Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Kelowna--Lake CountryMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	136,290	...	...
Population, 2016¹	119,388	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	14.2	...	...
Total private dwellings²	60,358	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	55,707	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	87.1	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	1,565.53	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	136,290	67,165	69,130
0 to 14 years	20,070	10,120	9,950
0 to 4 years	5,755	2,885	2,870
5 to 9 years	6,900	3,490	3,410
10 to 14 years	7,420	3,745	3,675
15 to 64 years	89,450	44,415	45,035
15 to 19 years	7,410	3,800	3,610
20 to 24 years	9,115	4,775	4,340
25 to 29 years	8,995	4,575	4,420
30 to 34 years	9,105	4,540	4,565
35 to 39 years	9,375	4,695	4,685
40 to 44 years	8,510	4,135	4,370
45 to 49 years	8,265	4,130	4,140
50 to 54 years	8,740	4,265	4,470
55 to 59 years	9,965	4,730	5,235
60 to 64 years	9,970	4,755	5,215
65 years and over	26,770	12,630	14,140
65 to 69 years	8,540	3,995	4,540
70 to 74 years	6,975	3,440	3,535
75 to 79 years	4,810	2,370	2,440
80 to 84 years	3,295	1,560	1,730
85 years and over	3,150	1,260	1,895
85 to 89 years	1,955	820	1,140
90 to 94 years	915	370	540
95 to 99 years	240	55	185
100 years and over	40	10	35
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.7	15.1	14.4
15 to 64 years	65.6	66.1	65.1
65 years and over	19.6	18.8	20.5
85 years and over	2.3	1.9	2.7
Average age of the population	42.6	41.9	43.3
Median age of the population	42.4	41.2	43.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	55,705	...	...
Single-detached house	28,120	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,905	...	...
Row house	3,720	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	6,490	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	10,985	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,945	...	...
Other single-attached house	100	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	1,445	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	55,705	...	...
1 person	14,680	...	...
2 persons	21,475	...	...
3 persons	7,940	...	...
4 persons	7,340	...	...
5 or more persons	4,275	...	...
Number of persons in private households	134,495	66,270	68,225
Average household size	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	116,215	57,040	59,180
Married or living common-law	68,485	34,250	34,235
Married	55,680	27,845	27,835
Living common-law	12,800	6,405	6,400
Living common law - Never married	9,030	4,550	4,475
Living common law - Separated	555	270	280
Living common law - Divorced	2,895	1,460	1,440
Living common law - Widowed	330	130	200
Not married and not living common-law	47,730	22,790	24,945
Not married and not living common law - Never married	31,330	17,305	14,025
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,895	1,215	1,680
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	7,890	3,000	4,895
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,620	1,275	4,345
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	38,770	...	...
2 persons	22,120	...	...
3 persons	7,210	...	...
4 persons	6,920	...	...
5 or more persons	2,525	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	38,775	...	...
Total couple families	33,570	...	...
Married couples	27,175	...	...
With children⁶	12,875	...	...
Without children	14,300	...	...
Common-law couples	6,405	...	...
With children⁶	1,920	...	...
Without children	4,480	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,200	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,920	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,280	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	134,495	66,265	68,230
Total - Persons in census families	106,960	52,970	53,990
Married spouses or common-law partners	67,150	33,560	33,585
Parents in one-parent families	5,200	1,285	3,915
Children⁶	34,610	18,130	16,485
In a two-parent family	26,970	14,070	12,895
In a one-parent family	7,645	4,060	3,585
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	27,535	13,295	14,235
Living alone	14,680	6,375	8,300
Living with other relatives⁷	3,155	1,440	1,715
Living with non-relatives only	9,695	5,475	4,225
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	55,705	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	33,015	...	...
Couple-family households	29,065	...	...
With children⁶	12,690	...	...
Without children	16,375	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,950	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,465	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	500	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,460	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3,585	...	...
One-person households	14,680	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	114,430	56,150	58,280
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	111,640	54,780	56,860
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400	49,200	37,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	111,765	54,860	56,905
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	44,000	34,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	102,895	50,960	51,940
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	44,800	28,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	81,495	41,455	40,040
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	44,000	29,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	91,325	42,250	49,080
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,800	9,000	10,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	10,835	5,155	5,680
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	30,495	14,115	16,385
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	114,570	56,255	58,315
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	111,855	54,950	56,905
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,700	66,500	47,240
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	111,965	55,025	56,930
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,200	54,050	40,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	102,970	51,070	51,900
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,950	63,150	41,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	81,490	41,455	40,035
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,760	58,200	39,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	91,510	42,410	49,100
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,830	10,150	11,420
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,420	5,020	5,400
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,610	6,325	6,870
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	30,225	13,935	16,290
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,540	8,310	8,740
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	114,570	56,255	58,310
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	36,335	20,595	15,735
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,000	68,000	55,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	74,800	83,400	63,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	35,105	15,925	19,185
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,600	21,000	17,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,880	36,240	24,600
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.4	88.2	79.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	62.6	66.0	58.1
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.6	11.8	20.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.9	1.4
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.0	3.8	6.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.1	3.2	5.3
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	114,430	56,150	58,280
Without total income	2,790	1,365	1,420
With total income	111,645	54,785	56,860
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,880	3,910	4,970
$10,000 to $19,999	12,470	5,125	7,345
$20,000 to $29,999	16,890	7,100	9,790
$30,000 to $39,999	14,450	6,050	8,405
$40,000 to $49,999	12,680	5,680	7,000
$50,000 to $59,999	10,450	5,080	5,365
$60,000 to $69,999	8,080	4,335	3,745
$70,000 to $79,999	6,275	3,590	2,685
$80,000 to $89,999	4,890	2,855	2,030
$90,000 to $99,999	3,685	2,240	1,445
$100,000 and over	12,895	8,815	4,075
$100,000 to $149,999	7,970	5,190	2,775
$150,000 and over	4,920	3,620	1,300
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	114,430	56,150	58,280
Without after-tax income	2,670	1,290	1,380
With after-tax income	111,760	54,860	56,900
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,500	4,140	5,360
$10,000 to $19,999	12,925	5,335	7,585
$20,000 to $29,999	19,210	8,040	11,175
$30,000 to $39,999	16,665	7,240	9,425
$40,000 to $49,999	14,480	6,775	7,700
$50,000 to $59,999	11,035	5,815	5,220
$60,000 to $69,999	7,885	4,540	3,340
$70,000 to $79,999	5,755	3,395	2,355
$80,000 to $89,999	4,045	2,420	1,625
$90,000 to $99,999	2,605	1,700	910
$100,000 and over	7,670	5,465	2,205
$100,000 to $124,999	3,480	2,350	1,125
$125,000 and over	4,185	3,110	1,080
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	114,430	56,150	58,280
Without employment income	32,935	14,690	18,245
With employment income	81,495	41,460	40,035
Under $5,000 (including loss)	11,560	5,340	6,220
$5,000 to $9,999	6,695	2,855	3,840
$10,000 to $19,999	10,055	4,340	5,715
$20,000 to $29,999	7,890	3,460	4,435
$30,000 to $39,999	7,285	3,335	3,950
$40,000 to $49,999	7,285	3,440	3,840
$50,000 to $59,999	6,475	3,290	3,180
$60,000 to $69,999	5,330	3,005	2,325
$70,000 to $79,999	4,180	2,490	1,690
$80,000 to $89,999	3,405	2,045	1,360
$90,000 to $99,999	2,655	1,640	1,015
$100,000 and over	8,685	6,215	2,470
$100,000 to $124,999	3,920	2,560	1,360
$125,000 and over	4,760	3,650	1,115
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	114,430	56,150	58,280
