Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Skeena--Bulkley ValleyMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	89,689	...	...
Population, 2016¹	88,920	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	0.9	...	...
Total private dwellings²	42,540	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	36,823	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	0.3	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	325,624.67	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	89,690	45,905	43,785
0 to 14 years	16,135	8,285	7,850
0 to 4 years	4,985	2,635	2,355
5 to 9 years	5,385	2,690	2,695
10 to 14 years	5,765	2,960	2,805
15 to 64 years	57,570	29,555	28,015
15 to 19 years	5,160	2,675	2,485
20 to 24 years	4,680	2,495	2,180
25 to 29 years	5,605	2,945	2,665
30 to 34 years	5,985	3,010	2,975
35 to 39 years	5,750	2,910	2,840
40 to 44 years	5,365	2,755	2,610
45 to 49 years	5,470	2,745	2,725
50 to 54 years	6,065	2,995	3,065
55 to 59 years	6,700	3,540	3,155
60 to 64 years	6,805	3,490	3,315
65 years and over	15,980	8,065	7,920
65 to 69 years	5,755	3,050	2,710
70 to 74 years	4,375	2,230	2,140
75 to 79 years	2,810	1,395	1,410
80 to 84 years	1,760	830	925
85 years and over	1,285	555	730
85 to 89 years	830	380	450
90 to 94 years	360	145	210
95 to 99 years	90	30	60
100 years and over	10	5	10
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.0	18.0	17.9
15 to 64 years	64.2	64.4	64.0
65 years and over	17.8	17.6	18.1
85 years and over	1.4	1.2	1.7
Average age of the population	41.1	40.8	41.3
Median age of the population	41.2	41.2	41.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	36,820	...	...
Single-detached house	26,695	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,560	...	...
Row house	1,725	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,305	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	3,005	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	60	...	...
Other single-attached house	135	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	2,335	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	36,825	...	...
1 person	10,960	...	...
2 persons	13,120	...	...
3 persons	5,215	...	...
4 persons	4,270	...	...
5 or more persons	3,260	...	...
Number of persons in private households	88,565	45,365	43,205
Average household size	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	73,555	37,620	35,935
Married or living common-law	41,630	20,870	20,755
Married	30,210	15,200	15,005
Living common-law	11,425	5,670	5,755
Living common law - Never married	8,870	4,435	4,430
Living common law - Separated	550	260	290
Living common law - Divorced	1,735	875	865
Living common law - Widowed	270	100	165
Not married and not living common-law	31,920	16,745	15,175
Not married and not living common law - Never married	21,430	12,605	8,825
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,250	1,085	1,165
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	4,225	2,055	2,175
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,020	1,005	3,015
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	25,185	...	...
2 persons	13,890	...	...
3 persons	5,080	...	...
4 persons	3,965	...	...
5 or more persons	2,250	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	25,185	...	...
Total couple families	20,340	...	...
Married couples	14,630	...	...
With children⁶	6,810	...	...
Without children	7,815	...	...
Common-law couples	5,710	...	...
With children⁶	2,545	...	...
Without children	3,170	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,845	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,430	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,415	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	88,560	45,365	43,200
Total - Persons in census families	71,325	35,790	35,535
Married spouses or common-law partners	40,680	20,275	20,400
Parents in one-parent families	4,845	1,415	3,430
Children⁶	25,800	14,100	11,700
In a two-parent family	18,095	9,715	8,380
In a one-parent family	7,705	4,385	3,315
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	17,235	9,570	7,670
Living alone	10,960	6,000	4,960
Living with other relatives⁷	2,910	1,520	1,385
Living with non-relatives only	3,375	2,050	1,325
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	36,820	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	21,500	...	...
Couple-family households	18,095	...	...
With children⁶	8,225	...	...
Without children	9,870	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,405	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,140	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	220	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,425	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,580	...	...
