Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Richmond CentreMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	107,707	...	...
Population, 2016¹	98,396	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	9.5	...	...
Total private dwellings²	45,126	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	42,776	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,504.9	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	43.00	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	107,710	51,055	56,655
0 to 14 years	13,930	7,010	6,920
0 to 4 years	4,380	2,180	2,200
5 to 9 years	4,890	2,450	2,440
10 to 14 years	4,665	2,380	2,285
15 to 64 years	71,795	33,945	37,850
15 to 19 years	5,085	2,640	2,450
20 to 24 years	6,880	3,490	3,380
25 to 29 years	8,405	4,140	4,265
30 to 34 years	8,315	4,145	4,175
35 to 39 years	7,240	3,525	3,715
40 to 44 years	6,080	2,880	3,200
45 to 49 years	6,570	2,825	3,745
50 to 54 years	7,555	3,250	4,305
55 to 59 years	8,015	3,605	4,410
60 to 64 years	7,650	3,440	4,210
65 years and over	21,975	10,100	11,875
65 to 69 years	7,015	3,265	3,750
70 to 74 years	6,015	2,845	3,175
75 to 79 years	3,465	1,625	1,840
80 to 84 years	2,630	1,200	1,430
85 years and over	2,850	1,170	1,680
85 to 89 years	1,720	795	925
90 to 94 years	900	315	585
95 to 99 years	190	55	135
100 years and over	40	5	35
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	12.9	13.7	12.2
15 to 64 years	66.7	66.5	66.8
65 years and over	20.4	19.8	21.0
85 years and over	2.6	2.3	3.0
Average age of the population	43.5	42.4	44.4
Median age of the population	43.2	40.8	45.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	42,780	...	...
Single-detached house	13,525	...	...
Semi-detached house	750	...	...
Row house	5,775	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,970	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	9,520	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	11,220	...	...
Other single-attached house	10	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	10	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	42,775	...	...
1 person	11,135	...	...
2 persons	14,320	...	...
3 persons	7,965	...	...
4 persons	5,930	...	...
5 or more persons	3,425	...	...
Number of persons in private households	106,810	50,730	56,080
Average household size	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	93,775	44,045	49,730
Married or living common-law	55,220	27,160	28,060
Married	50,580	24,840	25,740
Living common-law	4,645	2,320	2,320
Living common law - Never married	3,535	1,750	1,785
Living common law - Separated	205	110	90
Living common law - Divorced	820	410	415
Living common law - Widowed	85	45	35
Not married and not living common-law	38,555	16,885	21,665
Not married and not living common law - Never married	26,585	13,685	12,900
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,105	745	1,360
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,490	1,665	3,825
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,370	785	3,585
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	31,310	...	...
2 persons	15,630	...	...
3 persons	8,245	...	...
4 persons	5,905	...	...
5 or more persons	1,525	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	31,310	...	...
Total couple families	25,945	...	...
Married couples	23,625	...	...
With children⁶	13,410	...	...
Without children	10,215	...	...
Common-law couples	2,320	...	...
With children⁶	535	...	...
Without children	1,785	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,365	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,475	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	890	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	106,810	50,735	56,080
Total - Persons in census families	87,605	42,575	45,035
Married spouses or common-law partners	51,890	25,925	25,965
Parents in one-parent families	5,365	890	4,470
Children⁶	30,350	15,750	14,595
In a two-parent family	22,875	11,840	11,035
In a one-parent family	7,480	3,915	3,560
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	19,205	8,160	11,045
Living alone	11,135	4,625	6,510
Living with other relatives⁷	3,655	1,250	2,405
Living with non-relatives only	4,415	2,290	2,130
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	42,780	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	25,455	...	...
Couple-family households	21,375	...	...
With children⁶	11,555	...	...
Without children	9,825	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,080	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,110	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	485	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,505	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,085	...	...
One-person households	11,135	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	92,880	43,725	49,160
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	89,715	42,165	47,550
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	36,000	30,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	89,735	42,175	47,560
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,800	33,200	29,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,800	37,350	41,450
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	26,400	31,800	22,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	58,850	29,065	29,780
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,400	36,400	27,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	77,115	34,710	42,410
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,300	7,300	9,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,085	3,020	4,060
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	27,400	12,990	14,410
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,500	10,000	11,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	92,795	43,620	49,180
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,730	42,100	47,625
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,480	51,300	40,360
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,740	42,105	47,635
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,840	42,840	35,320
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,540	37,130	41,410
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,960	49,240	35,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	58,740	29,040	29,700
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,360	51,250	37,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	77,125	34,635	42,490
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,200	9,560	10,720
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,990	2,950	4,040
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,560	5,830	7,090
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	27,830	13,200	14,630
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,220	10,090	10,330
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	92,795	43,620	49,175
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	24,220	13,365	10,850
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,800	65,500	57,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	73,800	80,300	65,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,310	11,435	13,875
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,300	17,000	14,100
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,960	28,600	21,960
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	80.8	84.6	76.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	63.8	69.0	58.1
Government transfers (%)²⁰	19.3	15.3	23.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	8.5	7.4	9.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	7.0	6.2	7.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	92,885	43,725	49,160
Without total income	3,165	1,555	1,605
With total income	89,720	42,170	47,555
Under $10,000 (including loss)	13,655	6,020	7,635
$10,000 to $19,999	12,475	5,620	6,860
$20,000 to $29,999	15,175	6,565	8,610
$30,000 to $39,999	11,165	4,730	6,435
$40,000 to $49,999	8,680	3,885	4,795
$50,000 to $59,999	6,770	3,165	3,610
$60,000 to $69,999	5,155	2,560	2,595
$70,000 to $79,999	3,850	2,010	1,840
$80,000 to $89,999	3,035	1,625	1,415
$90,000 to $99,999	2,300	1,295	1,005
$100,000 and over	7,460	4,700	2,760
$100,000 to $149,999	4,965	2,965	2,000
$150,000 and over	2,495	1,735	760
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	92,885	43,725	49,160
Without after-tax income	3,150	1,550	1,605
With after-tax income	89,730	42,175	47,555
Under $10,000 (including loss)	14,010	6,170	7,840
$10,000 to $19,999	12,870	5,825	7,050
$20,000 to $29,999	16,800	7,255	9,540
$30,000 to $39,999	12,415	5,375	7,040
$40,000 to $49,999	9,665	4,400	5,265
$50,000 to $59,999	7,040	3,425	3,610
$60,000 to $69,999	5,035	2,640	2,390
$70,000 to $79,999	3,495	1,915	1,575
$80,000 to $89,999	2,565	1,440	1,130
$90,000 to $99,999	1,685	970	710
$100,000 and over	4,155	2,760	1,400
$100,000 to $124,999	2,070	1,300	775
$125,000 and over	2,085	1,455	625
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	92,885	43,725	49,160
Without employment income	34,035	14,655	19,380
With employment income	58,850	29,070	29,780
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,235	4,135	5,105
$5,000 to $9,999	6,255	2,790	3,460
$10,000 to $19,999	7,775	3,570	4,210
$20,000 to $29,999	5,345	2,455	2,890
$30,000 to $39,999	5,270	2,415	2,855
$40,000 to $49,999	4,885	2,285	2,600
$50,000 to $59,999	4,435	2,185	2,250
$60,000 to $69,999	3,580	1,860	1,715
$70,000 to $79,999	2,615	1,460	1,150
$80,000 to $89,999	2,190	1,225	965
$90,000 to $99,999	1,810	1,045	770
$100,000 and over	5,450	3,645	1,810
$100,000 to $124,999	2,555	1,565	995
$125,000 and over	2,900	2,075	820
