Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Esquimalt--Saanich--SookeMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	128,644	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	120,834	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	6.5	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total private dwellings²	56,893	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	54,434	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	391.6	...	...	391.6	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	328.51	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	128,645	63,405	65,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17,895	9,200	8,700	13.9	14.5	13.3
0 to 4 years	5,420	2,795	2,625	4.2	4.4	4.0
5 to 9 years	6,285	3,200	3,085	4.9	5.0	4.7
10 to 14 years	6,190	3,200	2,985	4.8	5.0	4.6
15 to 64 years	84,540	42,130	42,405	65.7	66.4	65.0
15 to 19 years	6,285	3,205	3,080	4.9	5.1	4.7
20 to 24 years	6,680	3,465	3,215	5.2	5.5	4.9
25 to 29 years	8,100	4,210	3,890	6.3	6.6	6.0
30 to 34 years	8,955	4,495	4,450	7.0	7.1	6.8
35 to 39 years	9,435	4,730	4,700	7.3	7.5	7.2
40 to 44 years	8,910	4,450	4,465	6.9	7.0	6.8
45 to 49 years	8,120	4,000	4,120	6.3	6.3	6.3
50 to 54 years	8,665	4,265	4,400	6.7	6.7	6.7
55 to 59 years	9,665	4,660	5,005	7.5	7.3	7.7
60 to 64 years	9,725	4,650	5,075	7.6	7.3	7.8
65 years and over	26,205	12,075	14,130	20.4	19.0	21.7
65 to 69 years	8,985	4,255	4,730	7.0	6.7	7.3
70 to 74 years	7,170	3,385	3,785	5.6	5.3	5.8
75 to 79 years	4,570	2,140	2,435	3.6	3.4	3.7
80 to 84 years	2,750	1,250	1,505	2.1	2.0	2.3
85 years and over	2,725	1,045	1,680	2.1	1.6	2.6
85 to 89 years	1,680	695	975	1.3	1.1	1.5
90 to 94 years	805	275	530	0.6	0.4	0.8
95 to 99 years	215	70	150	0.2	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13.9	14.5	13.3	13.9	14.5	13.3
15 to 64 years	65.7	66.4	65.0	65.7	66.4	65.0
65 years and over	20.4	19.0	21.7	20.4	19.0	21.7
85 years and over	2.1	1.6	2.6	2.1	1.6	2.6
Average age of the population	43.5	42.6	44.4	43.5	42.6	44.4
Median age of the population	44.0	42.4	45.2	44.0	42.4	45.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	54,435	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	23,515	...	...	43.2	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,780	...	...	5.1	...	...
Row house	4,590	...	...	8.4	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	9,315	...	...	17.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	11,910	...	...	21.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,440	...	...	2.6	...	...
Other single-attached house	70	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	810	...	...	1.5	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	54,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	15,900	...	...	29.2	...	...
2 persons	20,550	...	...	37.8	...	...
3 persons	8,080	...	...	14.8	...	...
4 persons	6,445	...	...	11.8	...	...
5 or more persons	3,470	...	...	6.4	...	...
Number of persons in private households	126,315	62,120	64,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	110,745	54,210	56,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	63,975	31,955	32,020	57.8	58.9	56.6
Married	49,865	24,920	24,950	45.0	46.0	44.1
Living common-law	14,105	7,035	7,075	12.7	13.0	12.5
Living common law - Never married	10,085	5,055	5,035	9.1	9.3	8.9
Living common law - Separated	530	295	235	0.5	0.5	0.4
Living common law - Divorced	3,190	1,555	1,635	2.9	2.9	2.9
Living common law - Widowed	300	130	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	46,770	22,250	24,515	42.2	41.0	43.4
Not married and not living common law - Never married	29,840	16,500	13,335	26.9	30.4	23.6
Not married and not living common law - Separated	3,000	1,330	1,670	2.7	2.5	3.0
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	8,735	3,275	5,460	7.9	6.0	9.7
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,195	1,145	4,055	4.7	2.1	7.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	36,665	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	21,335	...	...	58.2	...	...
3 persons	7,505	...	...	20.5	...	...
4 persons	6,060	...	...	16.5	...	...
5 or more persons	1,770	...	...	4.8	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	36,665	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	31,265	...	...	85.3	...	...
Married couples	24,215	...	...	66.0	...	...
With children⁶	11,355	...	...	31.0	...	...
Without children	12,855	...	...	35.1	...	...
Common-law couples	7,055	...	...	19.2	...	...
With children⁶	2,160	...	...	5.9	...	...
Without children	4,895	...	...	13.4	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,400	...	...	14.7	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,095	...	...	11.2	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,300	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	126,315	62,120	64,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	98,770	48,905	49,865	78.2	78.7	77.7
Married spouses or common-law partners	62,535	31,200	31,335	49.5	50.2	48.8
Parents in one-parent families	5,400	1,305	4,095	4.3	2.1	6.4
Children⁶	30,835	16,400	14,440	24.4	26.4	22.5
In a two-parent family	23,150	12,205	10,940	18.3	19.6	17.0
In a one-parent family	7,685	4,190	3,495	6.1	6.7	5.4
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	27,545	13,210	14,330	21.8	21.3	22.3
Living alone	15,895	7,070	8,820	12.6	11.4	13.7
Living with other relatives⁷	3,100	1,285	1,810	2.5	2.1	2.8
Living with non-relatives only	8,550	4,850	3,695	6.8	7.8	5.8
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	54,435	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	30,935	...	...	56.8	...	...
Couple-family households	26,795	...	...	49.2	...	...
With children⁶	11,455	...	...	21.0	...	...
Without children	15,340	...	...	28.2	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,140	...	...	7.6	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,370	...	...	2.5	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	605	...	...	1.1	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,460	...	...	4.5	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3,170	...	...	5.8	...	...
