15
Gujarati	95	55	40
Eritrean	30	20	10
African Canadian	105	50	55
Israeli	30	20	20
Mohawk	45	10	30
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	185	70	115
Bulgarian	80	45	30
Albertan	50	30	20
Ghanaian	130	75	55
Barbadian	85	30	55
African American	210	110	100
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	155	55	95
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	90	40	55
Cuban	35	20	15
Bosnian	115	55	65
Venezuelan	40	30	10
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	150	70	80
Bengali	65	35	30
Cameroonian	0	0	0
Guatemalan	105	45	55
Indonesian	180	90	90
Laotian	125	65	55
Ilocano	185	85	105
Northern Irish	110	45	65
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	55	25	30
British Columbian	385	190	195
Ecuadorian	0	0	0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0
Argentinian	120	45	80
Estonian	90	45	45
Kurdish	115	55	55
Fijian	1,200	585	620
Jatt	700	345	360
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	45	20	25
Coptic	120	65	50
Thai	225	80	150
Dominican	20	15	15
Nepali	145	80	65
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	50	30	20
Igbo	50	10	40
Byelorussian	40	20	30
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	45	20	20
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	35	20	10
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	35	15	15
New Zealander	225	110	120
Sudanese	65	20	40
Breton	10	10	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	45	20	15
Malaysian	170	110	70
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	30	10	20
Buddhist	65	30	35
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	0	0	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	15	0	10
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	90	35	55
Mauritian	65	25	40
Kenyan	100	40	60
Oji-Cree	15	0	10
Vincentian	0	0	0
Jordanian	50	25	25
Manitoban	55	20	35
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	35	30	0
Grenadian	20	15	0
Malayali	75	35	40
Chaldean	25	15	10
Sinhalese	95	35	55
Mayan	130	70	60
Honduran	145	90	55
Cherokee	70	25	45
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	40	30	10
Flemish	35	15	20
United Empire Loyalist	15	10	0
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Sicilian	25	0	15
Pashtun	0	0	0
Malay	90	30	60
Goan	15	10	10
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	40	25	15
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	40	20	20
Burmese	115	60	55
Mongolian	0	0	0
Azorean	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	10	10	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	25	15	10
Yemeni	25	0	20
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	35	10	30
Uruguayan	15	0	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	65	40	20
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0
Igorot	35	25	15
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	15	0	0
Roma	25	10	15
Costa Rican	25	15	10
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	35	20	20
Singaporean	100	60	35
Karen	320	155	165
Edo	25	15	15
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	40	30	10
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	129,605	63,805	65,800
Buddhist	1,680	765	910
Christian	47,670	21,935	25,735
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	14,765	6,965	7,800
Anabaptist	410	190	220
Anglican	2,225	920	1,305
Baptist	1,860	860	1,000
Catholic	16,650	7,870	8,785
Christian Orthodox	1,155	600	560
Jehovah's Witness	665	295	370
Latter Day Saints	275	135	145
Lutheran	1,215	475	740
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	130	60	70
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,755	750	1,000
Presbyterian	760	300	455
Reformed	640	330	310
United Church	2,440	965	1,475
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,725	1,225	1,505
Hindu	3,895	1,985	1,910
Jewish	210	85	125
Muslim	4,170	2,025	2,145
Sikh	18,745	9,385	9,355
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	50	15	35
Other religions and spiritual traditions	735	305	435
No religion and secular perspectives	52,450	27,300	25,150
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	128,200	63,090	65,110
Non-movers	110,665	54,495	56,170
Movers	17,535	8,595	8,940
Non-migrants	10,290	5,045	5,240
Migrants	7,245	3,545	3,695
Internal migrants	6,340	3,100	3,240
Intraprovincial migrants	5,470	2,690	2,780
Interprovincial migrants	870	410	455
External migrants	905	440	460
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	121,745	59,810	61,935
Non-movers	66,700	32,815	33,890
Movers	55,045	26,990	28,050
Non-migrants	24,200	11,730	12,470
Migrants	30,845	15,265	15,580
Internal migrants	24,330	12,060	12,270
Intraprovincial migrants	21,310	10,565	10,740
Interprovincial migrants	3,020	1,495	1,525
External migrants	6,515	3,200	3,310
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	104,815	50,985	53,830
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	16,370	8,370	8,000
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	88,445	42,610	45,830
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	72,170	35,165	37,005
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	6,650	3,705	2,950
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	65,520	31,465	34,055
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	104,820	50,985	53,835
No certificate, diploma or degree	14,705	7,400	7,305
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	34,005	17,195	16,810
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	56,105	26,390	29,715
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	31,765	15,730	16,035
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	8,465	6,410	2,055
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,320	1,930	1,385
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	5,150	4,480	670
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	18,610	7,415	11,195
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,695	1,910	2,785
Bachelor's degree or higher	24,335	10,655	13,685
Bachelor's degree	16,620	7,280	9,340
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,885	755	1,130