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	108,880	53,255	55,620
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,400	48,400	34,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	109,050	53,300	55,745
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,000	42,400	31,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	101,660	50,255	51,405
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	46,000	30,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	83,565	42,325	41,240
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,000	43,600	29,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	73,190	31,750	41,440
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,500	5,800	6,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	8,035	3,765	4,265
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,320	5,720
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	114,570	56,255	58,315
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	109,140	53,465	55,685
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	55,300	66,600	44,520
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	109,320	53,520	55,805
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,520	53,500	37,920
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	101,920	50,460	51,460
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,150	65,300	41,280
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	83,765	42,395	41,370
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,880	57,750	37,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	72,885	31,525	41,355
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,480	8,370	8,560
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	8,110	3,875	4,235
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,930	6,200	7,590
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	114,570	56,255	58,310
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	35,945	20,345	15,600
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,400	64,500	51,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,200	79,500	58,150
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	33,615	15,165	18,445
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600	27,000	21,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	35,120	43,480	28,240
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.8	92.6	85.8
Employment income (%)	66.4	68.8	63.0
Government transfers (%)	10.2	7.4	14.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.7	1.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	55,705	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	14,680	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	41,030	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	55,740	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	113,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	94,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	14,670	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	54,750	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,160	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	41,070	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	134,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	112,200	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	55,705	...	...
Under $5,000	680	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	305	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	465	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	940	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,945	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,625	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,625	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,895	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,905	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,870	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,760	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,760	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,670	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,425	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,195	...	...
$100,000 and over	24,670	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,705	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,235	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	6,350	...	...
$200,000 and over	6,390	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	55,705	...	...
Under $5,000	815	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	310	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	480	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	990	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,065	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,890	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,825	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,155	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,225	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,185	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,385	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,445	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,180	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,875	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,390	...	...
$100,000 and over	20,500	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	7,135	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,865	...	...
$150,000 and over	8,500	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	38,250	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	17,215	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	14,865	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	142,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,830	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	24,380	11,855	12,525
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,000	39,600	36,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,800	36,400	34,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	38,230	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	135,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	111,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	17,245	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	121,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	14,935	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	168,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,745	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	24,305	11,765	12,540
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,440	50,560	46,480
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,560	42,760	40,440
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	134,495	66,265	68,230
0 to 17 years	24,365	12,285	12,085
0 to 5 years	7,070	3,540	3,535
18 to 64 years	84,575	41,840	42,735
65 years and over	25,550	12,145	13,405
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	12,280	5,720	6,560
0 to 17 years	2,340	1,180	1,160
0 to 5 years	670	340	335
18 to 64 years	7,025	3,445	3,585
65 years and over	2,915	1,095	1,820
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.1	8.6	9.6
0 to 17 years (%)	9.6	9.6	9.6
0 to 5 years (%)	9.5	9.6	9.4
18 to 64 years (%)	8.3	8.2	8.4
65 years and over (%)	11.4	9.0	13.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	132,655	65,385	67,265
0 to 17 years	24,190	12,200	11,990
0 to 5 years	7,025	3,515	3,515
18 to 64 years	83,600	41,370	42,230
65 years and over	24,865	11,820	13,040
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	5,785	3,040	2,740
0 to 17 years	915	465	455
0 to 5 years	205	95	110
18 to 64 years	4,430	2,370	2,055
65 years and over	445	205	240
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.4	4.7	4.1
0 to 17 years (%)	3.8	3.8	3.8
0 to 5 years (%)	2.9	2.7	3.1
18 to 64 years (%)	5.3	5.7	4.9
65 years and over (%)	1.8	1.8	1.8
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	134,495	66,265	68,230
In bottom half of the distribution	60,850	29,140	31,710
In bottom decile	12,730	6,215	6,515
In second decile	11,570	5,235	6,330
In third decile	11,810	5,645	6,160
In fourth decile	11,915	5,725	6,190
In fifth decile	12,830	6,315	6,515
In top half of the distribution	73,645	37,130	36,515
In sixth decile	13,440	6,705	6,730
In seventh decile	13,750	6,835	6,915
In eighth decile	14,670	7,410	7,260
In ninth decile	14,835	7,500	7,335
In top decile	16,950	8,675	8,275
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	134,495	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.340	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.436	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.300	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	135,070	66,565	68,505
English only	124,335	61,775	62,560
French only	40	20	25
English and French	9,710	4,335	5,380
Neither English nor French	975	440	535
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	135,070	66,565	68,505
English	132,125	65,200	66,925
French	1,745	830	915
English and French	245	115	130
Neither English nor French	950	425	530
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	135,070	66,565	68,505
Single responses	132,270	65,190	67,080
Official languages	115,405	57,180	58,225
English	113,525	56,290	57,235
French	1,880	885	995
Non-official languages	16,865	8,005	8,855
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	10	20
Algonquian languages	10	0	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	0	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	5	0	5
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	5	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	16,835	7,995	8,840
Afro-Asiatic languages	525	285	235
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	20	10	5
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	5	0	0
Somali	10	5	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	510	275	230
Amharic	10	0	5
Arabic	460	255	205