One-person households	10,955	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	72,455	37,085	35,365
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	70,325	36,095	34,230
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	48,800	35,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	70,365	36,110	34,255
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	44,000	33,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	60,290	31,565	28,725
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	47,200	28,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	50,995	27,245	23,750
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	50,800	30,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	58,105	28,315	29,790
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,700	9,800	11,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	9,165	4,885	4,285
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,920	6,000	5,680
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	17,835	8,825	9,010
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	72,435	37,045	35,390
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	70,260	36,005	34,260
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,900	60,500	42,880
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	70,305	36,025	34,280
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,720	50,960	38,160
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	60,385	31,540	28,850
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,080	58,950	38,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	51,000	27,230	23,770
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,120	59,750	39,120
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	57,865	28,090	29,775
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,840	11,360	12,290
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,765	4,710	4,060
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,920	7,090	6,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	17,770	8,885	8,890
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,510	8,400	8,630
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	72,435	37,045	35,385
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	22,115	12,645	9,470
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	67,000	78,000	54,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	74,200	83,900	61,250
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	21,090	10,530	10,560
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,800	29,400	19,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	35,400	44,080	26,720
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.2	85.4	75.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.0	74.6	63.3
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.8	14.6	24.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.7	1.5	1.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.3	4.2	6.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.2	3.4	5.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	72,455	37,090	35,370
Without total income	2,130	995	1,140
With total income	70,320	36,090	34,230
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,235	3,255	3,975
$10,000 to $19,999	8,155	3,475	4,680
$20,000 to $29,999	10,370	4,680	5,690
$30,000 to $39,999	8,625	3,850	4,775
$40,000 to $49,999	7,310	3,185	4,125
$50,000 to $59,999	5,970	2,770	3,200
$60,000 to $69,999	4,760	2,550	2,205
$70,000 to $79,999	3,760	2,245	1,520
$80,000 to $89,999	3,095	1,950	1,140
$90,000 to $99,999	2,580	1,740	845
$100,000 and over	8,470	6,400	2,065
$100,000 to $149,999	6,215	4,575	1,635
$150,000 and over	2,255	1,825	430
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	72,455	37,090	35,370
Without after-tax income	2,090	975	1,115
With after-tax income	70,360	36,110	34,255
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,410	3,310	4,100
$10,000 to $19,999	8,380	3,580	4,800
$20,000 to $29,999	11,575	5,240	6,335
$30,000 to $39,999	9,675	4,315	5,360
$40,000 to $49,999	8,270	3,735	4,540
$50,000 to $59,999	6,540	3,375	3,165
$60,000 to $69,999	5,110	3,050	2,060
$70,000 to $79,999	3,890	2,540	1,350
$80,000 to $89,999	3,035	2,085	950
$90,000 to $99,999	2,115	1,555	560
$100,000 and over	4,355	3,320	1,040
$100,000 to $124,999	2,715	2,020	695
$125,000 and over	1,645	1,295	345
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	72,455	37,090	35,370
Without employment income	21,460	9,850	11,615
With employment income	50,990	27,240	23,750
Under $5,000 (including loss)	7,040	3,465	3,570
$5,000 to $9,999	3,620	1,550	2,075
$10,000 to $19,999	5,720	2,505	3,220
$20,000 to $29,999	4,900	2,140	2,760
$30,000 to $39,999	4,575	2,015	2,555
$40,000 to $49,999	4,050	1,770	2,280
$50,000 to $59,999	3,690	1,790	1,900
$60,000 to $69,999	3,290	1,850	1,440
$70,000 to $79,999	2,765	1,755	1,015
$80,000 to $89,999	2,430	1,630	805
$90,000 to $99,999	2,070	1,385	690
$100,000 and over	6,830	5,380	1,450
$100,000 to $124,999	3,440	2,585	855
$125,000 and over	3,390	2,795	595
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	72,455	37,085	35,365
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	68,430	35,060	33,370
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	47,200	32,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	68,625	35,095	33,530
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	42,400	29,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	60,165	31,430	28,735
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	46,400	29,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	52,570	27,910	24,660
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	48,000	29,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	48,265	22,360	25,905
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,100	7,900	8,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	8,590	4,640	3,945
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,880	6,120	5,680
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	72,435	37,045	35,390
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	68,295	34,945	33,350
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,520	58,400	40,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	68,490	34,990	33,500
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,040	48,640	35,120
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	60,020	31,220	28,800
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,560	58,500	37,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	52,390	27,770	24,620
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,240	58,150	37,080
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	47,995	22,225	25,770
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,730	9,640	9,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	8,260	4,475	3,790
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,370	7,410	7,320
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	72,435	37,045	35,385
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	21,975	12,570	9,405
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,600	74,000	49,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	69,600	79,600	56,250
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	20,025	9,995	10,035
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,600	34,800	22,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	38,680	48,120	29,240
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.2	89.6	81.2
Employment income (%)	74.8	79.0	68.0
Government transfers (%)	13.8	10.5	18.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.8	1.6	2.1
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	36,820	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	75,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	10,955	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	25,865	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	36,825	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	99,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	85,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	10,985	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	55,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,080	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	25,840	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	117,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	101,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	36,820	...	...