One-person households	15,895	...	...	29.2	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	108,450	52,935	55,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	105,635	51,475	54,155	97.4	97.2	97.6
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,200	51,200	40,800	45,200	51,200	40,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	105,705	51,515	54,190	97.5	97.3	97.6
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	45,600	37,200	40,800	45,600	37,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	97,100	47,750	49,350	89.5	90.2	88.9
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	47,600	33,200	39,600	47,600	33,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	77,160	39,010	38,145	71.1	73.7	68.7
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400	49,200	36,000	42,400	49,200	36,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,610	39,735	46,870	79.9	75.1	84.4
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,500	8,700	10,300	9,500	8,700	10,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,050	3,620	4,425	7.4	6.8	8.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,600	5,480	5,480	5,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	25,075	11,820	13,255	23.1	22.3	23.9
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	108,375	52,900	55,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	105,550	51,505	54,045	97.4	97.4	97.4
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,600	59,950	47,520	53,600	59,950	47,520
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	105,625	51,540	54,085	97.5	97.4	97.5
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,880	50,640	41,360	45,880	50,640	41,360
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	97,160	47,850	49,305	89.7	90.5	88.9
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,680	56,200	41,360	48,680	56,200	41,360
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	77,090	39,150	37,940	71.1	74.0	68.4
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,200	54,300	41,920	48,200	54,300	41,920
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,535	39,605	46,930	79.8	74.9	84.6
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,710	10,050	11,260	10,710	10,050	11,260
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	7,920	3,590	4,330	7.3	6.8	7.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,740	6,080	7,290	6,740	6,080	7,290
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	25,120	11,775	13,345	23.2	22.3	24.1
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,710	8,580	8,830	8,710	8,580	8,830
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	108,370	52,900	55,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	37,440	20,930	16,510	34.5	39.6	29.8
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,000	71,000	59,600	66,000	71,000	59,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,900	75,900	64,500	70,900	75,900	64,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	30,545	13,820	16,725	28.2	26.1	30.2
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,600	22,400	19,000	20,600	22,400	19,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,200	32,440	26,480	29,200	32,440	26,480
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	83.6	87.2	79.4	83.6	87.2	79.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	65.6	68.8	61.9	65.6	68.8	61.9
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.4	12.9	20.6	16.4	12.9	20.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.7	1.2	0.9	0.7	1.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.9	4.0	5.9	4.9	4.0	5.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.9	3.3	4.6	3.9	3.3	4.6
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	108,450	52,935	55,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	2,815	1,460	1,360	2.6	2.8	2.4
With total income	105,635	51,475	54,160	97.4	97.2	97.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,705	3,395	4,315	7.3	6.6	8.0
$10,000 to $19,999	10,505	4,325	6,180	9.9	8.4	11.4
$20,000 to $29,999	14,580	6,130	8,445	13.8	11.9	15.6
$30,000 to $39,999	13,265	5,620	7,645	12.6	10.9	14.1
$40,000 to $49,999	12,375	5,570	6,800	11.7	10.8	12.6
$50,000 to $59,999	10,980	5,060	5,925	10.4	9.8	10.9
$60,000 to $69,999	9,035	4,685	4,350	8.6	9.1	8.0
$70,000 to $79,999	7,265	4,135	3,130	6.9	8.0	5.8
$80,000 to $89,999	5,535	3,285	2,250	5.2	6.4	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	4,250	2,535	1,715	4.0	4.9	3.2
$100,000 and over	10,130	6,730	3,395	9.6	13.1	6.3
$100,000 to $149,999	7,580	4,895	2,685	7.2	9.5	5.0
$150,000 and over	2,545	1,840	710	2.4	3.6	1.3
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	108,450	52,935	55,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	2,750	1,425	1,325	2.5	2.7	2.4
With after-tax income	105,705	51,510	54,190	97.5	97.3	97.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,105	3,525	4,580	7.7	6.8	8.5
$10,000 to $19,999	10,995	4,520	6,470	10.4	8.8	11.9
$20,000 to $29,999	16,545	7,000	9,540	15.7	13.6	17.6
$30,000 to $39,999	15,795	6,880	8,910	14.9	13.4	16.4
$40,000 to $49,999	14,565	6,655	7,910	13.8	12.9	14.6
$50,000 to $59,999	12,100	6,110	5,990	11.4	11.9	11.1
$60,000 to $69,999	9,160	5,185	3,975	8.7	10.1	7.3
$70,000 to $79,999	6,630	3,955	2,675	6.3	7.7	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	4,395	2,690	1,700	4.2	5.2	3.1
$90,000 to $99,999	2,545	1,580	965	2.4	3.1	1.8
$100,000 and over	4,875	3,400	1,475	4.6	6.6	2.7
$100,000 to $124,999	2,795	1,915	875	2.6	3.7	1.6
$125,000 and over	2,080	1,485	595	2.0	2.9	1.1
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	108,450	52,935	55,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	31,295	13,920	17,370	28.9	26.3	31.3
With employment income	77,160	39,015	38,145	71.1	73.7	68.7
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,585	4,355	5,230	12.4	11.2	13.7
$5,000 to $9,999	5,555	2,420	3,135	7.2	6.2	8.2
$10,000 to $19,999	8,180	3,540	4,645	10.6	9.1	12.2
$20,000 to $29,999	6,770	3,090	3,685	8.8	7.9	9.7
$30,000 to $39,999	6,855	3,120	3,735	8.9	8.0	9.8
$40,000 to $49,999	7,195	3,320	3,875	9.3	8.5	10.2
$50,000 to $59,999	7,060	3,340	3,725	9.1	8.6	9.8
$60,000 to $69,999	6,190	3,330	2,865	8.0	8.5	7.5
$70,000 to $79,999	5,120	3,010	2,110	6.6	7.7	5.5
$80,000 to $89,999	4,365	2,710	1,650	5.7	6.9	4.3
$90,000 to $99,999	3,310	2,040	1,265	4.3	5.2	3.3
$100,000 and over	6,980	4,750	2,225	9.0	12.2	5.8
$100,000 to $124,999	4,000	2,575	1,430	5.2	6.6	3.7
$125,000 and over	2,980	2,175	800	3.9	5.6	2.1
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	108,450	52,935	55,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	103,455	50,310	53,145	95.4	95.0	95.7
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	50,000	38,000	43,200	50,000	38,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	103,650	50,350	53,295	95.6	95.1	96.0
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	44,000	34,000	38,400	44,000	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	96,340	47,285	49,055	88.8	89.3	88.4
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,000	47,600	33,600	40,000	47,600	33,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	80,620	40,640	39,985	74.3	76.8	72.0
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,000	46,800	34,400	40,000	46,800	34,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	68,885	29,315	39,565	63.5	55.4	71.3
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,100	6,500	7,300	7,100	6,500	7,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,195	2,690	3,505	5.7	5.1	6.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,240	4,640	5,880	5,240	4,640	5,880
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	108,375	52,900	55,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	103,590	50,405	53,185	95.6	95.3	95.9
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,040	57,850	44,600	51,040	57,850	44,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	103,805	50,460	53,345	95.8	95.4	96.2
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,280	48,520	38,320	43,280	48,520	38,320
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	96,565	47,530	49,035	89.1	89.8	88.4
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,560	56,100	41,240	48,560	56,100	41,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	80,640	40,730	39,910	74.4	77.0	71.9
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,200	52,550	39,680	46,200	52,550	39,680
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	68,925	29,175	39,745	63.6	55.2	71.7
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,720	8,580	8,820	8,720	8,580	8,820
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,135	2,700	3,440	5.7	5.1	6.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,330	6,165	8,240	7,330	6,165	8,240
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	108,370	52,900	55,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	37,180	20,745	16,440	34.3	39.2	29.6
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,000	68,000	55,200	62,000	68,000	55,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	66,600	72,400	59,400	66,600	72,400	59,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	29,140	13,185	15,955	26.9	24.9	28.8
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,000	28,400	24,200	26,000	28,400	24,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,160	38,320	30,720	34,160	38,320	30,720
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	88.6	91.4	85.2	88.6	91.4	85.2
Employment income (%)	70.4	73.4	66.8	70.4	73.4	66.8
Government transfers (%)	11.4	8.6	14.8	11.4	8.6	14.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.6	1.2	0.9	0.6	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	54,435	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	78,500	...	...	78,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	15,895	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,000	...	...	46,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,600	...	...	41,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	38,535	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	54,440	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	103,900	...	...	103,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	15,915	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	54,800	...	...	54,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,520	...	...	46,520	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	38,520	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	124,200	...	...	124,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,600	...	...	106,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	54,435	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	515	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	245	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	375	...	...	0.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	955	...	...	1.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,755	...	...	3.2	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,435	...	...	2.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,525	...	...	2.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,780	...	...	3.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,920	...	...	3.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,985	...	...	3.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,955	...	...	7.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,945	...	...	7.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,835	...	...	7.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,560	...	...	6.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,380	...	...	6.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	23,265	...	...	42.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	7,040	...	...	12.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,255	...	...	9.7	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	6,320	...	...	11.6	...	...
$200,000 and over	4,655	...	...	8.6	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	54,435	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	590	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	245	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	395	...	...	0.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,000	...	...	1.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,840	...	...	3.4	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,685	...	...	3.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,835	...	...	3.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,150	...	...	3.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,240	...	...	4.1	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,390	...	...	4.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,730	...	...	8.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,520	...	...	8.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,290	...	...	7.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,000	...	...	7.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,630	...	...	6.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	18,905	...	...	34.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	7,155	...	...	13.1	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,835	...	...	8.9	...	...