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	92,880	43,725	49,160
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	86,490	40,540	45,950
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	29,800	34,000	26,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	86,635	40,590	46,045
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	27,800	31,400	25,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	77,970	36,920	41,050
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	29,800	35,200	25,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	60,110	29,490	30,625
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	38,000	29,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	62,415	26,685	35,730
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,820	1,010	3,020
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	3,330	1,255	2,080
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,680	4,960	6,240
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	92,795	43,620	49,180
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	86,495	40,420	46,075
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,920	49,280	37,320
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	86,620	40,460	46,160
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	40,960	32,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	77,620	36,590	41,030
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,800	50,320	36,080
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	59,990	29,265	30,720
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,200	51,600	37,160
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	62,615	26,690	35,920
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,215	5,635	6,640
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,280	1,245	2,035
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,370	6,330	8,000
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	92,795	43,620	49,175
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	24,020	13,270	10,755
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,800	61,600	52,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	68,800	75,400	60,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,560	10,495	13,060
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600	25,600	21,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,760	36,800	27,680
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.6	92.4	86.2
Employment income (%)	71.4	75.8	66.4
Government transfers (%)	10.5	7.6	13.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	42,775	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	74,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	67,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	11,135	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	31,640	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	42,740	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	95,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	81,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	11,125	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	31,615	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	112,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	96,500	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	42,775	...	...
Under $5,000	1,555	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	650	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	690	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,020	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,035	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,480	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,630	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,910	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,660	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,640	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,015	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,960	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,690	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,470	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,225	...	...
$100,000 and over	15,140	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,510	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,145	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,755	...	...
$200,000 and over	3,730	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	42,775	...	...
Under $5,000	1,690	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	660	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	695	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,075	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,120	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,625	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,765	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,135	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,870	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,875	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,465	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,355	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,950	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,730	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,330	...	...
$100,000 and over	12,445	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,395	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,895	...	...
$150,000 and over	5,150	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	30,415	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,190	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	75,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	14,005	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,825	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	15,550	6,910	8,640
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,600	35,600	32,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	31,600	32,800	30,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	30,370	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	112,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	96,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,130	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	14,010	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	138,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	117,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,795	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	15,455	6,810	8,645
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,560	46,280	41,400
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,680	37,280	36,240
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	106,810	50,730	56,080
0 to 17 years	16,900	8,580	8,320
0 to 5 years	5,310	2,675	2,630
18 to 64 years	68,725	32,335	36,395
65 years and over	21,185	9,820	11,370
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	19,680	8,965	10,715
0 to 17 years	3,350	1,735	1,615
0 to 5 years	1,045	555	485
18 to 64 years	11,920	5,390	6,530
65 years and over	4,405	1,840	2,565
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	18.4	17.7	19.1
0 to 17 years (%)	19.8	20.2	19.4
0 to 5 years (%)	19.7	20.8	18.5
18 to 64 years (%)	17.3	16.7	17.9
65 years and over (%)	20.8	18.7	22.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	106,810	50,735	56,080
0 to 17 years	16,900	8,585	8,315
0 to 5 years	5,310	2,675	2,635
18 to 64 years	68,730	32,335	36,390
65 years and over	21,180	9,815	11,370
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	13,105	6,190	6,915
0 to 17 years	2,105	1,135	975
0 to 5 years	630	345	290
18 to 64 years	8,980	4,190	4,790
65 years and over	2,015	865	1,150
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	12.3	12.2	12.3
0 to 17 years (%)	12.5	13.2	11.7
0 to 5 years (%)	11.9	12.8	11.0
18 to 64 years (%)	13.1	13.0	13.2
65 years and over (%)	9.5	8.8	10.1
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	106,810	50,730	56,080
In bottom half of the distribution	59,300	27,545	31,755
In bottom decile	18,155	8,420	9,735
In second decile	11,930	5,390	6,545
In third decile	10,225	4,760	5,460
In fourth decile	9,555	4,495	5,060
In fifth decile	9,430	4,480	4,950
In top half of the distribution	47,510	23,185	24,325
In sixth decile	9,000	4,285	4,720
In seventh decile	9,205	4,445	4,755
In eighth decile	9,365	4,560	4,805
In ninth decile	9,550	4,700	4,855
In top decile	10,395	5,200	5,190
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	106,810	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.373	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.484	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.337	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	5.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	107,055	50,800	56,255
English only	90,650	43,810	46,840
French only	40	20	20
English and French	4,365	2,035	2,330
Neither English nor French	11,995	4,935	7,065
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	107,055	50,800	56,255
English	94,035	45,360	48,675
French	560	295	260
English and French	615	285	335
Neither English nor French	11,845	4,860	6,990
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	107,055	50,800	56,255
Single responses	100,180	47,550	52,625
Official languages	31,000	16,105	14,890
English	30,505	15,845	14,655
French	500	260	235
Non-official languages	69,180	31,450	37,730
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	5	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	69,175	31,445	37,730
Afro-Asiatic languages	970	515	450
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	80	45	35
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	5	0	0