Under $5,000	495	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	240	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	400	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	780	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,590	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,205	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,195	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,315	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,380	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,395	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,710	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,580	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,300	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,230	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,035	...	...
$100,000 and over	14,965	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,315	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,410	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,190	...	...
$200,000 and over	3,050	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	36,820	...	...
Under $5,000	520	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	240	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	425	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	800	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,645	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,370	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,340	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,500	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,570	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,620	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,105	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,975	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,710	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,495	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,210	...	...
$100,000 and over	12,295	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,720	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,225	...	...
$150,000 and over	4,355	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	24,800	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,080	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	9,470	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	134,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,285	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	14,335	8,050	6,280
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,800	44,000	38,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,600	39,600	35,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	24,800	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	116,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	100,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,210	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	108,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,480	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	143,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,235	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	14,350	8,020	6,330
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	52,250	56,050	47,400
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,760	47,440	41,360
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	88,565	45,360	43,200
0 to 17 years	19,300	9,930	9,365
0 to 5 years	6,010	3,155	2,855
18 to 64 years	53,860	27,560	26,300
65 years and over	15,400	7,870	7,535
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	11,125	5,590	5,535
0 to 17 years	2,885	1,475	1,410
0 to 5 years	935	470	460
18 to 64 years	5,780	2,935	2,850
65 years and over	2,460	1,185	1,280
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	12.6	12.3	12.8
0 to 17 years (%)	14.9	14.8	15.1
0 to 5 years (%)	15.5	15.0	16.1
18 to 64 years (%)	10.7	10.7	10.8
65 years and over (%)	16.0	15.0	17.0
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	73,980	37,755	36,225
0 to 17 years	15,555	7,980	7,565
0 to 5 years	4,975	2,605	2,370
18 to 64 years	45,130	23,000	22,125
65 years and over	13,300	6,770	6,530
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	1,855	960	900
0 to 17 years	340	160	185
0 to 5 years	85	40	45
18 to 64 years	1,315	715	595
65 years and over	200	80	120
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	2.5	2.5	2.5
0 to 17 years (%)	2.2	2.0	2.4
0 to 5 years (%)	1.7	1.6	1.9
18 to 64 years (%)	2.9	3.1	2.7
65 years and over (%)	1.5	1.2	1.8
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	88,565	45,360	43,200
In bottom half of the distribution	44,460	22,220	22,240
In bottom decile	9,970	5,040	4,935
In second decile	9,025	4,410	4,615
In third decile	8,575	4,265	4,310
In fourth decile	8,420	4,175	4,245
In fifth decile	8,470	4,325	4,145
In top half of the distribution	44,105	23,145	20,960
In sixth decile	8,095	4,135	3,965
In seventh decile	8,695	4,530	4,165
In eighth decile	9,120	4,765	4,355
In ninth decile	9,410	4,960	4,450
In top decile	8,780	4,750	4,030
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	88,560	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.324	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.444	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.290	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	89,150	45,675	43,475
English only	84,475	43,465	41,015
French only	40	20	20
English and French	4,300	2,055	2,245
Neither English nor French	330	130	195
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	89,150	45,675	43,475
English	87,625	44,885	42,740
French	1,085	600	485
English and French	120	70	55
Neither English nor French	320	120	200
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	89,150	45,675	43,475
Single responses	86,480	44,300	42,180
Official languages	78,175	40,185	37,985
English	77,015	39,560	37,455
French	1,155	630	525
Non-official languages	8,310	4,115	4,195
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,630	825	800
Algonquian languages	15	5	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	10	0	10
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	520	275	250
Northern Athabaskan languages	520	270	250
Dakelh (Carrier)	330	180	150
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	80	40	35
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	75	40	35
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	5	5	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	105	50	50
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	25	15	10
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	25	15	10