Aramaic languages	5	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	30	15	10
Maltese	10	0	5
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	295	120	180
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	5
Vietnamese	285	115	175
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,220	490	730
Bikol	5	5	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	5	15
Cebuano	65	25	35
Fijian	5	5	0
Hiligaynon	20	10	15
Ilocano	75	30	45
Indonesian	45	15	30
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	10	5	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	5
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	945	375	570
Waray-Waray	5	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Creole languages	25	15	10
Haitian Creole	10	5	5
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	155	90	65
Kannada	10	5	0
Malayalam	65	35	35
Tamil	50	25	25
Telugu	35	25	10
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	5	5	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	11,870	5,775	6,100
Albanian	25	15	15
Armenian	15	5	10
Balto-Slavic languages	2,105	965	1,140
Baltic languages	25	15	15
Latvian	5	0	5
Lithuanian	20	15	10
Slavic languages	2,080	955	1,125
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	20	10	15
Czech	190	90	100
Macedonian	10	5	0
Polish	420	180	235
Russian	615	290	330
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	315	155	155
Bosnian	40	25	20
Croatian	150	80	75
Serbian	115	55	60
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Slovak	75	35	40
Slovene (Slovenian)	50	25	30
Ukrainian	370	165	210
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Celtic languages	5	0	5
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	3,425	1,600	1,825
Frisian	5	0	0
High German languages	2,570	1,185	1,385
German	2,470	1,135	1,330
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	100	50	55
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	695	340	355
Afrikaans	160	85	75
Dutch	470	225	245
Low German, n.o.s.	10	5	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	50	25	25
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	5
Scandinavian languages	155	70	85
Danish	70	30	35
Icelandic	15	5	5
Norwegian	25	15	15
Swedish	45	15	30
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	95	50	50
Indo-Iranian languages	4,100	2,115	1,990
Indo-Aryan languages	3,720	1,910	1,810
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	105	65	45
Gujarati	95	50	45
Hindi	305	160	145
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	5	0	0
Marathi	15	5	5
Nepali	45	25	15
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,000	1,510	1,485
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	5	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	25	15	10
Urdu	125	70	60
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	380	205	175
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	20	10	10
Parsi	5	5	5
Pashto	15	10	5
Persian languages	345	185	155
Dari	20	10	5
Iranian Persian	290	155	135
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	25	15
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,105	1,030	1,075
Catalan	5	5	0
Italian	505	250	255
Portuguese	435	205	230
Romanian	165	90	80
Spanish	995	480	515
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	230	60	165
Korean	375	165	210
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	75	40	35
Akan (Twi)	5	5	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	5	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	15	5	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	20	15	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	5	0	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	30	15	10
American Sign Language	30	15	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,480	685	795
Chinese languages	1,465	685	785
Hakka	15	5	5
Mandarin	915	420	495
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	40	20	20
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	5
Yue (Cantonese)	475	220	250
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	0	10
Burmese	5	0	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	70	15	50
Lao	10	5	5
Thai	60	15	50
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	60	35	25
Azerbaijani	5	5	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	55	25	25
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	415	195	220
Estonian	5	0	5
Finnish	80	30	45
Hungarian	325	160	165
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	2,795	1,380	1,420
English and French	505	250	255
English and non-official language(s)	2,005	995	1,005
French and non-official language(s)	35	10	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	20	15
Multiple non-official languages	210	95	120
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	135,070	66,565	68,505
English	118,055	58,425	59,630
French	305	140	165
Non-official language	3,750	1,845	1,910
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5
Non-Indigenous	3,745	1,840	1,900
English and French	1,285	595	695
English and non-official language(s)	11,045	5,260	5,785
French and non-official language(s)	15	5	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	330	160	170
Multiple non-official languages	280	135	145
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	135,070	66,565	68,505
Single responses	132,735	65,435	67,300
Official languages	125,240	61,735	63,505
English	124,795	61,530	63,265
French	445	205	235
Non-official languages	7,500	3,705	3,795
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	5
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	7,490	3,700	3,790
Afro-Asiatic languages	315	165	155
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	5	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	5	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	310	160	150
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	300	155	145
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	5	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	155	65	95
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	5
Vietnamese	145	60	90
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	615	280	335
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Cebuano	35	15	20
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	5	0
Ilocano	30	10	20
Indonesian	10	5	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	510	235	275
Waray-Waray	5	5	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	10	5	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	85	45	45
Kannada	5	5	5
Malayalam	30	10	15
Tamil	35	15	20
Telugu	20	10	5
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	4,845	2,430	2,415
Albanian	10	0	5
Armenian	5	5	5
Balto-Slavic languages	610	295	315
Baltic languages	15	10	5
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	15	10	5
Slavic languages	595	285	310
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	5	0	5
Czech	35	15	20
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	130	60	65
Russian	240	120	120
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	90	40	50
Bosnian	10	5	5
Croatian	20	10	15
Serbian	55	25	30
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	20	10	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	5
Ukrainian	65	30	30
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	590	290	300
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	450	220	225
German	425	210	210
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	25	10	15
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	125	60	60
Afrikaans	70	35	35
Dutch	55	25	30
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	20	5	10
Danish	5	5	5
Icelandic	5	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	10	5	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	35	15	20
Indo-Iranian languages	2,820	1,435	1,385
Indo-Aryan languages	2,635	1,330	1,300
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	70	40	30
Gujarati	45	20	25
Hindi	150	75	75
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	40	25	15
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,230	1,120	1,115
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	5	5
Urdu	80	40	35
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	185	105	80
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	10	5	5
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	175	100	75
Dari	10	5	0
Iranian Persian	145	80	65
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	10	10
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	775	385	390
Catalan	5	5	0
Italian	90	40	50
Portuguese	205	105	95
Romanian	55	30	25
Spanish	425	210	210
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	70	25	45
Korean	255	120	130
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	20	5	15
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	40	25	15
American Sign Language	30	20	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	930	470	460
Chinese languages	925	470	455
Hakka	5	0	0
Mandarin	630	320	305
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	10	5
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	5
Yue (Cantonese)	255	125	130
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	5	5
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	5	5
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	25	5	20
Lao	5	0	5
Thai	25	10	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	15	5	5
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	15	5	5
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	110	55	55
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	10	5	10
Hungarian	100	45	50
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	2,335	1,130	1,200
English and French	165	80	80
English and non-official language(s)	2,080	1,005	1,075
French and non-official language(s)	15	10	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	10	10
Multiple non-official languages	50	25	30
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	135,070	66,570	68,505