$150,000 and over	6,910	...	...	12.7	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	36,190	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...	110,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	16,260	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	13,570	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	140,000	...	...	140,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	121,000	...	...	121,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,070	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...	73,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,000	...	...	67,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	24,445	11,925	12,520	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,000	43,600	40,800	42,000	43,600	40,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,400	39,200	37,200	38,400	39,200	37,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	36,065	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...	123,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,300	...	...	105,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	16,180	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...	109,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	93,300	...	...	93,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,610	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	153,000	...	...	153,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...	130,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,000	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,100	...	...	82,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,200	...	...	73,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	24,425	12,050	12,380	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	49,880	51,900	47,880	49,880	51,900	47,880
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,920	44,240	41,640	42,920	44,240	41,640
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	126,315	62,115	64,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	21,620	11,110	10,510	17.1	17.9	16.4
0 to 5 years	6,665	3,435	3,230	5.3	5.5	5.0
18 to 64 years	79,620	39,395	40,225	63.0	63.4	62.7
65 years and over	25,080	11,610	13,470	19.9	18.7	21.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	9,900	4,655	5,240	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,845	985	865	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	545	300	250	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	5,540	2,685	2,855	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,510	985	1,520	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	7.8	7.5	8.2	7.8	7.5	8.2
0 to 17 years (%)	8.5	8.9	8.2	8.5	8.9	8.2
0 to 5 years (%)	8.2	8.7	7.8	8.2	8.7	7.8
18 to 64 years (%)	7.0	6.8	7.1	7.0	6.8	7.1
65 years and over (%)	10.0	8.5	11.3	10.0	8.5	11.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	123,905	60,995	62,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	21,260	10,945	10,320	17.2	17.9	16.4
0 to 5 years	6,570	3,390	3,185	5.3	5.6	5.1
18 to 64 years	78,165	38,685	39,485	63.1	63.4	62.8
65 years and over	24,475	11,375	13,105	19.8	18.6	20.8
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	4,500	2,340	2,160	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	720	365	360	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	185	95	90	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	3,365	1,785	1,585	...	...	...
65 years and over	405	195	215	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.6	3.8	3.4	3.6	3.8	3.4
0 to 17 years (%)	3.4	3.3	3.5	3.4	3.3	3.5
0 to 5 years (%)	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.8
18 to 64 years (%)	4.3	4.6	4.0	4.3	4.6	4.0
65 years and over (%)	1.7	1.7	1.6	1.7	1.7	1.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	126,310	62,115	64,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	55,290	26,475	28,820	43.8	42.6	44.9
In bottom decile	10,360	5,120	5,235	8.2	8.2	8.2
In second decile	9,650	4,380	5,275	7.6	7.1	8.2
In third decile	10,670	5,050	5,620	8.4	8.1	8.8
In fourth decile	11,800	5,730	6,070	9.3	9.2	9.5
In fifth decile	12,805	6,190	6,620	10.1	10.0	10.3
In top half of the distribution	71,025	35,645	35,380	56.2	57.4	55.1
In sixth decile	13,875	6,885	6,990	11.0	11.1	10.9
In seventh decile	14,335	7,205	7,130	11.3	11.6	11.1
In eighth decile	15,085	7,615	7,470	11.9	12.3	11.6
In ninth decile	15,570	7,810	7,755	12.3	12.6	12.1
In top decile	12,165	6,130	6,030	9.6	9.9	9.4
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	126,315	...	...	126,315	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.292	...	...	0.292	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.384	...	...	0.384	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.262	...	...	0.262	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	127,235	62,600	64,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	115,065	57,050	58,015	90.4	91.1	89.8
French only	70	30	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
English and French	11,080	5,100	5,975	8.7	8.1	9.2
Neither English nor French	1,025	425	600	0.8	0.7	0.9
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	127,235	62,600	64,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	123,680	60,890	62,785	97.2	97.3	97.1
French	2,270	1,175	1,095	1.8	1.9	1.7
English and French	305	140	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Neither English nor French	980	400	585	0.8	0.6	0.9
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	127,235	62,600	64,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	124,225	61,205	63,020	97.6	97.8	97.5
Official languages	108,225	53,845	54,380	85.1	86.0	84.1
English	105,945	52,680	53,270	83.3	84.2	82.4
French	2,275	1,165	1,110	1.8	1.9	1.7
Non-official languages	16,000	7,360	8,635	12.6	11.8	13.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	15,940	7,335	8,610	12.5	11.7	13.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	675	350	320	0.5	0.6	0.5
Berber languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	625	325	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Amharic	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	460	245	220	0.4	0.4	0.3
Aramaic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	595	255	340	0.5	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	535	225	305	0.4	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,725	695	1,025	1.4	1.1	1.6
Bikol	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	65	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,390	565	825	1.1	0.9	1.3
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	220	120	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	60	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Telugu	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	8,660	4,180	4,485	6.8	6.7	6.9
Albanian	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,330	595	735	1.0	1.0	1.1
Baltic languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,310	585	730	1.0	0.9	1.1
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	135	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	345	155	190	0.3	0.2	0.3
Russian	355	145	215	0.3	0.2	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	225	105	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	140	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,960	880	1,085	1.5	1.4	1.7
Frisian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,150	495	655	0.9	0.8	1.0
German	1,100	475	625	0.9	0.8	1.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	595	270	320	0.5	0.4	0.5
Afrikaans	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	485	225	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	215	105	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	100	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	3,035	1,560	1,470	2.4	2.5	2.3
Indo-Aryan languages	2,675	1,365	1,310	2.1	2.2	2.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	70	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Gujarati	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	375	215	160	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kacchi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,910	950	960	1.5	1.5	1.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	355	195	160	0.3	0.3	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	305	170	140	0.2	0.3	0.2
Dari	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	270	145	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,185	1,060	1,125	1.7	1.7	1.7
Catalan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	320	165	160	0.3	0.3	0.2
Portuguese	580	285	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	1,190	575	615	0.9	0.9	1.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	395	100	300	0.3	0.2	0.5
Korean	500	225	275	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	120	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,580	1,115	1,465	2.0	1.8	2.3
Chinese languages	2,550	1,095	1,455	2.0	1.7	2.3
Hakka	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,200	485	715	0.9	0.8	1.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	80	30	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,195	550	645	0.9	0.9	1.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	95	30	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	85	20	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	250	125	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	3,010	1,400	1,610	2.4	2.2	2.5
English and French	730	375	355	0.6	0.6	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	1,990	905	1,085	1.6	1.4	1.7
French and non-official language(s)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	205	75	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	127,235	62,600	64,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	109,520	54,300	55,225	86.1	86.7	85.4
French	535	280	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Non-official language	3,485	1,615	1,875	2.7	2.6	2.9
Indigenous³⁹	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3,480	1,610	1,870	2.7	2.6	2.9
English and French	1,835	865	970	1.4	1.4	1.5
English and non-official language(s)	11,150	5,240	5,915	8.8	8.4	9.2
French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	385	175	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	310	135	175	0.2	0.2	0.3
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	127,235	62,600	64,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	124,655	61,395	63,260	98.0	98.1	97.9
Official languages	117,310	57,905	59,405	92.2	92.5	91.9
English	116,480	57,465	59,010	91.5	91.8	91.3
French	830	435	395	0.7	0.7	0.6
Non-official languages	7,350	3,490	3,855	5.8	5.6	6.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	7,340	3,485	3,850	5.8	5.6	6.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	410	210	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	380	195	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Amharic	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	305	160	145	0.2	0.3	0.2
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	365	170	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	325	150	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	910	410	500	0.7	0.7	0.8
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	785	350	435	0.6	0.6	0.7
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	125	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	55	40	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tamil	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	3,385	1,650	1,735	2.7	2.6	2.7
Albanian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	395	180	215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	395	180	215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	185	75	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	230	105	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,850	935	915	1.5	1.5	1.4