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	5	5	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	875	440	435
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	490	255	235
Nisga'a	295	140	150
Tsimshian	100	45	50
Wakashan languages	150	75	75
Haisla	75	30	45
Heiltsuk	70	40	30
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	5
Non-Indigenous languages	6,680	3,285	3,395
Afro-Asiatic languages	155	95	55
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	20	15	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	20	15	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	140	80	55
Amharic	10	10	0
Arabic	125	70	50
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	390	185	205
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	0	5
Vietnamese	385	180	200
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	550	210	340
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Cebuano	40	15	25
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	5	5
Ilocano	20	5	15
Indonesian	5	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	5	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	440	170	275
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Creole languages	5	5	0
Haitian Creole	5	5	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	150	95	55
Kannada	5	0	5
Malayalam	105	65	40
Tamil	20	15	10
Telugu	20	15	5
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	4,780	2,405	2,375
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	405	195	210
Baltic languages	10	5	0
Latvian	5	0	0
Lithuanian	5	0	0
Slavic languages	395	190	205
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	5	5	5
Czech	50	30	15
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	85	40	40
Russian	100	35	60
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	50	25	25
Bosnian	5	0	5
Croatian	35	15	20
Serbian	10	5	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	25	20	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	10
Ukrainian	75	35	40
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Germanic languages	1,900	955	945
Frisian	15	10	5
High German languages	1,175	600	575
German	1,055	530	520
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	120	70	55
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	585	285	300
Afrikaans	110	60	55
Dutch	390	185	205
Low German, n.o.s.	10	5	10
Low Saxon	5	0	0
Plautdietsch	55	30	30
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	5
Scandinavian languages	120	60	60
Danish	50	20	25
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	40	25	20
Swedish	30	20	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	30	20	10
Indo-Iranian languages	1,085	605	480
Indo-Aryan languages	1,065	595	470
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	10	5	5
Gujarati	60	40	15
Hindi	110	65	45
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	5	0	0
Marathi	5	5	0
Nepali	5	5	5
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	835	455	385
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5	0	0
Urdu	25	15	10
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	25	10	10
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	20	10	15
Dari	5	0	0
Iranian Persian	15	5	10
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,355	625	730
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	235	125	110
Portuguese	840	395	450
Romanian	25	15	10
Spanish	250	90	160
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	60	25	40
Korean	130	60	70
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	50	25	30
Akan (Twi)	5	5	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	10	5	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	5
Lingala	5	5	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	5	0	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	5	0	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	15	5	10
American Sign Language	10	5	5
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	245	110	135
Chinese languages	245	110	135
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	55	20	35
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10	0	5
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	160	80	85
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	10	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	25	5	25
Lao	0	0	5
Thai	25	5	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	5	5	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	0	5	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	110	55	55
Estonian	5	0	5
Finnish	50	25	20
Hungarian	55	25	25
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	2,665	1,375	1,295
English and French	395	180	215
English and non-official language(s)	2,085	1,085	995
French and non-official language(s)	30	10	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	20	20
Multiple non-official languages	130	80	55
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	89,150	45,675	43,475
English	80,010	41,135	38,880
French	280	140	135
Non-official language	1,405	690	715
Indigenous³⁹	170	85	85
Non-Indigenous	1,235	605	625
English and French	725	360	365
English and non-official language(s)	6,475	3,235	3,245
French and non-official language(s)	5	5	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	160	75	85
Multiple non-official languages	85	40	45
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	89,150	45,675	43,475
Single responses	87,920	45,030	42,890
Official languages	84,970	43,550	41,415
English	84,595	43,360	41,240
French	370	185	185
Non-official languages	2,950	1,480	1,470
Indigenous languages³⁹	420	210	215
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	200	95	110
Northern Athabaskan languages	200	95	110
Dakelh (Carrier)	170	80	90
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	5	5	5
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	5	5	5
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	20	15	10
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	5	0	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	5	5	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	190	100	90
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	110	60	50
Nisga'a	70	35	35
Tsimshian	10	10	5
Wakashan languages	15	10	5
Haisla	10	5	5
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,530	1,270	1,260
Afro-Asiatic languages	75	45	35
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	10	10	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	10	10	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	65	30	35
Amharic	5	0	0
Arabic	60	30	35
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	300	150	155
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	300	150	155
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	235	110	120