None	124,075	61,370	62,705
English	3,175	1,585	1,595
French	1,045	480	570
Non-official language	5,515	2,545	2,970
Indigenous³⁹	30	15	20
Non-Indigenous	5,480	2,530	2,950
English and French	35	20	20
English and non-official language(s)	435	205	235
French and non-official language(s)	205	95	110
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	5	5
Multiple non-official languages	565	265	300
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	134,580	66,310	68,270
Official languages	133,595	65,855	67,745
English	133,565	65,840	67,725
French	9,740	4,475	5,265
Non-official languages	23,935	11,355	12,580
Indigenous languages³⁹	80	45	40
Algonquian languages	25	20	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	15	15	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	15	15	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	30	10	20
Northern Athabaskan languages	25	10	20
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	10	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	23,860	11,320	12,545
Afro-Asiatic languages	705	390	315
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	15	15	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	15	15	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	695	380	315
Amharic	10	0	0
Arabic	590	320	265
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	80	50	30
Maltese	15	0	10
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	405	210	195
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	10	0
Vietnamese	390	205	190
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,655	650	1,000
Bikol	15	0	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	45	20	25
Cebuano	130	60	70
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	65	30	35
Ilocano	135	45	90
Indonesian	80	35	45
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	15	15	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,485	570	920
Waray-Waray	30	20	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	100	45	60
Creole languages	140	65	75
Haitian Creole	20	15	10
Jamaican English Creole	30	10	15
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	15	10	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	80	35	45
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	260	145	115
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	95	55	45
Tamil	130	75	55
Telugu	50	35	20
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	17,200	8,225	8,975
Albanian	60	30	25
Armenian	15	0	10
Balto-Slavic languages	2,995	1,405	1,585
Baltic languages	20	0	15
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	15	0	10
Slavic languages	2,990	1,405	1,580
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	35	20	15
Czech	235	115	120
Macedonian	40	25	15
Polish	655	250	405
Russian	1,225	610	615
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	465	270	200
Bosnian	105	60	40
Croatian	265	155	110
Serbian	180	105	75
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	95	40	55
Slovene (Slovenian)	75	40	40
Ukrainian	555	250	310
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Celtic languages	40	25	20
Irish	15	10	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	25	15	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	4,880	2,310	2,570
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	3,680	1,740	1,940
German	3,635	1,725	1,915
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	85	35	45
Yiddish	10	0	10
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,010	520	490
Afrikaans	385	200	185
Dutch	610	310	295
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	35	25	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	310	110	205
Danish	100	35	60
Icelandic	25	0	20
Norwegian	45	15	30
Swedish	155	60	100
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	120	55	70
Indo-Iranian languages	5,455	2,775	2,680
Indo-Aryan languages	4,935	2,485	2,450
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	145	90	50
Gujarati	135	75	60
Hindi	1,630	830	800
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	65	30	30
Nepali	35	20	15
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,890	1,930	1,960
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	15	10	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	20	20
Urdu	340	180	155
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	0
Iranian languages	535	295	235
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	10	10	0
Persian languages	510	285	225
Dari	35	25	10
Iranian Persian	415	230	190
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	60	35	25
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,500	2,020	2,480
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	930	415	520
Portuguese	615	305	310
Romanian	190	95	95
Spanish	3,015	1,310	1,705
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	45	30	15
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	515	250	260
Korean	535	250	285
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	250	130	120
Akan (Twi)	10	10	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	10	10	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	10	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	55	20	30
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	40	20	20
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	80	50	30
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	10	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	305	110	200
American Sign Language	260	90	170
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	65	20	45
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,780	860	920
Chinese languages	1,750	850	900
Hakka	15	10	0
Mandarin	1,315	665	650
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	75	25	50
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	0	10
Yue (Cantonese)	655	285	365
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	30	15	20
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	120	35	90
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	120	35	90
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	100	45	55
Azerbaijani	20	15	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	80	35	45
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	520	255	265
Estonian	10	0	10
Finnish	125	50	75
Hungarian	385	200	180
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	134,580	66,310	68,265
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	7,940	3,735	4,205
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	7,600	3,575	4,025
First Nations (North American Indian)	3,260	1,535	1,725
Métis	4,305	2,025	2,285
Inuk (Inuit)	30	15	10
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	230	110	120
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	110	55	55
Non-Indigenous identity	126,640	62,575	64,065
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	134,580	66,310	68,265
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,950	910	1,045
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	132,625	65,405	67,225
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	55,740	...	...
Owner	39,315	...	...
Renter	16,425	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	10	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	55,740	...	...
Condominium	12,250	...	...
Not condominium	43,490	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	55,740	...	...
No bedrooms	625	...	...
1 bedroom	5,805	...	...
2 bedrooms	15,620	...	...
3 bedrooms	14,825	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	18,865	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	55,740	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	15,605	...	...
5 rooms	7,510	...	...
6 rooms	7,105	...	...
7 rooms	6,365	...	...
8 or more rooms	19,155	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	55,740	...	...
One person or fewer per room	55,015	...	...
More than one person per room	725	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	55,740	...	...
Suitable	53,795	...	...
Not suitable	1,945	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	55,740	...	...
1960 or before	3,100	...	...
1961 to 1980	14,280	...	...
1981 to 1990	6,625	...	...
1991 to 2000	9,735	...	...
2001 to 2005	4,750	...	...
2006 to 2010	6,555	...	...
2011 to 2015	4,030	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	6,670	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	55,740	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	53,540	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,200	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	55,740	...	...
One-maintainer household	25,020	...	...
Two-maintainer household	26,895	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,820	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	55,740	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,420	...	...
25 to 34 years	7,620	...	...
35 to 44 years	9,315	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,405	...	...
55 to 64 years	11,275	...	...
65 to 74 years	9,035	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,880	...	...
85 years and over	1,795	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	54,250	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	40,450	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	13,800	...	...
30% to less than 100%	12,060	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	55,740	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	16,845	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	12,805	...	...
Not suitable only	1,495	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,470	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	350	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	625	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	80	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	20	...	...
Acceptable housing	38,895	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	52,505	...	...
In core need	4,085	...	...