Indo-Aryan languages	1,645	830	810	1.3	1.3	1.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	190	110	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,265	625	645	1.0	1.0	1.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	200	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	180	100	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	165	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	855	405	450	0.7	0.6	0.7
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	220	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	580	280	300	0.5	0.4	0.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	130	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	325	160	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	50	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
American Sign Language	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,525	680	850	1.2	1.1	1.3
Chinese languages	1,500	665	835	1.2	1.1	1.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	780	335	445	0.6	0.5	0.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	670	305	365	0.5	0.5	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	2,585	1,210	1,370	2.0	1.9	2.1
English and French	290	140	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	2,200	1,025	1,175	1.7	1.6	1.8
French and non-official language(s)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	127,240	62,605	64,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	115,690	57,190	58,505	90.9	91.4	90.5
English	3,390	1,675	1,715	2.7	2.7	2.7
French	1,340	610	730	1.1	1.0	1.1
Non-official language	5,525	2,510	3,010	4.3	4.0	4.7
Indigenous³⁹	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	5,460	2,480	2,975	4.3	4.0	4.6
English and French	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	465	240	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	235	105	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	555	260	295	0.4	0.4	0.5
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	126,165	62,030	64,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	125,090	61,525	63,570	99.1	99.2	99.1
English	125,035	61,495	63,540	99.1	99.1	99.1
French	11,110	5,050	6,060	8.8	8.1	9.4
Non-official languages	22,695	10,545	12,150	18.0	17.0	18.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	165	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	55	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Halkomelem	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	40	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	22,545	10,475	12,070	17.9	16.9	18.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,150	605	545	0.9	1.0	0.8
Berber languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	40	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,120	595	525	0.9	1.0	0.8
Amharic	185	95	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Arabic	770	430	345	0.6	0.7	0.5
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	115	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	105	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	925	385	540	0.7	0.6	0.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	820	325	490	0.6	0.5	0.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,295	945	1,350	1.8	1.5	2.1
Bikol	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	80	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	140	45	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,045	825	1,220	1.6	1.3	1.9
Waray-Waray	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	105	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	365	210	155	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kannada	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	150	90	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	175	95	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Telugu	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	12,860	6,170	6,690	10.2	9.9	10.4
Albanian	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,595	740	855	1.3	1.2	1.3
Baltic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,570	720	850	1.2	1.2	1.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	70	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czech	145	90	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	350	145	205	0.3	0.2	0.3
Russian	540	250	290	0.4	0.4	0.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	295	140	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	10	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	200	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	95	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	195	70	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,025	1,385	1,635	2.4	2.2	2.5
Frisian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,035	915	1,125	1.6	1.5	1.8
German	1,990	900	1,090	1.6	1.5	1.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	75	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yiddish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	715	345	375	0.6	0.6	0.6
Afrikaans	195	105	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
Dutch	500	230	270	0.4	0.4	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	355	190	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	155	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swedish	130	75	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	190	110	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	3,665	1,885	1,785	2.9	3.0	2.8
Indo-Aryan languages	3,345	1,730	1,615	2.7	2.8	2.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	130	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	1,440	780	665	1.1	1.3	1.0
Kacchi	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	75	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,350	1,180	1,165	1.9	1.9	1.8
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	290	140	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	325	155	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	295	140	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	280	130	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,765	2,215	2,555	3.8	3.6	4.0
Catalan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	605	340	265	0.5	0.5	0.4
Portuguese	885	430	455	0.7	0.7	0.7
Romanian	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	3,425	1,530	1,900	2.7	2.5	3.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	870	335	540	0.7	0.5	0.8
Korean	530	250	280	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	325	160	160	0.3	0.3	0.2
Akan (Twi)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	55	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	70	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	265	115	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
American Sign Language	220	75	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,195	1,430	1,760	2.5	2.3	2.7
Chinese languages	3,100	1,380	1,720	2.5	2.2	2.7
Hakka	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,895	840	1,045	1.5	1.4	1.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	150	50	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,560	680	885	1.2	1.1	1.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	95	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	195	85	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	180	85	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	270	130	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hungarian	200	95	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	126,165	62,025	64,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	7,255	3,420	3,835	5.8	5.5	6.0
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	6,965	3,280	3,685	5.5	5.3	5.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	3,970	1,845	2,125	3.1	3.0	3.3
Métis	2,935	1,400	1,535	2.3	2.3	2.4
Inuk (Inuit)	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	165	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	125	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	118,910	58,610	60,300	94.2	94.5	94.0
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	126,165	62,025	64,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	2,755	1,265	1,490	2.2	2.0	2.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	123,405	60,760	62,645	97.8	98.0	97.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	54,435	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	36,795	...	...	67.6	...	...
Renter	17,565	...	...	32.3	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	70	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	54,435	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	9,215	...	...	16.9	...	...
Not condominium	45,220	...	...	83.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	54,435	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	510	...	...	0.9	...	...
1 bedroom	7,960	...	...	14.6	...	...
2 bedrooms	15,845	...	...	29.1	...	...
3 bedrooms	16,920	...	...	31.1	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	13,200	...	...	24.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	54,435	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	17,565	...	...	32.3	...	...
5 rooms	8,605	...	...	15.8	...	...
6 rooms	7,680	...	...	14.1	...	...
7 rooms	6,385	...	...	11.7	...	...
8 or more rooms	14,200	...	...	26.1	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.0	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	54,435	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	53,755	...	...	98.8	...	...
More than one person per room	685	...	...	1.3	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	54,435	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	52,465	...	...	96.4	...	...
Not suitable	1,975	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	54,435	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	10,720	...	...	19.7	...	...
1961 to 1980	15,665	...	...	28.8	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,985	...	...	14.7	...	...
1991 to 2000	6,685	...	...	12.3	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,895	...	...	5.3	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,455	...	...	6.3	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,695	...	...	5.0	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	4,345	...	...	8.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	54,435	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	51,495	...	...	94.6	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,940	...	...	5.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	54,435	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	25,470	...	...	46.8	...	...
Two-maintainer household	25,535	...	...	46.9	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,430	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	54,435	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,400	...	...	2.6	...	...
25 to 34 years	6,945	...	...	12.8	...	...
35 to 44 years	9,490	...	...	17.4	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,445	...	...	17.4	...	...
55 to 64 years	11,240	...	...	20.6	...	...
65 to 74 years	9,800	...	...	18.0	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,530	...	...	8.3	...	...
85 years and over	1,590	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	52,980	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	40,710	...	...	76.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	12,270	...	...	23.2	...	...
30% to less than 100%	11,080	...	...	20.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	54,435	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	15,850	...	...	29.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	11,100	...	...	20.4	...	...
Not suitable only	1,475	...	...	2.7	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,965	...	...	3.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	325	...	...	0.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	810	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	135	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	35	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	38,585	...	...	70.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	51,795	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	5,900	...	...	11.4	...	...