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	475	220	250
Master's degree	4,910	2,155	2,755
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	450	250	205
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	72,170	35,165	37,005
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,690	3,180	2,510
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	20,900	10,915	9,990
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	45,575	21,075	24,505
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	24,630	12,080	12,550
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	6,195	4,740	1,455
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,345	1,365	980
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,855	3,380	480
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	14,820	5,895	8,925
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,615	1,440	2,170
Bachelor's degree or higher	20,950	8,990	11,955
Bachelor's degree	14,260	6,190	8,070
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,590	615	975
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	400	175	225
Master's degree	4,360	1,850	2,510
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	335	160	170
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	104,815	50,985	53,830
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	48,715	24,595	24,115
Education	3,640	705	2,940
13. Education	3,640	705	2,940
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,745	805	940
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	300	215	85
50. Visual and performing arts	1,440	585	855
Humanities	3,495	1,380	2,110
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	285	45	245
23. English language and literature/letters	740	205	535
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,565	660	905
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	55	20	35
38. Philosophy and religious studies	165	115	55
39. Theology and religious vocations	315	180	135
54. History	310	160	155
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	50	10	40
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,570	1,995	4,580
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	60	35	30
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	570	165	405
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,165	90	1,070
22. Legal professions and studies	1,050	245	805
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	135	60	70
42. Psychology	1,100	270	825
45. Social sciences	2,490	1,130	1,360
Business, management and public administration	12,365	5,115	7,260
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	15
44. Public administration and social service professions	555	125	435
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,790	4,980	6,810
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,885	855	1,035
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	665	265	395
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	640	255	385
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	20	0	15
40. Physical sciences	500	300	195
41. Science technologies/technicians	70	30	40
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,540	1,675	860
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,210	1,515	690
25. Library science	90	20	75
27. Mathematics and statistics	200	115	85
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	35	20	10
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	11,190	10,225	965
04. Architecture and related services	260	170	90
14. Engineering	2,540	2,085	460
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,950	1,735	215
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	2,730	2,665	65
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,335	2,280	60
48. Precision production	1,375	1,300	80
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	975	485	490
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	755	330	420
03. Natural resources and conservation	225	155	65
Health and related fields	8,700	1,675	7,020
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	620	300	315
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,955	1,290	6,660
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	120	80	45
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,000	1,465	1,535
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,865	525	1,345
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	510	380	125
49. Transportation and materials moving	615	550	65
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	72,170	35,165	37,005
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	26,595	14,095	12,500
Education	2,755	500	2,250
13. Education	2,755	500	2,250
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,455	630	835
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	240	160	80
50. Visual and performing arts	1,220	465	755
Humanities	2,850	1,080	1,770
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	250	35	215
23. English language and literature/letters	620	155	460
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,275	520	755
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	40	10	25
38. Philosophy and religious studies	130	85	45
39. Theology and religious vocations	245	140	100
54. History	260	130	140
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	35	10	25
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,605	1,625	3,980
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	40	15	25
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	500	135	365
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	975	65	910
22. Legal professions and studies	890	165	725
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	105	55	50
42. Psychology	935	225	715
45. Social sciences	2,160	970	1,190
Business, management and public administration	10,170	4,140	6,025
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	15
44. Public administration and social service professions	450	110	340
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	9,705	4,030	5,675