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Cebuano	15	5	10
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	10	0	5
Indonesian	5	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	195	90	100
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	90	55	35
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	75	45	25
Tamil	5	5	5
Telugu	10	5	5
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,560	785	775
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	75	35	35
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	75	35	35
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	15	10	5
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	15	10	5
Russian	25	10	15
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	10	5	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	5	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	5	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	335	170	165
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	230	120	110
German	180	100	80
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	50	25	25
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	95	50	50
Afrikaans	65	30	35
Dutch	25	10	10
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	5
Danish	5	0	5
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	5	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	10	5	5
Indo-Iranian languages	750	415	340
Indo-Aryan languages	750	405	340
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	10	5	5
Gujarati	35	25	10
Hindi	55	35	20
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	5	5	5
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	625	335	285
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	20	5	10
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	5	5	0
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	5	5	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	5	5	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	390	155	230
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	60	20	35
Portuguese	250	95	155
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	70	35	40
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	10	5	5
Korean	90	45	45
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	10	5	5
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	30	15	15
American Sign Language	20	5	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	115	55	60
Chinese languages	115	55	60
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	30	20	15
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	80	35	45
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	10	5	5
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	5	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,225	645	585
English and French	145	75	70
English and non-official language(s)	1,045	545	500
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	10	5
Multiple non-official languages	30	15	10
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	89,150	45,670	43,475
None	82,790	42,550	40,245
English	1,415	730	685
French	515	250	260
Non-official language	3,860	1,880	1,985
Indigenous³⁹	1,630	820	810
Non-Indigenous	2,230	1,055	1,180
English and French	10	5	5
English and non-official language(s)	150	75	70
French and non-official language(s)	110	45	60
English, French and non-official language(s)	5	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	295	140	155
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	88,570	45,330	43,240
Official languages	88,245	45,200	43,045
English	88,200	45,175	43,025
French	4,400	2,155	2,245
Non-official languages	13,945	6,980	6,960
Indigenous languages³⁹	4,485	2,255	2,225
Algonquian languages	70	35	35
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	50	30	25
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	50	25	25
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	40	20	20
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	0	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	15	0	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	1,310	675	635
Northern Athabaskan languages	1,305	670	635
Dakelh (Carrier)	895	450	440
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	210	120	95
Kaska (Nahani)	10	10	10
Tahltan	205	120	90
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	10	10	10
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	25	15	10
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	175	85	95
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	140	60	80
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	15	10	0
Salish languages	100	55	50
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	90	40	45
Siouan languages	10	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	2,335	1,185	1,150
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	1,020	505	520
Nisga'a	980	530	450
Tsimshian	370	170	200
Wakashan languages	555	275	280
Haisla	260	135	130
Heiltsuk	290	145	150
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	10	0	10
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	25	10	15
Non-Indigenous languages	9,530	4,760	4,770
Afro-Asiatic languages	265	170	95
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	10	0	0
Hausa	10	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	50	50	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	50	50	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	205	120	85
Amharic	15	10	10
Arabic	185	110	75
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	10	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	510	245	265
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	10	0
Vietnamese	505	245	265
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	810	305	510
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	0	15
Cebuano	80	20	55
Fijian	10	10	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	15	0	10
Indonesian	25	20	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	10	10	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	745	265	485
Waray-Waray	20	0	15
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25
Creole languages	35	10	20
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	145	90	55
Kannada	25	10	20
Malayalam	80	55	25
Tamil	50	20	30
Telugu	25	15	10
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	6,965	3,620	3,355
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	615	355	260
Baltic languages	10	10	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	10	10	0
Slavic languages	600	340	260
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	70	45	25
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	130	80	55
Russian	175	85	90
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	70	40	30