Somali	75	40	35
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	885	470	415
Amharic	15	10	10
Arabic	700	370	330
Aramaic languages	25	15	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	5	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	125	75	50
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	20	5	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	445	195	255
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	5
Vietnamese	440	190	250
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	4,255	1,830	2,425
Bikol	20	5	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	20	20
Cebuano	110	40	65
Fijian	10	5	5
Hiligaynon	75	30	45
Ilocano	200	90	110
Indonesian	185	85	100
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	10	5	5
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	15	5	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	70	25	45
Pangasinan	30	15	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,455	1,480	1,975
Waray-Waray	20	10	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	5	15
Creole languages	5	10	5
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	5	5	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	325	170	155
Kannada	15	10	10
Malayalam	115	60	55
Tamil	115	60	55
Telugu	75	45	35
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	10	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	6,980	3,345	3,630
Albanian	45	20	20
Armenian	35	15	25
Balto-Slavic languages	1,720	790	930
Baltic languages	15	10	0
Latvian	5	5	0
Lithuanian	10	10	0
Slavic languages	1,710	785	930
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	20	10	10
Czech	70	35	35
Macedonian	5	5	0
Polish	125	60	70
Russian	1,045	470	580
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	240	125	120
Bosnian	20	10	5
Croatian	110	55	50
Serbian	115	60	60
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Slovak	25	10	15
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	5
Ukrainian	170	70	105
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	625	330	295
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	405	210	200
German	385	200	190
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	15	10	5
Yiddish	5	5	5
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	135	75	65
Afrikaans	15	10	10
Dutch	115	65	55
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	75	45	35
Danish	45	25	20
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	10	10	5
Swedish	25	10	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	105	50	45
Indo-Iranian languages	2,895	1,390	1,505
Indo-Aryan languages	2,325	1,115	1,205
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	110	60	55
Gujarati	180	75	105
Hindi	430	205	225
Kacchi	60	25	35
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	5	0	5
Marathi	55	25	30
Nepali	10	5	5
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,045	515	535
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	30	15	15
Urdu	385	190	195
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Iranian languages	575	270	300
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	25	15	10
Parsi	5	5	5
Pashto	10	5	5
Persian languages	530	250	275
Dari	80	35	45
Iranian Persian	400	195	210
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	45	25	25
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,550	745	805
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	100	50	50
Portuguese	335	165	170
Romanian	105	55	50
Spanish	1,000	470	530
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	1,130	420	710
Korean	875	390	490
Mongolian	40	20	25
Niger-Congo languages	70	35	30
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	10	5	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	5	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	5	0	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	20	10	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	5	5	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	25	15	5
American Sign Language	20	15	5
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	53,625	24,300	29,325
Chinese languages	53,545	24,260	29,285
Hakka	180	80	100
Mandarin	27,170	12,195	14,980
Min Dong	15	10	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,390	615	775
Wu (Shanghainese)	490	205	285
Yue (Cantonese)	24,090	11,055	13,035
Chinese, n.o.s.	195	95	95
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	80	40	45
Burmese	65	30	40
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	115	35	75
Lao	15	5	10
Thai	95	30	65
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Turkic languages	220	125	95
Azerbaijani	25	15	10
Kazakh	5	5	0
Turkish	180	105	80
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Uralic languages	85	40	45
Estonian	5	5	0
Finnish	10	5	5
Hungarian	70	25	35
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	6,880	3,245	3,635
English and French	185	90	95
English and non-official language(s)	5,730	2,725	3,005
French and non-official language(s)	55	25	25
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	40	35
Multiple non-official languages	835	365	475
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	107,055	50,800	56,255
English	33,315	17,010	16,300
French	115	65	60
Non-official language	29,925	13,395	16,530
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	29,925	13,395	16,530
English and French	425	210	215
English and non-official language(s)	39,145	18,360	20,780
French and non-official language(s)	35	15	25
English, French and non-official language(s)	690	315	375
Multiple non-official languages	3,410	1,430	1,980
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	107,055	50,800	56,255
Single responses	98,595	46,870	51,730
Official languages	46,270	23,150	23,115
English	46,085	23,055	23,035
French	190	100	85
Non-official languages	52,325	23,715	28,610
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	52,325	23,715	28,610
Afro-Asiatic languages	550	275	280
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	40	25	15
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	5	0	0
Somali	35	20	20
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	505	250	260
Amharic	5	0	5
Arabic	415	205	205
Aramaic languages	15	5	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	65	35	35
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	10	5	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	190	80	110
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	190	80	110
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,380	1,090	1,295
Bikol	5	5	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Cebuano	55	20	35
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	25	15	10
Ilocano	120	60	65
Indonesian	65	35	30
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	40	15	25
Pangasinan	10	5	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,035	925	1,110
Waray-Waray	15	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Creole languages	10	5	5
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	5	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	190	100	85
Kannada	10	5	5
Malayalam	60	35	25
Tamil	80	45	35
Telugu	35	20	15
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	5	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	3,745	1,755	1,990
Albanian	30	15	15
Armenian	20	5	10
Balto-Slavic languages	1,015	470	545
Baltic languages	5	5	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	5	5	0
Slavic languages	1,010	465	540
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	5	5	0
Czech	25	10	15
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	40	15	25
Russian	750	345	405
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	110	55	55
Bosnian	10	5	5
Croatian	20	15	10
Serbian	75	40	40
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	5	5	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	65	30	35
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	85	40	45
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	55	30	30
German	55	30	30
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	20	10	10
Afrikaans	10	0	5
Dutch	10	5	5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	0
Danish	5	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	35	15	15
Indo-Iranian languages	1,695	795	905
Indo-Aryan languages	1,320	620	705
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	80	40	40
Gujarati	90	35	55
Hindi	200	105	95
Kacchi	25	10	15
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	30	15	20
Nepali	5	5	5
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	610	275	330
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	5
Urdu	275	130	135
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	375	175	200
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	15	10	10
Parsi	5	5	5
Pashto	5	5	5
Persian languages	345	160	180
Dari	60	30	30
Iranian Persian	255	115	140
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30	15	15
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	875	420	455
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	10	5	10
Portuguese	215	105	110
Romanian	45	25	25
Spanish	595	285	305
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	585	250	335
Korean	580	270	310
Mongolian	30	15	15
Niger-Congo languages	45	20	20
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	10	5	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	15	5	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	5	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	35	20	10
American Sign Language	20	15	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	43,825	19,750	24,075
Chinese languages	43,775	19,730	24,050
Hakka	50	25	25
Mandarin	22,975	10,380	12,590
Min Dong	5	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	820	370	450