Not in core need	48,420	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	38,085	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	60.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,490	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,716	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	755,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	850,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	16,335	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	43.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	16.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,490	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,564	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	x	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	x	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	134,580	66,310	68,270
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,910	860	1,050
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,860	860	1,005
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,185	565	625
Métis single ancestry	665	285	375
Inuit single ancestry	20	10	10
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	45	0	45
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	30	0	30
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	6,545	3,220	3,325
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	6,325	3,085	3,240
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,605	1,785	1,815
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,715	1,290	1,420
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	225	130	90
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	200	125	70
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	0	15
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	126,120	62,230	63,890
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	134,580	66,305	68,270
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	125,795	61,950	63,850
Canadian citizens aged under 18	23,250	11,700	11,550
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	102,545	50,250	52,290
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	8,780	4,360	4,425
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	134,580	66,305	68,270
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	112,180	55,495	56,680
Immigrants⁸¹	19,635	9,340	10,295
Before 1980	5,560	2,630	2,930
1980 to 1990	2,075	975	1,100
1991 to 2000	2,810	1,240	1,570
2001 to 2010	3,890	1,915	1,970
2011 to 2021⁸²	5,305	2,585	2,720
2011 to 2015	2,290	1,085	1,205
2016 to 2021	3,015	1,495	1,520
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,770	1,475	1,290
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	19,635	9,340	10,300
Under 5 years	2,210	1,180	1,035
5 to 14 years	3,535	1,810	1,730
15 to 24 years	3,935	1,815	2,120
25 to 44 years	8,265	3,720	4,545
45 years and over	1,685	815	865
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	19,635	9,340	10,300
Americas	2,675	1,165	1,505
Brazil	135	60	80
Colombia	105	40	60
El Salvador	90	50	35
Guyana	35	10	20
Haiti	20	15	0
Jamaica	285	145	140
Mexico	245	95	150
Peru	25	0	15
Trinidad and Tobago	30	15	15
United States of America	1,345	590	760
Other places of birth in Americas	355	145	215
Europe	8,400	4,100	4,295
Bosnia and Herzegovina	100	60	40
Croatia	160	85	80
France	155	60	95
Germany	1,345	640	705
Greece	35	20	15
Hungary	185	100	80
Italy	335	170	170
Netherlands	425	230	195
Poland	530	195	335
Portugal	130	40	85
Romania	145	65	80
Russian Federation	310	140	170
Serbia⁸⁶	85	35	50
Ukraine	280	135	145
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,955	1,555	1,400
Other places of birth in Europe	1,215	570	645
Africa	890	475	420
Algeria	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Egypt	20	0	10
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	10	10	0
Morocco	15	10	10
Nigeria	45	35	15
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	505	255	250
Other places of birth in Africa	285	160	130
Asia	7,160	3,320	3,840
Afghanistan	40	25	10
Iran⁸⁸	270	145	125
Iraq	25	25	0
Lebanon	85	60	30
Syria⁸⁹	190	85	100
Turkey	30	25	0
China⁹⁰	840	370	475
Hong Kong⁹¹	160	60	100
Korea, South⁹²	340	155	185
Taiwan	70	35	30
Philippines	1,370	525	840
Viet Nam	285	125	160
Bangladesh	80	45	30
India	2,370	1,170	1,205
Pakistan	205	100	105
Sri Lanka	40	15	20
Other places of birth in Asia	765	355	415
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	520	275	240
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	3,015	1,495	1,515
Americas	610	300	305
Brazil	45	20	30
Colombia	30	15	15
Haiti	10	0	0
Jamaica	145	70	75
Mexico	75	35	40
United States of America	235	125	105
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	0	20
Other places of birth in Americas	40	15	20
Europe	520	275	240
France	10	0	0
Germany	30	10	20
Ireland⁹⁶	30	20	0
Italy	15	0	10
Russian Federation	40	15	25
Ukraine	75	45	30
United Kingdom⁸⁷	175	110	70
Other places of birth in Europe	145	65	80
Africa	100	55	50
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	0	0	0
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	10	0	0
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	40	25	15
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	35	20	15
Asia	1,680	805	880
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	15	0	10
China⁹⁰	200	80	120
Hong Kong⁹¹	20	10	10
India	510	255	255
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0
Iraq	0	0	0
Israel	20	15	0
Japan	15	0	10
Jordan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	95	40	55
Lebanon	10	0	10
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	65	30	35
Philippines	420	215	205
Saudi Arabia	10	10	0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	155	70	85
Turkey	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	15	0	0
Viet Nam	55	20	30
Other places of birth in Asia	55	20	35
Oceania and other⁹³	100	60	40
Australia	70	40	35
Other places of birth⁹⁸	25	15	10
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	134,580	66,310	68,270
First generation¹⁰⁰	24,215	11,625	12,590
Second generation¹⁰¹	25,600	12,660	12,940
Third generation or more¹⁰²	84,765	42,025	42,740
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	14,075	6,715	7,365
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	7,905	3,965	3,940
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	3,140	1,945	1,195
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	4,770	2,025	2,745
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	4,750	2,045	2,700
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,360	665	690
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	60	30	30
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	14,075	6,715	7,365
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	235	155	85
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,740	1,245	1,490
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	615	345	275
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	985	490	490
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	95	30	65
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	9,405	4,445	4,960
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	134,580	66,310	68,270
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	17,330	8,345	8,985
South Asian	5,955	2,985	2,965
Chinese	2,355	1,120	1,235
Black	1,515	800	720
Filipino	2,050	870	1,185
Arab	475	265	215
Latin American	1,090	485	605
Southeast Asian	830	380	455
West Asian	520	285	235
Korean	560	265	295
Japanese	1,090	460	635
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	290	150	140
Multiple visible minorities	585	285	300
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	117,250	57,965	59,285
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	134,580	66,310	68,270
Canadian	17,345	8,725	8,620
English	35,500	17,225	18,275
Irish	21,575	10,120	11,460
Scottish	26,305	12,960	13,335
French, n.o.s.¹²²	12,450	6,070	6,380
German	26,210	12,975	13,235
Chinese	2,595	1,210	1,390
Italian	5,850	2,860	2,990
Indian (India)	3,580	1,790	1,790
Ukrainian	10,895	5,480	5,425
Dutch	6,245	3,190	3,060
Polish	5,865	2,860	3,000
Québécois	215	105	115
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	6,105	2,945	3,165
Filipino	1,890	810	1,085
French Canadian	1,265	670	595
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,380	1,260	1,120
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	2,345	1,100	1,240
Métis	3,625	1,705	1,915
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	3,115	1,440	1,675
Russian	5,235	2,525	2,705
Norwegian	5,065	2,400	2,665
Welsh	3,205	1,475	1,725
Portuguese	965	485	475
American	2,325	1,190	1,135
Spanish	935	410	530
Swedish	3,785	1,780	2,015
Hungarian	2,250	1,090	1,150
Acadian	230	100	130
Pakistani	290	155	130
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	535	260	275
Jewish	795	420	380
Punjabi	1,205	580	625
Vietnamese	505	245	260
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	210	120	85
Greek	635	290	345
Jamaican	390	210	185