Not in core need	45,895	...	...	88.6	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	35,865	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	61.6	...	...	61.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.3	...	...	17.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	6.0	...	...	6.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,510	...	...	1,510	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,632	...	...	1,632	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	800,000	...	...	800,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	828,000	...	...	828,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	17,230	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	13.7	...	...	13.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	35.4	...	...	35.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	22.9	...	...	22.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,310	...	...	1,310	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,408	...	...	1,408	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	70	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	14.3	...	...	14.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	628	...	...	628	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	620	...	...	620	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	126,165	62,025	64,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	2,320	1,120	1,200	1.8	1.8	1.9
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	2,280	1,105	1,180	1.8	1.8	1.8
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,860	875	985	1.5	1.4	1.5
Métis single ancestry	395	225	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Inuit single ancestry	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	6,230	2,810	3,420	4.9	4.5	5.3
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	6,005	2,720	3,290	4.8	4.4	5.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,925	1,790	2,135	3.1	2.9	3.3
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,995	870	1,125	1.6	1.4	1.8
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	85	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	220	95	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	215	95	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	117,615	58,095	59,520	93.2	93.7	92.8
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	126,160	62,030	64,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	118,255	58,270	59,985	93.7	93.9	93.5
Canadian citizens aged under 18	20,590	10,565	10,030	16.3	17.0	15.6
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	97,660	47,710	49,955	77.4	76.9	77.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	7,910	3,755	4,160	6.3	6.1	6.5
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	126,160	62,030	64,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	103,080	51,040	52,040	81.7	82.3	81.1
Immigrants⁸¹	20,950	9,870	11,075	16.6	15.9	17.3
Before 1980	6,750	3,240	3,515	5.4	5.2	5.5
1980 to 1990	2,445	1,215	1,230	1.9	2.0	1.9
1991 to 2000	2,795	1,235	1,560	2.2	2.0	2.4
2001 to 2010	3,755	1,715	2,040	3.0	2.8	3.2
2011 to 2021⁸²	5,200	2,465	2,735	4.1	4.0	4.3
2011 to 2015	2,160	1,020	1,145	1.7	1.6	1.8
2016 to 2021	3,040	1,450	1,590	2.4	2.3	2.5
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,135	1,110	1,020	1.7	1.8	1.6
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	20,945	9,870	11,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	2,335	1,195	1,140	11.1	12.1	10.3
5 to 14 years	3,805	1,955	1,845	18.2	19.8	16.7
15 to 24 years	4,215	1,950	2,260	20.1	19.8	20.4
25 to 44 years	8,760	3,950	4,815	41.8	40.0	43.5
45 years and over	1,840	820	1,020	8.8	8.3	9.2
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	20,945	9,870	11,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	2,910	1,325	1,590	13.9	13.4	14.4
Brazil	150	70	80	0.7	0.7	0.7
Colombia	190	80	110	0.9	0.8	1.0
El Salvador	75	45	30	0.4	0.5	0.3
Guyana	65	35	35	0.3	0.4	0.3
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	60	30	25	0.3	0.3	0.2
Mexico	240	120	125	1.1	1.2	1.1
Peru	25	15	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Trinidad and Tobago	90	35	50	0.4	0.4	0.5
United States of America	1,635	695	940	7.8	7.0	8.5
Other places of birth in Americas	370	185	190	1.8	1.9	1.7
Europe	7,990	3,925	4,065	38.1	39.8	36.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25	15	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Croatia	135	55	75	0.6	0.6	0.7
France	185	60	130	0.9	0.6	1.2
Germany	830	370	460	4.0	3.7	4.2
Greece	80	45	40	0.4	0.5	0.4
Hungary	125	55	65	0.6	0.6	0.6
Italy	175	120	55	0.8	1.2	0.5
Netherlands	380	190	190	1.8	1.9	1.7
Poland	205	85	125	1.0	0.9	1.1
Portugal	310	140	170	1.5	1.4	1.5
Romania	150	70	75	0.7	0.7	0.7
Russian Federation	150	45	105	0.7	0.5	0.9
Serbia⁸⁶	35	20	15	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ukraine	150	65	80	0.7	0.7	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,005	2,015	1,990	19.1	20.4	18.0
Other places of birth in Europe	1,055	570	485	5.0	5.8	4.4
Africa	1,080	575	500	5.2	5.8	4.5
Algeria	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	40	15	20	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egypt	25	25	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
Eritrea	65	40	25	0.3	0.4	0.2
Ethiopia	125	75	55	0.6	0.8	0.5
Morocco	30	25	10	0.1	0.3	0.1
Nigeria	105	50	55	0.5	0.5	0.5
Somalia	25	15	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	265	155	115	1.3	1.6	1.0
Other places of birth in Africa	380	180	205	1.8	1.8	1.9
Asia	8,525	3,790	4,730	40.7	38.4	42.7
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iran⁸⁸	225	105	115	1.1	1.1	1.0
Iraq	35	15	20	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lebanon	50	35	20	0.2	0.4	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	240	105	130	1.1	1.1	1.2
Turkey	40	20	15	0.2	0.2	0.1
China⁹⁰	1,325	580	750	6.3	5.9	6.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	305	155	155	1.5	1.6	1.4
Korea, South⁹²	285	125	155	1.4	1.3	1.4
Taiwan	190	70	115	0.9	0.7	1.0
Philippines	1,990	800	1,190	9.5	8.1	10.7
Viet Nam	510	205	305	2.4	2.1	2.8
Bangladesh	50	20	25	0.2	0.2	0.2
India	1,980	1,005	970	9.5	10.2	8.8
Pakistan	165	95	70	0.8	1.0	0.6
Sri Lanka	45	25	20	0.2	0.3	0.2
Other places of birth in Asia	1,090	425	665	5.2	4.3	6.0
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	440	255	180	2.1	2.6	1.6
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	3,040	1,450	1,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	350	145	205	11.5	10.0	12.9
Brazil	30	0	30	1.0	0.0	1.9
Colombia	30	10	25	1.0	0.7	1.6
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	10	0	0	0.3	0.0	0.0
Mexico	25	15	10	0.8	1.0	0.6
United States of America	225	105	115	7.4	7.2	7.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	30	0	20	1.0	0.0	1.3
Europe	335	170	165	11.0	11.7	10.4
France	25	15	10	0.8	1.0	0.6
Germany	30	10	20	1.0	0.7	1.3
Ireland⁹⁶	10	10	0	0.3	0.7	0.0
Italy	25	15	10	0.8	1.0	0.6
Russian Federation	15	0	10	0.5	0.0	0.6
Ukraine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	100	55	50	3.3	3.8	3.1
Other places of birth in Europe	135	60	75	4.4	4.1	4.7
Africa	310	175	135	10.2	12.1	8.5
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15	0	10	0.5	0.0	0.6
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrea	20	15	0	0.7	1.0	0.0
Ethiopia	25	20	0	0.8	1.4	0.0
Morocco	10	0	0	0.3	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	90	50	45	3.0	3.4	2.8
Somalia	10	0	0	0.3	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	30	25	10	1.0	1.7	0.6
Sudan⁹⁷	45	15	25	1.5	1.0	1.6
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	60	30	30	2.0	2.1	1.9
Asia	1,980	910	1,070	65.1	62.8	67.3
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	15	0	10	0.5	0.0	0.6
China⁹⁰	250	100	155	8.2	6.9	9.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0	0.3	0.0	0.0
India	435	265	170	14.3	18.3	10.7
Iran⁸⁸	30	15	20	1.0	1.0	1.3
Iraq	20	0	10	0.7	0.0	0.6
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	75	25	50	2.5	1.7	3.1
Jordan	10	0	0	0.3	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	55	20	40	1.8	1.4	2.5
Lebanon	25	10	10	0.8	0.7	0.6
Nepal	55	35	20	1.8	2.4	1.3
Pakistan	25	10	10	0.8	0.7	0.6
Philippines	560	235	325	18.4	16.2	20.4
Saudi Arabia	25	0	20	0.8	0.0	1.3
Sri Lanka	15	10	0	0.5	0.7	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	200	95	105	6.6	6.6	6.6
Turkey	15	10	0	0.5	0.7	0.0
United Arab Emirates	20	0	10	0.7	0.0	0.6
Viet Nam	60	10	50	2.0	0.7	3.1
Other places of birth in Asia	85	40	45	2.8	2.8	2.8
Oceania and other⁹³	70	50	20	2.3	3.4	1.3
Australia	55	40	20	1.8	2.8	1.3
Other places of birth⁹⁸	10	10	0	0.3	0.7	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	126,165	62,025	64,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	24,845	11,905	12,940	19.7	19.2	20.2
Second generation¹⁰¹	25,970	12,670	13,300	20.6	20.4	20.7
Third generation or more¹⁰²	75,350	37,460	37,895	59.7	60.4	59.1
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	14,195	6,635	7,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	7,000	3,510	3,490	49.3	52.9	46.1
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	3,355	1,800	1,550	23.6	27.1	20.5
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	3,645	1,710	1,935	25.7	25.8	25.6
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	5,650	2,285	3,365	39.8	34.4	44.5
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,440	790	650	10.1	11.9	8.6
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	110	45	65	0.8	0.7	0.9
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	14,195	6,635	7,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	290	175	115	2.0	2.6	1.5
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,370	1,060	1,315	16.7	16.0	17.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	525	260	265	3.7	3.9	3.5
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,155	475	685	8.1	7.2	9.1
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	115	40	75	0.8	0.6	1.0
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	9,740	4,625	5,115	68.6	69.7	67.6
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	126,165	62,025	64,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	19,550	9,430	10,115	15.5	15.2	15.8
South Asian	4,640	2,380	2,260	3.7	3.8	3.5
Chinese	4,155	1,935	2,225	3.3	3.1	3.5
Black	1,735	890	845	1.4	1.4	1.3
Filipino	2,830	1,255	1,575	2.2	2.0	2.5
Arab	595	310	285	0.5	0.5	0.4
Latin American	1,160	580	580	0.9	0.9	0.9
Southeast Asian	1,535	725	810	1.2	1.2	1.3
West Asian	375	190	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korean	580	290	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Japanese	910	370	545	0.7	0.6	0.8
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	290	145	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple visible minorities	745	375	375	0.6	0.6	0.6
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	106,615	52,595	54,020	84.5	84.8	84.2
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	126,165	62,030	64,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	15,530	7,875	7,655	12.3	12.7	11.9
English	40,300	19,665	20,635	31.9	31.7	32.2
Irish	22,980	10,640	12,335	18.2	17.2	19.2
Scottish	29,975	14,510	15,465	23.8	23.4	24.1
French, n.o.s.¹²²	10,610	5,030	5,575	8.4	8.1	8.7
German	15,410	7,400	8,005	12.2	11.9	12.5
Chinese	4,515	2,145	2,370	3.6	3.5	3.7
Italian	3,880	1,895	1,985	3.1	3.1	3.1
Indian (India)	3,165	1,605	1,570	2.5	2.6	2.4
Ukrainian	6,200	3,080	3,120	4.9	5.0	4.9
Dutch	5,470	2,610	2,855	4.3	4.2	4.5
Polish	4,050	2,035	2,010	3.2	3.3	3.1