Wu (Shanghainese)	295	130	170
Yue (Cantonese)	19,510	8,750	10,760
Chinese, n.o.s.	115	65	50
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	50	20	30
Burmese	45	20	25
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	5	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	35	15	15
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	20	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Turkic languages	105	60	50
Azerbaijani	5	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	100	55	50
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	15	10	10
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	10	5	5
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	8,460	3,930	4,525
English and French	75	40	40
English and non-official language(s)	7,910	3,680	4,230
French and non-official language(s)	10	5	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	15	20
Multiple non-official languages	425	185	235
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	107,055	50,795	56,255
None	70,105	33,620	36,490
English	16,370	7,690	8,680
French	455	210	245
Non-official language	14,920	6,915	8,010
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	0
Non-Indigenous	14,920	6,910	8,010
English and French	115	60	50
English and non-official language(s)	2,955	1,345	1,605
French and non-official language(s)	370	160	205
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	10	10
Multiple non-official languages	1,740	790	955
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	106,690	50,665	56,025
Official languages	94,730	45,775	48,950
English	94,690	45,765	48,935
French	4,385	2,080	2,305
Non-official languages	82,370	37,905	44,460
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	0	15
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	82,360	37,905	44,455
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,765	875	890
Berber languages	10	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	110	70	45
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	105	70	40
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,665	810	855
Amharic	45	25	25
Arabic	1,160	585	570
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	465	210	255
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	620	285	335
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	15	20
Vietnamese	585	275	315
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	6,675	2,950	3,725
Bikol	40	10	30
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Cebuano	225	90	135
Fijian	20	0	20
Hiligaynon	145	70	80
Ilocano	365	165	200
Indonesian	375	180	195
Kankanaey	20	10	15
Kinaray-a	35	10	25
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	185	90	95
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	95	35	65
Pangasinan	40	20	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,015	2,660	3,355
Waray-Waray	45	15	35
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	75	35	40
Creole languages	80	40	35
Haitian Creole	10	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	65	35	25
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	435	210	225
Kannada	35	20	10
Malayalam	120	65	55
Tamil	240	110	135
Telugu	115	55	60
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	40	20	20
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	10,840	5,065	5,780
Albanian	65	25	40
Armenian	40	15	20
Balto-Slavic languages	2,260	1,005	1,260
Baltic languages	15	10	10
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	2,260	1,005	1,260
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	55	20	35
Czech	90	50	40
Macedonian	15	10	10
Polish	185	90	100
Russian	1,495	660	835
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	375	175	195
Bosnian	25	15	15
Croatian	210	100	115
Serbian	180	85	90
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	0	0
Slovak	35	15	20
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	0	15
Ukrainian	345	140	200
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	40	25	10
Irish	20	15	0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,135	525	605
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	805	360	435
German	770	360	410
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	10	0	10
Yiddish	25	0	25
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	230	115	120
Afrikaans	120	65	55
Dutch	110	50	60
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	130	65	65
Danish	75	45	30
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	30	15	10
Swedish	45	15	30
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	200	70	125
Indo-Iranian languages	4,610	2,230	2,375
Indo-Aryan languages	3,795	1,835	1,965
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	190	95	95
Gujarati	395	160	235
Hindi	1,530	765	765
Kacchi	135	60	75
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	80	35	45
Nepali	0	0	0
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,750	870	890
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	80	30	55
Urdu	750	370	380
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Iranian languages	820	400	420
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	50	20	30
Parsi	10	0	10
Pashto	15	10	0
Persian languages	770	390	385
Dari	135	60	75
Iranian Persian	630	330	300
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30	10	15
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,880	1,345	1,535
Catalan	10	0	10
Italian	315	145	175
Portuguese	425	200	230
Romanian	125	65	60
Spanish	2,215	1,045	1,160
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	2,215	990	1,225
Korean	1,110	445	665
Mongolian	40	20	20
Niger-Congo languages	260	135	125
Akan (Twi)	10	0	10
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	10	0	10
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	170	100	70
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	30	15	20
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	20	15
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	90	50	45
American Sign Language	80	40	40
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	60,955	28,045	32,910
Chinese languages	60,845	28,005	32,840
Hakka	295	135	160
Mandarin	40,930	18,550	22,380
Min Dong	15	0	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,800	1,235	1,565
Wu (Shanghainese)	705	300	405
Yue (Cantonese)	30,535	13,960	16,575
Chinese, n.o.s.	185	80	105
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20	0	20
Tibeto-Burman languages	145	60	90
Burmese	140	50	90
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	180	65	115
Lao	15	0	15
Thai	150	60	90
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Turkic languages	350	180	170
Azerbaijani	70	35	40
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	315	165	150
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	85	50	40
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	15	0	10
Hungarian	65	35	25
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	106,690	50,665	56,020
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	820	390	430
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	775	380	395
First Nations (North American Indian)	455	240	215
Métis	320	140	180
Inuk (Inuit)	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	25	0	20
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	20	0	15
Non-Indigenous identity	105,870	50,270	55,595
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	106,690	50,665	56,020
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	320	155	165
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	106,370	50,510	55,855
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	42,745	...	...
Owner	30,115	...	...
Renter	12,625	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	42,745	...	...
Condominium	20,645	...	...
Not condominium	22,095	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	42,745	...	...
No bedrooms	300	...	...
1 bedroom	7,695	...	...
2 bedrooms	13,410	...	...
3 bedrooms	10,025	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	11,305	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	42,745	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	21,440	...	...
5 rooms	6,250	...	...
6 rooms	4,450	...	...
7 rooms	3,550	...	...
8 or more rooms	7,055	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	42,745	...	...
One person or fewer per room	40,945	...	...
More than one person per room	1,795	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	42,745	...	...
Suitable	39,550	...	...
Not suitable	3,190	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	42,745	...	...
1960 or before	1,430	...	...
1961 to 1980	9,780	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,585	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,110	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,970	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,530	...	...
2011 to 2015	4,730	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	6,595	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	42,745	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	40,680	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,060	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	42,745	...	...
One-maintainer household	21,690	...	...
Two-maintainer household	17,860	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,190	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	42,745	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,400	...	...
25 to 34 years	6,465	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,375	...	...
45 to 54 years	7,520	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,805	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,310	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,375	...	...