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	360	150	210
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	710	385	325
Korean	585	270	315
Romanian	1,080	605	480
Lebanese	355	190	165
Iranian	355	185	165
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	335	155	175
Danish	1,770	865	905
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	660	340	320
Sikh	950	490	465
Austrian	2,000	985	1,010
Belgian	755	340	415
Haitian	35	20	20
Hindu	260	135	120
Mexican	510	255	255
Mennonite	755	360	400
Swiss	1,120	580	545
Finnish	965	405	565
Sri Lankan	30	0	20
Croatian	810	375	435
Japanese	1,330	615	715
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	185	80	105
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	125	35	90
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,175	610	555
Muslim	70	35	35
Egyptian	85	55	30
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	225	80	145
Tamil	15	10	10
Icelandic	890	420	475
Colombian	125	65	60
Moroccan	40	25	15
Czech	925	415	510
Syrian	325	160	165
Guyanese	50	20	35
Afghan	35	15	10
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	95	40	60
Serbian	270	140	130
Ojibway	160	85	75
Newfoundlander	125	55	75
Hong Konger	120	50	75
Ontarian	120	45	75
Persian	225	140	85
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	95	50	50
Turkish	120	45	70
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	65	20	45
Bangladeshi	100	65	35
Algerian	0	0	0
Brazilian	305	150	160
Nigerian	115	55	55
Armenian	55	40	15
Slovak	415	210	200
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	310	135	175
Somali	30	20	10
Taiwanese	145	75	65
Iraqi	30	20	15
Salvadorean	90	55	35
African Caribbean	40	20	20
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	135	50	80
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	70	40	30
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	60	35	25
Algonquin	85	40	45
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	40	15	25
Lithuanian	125	60	60
South African	445	225	220
Australian	675	355	320
Palestinian	0	0	0
Chilean	160	80	80
Congolese	20	15	0
Nova Scotian	80	35	45
Ethiopian	25	15	10
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	120	70	50
Peruvian	75	25	50
Yoruba	0	0	0
Cambodian (Khmer)	20	0	15
Berber	0	0	0
Albanian	65	30	40
Maltese	105	55	50
Macedonian	55	35	25
Slovenian	275	115	160
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	200	130	70
New Brunswicker	15	0	0
Gujarati	30	15	10
Eritrean	0	0	0
African Canadian	15	10	0
Israeli	105	60	50
Mohawk	40	30	15
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	275	110	170
Bulgarian	90	50	40
Albertan	170	80	90
Ghanaian	40	20	20
Barbadian	45	35	15
African American	110	70	40
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	225	110	115
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	145	60	90
Cuban	35	25	10
Bosnian	150	80	70
Venezuelan	40	10	25
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	85	35	50
Bengali	10	10	0
Cameroonian	0	0	0
Guatemalan	70	20	45
Indonesian	185	70	115
Laotian	10	10	0
Ilocano	85	45	35
Northern Irish	125	75	45
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	160	100	55
British Columbian	530	270	260
Ecuadorian	25	20	0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0
Argentinian	110	55	55
Estonian	100	50	50
Kurdish	15	10	10
Fijian	105	40	65
Jatt	80	45	30
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	20	0	15
Coptic	0	0	0
Thai	120	45	80
Dominican	0	0	0
Nepali	45	20	25
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	15	10	0
Igbo	75	30	50
Byelorussian	60	20	35
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	35	20	10
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	85	55	30
Abenaki	10	10	0
Moldovan	50	30	20
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	80	50	30
New Zealander	185	95	90
Sudanese	0	0	0
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	75	25	50
Malaysian	45	15	30
Plains Cree	20	10	10
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	15	15	0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	95	50	45
Buddhist	0	0	0
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	0	0	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	45	10	30
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	25	0	20
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	35	20	20
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	50	25	20
Mauritian	25	0	20
Kenyan	40	25	15
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	0	0	0
Jordanian	20	10	15
Manitoban	55	25	30
Cape Bretoner	10	0	0
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	0	0	0
Malayali	0	0	0
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	30	15	15
Mayan	35	15	25
Honduran	25	15	10
Cherokee	105	40	65
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0
Flemish	20	15	0
United Empire Loyalist	35	20	20
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	35	25	10
Sicilian	50	20	30
Pashtun	0	0	0
Malay	25	20	0
Goan	0	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	15	10	10
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	55	25	30
Burmese	40	15	20
Mongolian	45	25	25
Azorean	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	20	10	10
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	15	10	0
Yemeni	0	0	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	10	10	0
Uruguayan	15	10	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Roma	20	0	15
Costa Rican	40	15	25
African Nova Scotian	25	10	15
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	35	10	20
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	134,580	66,310	68,270
Buddhist	655	290	365
Christian	52,490	23,785	28,710
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	14,615	6,880	7,745
Anabaptist	880	420	455
Anglican	3,800	1,700	2,105
Baptist	2,510	1,130	1,380
Catholic	15,740	7,110	8,630
Christian Orthodox	825	420	405
Jehovah's Witness	1,170	535	635
Latter Day Saints	485	230	255
Lutheran	2,250	985	1,265
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	145	40	105
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,155	530	620
Presbyterian	685	305	380
Reformed	165	80	85
United Church	4,690	1,940	2,745
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,380	1,480	1,905
Hindu	990	510	480
Jewish	470	260	215
Muslim	1,285	715	565
Sikh	3,525	1,720	1,800
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	70	40	25
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,280	495	785
No religion and secular perspectives	73,825	38,490	35,330
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	133,590	65,805	67,790
Non-movers	110,710	54,450	56,265
Movers	22,875	11,350	11,525
Non-migrants	13,325	6,540	6,785
Migrants	9,550	4,810	4,740
Internal migrants	8,360	4,155	4,205
Intraprovincial migrants	4,910	2,420	2,480
Interprovincial migrants	3,460	1,735	1,720
External migrants	1,190	655	535
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	128,795	63,395	65,405
Non-movers	65,980	32,550	33,430
Movers	62,815	30,840	31,970
Non-migrants	25,945	12,755	13,195
Migrants	36,870	18,090	18,780
Internal migrants	31,650	15,515	16,145
Intraprovincial migrants	20,245	9,860	10,390
Interprovincial migrants	11,410	5,655	5,755
External migrants	5,220	2,580	2,640
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	114,570	56,255	58,310
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	16,295	9,020	7,275
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	98,275	47,235	51,040
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	72,425	35,635	36,785
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	6,240	3,885	2,355
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	66,185	31,750	34,435
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	114,570	56,255	58,315
No certificate, diploma or degree	13,750	7,440	6,310
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	35,320	17,280	18,040
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	65,495	31,535	33,965
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	37,915	19,115	18,800
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	10,395	7,970	2,420
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,740	2,110	1,630
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	6,655	5,865	790
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	23,805	9,670	14,130
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,720	1,475	2,245
Bachelor's degree or higher	27,580	12,415	15,165
Bachelor's degree	17,995	7,795	10,200
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,835	805	1,025
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	935	595	345
Master's degree	5,710	2,580	3,125
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,110	640	470
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	72,425	35,640	36,785
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,985	3,135	1,845
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	19,190	9,725	9,460
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	48,245	22,775	25,475