Québécois	355	180	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	7,475	3,635	3,845	5.9	5.9	6.0
Filipino	2,875	1,275	1,600	2.3	2.1	2.5
French Canadian	1,510	685	820	1.2	1.1	1.3
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,740	1,495	1,250	2.2	2.4	1.9
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	2,865	1,325	1,545	2.3	2.1	2.4
Métis	2,640	1,205	1,440	2.1	1.9	2.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	3,765	1,815	1,945	3.0	2.9	3.0
Russian	2,665	1,320	1,345	2.1	2.1	2.1
Norwegian	4,065	1,910	2,150	3.2	3.1	3.4
Welsh	4,345	2,060	2,285	3.4	3.3	3.6
Portuguese	1,305	650	655	1.0	1.0	1.0
American	2,205	950	1,260	1.7	1.5	2.0
Spanish	1,245	575	665	1.0	0.9	1.0
Swedish	3,265	1,460	1,795	2.6	2.4	2.8
Hungarian	1,600	735	865	1.3	1.2	1.3
Acadian	300	125	175	0.2	0.2	0.3
Pakistani	215	105	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	440	225	215	0.3	0.4	0.3
Jewish	850	465	385	0.7	0.7	0.6
Punjabi	515	260	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Vietnamese	1,015	450	565	0.8	0.7	0.9
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	335	150	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
Greek	615	305	310	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jamaican	245	125	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	375	160	215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	690	300	395	0.5	0.5	0.6
Korean	585	305	280	0.5	0.5	0.4
Romanian	715	330	385	0.6	0.5	0.6
Lebanese	225	115	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	305	150	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	225	120	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	2,195	1,085	1,110	1.7	1.7	1.7
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	590	260	325	0.5	0.4	0.5
Sikh	525	255	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
Austrian	1,405	595	810	1.1	1.0	1.3
Belgian	755	395	360	0.6	0.6	0.6
Haitian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	240	115	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mexican	605	290	315	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mennonite	350	205	150	0.3	0.3	0.2
Swiss	810	360	450	0.6	0.6	0.7
Finnish	925	450	475	0.7	0.7	0.7
Sri Lankan	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	600	305	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Japanese	1,105	485	620	0.9	0.8	1.0
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	200	115	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	155	50	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,060	550	510	0.8	0.9	0.8
Muslim	115	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	185	80	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Tamil	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	1,020	480	545	0.8	0.8	0.8
Colombian	290	145	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moroccan	80	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	650	315	335	0.5	0.5	0.5
Syrian	260	125	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyanese	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	145	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	155	60	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	215	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Newfoundlander	210	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hong Konger	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	205	110	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
Persian	165	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	310	175	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
Nigerian	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Slovak	320	165	150	0.3	0.3	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	335	150	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
Somali	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	190	85	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Iraqi	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Salvadorean	105	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	175	95	90	0.1	0.2	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	75	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	115	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	150	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	225	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	365	185	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Australian	620	315	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Palestinian	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chilean	120	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	60	40	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nova Scotian	90	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	155	65	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Peruvian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	60	40	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	325	175	155	0.3	0.3	0.2
New Brunswicker	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Canadian	35	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	95	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	160	55	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bulgarian	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	135	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ghanaian	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Barbadian	65	30	30	0.1	0.0	0.0
African American	145	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	135	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	95	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	185	95	90	0.1	0.2	0.1
Bengali	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indonesian	120	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	165	70	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	190	75	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
British Columbian	750	400	350	0.6	0.6	0.5
Ecuadorian	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Franco Ontarian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	115	30	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kurdish	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	110	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	155	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	170	90	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	90	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	65	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
New Zealander	290	140	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sudanese	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	70	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Malaysian	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	100	70	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Buddhist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	30	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cape Bretoner	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	110	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	65	30	30	0.1	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	65	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Goan	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	60	40	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mongolian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	60	40	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Uruguayan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	126,165	62,025	64,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,290	580	710	1.0	0.9	1.1
Christian	41,240	18,490	22,745	32.7	29.8	35.5
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	8,915	4,190	4,725	7.1	6.8	7.4
Anabaptist	130	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anglican	5,865	2,520	3,350	4.6	4.1	5.2
Baptist	1,570	690	875	1.2	1.1	1.4
Catholic	13,010	5,905	7,100	10.3	9.5	11.1
Christian Orthodox	665	335	325	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jehovah's Witness	590	230	360	0.5	0.4	0.6
Latter Day Saints	510	255	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Lutheran	1,125	460	660	0.9	0.7	1.0
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	240	95	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,285	625	660	1.0	1.0	1.0
Presbyterian	795	365	430	0.6	0.6	0.7
Reformed	265	135	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
United Church	3,845	1,480	2,365	3.0	2.4	3.7
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,425	1,125	1,295	1.9	1.8	2.0
Hindu	950	515	435	0.8	0.8	0.7
Jewish	615	305	310	0.5	0.5	0.5
Muslim	1,365	690	675	1.1	1.1	1.1
Sikh	1,985	950	1,035	1.6	1.5	1.6
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	195	85	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,875	715	1,160	1.5	1.2	1.8
No religion and secular perspectives	76,650	39,695	36,955	60.8	64.0	57.6
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	125,265	61,490	63,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	108,770	53,430	55,340	86.8	86.9	86.8
Movers	16,490	8,060	8,430	13.2	13.1	13.2
Non-migrants	10,315	5,065	5,250	8.2	8.2	8.2
Migrants	6,175	2,995	3,185	4.9	4.9	5.0
Internal migrants	5,265	2,540	2,730	4.2	4.1	4.3
Intraprovincial migrants	3,470	1,665	1,805	2.8	2.7	2.8
Interprovincial migrants	1,795	875	915	1.4	1.4	1.4
External migrants	910	455	455	0.7	0.7	0.7
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	120,775	59,260	61,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	69,180	33,830	35,350	57.3	57.1	57.5
Movers	51,595	25,430	26,165	42.7	42.9	42.5
Non-migrants	13,095	6,615	6,480	10.8	11.2	10.5
Migrants	38,500	18,815	19,685	31.9	31.7	32.0
Internal migrants	34,560	16,850	17,710	28.6	28.4	28.8
Intraprovincial migrants	26,380	12,785	13,590	21.8	21.6	22.1
Interprovincial migrants	8,185	4,065	4,120	6.8	6.9	6.7
External migrants	3,940	1,960	1,975	3.3	3.3	3.2
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	108,370	52,900	55,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	15,540	8,605	6,935	14.3	16.3	12.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	92,830	44,295	48,540	85.7	83.7	87.5
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	70,365	34,670	35,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	6,855	4,170	2,690	9.7	12.0	7.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	63,510	30,505	33,005	90.3	88.0	92.5
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	108,375	52,900	55,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	13,250	7,135	6,115	12.2	13.5	11.0
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	33,130	16,350	16,780	30.6	30.9	30.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	61,990	29,410	32,580	57.2	55.6	58.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	33,780	17,005	16,775	31.2	32.1	30.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	9,275	7,065	2,210	8.6	13.4	4.0
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,430	1,945	1,475	3.2	3.7	2.7
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	5,845	5,115	730	5.4	9.7	1.3
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	21,265	8,625	12,640	19.6	16.3	22.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,245	1,315	1,920	3.0	2.5	3.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	28,205	12,405	15,805	26.0	23.4	28.5
Bachelor's degree	18,170	7,925	10,245	16.8	15.0	18.5
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,755	700	1,055	1.6	1.3	1.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	550	300	250	0.5	0.6	0.5