85 years and over	1,490	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	42,575	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	26,225	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	16,355	...	...
30% to less than 100%	11,955	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	42,740	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	19,935	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	14,885	...	...
Not suitable only	2,150	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,270	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	840	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	590	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	165	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	40	...	...
Acceptable housing	22,805	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	38,175	...	...
In core need	8,215	...	...
Not in core need	29,960	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	30,120	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	53.4	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	34.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	17.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,300	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,842	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,000,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,229,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	12,620	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	12.8	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	48.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	30.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,700	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,720	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	106,690	50,665	56,025
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	215	110	110
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	205	110	100
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	180	95	85
Métis single ancestry	25	10	15
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	10	0	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	10	0	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	605	285	320
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	585	270	315
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	440	220	225
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	140	55	85
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	20	20	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	20	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	105,865	50,270	55,595
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	106,685	50,665	56,025
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	84,065	40,265	43,795
Canadian citizens aged under 18	14,775	7,590	7,180
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	69,285	32,680	36,610
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	22,630	10,400	12,230
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	106,685	50,665	56,025
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	34,460	17,850	16,605
Immigrants⁸¹	66,770	30,185	36,585
Before 1980	6,135	2,960	3,170
1980 to 1990	7,620	3,620	3,995
1991 to 2000	20,595	9,310	11,285
2001 to 2010	16,825	7,425	9,405
2011 to 2021⁸²	15,590	6,865	8,725
2011 to 2015	7,790	3,445	4,340
2016 to 2021	7,805	3,415	4,385
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,460	2,630	2,830
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	66,770	30,180	36,590
Under 5 years	4,735	2,595	2,145
5 to 14 years	9,880	5,060	4,825
15 to 24 years	10,405	4,805	5,605
25 to 44 years	32,045	13,400	18,645
45 years and over	9,705	4,330	5,370
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	66,770	30,180	36,590
Americas	2,110	1,010	1,105
Brazil	165	60	105
Colombia	60	25	35
El Salvador	100	35	60
Guyana	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	45	20	30
Mexico	250	105	145
Peru	170	60	105
Trinidad and Tobago	90	50	40
United States of America	780	425	355
Other places of birth in Americas	440	220	215
Europe	3,635	1,765	1,870
Bosnia and Herzegovina	35	25	10
Croatia	95	35	55
France	110	70	35
Germany	245	145	105
Greece	85	45	40
Hungary	50	25	25
Italy	70	35	35
Netherlands	55	25	30
Poland	120	45	80
Portugal	45	20	25
Romania	120	50	70
Russian Federation	430	190	235
Serbia⁸⁶	85	50	35
Ukraine	430	190	235
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,005	495	510
Other places of birth in Europe	665	325	340
Africa	1,260	620	640
Algeria	30	20	15
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	0	20
Egypt	160	85	80
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	50	25	30
Morocco	40	30	10
Nigeria	50	20	25
Somalia	50	25	25
South Africa, Republic of	200	85	115
Other places of birth in Africa	655	325	325
Asia	59,410	26,625	32,790
Afghanistan	100	45	55
Iran⁸⁸	510	255	250
Iraq	175	95	85
Lebanon	40	15	20
Syria⁸⁹	100	55	40
Turkey	120	50	70
China⁹⁰	27,380	11,785	15,590
Hong Kong⁹¹	13,360	6,340	7,015
Korea, South⁹²	685	275	415
Taiwan	4,450	2,000	2,450
Philippines	6,155	2,745	3,405
Viet Nam	580	270	315
Bangladesh	120	60	60
India	1,625	810	815
Pakistan	430	215	220
Sri Lanka	180	70	115
Other places of birth in Asia	3,405	1,535	1,870
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	355	170	185
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	7,800	3,415	4,390
Americas	395	200	200
Brazil	115	50	65
Colombia	10	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	0	0	0
Mexico	65	30	35
United States of America	130	65	70
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Americas	75	50	30
Europe	205	110	95
France	15	10	10
Germany	15	10	0
Ireland⁹⁶	10	0	0
Italy	0	0	0
Russian Federation	25	15	15
Ukraine	10	0	10
United Kingdom⁸⁷	35	25	10
Other places of birth in Europe	90	40	45
Africa	165	85	80
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	35	20	15
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	10	0	0
Morocco	10	0	0
Nigeria	35	15	20
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	20	15	0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	40	25	10
Asia	7,005	3,000	4,005
Afghanistan	10	0	0
Bangladesh	40	20	15
China⁹⁰	4,385	1,780	2,605
Hong Kong⁹¹	475	220	255
India	385	200	180
Iran⁸⁸	90	55	40
Iraq	20	15	10
Israel	15	15	0
Japan	65	10	55
Jordan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	135	40	100
Lebanon	0	0	0
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	50	25	20
Philippines	845	400	440
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	10	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	75	45	30
Turkey	15	10	10
United Arab Emirates	10	0	10
Viet Nam	55	20	40
Other places of birth in Asia	310	130	175
Oceania and other⁹³	30	15	10
Australia	20	15	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	15	10	10
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	106,690	50,665	56,020
First generation¹⁰⁰	73,735	33,655	40,075
Second generation¹⁰¹	21,970	11,290	10,680
Third generation or more¹⁰²	10,985	5,720	5,265
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	60,635	27,220	33,415
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	43,050	20,235	22,815
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	15,865	9,130	6,735
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	27,190	11,105	16,080
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	14,040	5,270	8,775
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,960	1,040	920
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,585	680	905
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	60,635	27,220	33,415
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	855	495	360
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,510	1,280	2,235
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,870	1,400	1,480
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	4,270	1,830	2,440
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	135	60	70
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	48,990	22,155	26,835
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	106,690	50,665	56,020
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	87,515	40,945	46,570
South Asian	5,240	2,575	2,665
Chinese	64,085	29,795	34,290
Black	780	365	410
Filipino	6,495	2,975	3,520
Arab	1,080	555	520
Latin American	1,150	550	605
Southeast Asian	1,380	645	735
West Asian	870	435	435
Korean	1,115	490	630
Japanese	1,930	865	1,065
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	265	115	150
Multiple visible minorities	3,115	1,580	1,540
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	19,175	9,725	9,450
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	106,690	50,665	56,025
Canadian	3,745	2,015	1,725
English	5,450	2,855	2,600
Irish	3,640	1,725	1,910
Scottish	4,450	2,255	2,195
French, n.o.s.¹²²	1,560	825	740
German	2,995	1,520	1,480
Chinese	56,290	26,220	30,070
Italian	900	475	425
Indian (India)	3,065	1,505	1,555
Ukrainian	1,510	635	875
Dutch	810	405	405
Polish	915	435	480
Québécois	25	20	0