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	26,955	13,710	13,245
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,325	5,695	1,630
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,595	1,475	1,120
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	4,730	4,220	510
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	17,165	6,995	10,175
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,465	1,025	1,440
Bachelor's degree or higher	21,290	9,060	12,230
Bachelor's degree	13,915	5,760	8,150
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,325	550	770
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	740	450	295
Master's degree	4,465	1,850	2,620
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	840	450	395
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	114,570	56,260	58,315
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	49,075	24,725	24,350
Education	4,860	1,170	3,690
13. Education	4,860	1,170	3,690
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,050	855	1,195
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	330	235	95
50. Visual and performing arts	1,720	620	1,100
Humanities	2,970	1,190	1,785
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	265	65	200
23. English language and literature/letters	725	275	450
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	920	285	640
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	0	45
38. Philosophy and religious studies	185	120	65
39. Theology and religious vocations	395	240	155
54. History	350	175	175
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	85	25	65
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,185	2,010	4,170
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	55	10	50
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	560	200	365
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	905	65	840
22. Legal professions and studies	1,185	360	825
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	100	40	60
42. Psychology	1,455	395	1,065
45. Social sciences	1,920	940	975
Business, management and public administration	14,110	5,685	8,420
30.16 Accounting and computer science	30	0	25
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,025	120	910
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,050	5,560	7,490
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,750	1,390	1,365
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,150	500	650
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	735	345	395
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	65	0	60
40. Physical sciences	725	525	200
41. Science technologies/technicians	80	20	60
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,060	1,520	540
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,605	1,275	330
25. Library science	105	15	95
27. Mathematics and statistics	290	180	110
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	55	55	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	13,810	12,745	1,065
04. Architecture and related services	385	265	115
14. Engineering	2,345	1,985	360
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,950	2,640	310
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	3,840	3,730	105
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,965	2,880	85
48. Precision production	1,330	1,245	85
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,485	790	695
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	955	455	495
03. Natural resources and conservation	540	330	205
Health and related fields	11,540	2,410	9,125
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	985	460	525
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	10,165	1,710	8,450
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	30	0	25
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	365	235	130
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,655	1,775	1,880
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,435	725	1,710
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	15	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	20	20	0
43. Security and protective services	400	290	110
49. Transportation and materials moving	790	725	65
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	15
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	72,420	35,635	36,785
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	24,175	12,865	11,310
Education	3,050	655	2,390
13. Education	3,050	655	2,390
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,555	625	930
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	220	155	65
50. Visual and performing arts	1,335	470	865
Humanities	2,175	870	1,300
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	185	30	150
23. English language and literature/letters	590	240	345
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	635	205	440
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	25	0	20
38. Philosophy and religious studies	150	100	50
39. Theology and religious vocations	235	140	95
54. History	280	135	145
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	75	25	50
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,785	1,345	3,440
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	55	10	45
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	500	155	340
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	705	55	650
22. Legal professions and studies	925	200	730
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	65	30	35
42. Psychology	1,070	240	830
45. Social sciences	1,465	655	810
Business, management and public administration	10,380	4,020	6,360
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	0	25
44. Public administration and social service professions	820	90	730
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	9,540	3,930	5,605
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,955	955	1,000
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	825	375	455
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	505	225	275
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	50	0	45
40. Physical sciences	515	340	170
41. Science technologies/technicians	65	10	55
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,690	1,300	390
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,385	1,125	265
25. Library science	55	10	50
27. Mathematics and statistics	210	125	80
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	35	35	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,080	9,225	855
04. Architecture and related services	270	170	100
14. Engineering	1,800	1,485	315
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,190	1,925	260
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	2,880	2,790	95
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,030	1,990	40
48. Precision production	910	860	55
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,135	550	580
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	690	300	385
03. Natural resources and conservation	450	250	195
Health and related fields	8,735	1,910	6,825
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	735	340	395
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,685	1,390	6,300
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	35	0	25
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	280	180	100
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,695	1,315	1,380
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,775	530	1,245
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	280	200	85
49. Transportation and materials moving	625	570	50
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	15
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	72,420	35,635	36,785
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	24,175	12,865	11,310
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	48,245	22,770	25,475
Location of study inside Canada	41,270	19,560	21,715
Same as province or territory of residence	28,460	13,210	15,260
Different than province or territory of residence	12,810	6,350	6,455
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	6,975	3,215	3,760
Americas	1,950	925	1,030
United States of America	1,480	725	765
Mexico	110	40	70
Cuba	10	10	0
Haiti	10	0	0
Jamaica	95	45	50
Brazil	115	55	65
Colombia	40	25	20
Peru	10	0	10
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	0	20
Other locations of study in Americas	50	20	30
Europe	1,885	920	965
Belgium	15	0	10
France	110	50	60
Germany	215	115	100
Netherlands	70	50	20
Switzerland	30	10	20
Hungary	25	15	10
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	55	25	30
Romania	55	15	35
Russian Federation	95	40	55
Ukraine	95	40	55
Ireland⁹⁶	45	25	15
United Kingdom⁸⁷	835	425	405
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Italy	40	20	20
Serbia⁸⁶	20	10	10
Other locations of study in Europe	175	60	110
Africa	315	155	160
Nigeria	15	10	0
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	20	10	10
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	15	0	10