Master's degree	6,605	2,800	3,800	6.1	5.3	6.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,135	675	455	1.0	1.3	0.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	70,370	34,670	35,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,535	3,315	2,220	7.9	9.6	6.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	19,405	10,220	9,180	27.6	29.5	25.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	45,425	21,135	24,290	64.6	61.0	68.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	23,980	12,115	11,865	34.1	34.9	33.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	6,380	4,845	1,535	9.1	14.0	4.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,300	1,290	1,015	3.3	3.7	2.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	4,075	3,560	520	5.8	10.3	1.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	15,340	6,365	8,975	21.8	18.4	25.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,260	910	1,350	3.2	2.6	3.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	21,445	9,015	12,425	30.5	26.0	34.8
Bachelor's degree	14,120	6,040	8,075	20.1	17.4	22.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,250	475	775	1.8	1.4	2.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	410	190	220	0.6	0.5	0.6
Master's degree	5,000	1,970	3,025	7.1	5.7	8.5
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	670	345	325	1.0	1.0	0.9
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	108,375	52,895	55,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	46,380	23,485	22,895	42.8	44.4	41.3
Education	4,120	1,100	3,025	3.8	2.1	5.5
13. Education	4,120	1,100	3,025	3.8	2.1	5.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,350	935	1,425	2.2	1.8	2.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	205	120	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	2,150	815	1,335	2.0	1.5	2.4
Humanities	3,470	1,415	2,050	3.2	2.7	3.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	360	65	300	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	840	210	635	0.8	0.4	1.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	955	415	540	0.9	0.8	1.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	150	55	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	220	160	60	0.2	0.3	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	245	130	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
54. History	600	365	240	0.6	0.7	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	95	20	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,160	2,800	5,360	7.5	5.3	9.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	185	65	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	790	290	500	0.7	0.5	0.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,260	80	1,175	1.2	0.2	2.1
22. Legal professions and studies	1,065	305	760	1.0	0.6	1.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	245	85	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	1,495	375	1,115	1.4	0.7	2.0
45. Social sciences	3,130	1,595	1,535	2.9	3.0	2.8
Business, management and public administration	11,380	4,180	7,200	10.5	7.9	13.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,120	275	840	1.0	0.5	1.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,255	3,905	6,355	9.5	7.4	11.5
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,750	1,380	1,370	2.5	2.6	2.5
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,255	530	725	1.2	1.0	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	445	215	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	850	560	290	0.8	1.1	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	125	45	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,395	1,665	730	2.2	3.1	1.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,920	1,405	515	1.8	2.7	0.9
25. Library science	160	40	125	0.1	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	245	170	75	0.2	0.3	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	65	45	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	12,065	11,020	1,045	11.1	20.8	1.9
04. Architecture and related services	430	260	170	0.4	0.5	0.3
14. Engineering	1,945	1,705	245	1.8	3.2	0.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,870	2,500	375	2.6	4.7	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	3,600	3,505	90	3.3	6.6	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,905	1,805	100	1.8	3.4	0.2
48. Precision production	1,310	1,245	60	1.2	2.4	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,750	925	825	1.6	1.7	1.5
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,020	475	545	0.9	0.9	1.0
03. Natural resources and conservation	730	450	275	0.7	0.9	0.5
Health and related fields	9,775	1,965	7,815	9.0	3.7	14.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	690	340	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	8,955	1,545	7,415	8.3	2.9	13.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	115	75	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,760	2,020	1,735	3.5	3.8	3.1
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,135	725	1,410	2.0	1.4	2.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	95	85	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	135	115	20	0.1	0.2	0.0
43. Security and protective services	685	455	235	0.6	0.9	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	710	645	65	0.7	1.2	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	70,365	34,675	35,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	24,945	13,535	11,400	35.5	39.0	31.9
Education	2,465	590	1,870	3.5	1.7	5.2
13. Education	2,465	590	1,870	3.5	1.7	5.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,785	705	1,080	2.5	2.0	3.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	115	60	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,670	645	1,020	2.4	1.9	2.9
Humanities	2,400	960	1,440	3.4	2.8	4.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	245	35	210	0.3	0.1	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	600	140	465	0.9	0.4	1.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	670	290	380	1.0	0.8	1.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	115	50	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	170	130	35	0.2	0.4	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	120	65	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
54. History	430	235	190	0.6	0.7	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	50	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,335	2,025	4,310	9.0	5.8	12.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	170	65	105	0.2	0.2	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	650	215	435	0.9	0.6	1.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,000	80	925	1.4	0.2	2.6
22. Legal professions and studies	875	225	655	1.2	0.6	1.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	195	60	135	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	1,015	220	800	1.4	0.6	2.2
45. Social sciences	2,415	1,160	1,255	3.4	3.3	3.5
Business, management and public administration	8,590	3,160	5,430	12.2	9.1	15.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	785	195	590	1.1	0.6	1.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	7,800	2,965	4,835	11.1	8.6	13.5
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,005	910	1,090	2.8	2.6	3.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	925	360	565	1.3	1.0	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	325	145	180	0.5	0.4	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	55	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	620	360	260	0.9	1.0	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	85	25	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,880	1,350	535	2.7	3.9	1.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,610	1,195	425	2.3	3.4	1.2
25. Library science	65	15	55	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	165	115	55	0.2	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	40	30	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,585	7,745	840	12.2	22.3	2.4
04. Architecture and related services	320	165	155	0.5	0.5	0.4
14. Engineering	1,500	1,290	210	2.1	3.7	0.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,985	1,715	270	2.8	4.9	0.8
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,610	2,530	80	3.7	7.3	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,310	1,240	75	1.9	3.6	0.2
48. Precision production	850	805	45	1.2	2.3	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,360	650	710	1.9	1.9	2.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	830	370	460	1.2	1.1	1.3
03. Natural resources and conservation	530	285	245	0.8	0.8	0.7
Health and related fields	7,085	1,505	5,580	10.1	4.3	15.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	560	285	275	0.8	0.8	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,440	1,170	5,270	9.2	3.4	14.8
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	70	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,930	1,535	1,395	4.2	4.4	3.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,665	550	1,115	2.4	1.6	3.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	85	75	10	0.1	0.2	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	85	65	15	0.1	0.2	0.0
43. Security and protective services	575	380	200	0.8	1.1	0.6
49. Transportation and materials moving	520	465	60	0.7	1.3	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	70,365	34,675	35,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	24,945	13,535	11,400	35.5	39.0	31.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	45,425	21,130	24,290	64.6	60.9	68.0
Location of study inside Canada	38,940	18,255	20,685	55.3	52.6	57.9
Same as province or territory of residence	29,195	13,435	15,760	41.5	38.7	44.2
Different than province or territory of residence	9,745	4,815	4,930	13.8	13.9	13.8
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	6,485	2,880	3,605	9.2	8.3	10.1
Americas	1,575	765	805	2.2	2.2	2.3
United States of America	1,095	560	535	1.6	1.6	1.5
Mexico	120	55	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	155	70	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	90	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
Europe	1,595	740	855	2.3	2.1	2.4
Belgium	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	90	25	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
Germany	130	65	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Netherlands	40	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Russian Federation	60	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	775	345	430	1.1	1.0	1.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	25	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	195	105	85	0.3	0.3	0.2
Africa	290	140	150	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nigeria	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	125	55	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asia	2,735	1,080	1,660	3.9	3.1	4.7
Iran⁸⁸	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lebanon	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	295	120	180	0.4	0.3	0.5
Taiwan	70	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Japan	140	20	120	0.2	0.1	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	140	50	90	0.2	0.1	0.3
Philippines	915	315	605	1.3	0.9	1.7
Viet Nam	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	675	335	345	1.0	1.0	1.0
Pakistan	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	140	55	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oceania	290	155	135	0.4	0.4	0.4
Australia	225	120	110	0.3	0.3	0.3
New Zealand	55	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	108,375	52,900	55,470	...	...	...