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,335	730	610
Filipino	6,780	3,195	3,585
French Canadian	285	145	140
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	620	330	285
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	315	180	135
Métis	195	80	115
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	675	330	345
Russian	1,555	745	815
Norwegian	635	305	330
Welsh	600	255	345
Portuguese	375	135	235
American	435	225	215
Spanish	1,200	580	615
Swedish	480	225	260
Hungarian	405	225	180
Acadian	40	0	30
Pakistani	540	275	265
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	225	85	140
Jewish	1,175	520	655
Punjabi	465	225	245
Vietnamese	885	445	440
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	525	260	265
Greek	370	180	180
Jamaican	105	55	55
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	3,525	1,580	1,940
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	80	45	35
Korean	1,205	545	660
Romanian	290	135	155
Lebanese	110	80	25
Iranian	515	265	250
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	310	150	160
Danish	335	170	165
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	130	55	75
Sikh	370	190	180
Austrian	345	180	170
Belgian	115	50	60
Haitian	0	0	0
Hindu	130	45	90
Mexican	425	225	200
Mennonite	60	30	30
Swiss	185	90	95
Finnish	145	70	80
Sri Lankan	115	50	70
Croatian	250	115	135
Japanese	2,395	1,075	1,320
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	515	290	225
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	30	10	20
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	205	95	110
Muslim	195	85	110
Egyptian	195	110	85
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	220	115	100
Tamil	80	25	55
Icelandic	165	80	85
Colombian	100	35	55
Moroccan	50	30	25
Czech	190	100	85
Syrian	75	50	30
Guyanese	20	10	10
Afghan	155	65	90
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	40	10	35
Serbian	195	100	90
Ojibway	0	0	0
Newfoundlander	20	15	0
Hong Konger	5,130	2,495	2,635
Ontarian	15	15	0
Persian	245	115	130
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	60	35	25
Turkish	360	200	160
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0	0	0
Bangladeshi	155	80	80
Algerian	50	25	25
Brazilian	180	90	85
Nigerian	65	40	30
Armenian	85	55	30
Slovak	50	20	30
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	175	95	80
Somali	135	95	45
Taiwanese	3,825	1,740	2,085
Iraqi	70	35	30
Salvadorean	105	50	60
African Caribbean	10	0	0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	480	195	290
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	230	115	115
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	15	0	0
Algonquin	0	0	0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	25	10	10
Lithuanian	40	20	25
South African	230	110	120
Australian	85	40	45
Palestinian	30	20	10
Chilean	155	85	70
Congolese	25	10	10
Nova Scotian	15	10	0
Ethiopian	85	50	30
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	55	35	20
Peruvian	215	95	120
Yoruba	40	20	20
Cambodian (Khmer)	70	25	50
Berber	65	35	30
Albanian	40	15	25
Maltese	15	15	0
Macedonian	30	10	20
Slovenian	85	50	40
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	65	25	40
New Brunswicker	10	0	10
Gujarati	40	30	15
Eritrean	0	0	0
African Canadian	10	0	0
Israeli	195	90	110
Mohawk	0	0	0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	45	40	10
Bulgarian	70	30	40
Albertan	15	15	0
Ghanaian	10	0	10
Barbadian	30	0	25
African American	30	20	10
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	60	20	45
Tunisian	10	10	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	105	50	50
Cuban	10	0	10
Bosnian	20	10	10
Venezuelan	25	10	15
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	35	15	15
Bengali	30	15	20
Cameroonian	0	0	0
Guatemalan	50	30	15
Indonesian	295	135	160
Laotian	60	30	30
Ilocano	105	45	55
Northern Irish	40	0	40
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	30	15	15
British Columbian	170	80	90
Ecuadorian	20	10	10
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0
Argentinian	55	35	20
Estonian	15	0	10
Kurdish	65	35	35
Fijian	150	75	75
Jatt	40	25	20
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	10	0	10
Coptic	0	0	0
Thai	180	65	120
Dominican	0	0	0
Nepali	10	0	10
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Byelorussian	80	55	25
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	25	20	0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0
New Zealander	40	20	20
Sudanese	0	0	0
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	40	20	20
Malaysian	265	130	135
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	60	25	40
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	20	15	10
Buddhist	240	100	135
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	0	0	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	100	35	65
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	15	0	10
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	35	25	10
Mauritian	60	25	35
Kenyan	25	15	10
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	0	0	0
Jordanian	35	15	25
Manitoban	10	10	0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	0	0	0
Malayali	35	15	20
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	10	0	10
Mayan	35	30	0
Honduran	50	30	20
Cherokee	0	0	0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	10	10	0
Flemish	15	10	0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	45	20	30
Sicilian	0	0	0
Pashtun	0	0	0
Malay	125	60	65
Goan	85	45	40
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0
Burmese	155	55	95
Mongolian	70	30	40
Azorean	20	10	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	40	20	25
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	10	10	0
Yemeni	30	15	15
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	60	25	35
Basque	0	0	0
Uruguayan	0	0	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0
Igorot	60	15	45
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	20	10	10
Roma	0	0	0
Costa Rican	25	0	20
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	25	10	20
Singaporean	115	60	55
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	106,690	50,665	56,020
Buddhist	6,045	2,360	3,685
Christian	32,025	14,190	17,840
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	10,465	4,635	5,835
Anabaptist	160	70	85
Anglican	1,260	580	680
Baptist	1,170	495	670
Catholic	13,375	6,010	7,365
Christian Orthodox	840	365	475
Jehovah's Witness	280	95	180
Latter Day Saints	40	0	30
Lutheran	435	150	285
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	95	50	45
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	450	195	255
Presbyterian	385	190	195
Reformed	250	110	135
United Church	1,190	490	700
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,635	740	895
Hindu	1,045	495	555
Jewish	1,415	635	780
Muslim	3,530	1,705	1,825
Sikh	1,700	865	835
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	30	25	0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	800	345	460
No religion and secular perspectives	60,090	30,060	30,035
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	105,915	50,295	55,625
Non-movers	90,675	42,905	47,770
Movers	15,245	7,390	7,855
Non-migrants	8,205	3,965	4,245
Migrants	7,040	3,425	3,610
Internal migrants	4,105	2,040	2,065
Intraprovincial migrants	3,135	1,535	1,600
Interprovincial migrants	970	505	465
External migrants	2,935	1,390	1,545
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	102,305	48,510	53,795
Non-movers	59,585	27,810	31,770
Movers	42,720	20,700	22,025
Non-migrants	19,100	9,080	10,025
Migrants	23,620	11,620	12,000
Internal migrants	14,105	6,990	7,115
Intraprovincial migrants	10,975	5,400	5,575
Interprovincial migrants	3,135	1,590	1,545
External migrants	9,515	4,630	4,885
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	92,795	43,620	49,175
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	10,805	5,060	5,740
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	81,990	38,555	43,440
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	59,700	27,760	31,940
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,630	1,775	1,855
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	56,065	25,980	30,085
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	92,800	43,615	49,180
No certificate, diploma or degree	10,265	4,720	5,540
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	25,825	12,235	13,590
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	56,710	26,660	30,050
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	20,455	9,415	11,035
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,270	2,135	1,135
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,750	1,015	735
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,520	1,120	400
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,325	5,085	7,235
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,865	2,195	2,660
Bachelor's degree or higher	36,255	17,235	19,020
Bachelor's degree	25,575	11,745	13,830
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,020	900	1,120