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	45	25	25
Serbian	25	15	15
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	35	25	15
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	15	15
Ukrainian	155	75	75
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	15	15	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,565	1,240	1,330
Frisian	15	10	0
High German languages	1,615	800	820
German	1,500	760	740
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	175	85	95
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	850	415	435
Afrikaans	260	155	100
Dutch	460	195	265
Low German, n.o.s.	25	10	15
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	105	50	60
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	10	0
Scandinavian languages	180	75	100
Danish	70	25	50
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	55	15	40
Swedish	60	45	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	40	25	20
Indo-Iranian languages	1,545	925	620
Indo-Aryan languages	1,530	915	610
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	70	45	25
Hindi	690	460	230
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	15	10	10
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,200	695	505
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	10	0
Urdu	110	60	50
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	15	10	10
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	10	0	10
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	15	0	10
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,440	1,175	1,265
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	410	200	205
Portuguese	1,075	525	555
Romanian	40	20	25
Spanish	1,005	480	525
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Japanese	175	75	100
Korean	135	65	70
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	135	70	65
Akan (Twi)	25	0	20
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	30	20	15
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	50	30	20
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	15	10	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	30	20	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	25	20	10
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	130	45	90
American Sign Language	100	35	65
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20
Sino-Tibetan languages	310	130	175
Chinese languages	310	130	175
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	160	55	100
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	40	10	35
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	205	105	110
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	25	0	30
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	25	0	30
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	10	10	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	10	10	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	140	70	70
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	65	30	35
Hungarian	70	40	25
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	88,570	45,335	43,240
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	29,905	15,105	14,800
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	29,240	14,820	14,420
First Nations (North American Indian)	26,570	13,480	13,090
Métis	2,595	1,305	1,290
Inuk (Inuit)	80	35	45
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	205	80	115
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	460	195	260
Non-Indigenous identity	58,670	30,230	28,440
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	88,570	45,335	43,240
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	23,970	12,140	11,840
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	64,595	33,195	31,400
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	36,825	...	...
Owner	25,465	...	...
Renter	8,685	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	2,670	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	36,825	...	...
Condominium	1,510	...	...
Not condominium	35,310	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	36,825	...	...
No bedrooms	245	...	...
1 bedroom	3,485	...	...
2 bedrooms	8,485	...	...
3 bedrooms	13,365	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	11,240	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	36,825	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	8,860	...	...
5 rooms	6,585	...	...
6 rooms	5,745	...	...
7 rooms	4,990	...	...
8 or more rooms	10,645	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	36,825	...	...
One person or fewer per room	36,095	...	...
More than one person per room	730	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	36,825	...	...
Suitable	35,020	...	...
Not suitable	1,805	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	36,825	...	...
1960 or before	5,975	...	...
1961 to 1980	14,395	...	...
1981 to 1990	6,160	...	...
1991 to 2000	5,640	...	...
2001 to 2005	955	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,150	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,100	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,455	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	36,825	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	31,290	...	...
Major repairs needed	5,535	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	36,825	...	...
One-maintainer household	19,245	...	...
Two-maintainer household	15,605	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,975	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	36,825	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,040	...	...
25 to 34 years	5,160	...	...
35 to 44 years	5,830	...	...
45 to 54 years	6,560	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,085	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,325	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,985	...	...
85 years and over	840	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	31,335	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	27,335	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	4,005	...	...
30% to less than 100%	3,600	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	36,820	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	10,205	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	3,345	...	...
Not suitable only	1,225	...	...
Major repairs needed only	4,515	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	95	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	540	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	465	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	15	...	...
Acceptable housing	26,620	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	30,935	...	...
In core need	2,850	...	...