In the labour force	70,405	36,280	34,130	...	...	...
Employed	65,995	33,960	32,045	...	...	...
Unemployed	4,410	2,320	2,090	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	37,965	16,620	21,345	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.0	68.6	61.5	65.0	68.6	61.5
Employment rate	60.9	64.2	57.8	60.9	64.2	57.8
Unemployment rate	6.3	6.4	6.1	6.3	6.4	6.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	108,375	52,895	55,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	37,365	16,465	20,900	34.5	31.1	37.7
Worked	71,010	36,435	34,575	65.5	68.9	62.3
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	38,485	21,590	16,895	35.5	40.8	30.5
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	32,525	14,840	17,680	30.0	28.1	31.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.9	42.7	41.1	41.9	42.7	41.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	70,410	36,280	34,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	955	500	460	1.4	1.4	1.3
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	69,450	35,775	33,670	98.6	98.6	98.7
Employee	58,275	29,305	28,970	82.8	80.8	84.9
Permanent position	50,205	25,515	24,685	71.3	70.3	72.3
Temporary position	8,070	3,795	4,280	11.5	10.5	12.5
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,790	1,400	1,390	4.0	3.9	4.1
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,285	2,390	2,890	7.5	6.6	8.5
Self-employed¹⁹²	11,170	6,470	4,700	15.9	17.8	13.8
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	70,410	36,280	34,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	955	500	460	1.4	1.4	1.3
All occupations¹⁹¹	69,450	35,775	33,670	98.6	98.6	98.7
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	770	450	320	1.1	1.2	0.9
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,705	3,265	8,435	16.6	9.0	24.7
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,935	4,460	1,475	8.4	12.3	4.3
3 Health occupations	5,725	1,170	4,560	8.1	3.2	13.4
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	10,370	4,225	6,145	14.7	11.6	18.0
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,450	1,070	1,380	3.5	2.9	4.0
6 Sales and service occupations	17,530	7,840	9,690	24.9	21.6	28.4
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	12,025	10,985	1,035	17.1	30.3	3.0
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,590	1,230	360	2.3	3.4	1.1
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,345	1,075	265	1.9	3.0	0.8
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	70,410	36,280	34,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	955	500	460	1.4	1.4	1.3
All industries¹⁹¹	69,450	35,775	33,670	98.6	98.6	98.7
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	800	485	315	1.1	1.3	0.9
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	115	100	15	0.2	0.3	0.0
22 Utilities	215	190	25	0.3	0.5	0.1
23 Construction	6,530	5,820	715	9.3	16.0	2.1
31-33 Manufacturing	2,655	1,940	720	3.8	5.3	2.1
41 Wholesale trade	1,055	745	310	1.5	2.1	0.9
44-45 Retail trade	8,070	4,050	4,020	11.5	11.2	11.8
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,625	2,020	605	3.7	5.6	1.8
51 Information and cultural industries	1,010	610	400	1.4	1.7	1.2
52 Finance and insurance	1,865	650	1,210	2.6	1.8	3.5
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,155	535	625	1.6	1.5	1.8
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	5,605	3,025	2,580	8.0	8.3	7.6
55 Management of companies and enterprises	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,440	2,145	1,300	4.9	5.9	3.8
61 Educational services	4,850	1,620	3,235	6.9	4.5	9.5
62 Health care and social assistance	9,640	2,015	7,630	13.7	5.6	22.4
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,525	730	795	2.2	2.0	2.3
72 Accommodation and food services	4,730	2,110	2,620	6.7	5.8	7.7
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,985	1,270	1,715	4.2	3.5	5.0
91 Public administration	10,500	5,675	4,820	14.9	15.6	14.1
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	75,965	38,940	37,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	73,665	37,885	35,785	97.0	97.3	96.7
French	125	25	95	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official language	205	140	65	0.3	0.4	0.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	205	140	65	0.3	0.4	0.2
English and French	885	390	500	1.2	1.0	1.4
English and non-official language(s)	1,045	470	570	1.4	1.2	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	35	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	75,965	38,940	37,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	75,720	38,840	36,880	99.7	99.7	99.6
Official languages	75,370	38,650	36,725	99.2	99.3	99.2
English	75,125	38,595	36,530	98.9	99.1	98.7
French	245	55	195	0.3	0.1	0.5
Non-official languages	355	190	165	0.5	0.5	0.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	355	190	165	0.5	0.5	0.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	80	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	50	40	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	35	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	160	85	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages	160	85	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	240	100	140	0.3	0.3	0.4
English and French	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	140	55	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	75,965	38,940	37,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	74,230	38,145	36,085	97.7	98.0	97.5
English	255	75	180	0.3	0.2	0.5
French	665	325	340	0.9	0.8	0.9
Non-official language	695	340	350	0.9	0.9	0.9
Indigenous³⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	685	335	340	0.9	0.9	0.9
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	65,995	33,955	32,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	15,175	6,840	8,340	23.0	20.1	26.0
Worked outside Canada	120	85	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
No fixed workplace address	10,070	7,540	2,535	15.3	22.2	7.9
Usual place of work	40,630	19,500	21,130	61.6	57.4	65.9
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	40,630	19,495	21,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	11,510	5,170	6,350	28.3	26.5	30.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	28,285	13,800	14,485	69.6	70.8	68.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	745	475	270	1.8	2.4	1.3
Commute to a different province or territory	90	50	35	0.2	0.3	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	50,700	27,035	23,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	40,205	21,650	18,555	79.3	80.1	78.4
Car, truck or van - as a driver	37,565	20,545	17,020	74.1	76.0	71.9
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,645	1,110	1,535	5.2	4.1	6.5
Public transit	3,965	1,565	2,400	7.8	5.8	10.1
Walked	2,885	1,460	1,420	5.7	5.4	6.0
Bicycle	2,095	1,390	715	4.1	5.1	3.0
Other method	1,545	970	580	3.0	3.6	2.5
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	50,700	27,035	23,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	15,765	7,640	8,125	31.1	28.3	34.3
15 to 29 minutes	21,115	11,300	9,810	41.6	41.8	41.4
30 to 44 minutes	8,715	5,100	3,615	17.2	18.9	15.3
45 to 59 minutes	2,920	1,675	1,250	5.8	6.2	5.3
60 minutes and over	2,190	1,320	875	4.3	4.9	3.7
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	50,700	27,035	23,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,745	1,870	875	5.4	6.9	3.7
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	8,900	5,795	3,105	17.6	21.4	13.1
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	14,150	7,685	6,455	27.9	28.4	27.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	11,010	4,940	6,070	21.7	18.3	25.6
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,970	2,990	3,985	13.7	11.1	16.8
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,935	3,750	3,180	13.7	13.9	13.4
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	22,090	11,345	10,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,865	955	910	8.4	8.4	8.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	20,230	10,390	9,840	91.6	91.6	91.5
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	16,255	8,345	7,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,405	725	680	8.6	8.7	8.6
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	815	400	415	5.0	4.8	5.2
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	590	325	265	3.6	3.9	3.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,845	7,615	7,230	91.3	91.3	91.4

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 21, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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