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,465	650	820
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	540	200	335
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	500	215	280
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	15	0	10
40. Physical sciences	365	210	155
41. Science technologies/technicians	45	15	35
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,240	1,470	765
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,985	1,360	620
25. Library science	70	10	60
27. Mathematics and statistics	150	70	80
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	30	25	10
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,820	8,005	815
04. Architecture and related services	220	140	80
14. Engineering	2,125	1,705	415
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,530	1,355	175
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	2,100	2,055	50
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,760	1,725	40
48. Precision production	1,090	1,030	60
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	770	365	405
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	580	240	335
03. Natural resources and conservation	185	120	70
Health and related fields	7,085	1,450	5,635
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	525	260	265
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,450	1,120	5,330
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	105	70	35
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,355	1,160	1,195
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,440	400	1,035
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	420	320	100
49. Transportation and materials moving	490	430	55
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	72,170	35,165	37,005
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	26,595	14,095	12,500
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	45,575	21,070	24,505
Location of study inside Canada	33,045	15,265	17,780
Same as province or territory of residence	28,960	13,230	15,725
Different than province or territory of residence	4,085	2,030	2,055
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	12,535	5,810	6,725
Americas	1,550	755	800
United States of America	975	520	450
Mexico	175	70	105
Cuba	10	0	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	25	0	25
Brazil	135	70	65
Colombia	50	15	35
Peru	25	10	20
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	10	10
Other locations of study in Americas	135	55	85
Europe	1,555	870	685
Belgium	0	0	0
France	20	10	10
Germany	50	40	10
Netherlands	30	10	15
Switzerland	25	20	0
Hungary	20	20	0
Moldova¹⁸³	25	15	15
Poland	85	35	50
Romania	80	45	30
Russian Federation	120	60	60
Ukraine	110	30	70
Ireland⁹⁶	20	15	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	725	420	305
Bosnia and Herzegovina	15	10	10
Italy	35	20	20
Serbia⁸⁶	20	20	0
Other locations of study in Europe	160	90	75
Africa	460	230	225
Nigeria	75	45	30
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	10	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	90	50	45
South Africa, Republic of	130	70	60
Other locations of study in Africa	150	65	85
Asia	8,650	3,790	4,865
Iran⁸⁸	75	20	50
Iraq	75	45	35
Israel	20	0	15
Lebanon	15	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	20	0	10
Turkey	10	0	0
China⁹⁰	615	265	350
Taiwan	125	40	80
Hong Kong⁹¹	30	10	10
Japan	110	15	95
Korea, South⁹²	695	260	435
Philippines	2,355	985	1,370
Viet Nam	65	30	40
Bangladesh	50	20	30
Sri Lanka	70	35	30
India	3,735	1,750	1,985
Pakistan	220	105	110
Other locations of study in Asia	375	180	200
Oceania	315	170	145
Australia	170	95	75
New Zealand	70	40	30
Other locations of study in Oceania	70	30	40
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	104,820	50,985	53,835
In the labour force	73,335	38,120	35,215
Employed	67,905	35,655	32,250
Unemployed	5,420	2,465	2,960
Not in the labour force	31,485	12,865	18,620
Participation rate	70.0	74.8	65.4
Employment rate	64.8	69.9	59.9
Unemployment rate	7.4	6.5	8.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	104,815	50,985	53,830
Did not work¹⁸⁶	32,360	13,395	18,965
Worked	72,455	37,585	34,870
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	41,315	24,170	17,135
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	31,145	13,415	17,730
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.9	43.2	40.6
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	73,330	38,120	35,215
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,450	615	840
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	71,880	37,505	34,380
Employee	62,165	31,480	30,680
Permanent position	54,565	28,065	26,500
Temporary position	7,600	3,420	4,180
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,595	1,250	1,350
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,000	2,165	2,840
Self-employed¹⁹²	9,715	6,025	3,695
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	73,330	38,120	35,215
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,450	615	840
All occupations¹⁹¹	71,880	37,505	34,380
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	610	485	130
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	13,170	3,955	9,215
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	4,695	3,690	1,000
3 Health occupations	5,045	995	4,055
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	8,145	2,650	5,500
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,080	945	1,135
6 Sales and service occupations	18,310	7,600	10,710
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	15,360	13,990	1,375
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,340	955	390
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,120	2,260	865
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	73,330	38,120	35,215
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,450	615	840
All industries¹⁹¹	71,880	37,505	34,380
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,005	550	455
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	130	105	20