South Africa, Republic of	220	110	110
Other locations of study in Africa	40	15	25
Asia	2,470	1,040	1,435
Iran⁸⁸	95	60	35
Iraq	0	0	0
Israel	20	10	15
Lebanon	25	0	25
Syria⁸⁹	10	0	0
Turkey	20	10	10
China⁹⁰	250	100	145
Taiwan	30	15	15
Hong Kong⁹¹	35	20	10
Japan	70	0	60
Korea, South⁹²	160	60	100
Philippines	770	300	465
Viet Nam	30	15	15
Bangladesh	20	10	15
Sri Lanka	10	0	0
India	730	335	390
Pakistan	70	25	45
Other locations of study in Asia	135	55	90
Oceania	355	180	175
Australia	300	150	145
New Zealand	50	25	25
Other locations of study in Oceania	10	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	114,570	56,255	58,315
In the labour force	76,190	39,405	36,780
Employed	70,195	36,315	33,885
Unemployed	5,990	3,090	2,900
Not in the labour force	38,380	16,855	21,530
Participation rate	66.5	70.0	63.1
Employment rate	61.3	64.6	58.1
Unemployment rate	7.9	7.8	7.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	114,570	56,260	58,315
Did not work¹⁸⁶	38,715	17,050	21,670
Worked	75,850	39,210	36,640
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	38,035	21,730	16,305
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	37,815	17,475	20,335
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.0	41.8	40.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	76,185	39,405	36,785
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,265	650	615
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	74,925	38,755	36,170
Employee	60,090	29,840	30,245
Permanent position	49,715	25,070	24,645
Temporary position	10,375	4,770	5,605
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,475	1,160	1,315
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	7,900	3,615	4,290
Self-employed¹⁹²	14,835	8,915	5,920
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	76,185	39,405	36,785
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,265	650	615
All occupations¹⁹¹	74,925	38,755	36,170
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	980	740	240
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	12,260	3,475	8,780
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,065	3,930	1,140
3 Health occupations	6,870	1,440	5,425
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	8,025	2,710	5,310
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,355	940	1,420
6 Sales and service occupations	20,280	9,075	11,205
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	14,320	13,115	1,200
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	2,375	1,685	690
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,385	1,630	755
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	76,185	39,405	36,785
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,265	650	615
All industries¹⁹¹	74,925	38,755	36,170
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,605	960	645
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	810	720	90
22 Utilities	425	300	120
23 Construction	8,890	7,650	1,235
31-33 Manufacturing	3,745	2,495	1,250
41 Wholesale trade	2,265	1,475	790
44-45 Retail trade	9,355	4,490	4,860
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,130	2,385	750
51 Information and cultural industries	1,410	900	515
52 Finance and insurance	2,405	975	1,435
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,750	960	785
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,175	3,330	2,840
55 Management of companies and enterprises	125	70	55
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,420	1,980	1,440
61 Educational services	5,565	1,925	3,635
62 Health care and social assistance	10,595	2,160	8,440
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,890	965	920
72 Accommodation and food services	5,625	2,425	3,200
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,320	1,380	1,935
91 Public administration	2,435	1,205	1,230
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	81,865	42,120	39,750
English	79,555	40,990	38,565
French	100	15	90
Non-official language	330	175	155
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	330	175	155
English and French	625	245	385
English and non-official language(s)	1,195	670	520
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	10	35
Multiple non-official languages	20	15	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	81,865	42,120	39,750
Single responses	81,600	41,965	39,640
Official languages	81,060	41,665	39,395
English	80,865	41,645	39,220
French	190	20	170
Non-official languages	545	300	245
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	545	300	245
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	0	0	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	0	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	10	0	10
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	10	0	10
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	350	205	145
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	25	0	15
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	20	0	10
German	20	0	10
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	215	130	80
Indo-Aryan languages	205	120	80
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	200	120	80
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	10	10	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	10	10	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	10	10	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	95	60	35
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	10	10	0
Portuguese	10	10	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	75	40	35
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	10	0	10
Korean	40	25	20
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	10	0	0
American Sign Language	10	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	120	65	50
Chinese languages	120	65	50
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	70	40	30
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	45	30	15
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	265	155	105
English and French	75	35	35
English and non-official language(s)	170	110	65
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	10	10	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	81,865	42,120	39,750
None	80,230	41,325	38,905
English	300	120	180
French	465	195	265
Non-official language	755	425	335
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	755	425	335
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
French and non-official language(s)	35	10	25
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	80	45	30
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	70,200	36,315	33,880
Worked at home	14,240	6,875	7,365
Worked outside Canada	185	120	65
No fixed workplace address	11,080	8,315	2,765
Usual place of work	44,690	21,000	23,695
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	44,690	21,000	23,695
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	35,185	16,005	19,190
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	7,055	3,495	3,565
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	1,890	1,105	780
Commute to a different province or territory	555	395	160
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	55,775	29,320	26,455
Car, truck or van	48,860	25,930	22,930
Car, truck or van - as a driver	45,640	24,670	20,975
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,220	1,265	1,955
Public transit	1,735	655	1,080
Walked	2,535	1,185	1,355
Bicycle	1,080	630	450
Other method	1,555	915	640
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	55,775	29,320	26,455
Less than 15 minutes	21,195	10,380	10,815
15 to 29 minutes	24,440	12,785	11,660
30 to 44 minutes	6,775	4,045	2,725
45 to 59 minutes	1,475	765	715
60 minutes and over	1,875	1,345	530
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	55,775	29,320	26,455
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	3,220	2,300	920
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	9,850	6,710	3,145
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	14,945	8,025	6,915
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	12,560	5,460	7,095
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	7,580	2,975	4,610
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,610	3,850	3,765
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	24,915	12,545	12,370
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,625	840	785
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	23,285	11,700	11,585
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	18,715	9,430	9,290
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,255	660	595
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	550	290	265
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	700	370	330
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	17,460	8,765	8,695

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
x
suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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