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	685	390	290
Master's degree	7,075	3,620	3,445
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	905	575	330
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	59,705	27,760	31,940
No certificate, diploma or degree	3,360	1,615	1,740
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	12,990	6,325	6,665
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	43,350	19,815	23,535
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	14,355	6,405	7,955
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,045	1,310	740
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,125	655	470
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	925	650	270
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	8,730	3,495	5,230
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,585	1,600	1,985
Bachelor's degree or higher	28,995	13,410	15,585
Bachelor's degree	20,255	9,105	11,150
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,545	685	860
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	460	230	230
Master's degree	6,025	2,970	3,060
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	705	425	280
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	92,795	43,615	49,180
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	36,085	16,960	19,130
Education	2,505	520	1,985
13. Education	2,505	520	1,985
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,575	960	1,620
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	255	170	90
50. Visual and performing arts	2,320	790	1,530
Humanities	3,800	1,345	2,460
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	755	175	580
23. English language and literature/letters	880	230	650
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,380	495	880
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	15	0	10
38. Philosophy and religious studies	140	95	45
39. Theology and religious vocations	180	115	65
54. History	355	220	135
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	95	10	85
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,950	2,950	5,000
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	150	45	105
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	830	285	540
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	880	115	765
22. Legal professions and studies	850	340	510
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	125	30	100
42. Psychology	1,320	355	970
45. Social sciences	3,800	1,780	2,020
Business, management and public administration	15,880	6,675	9,205
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	305	90	210
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	15,565	6,580	8,985
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,935	1,500	1,440
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,160	520	640
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	745	350	395
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	60	25	40
40. Physical sciences	945	600	350
41. Science technologies/technicians	30	10	20
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,930	2,605	1,325
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,975	2,120	860
25. Library science	100	20	75
27. Mathematics and statistics	735	400	335
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	120	65	60
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,485	7,025	1,455
04. Architecture and related services	420	255	165
14. Engineering	4,620	3,650	965
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,530	1,270	260
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	645	635	10
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	960	920	35
48. Precision production	315	295	20
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	865	455	410
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	500	245	250
03. Natural resources and conservation	365	205	155
Health and related fields	5,800	1,615	4,185
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	480	265	210
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,165	1,240	3,925
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	145	105	45
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,955	1,005	955
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,425	580	845
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0
43. Security and protective services	120	95	20
49. Transportation and materials moving	390	305	85
Other¹⁷⁹	25	10	15
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	59,700	27,760	31,945
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	16,350	7,940	8,405
Education	1,590	335	1,255
13. Education	1,590	335	1,255
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,010	705	1,300
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	190	110	80
50. Visual and performing arts	1,820	600	1,225
Humanities	2,820	945	1,870
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	545	95	450
23. English language and literature/letters	665	155	510
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,070	385	685
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	15	0	10
38. Philosophy and religious studies	105	75	30
39. Theology and religious vocations	135	85	50
54. History	225	145	80
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	70	10	60
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,375	2,260	4,120
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	120	40	85
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	705	240	465
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	670	70	600
22. Legal professions and studies	680	240	445
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	105	15	90
42. Psychology	1,090	280	810
45. Social sciences	3,005	1,385	1,620
Business, management and public administration	12,920	5,335	7,585
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	200	75	125
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	12,710	5,255	7,455
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,100	995	1,105
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	880	405	475
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	560	250	310
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	50	10	40
40. Physical sciences	590	325	260
41. Science technologies/technicians	20	0	15
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,275	2,170	1,095
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,585	1,840	745
25. Library science	60	15	45
27. Mathematics and statistics	535	265	265
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	95	50	45
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,000	4,840	1,165
04. Architecture and related services	295	165	125
14. Engineering	3,455	2,685	770
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,020	810	215
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	390	390	0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	640	610	30
48. Precision production	195	175	20
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	690	360	335
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	400	205	200
03. Natural resources and conservation	295	160	135
Health and related fields	4,180	1,200	2,990
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	350	200	150
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	3,740	950	2,790
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	90	50	40
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,370	660	710
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,055	420	630
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0
43. Security and protective services	70	55	15
49. Transportation and materials moving	245	180	65
Other¹⁷⁹	20	0	10
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	59,700	27,760	31,945
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	16,350	7,940	8,405
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	43,350	19,815	23,535
Location of study inside Canada	24,765	11,830	12,935
Same as province or territory of residence	20,495	9,650	10,845
Different than province or territory of residence	4,270	2,185	2,090
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	18,590	7,985	10,600
Americas	2,105	1,030	1,070
United States of America	1,630	810	815
Mexico	130	60	70
Cuba	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	0	0	0
Brazil	155	80	80
Colombia	30	15	15
Peru	50	20	30
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Americas	95	40	55
Europe	1,725	855	870
Belgium	45	30	10
France	115	70	45
Germany	75	35	40
Netherlands	30	10	20
Switzerland	35	20	20
Hungary	0	0	0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	10	0	10
Romania	65	30	35
Russian Federation	195	80	115
Ukraine	190	90	100
Ireland⁹⁶	30	15	20
United Kingdom⁸⁷	735	365	370
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Italy	15	0	10
Serbia⁸⁶	35	10	20
Other locations of study in Europe	130	75	50
Africa	240	120	120
Nigeria	35	15	20
Algeria	10	0	10
Morocco	10	10	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	70	25	45
South Africa, Republic of	70	40	30