22 Utilities	460	280	180
23 Construction	7,840	6,620	1,220
31-33 Manufacturing	5,750	4,095	1,660
41 Wholesale trade	3,385	2,195	1,190
44-45 Retail trade	8,625	3,945	4,685
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	5,450	4,070	1,380
51 Information and cultural industries	1,605	1,015	585
52 Finance and insurance	2,775	1,065	1,715
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,490	830	660
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	4,760	2,520	2,235
55 Management of companies and enterprises	140	50	90
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,810	1,530	1,285
61 Educational services	4,855	1,335	3,520
62 Health care and social assistance	8,280	1,465	6,810
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,335	655	680
72 Accommodation and food services	3,930	1,475	2,460
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,280	1,650	1,630
91 Public administration	3,965	2,045	1,915
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	77,775	40,235	37,540
English	71,470	36,805	34,665
French	40	15	20
Non-official language	1,365	785	580
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,365	785	580
English and French	425	155	270
English and non-official language(s)	4,405	2,435	1,970
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15
Multiple non-official languages	35	15	25
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	77,775	40,235	37,540
Single responses	76,760	39,710	37,045
Official languages	74,470	38,385	36,085
English	74,385	38,360	36,025
French	85	20	60
Non-official languages	2,290	1,325	965
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,290	1,325	965
Afro-Asiatic languages	20	10	10
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	20	10	10
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	15	0	10
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	80	30	50
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	0
Vietnamese	75	30	45
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	10	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,545	945	600
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	25	0	15
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	25	0	15
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	15	0	10
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,380	850	530
Indo-Aryan languages	1,380	845	530
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	40	10	30
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,340	840	500
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	135	85	50
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	130	85	40
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	30	10	15
Korean	300	155	140
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	10	0	10
American Sign Language	10	0	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	295	160	130
Chinese languages	280	155	125
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	165	105	60
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	115	50	60
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,020	525	495
English and French	70	20	50
English and non-official language(s)	920	485	430
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	20	10	10
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	77,775	40,235	37,540
None	73,770	38,055	35,715
English	910	525	390
French	310	130	185
Non-official language	2,390	1,340	1,055
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	2,390	1,340	1,055
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	45	15	25
French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	325	155	165
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	67,905	35,655	32,250
Worked at home	12,315	5,565	6,755
Worked outside Canada	210	135	75
No fixed workplace address	11,365	8,560	2,810
Usual place of work	44,015	21,395	22,615
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	44,015	21,400	22,615
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	17,160	7,405	9,755
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	25,430	13,200	12,230
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	1,305	715	590
Commute to a different province or territory	120	80	40
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	55,380	29,960	25,420
Car, truck or van	49,475	27,545	21,925
Car, truck or van - as a driver	45,620	25,995	19,620
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,855	1,550	2,300
Public transit	3,105	1,235	1,865
Walked	1,705	615	1,090
Bicycle	215	165	45
Other method	890	395	495
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	55,380	29,960	25,420
Less than 15 minutes	12,545	5,495	7,045
15 to 29 minutes	19,285	9,655	9,630
30 to 44 minutes	13,400	8,270	5,130
45 to 59 minutes	5,850	3,815	2,040
60 minutes and over	4,295	2,720	1,575
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	55,380	29,960	25,420
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	5,185	3,885	1,305
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	10,350	6,875	3,475
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	13,140	6,575	6,570
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	10,330	4,500	5,835
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	7,385	3,220	4,165
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	8,985	4,905	4,085
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	29,980	15,405	14,575
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,390	705	685
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	28,580	14,700	13,885
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	21,655	11,165	10,490
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,120	575	540
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	595	300	295
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	520	275	245
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	20,535	10,590	9,940

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 13, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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