Other locations of study in Africa	40	25	20
Asia	14,125	5,760	8,365
Iran⁸⁸	165	60	100
Iraq	40	15	25
Israel	80	45	35
Lebanon	15	0	10
Syria⁸⁹	0	0	0
Turkey	55	35	20
China⁹⁰	7,320	3,065	4,255
Taiwan	920	345	575
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,175	465	710
Japan	450	125	325
Korea, South⁹²	265	70	195
Philippines	2,415	995	1,415
Viet Nam	15	0	10
Bangladesh	35	15	20
Sri Lanka	25	10	15
India	550	255	290
Pakistan	165	65	100
Other locations of study in Asia	430	175	255
Oceania	395	220	175
Australia	315	175	140
New Zealand	70	40	35
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	92,800	43,615	49,180
In the labour force	53,720	27,105	26,615
Employed	47,905	24,425	23,475
Unemployed	5,815	2,680	3,135
Not in the labour force	39,070	16,505	22,565
Participation rate	57.9	62.1	54.1
Employment rate	51.6	56.0	47.7
Unemployment rate	10.8	9.9	11.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	92,795	43,615	49,180
Did not work¹⁸⁶	40,005	17,090	22,915
Worked	52,795	26,525	26,270
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	25,315	14,020	11,295
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	27,485	12,505	14,975
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.1	40.2	38.0
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	53,720	27,110	26,615
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,860	845	1,020
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	51,865	26,265	25,595
Employee	42,015	20,335	21,675
Permanent position	34,180	16,835	17,350
Temporary position	7,835	3,510	4,325
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,380	1,475	1,905
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,455	2,030	2,420
Self-employed¹⁹²	9,845	5,930	3,920
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	53,720	27,110	26,615
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,860	845	1,020
All occupations¹⁹¹	51,865	26,265	25,595
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	630	475	160
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,970	4,320	7,650
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,275	4,025	1,240
3 Health occupations	3,195	930	2,260
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	5,145	1,675	3,465
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,050	965	1,085
6 Sales and service occupations	16,045	7,645	8,400
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	5,810	5,080	730
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	350	260	90
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,395	880	510
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	53,720	27,110	26,615
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,860	845	1,020
All industries¹⁹¹	51,865	26,265	25,595
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	205	115	90
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	110	55	60
22 Utilities	160	100	60
23 Construction	2,290	1,905	390
31-33 Manufacturing	2,890	1,820	1,070
41 Wholesale trade	2,515	1,480	1,040
44-45 Retail trade	6,830	3,255	3,570
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,490	2,410	1,075
51 Information and cultural industries	1,490	940	550
52 Finance and insurance	3,565	1,640	1,925
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,990	1,085	905
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	5,965	3,395	2,570
55 Management of companies and enterprises	180	75	110
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	1,675	940	730
61 Educational services	3,880	1,305	2,570
62 Health care and social assistance	5,365	1,320	4,040
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	960	495	465
72 Accommodation and food services	4,460	2,240	2,220
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,010	850	1,160
91 Public administration	1,840	845	995
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	57,785	29,010	28,770
English	41,260	21,140	20,120
French	50	25	20
Non-official language	4,220	2,185	2,035
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	4,220	2,185	2,035
English and French	280	105	180
English and non-official language(s)	11,245	5,210	6,040
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	30	45
Multiple non-official languages	645	310	335
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	57,785	29,010	28,770
Single responses	55,000	27,720	27,275
Official languages	46,740	23,680	23,060
English	46,650	23,650	22,995
French	90	30	65
Non-official languages	8,255	4,040	4,215
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	8,255	4,040	4,215
Afro-Asiatic languages	15	10	10
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	15	10	10
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	15	10	10
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	45	15	25
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	45	15	25
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	45	20	25
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	10	10	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	35	15	20
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	150	55	95
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	50	10	35
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	50	10	35
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	35	10	25
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	70	30	40
Indo-Aryan languages	70	30	40
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	65	30	35
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	30	10	20
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	25	10	15
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	120	40	80
Korean	85	55	30
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,800	3,845	3,945
Chinese languages	7,800	3,845	3,945
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	4,955	2,415	2,545
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10	0	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,825	1,430	1,395
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	2,790	1,290	1,500
English and French	30	15	20
English and non-official language(s)	2,630	1,205	1,430
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	120	75	45
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	57,785	29,010	28,770
None	47,620	24,340	23,280
English	2,750	1,285	1,465
French	215	90	125
Non-official language	4,930	2,365	2,570
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	4,930	2,365	2,570
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	800	325	475
French and non-official language(s)	75	30	45
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	1,395	570	820
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	47,905	24,425	23,480
Worked at home	13,685	6,850	6,840
Worked outside Canada	690	430	255
No fixed workplace address	4,760	3,400	1,365
Usual place of work	28,765	13,750	15,020
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	28,765	13,750	15,020
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	17,780	8,165	9,615
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	10,760	5,460	5,300
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	110	55	60
Commute to a different province or territory	120	75	45
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	33,530	17,145	16,385
Car, truck or van	26,080	14,105	11,975
Car, truck or van - as a driver	23,415	13,425	9,990
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,665	675	1,985
Public transit	4,715	1,890	2,830
Walked	1,790	665	1,125
Bicycle	375	260	110
Other method	570	225	340
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	33,530	17,145	16,385
Less than 15 minutes	8,050	3,600	4,450
15 to 29 minutes	12,765	6,640	6,120
30 to 44 minutes	8,130	4,425	3,700
45 to 59 minutes	2,540	1,445	1,095
60 minutes and over	2,045	1,040	1,010
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	33,530	17,145	16,385
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,395	955	440
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	3,320	1,955	1,365
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	5,800	2,855	2,945
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	7,730	3,575	4,150
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	10,010	4,925	5,085
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,270	2,880	2,395
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	17,260	8,770	8,485
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	785	395	385
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	16,475	8,375	8,100
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	12,550	6,410	6,135
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	655	335	325
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	425	210	215
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	230	125	110
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,895	6,080	5,815

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 24, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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