Not in core need	28,085	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	23,230	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	53.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	8.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	6.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	880	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,098	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	348,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	373,200	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	8,185	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	13.6	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	23.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	17.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	950	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,033	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	2,670	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	11.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	376	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	465	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	88,570	45,330	43,235
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	21,310	10,915	10,395
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	21,215	10,870	10,340
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	20,555	10,535	10,020
Métis single ancestry	590	310	280
Inuit single ancestry	65	30	35
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	100	45	50
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	90	45	50
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	8,710	4,275	4,430
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	8,465	4,160	4,310
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	7,030	3,440	3,590
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,390	690	695
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	45	25	15
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	245	115	125
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	235	115	120
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	58,550	30,140	28,410
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	88,570	45,330	43,240
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	85,230	43,690	41,540
Canadian citizens aged under 18	19,070	9,790	9,285
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	66,155	33,905	32,250
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	3,345	1,640	1,700
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	88,570	45,330	43,240
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	79,005	40,565	38,440
Immigrants⁸¹	8,500	4,110	4,390
Before 1980	3,870	1,950	1,920
1980 to 1990	1,035	525	510
1991 to 2000	895	410	485
2001 to 2010	930	435	500
2011 to 2021⁸²	1,765	790	975
2011 to 2015	725	370	355
2016 to 2021	1,040	420	620
Non-permanent residents⁸³	1,065	655	410
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	8,495	4,110	4,390
Under 5 years	940	470	470
5 to 14 years	1,685	880	800
15 to 24 years	1,990	1,030	965
25 to 44 years	3,330	1,470	1,855
45 years and over	560	255	300
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	8,495	4,110	4,390
Americas	1,625	695	930
Brazil	35	15	25
Colombia	25	10	15
El Salvador	10	0	0
Guyana	10	10	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	25	15	10
Mexico	55	15	45
Peru	40	20	25
Trinidad and Tobago	25	0	20
United States of America	1,310	560	745
Other places of birth in Americas	100	60	40
Europe	3,915	1,990	1,930
Bosnia and Herzegovina	10	0	0
Croatia	20	10	10
France	80	50	35
Germany	650	345	310
Greece	20	15	0
Hungary	55	25	25
Italy	190	90	105
Netherlands	400	175	220
Poland	90	55	40
Portugal	640	320	320
Romania	25	15	10
Russian Federation	40	10	35
Serbia⁸⁶	20	15	10
Ukraine	65	20	45
United Kingdom⁸⁷	970	495	470
Other places of birth in Europe	625	335	295
Africa	460	270	190
Algeria	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Egypt	20	20	0
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	30	20	10
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	30	20	10
Somalia	40	40	0
South Africa, Republic of	220	115	110
Other places of birth in Africa	110	60	50
Asia	2,280	1,055	1,225
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Iran⁸⁸	10	0	0
Iraq	10	10	0
Lebanon	25	15	10
Syria⁸⁹	65	30	35
Turkey	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	115	40	75
Hong Kong⁹¹	50	25	30
Korea, South⁹²	80	45	40
Taiwan	20	0	20
Philippines	650	235	420
Viet Nam	370	185	180
Bangladesh	0	0	0
India	630	345	290
Pakistan	85	55	30
Sri Lanka	10	10	0
Other places of birth in Asia	135	45	90
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	215	100	115
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	1,040	420	620
Americas	155	35	115
Brazil	20	0	15
Colombia	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	10	0	0
Mexico	0	0	0
United States of America	85	15	75
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Americas	30	10	20
Europe	165	85	80
France	15	10	0
Germany	30	20	10
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
Italy	0	0	0
Russian Federation	10	0	10
Ukraine	0	0	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	45	25	20
Other places of birth in Europe	65	25	35
Africa	75	35	35
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	10	0	0
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	25	10	10
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	10	0	0
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	15	0	10
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	25	10	10
Asia	620	260	365
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	10	0	10
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	165	90	70
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0
Iraq	0	0	0
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	0	0	0
Jordan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	30	20	15
Lebanon	0	0	0
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	70	40	25
Philippines	180	50	130
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	70	35	40
Turkey	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0
Viet Nam	50	20	30
Other places of birth in Asia	20	0	20
Oceania and other⁹³	30	0	25
Australia	30	0	25
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	88,570	45,330	43,240
First generation¹⁰⁰	10,205	5,080	5,115
Second generation¹⁰¹	12,540	6,320	6,220
Third generation or more¹⁰²	65,830	33,930	31,900
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	4,625	2,160	2,470
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	2,180	1,145	1,030
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	1,045	650	395
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	1,130	500	635
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	1,915	675	1,240
Refugees¹⁰⁸	515	335	180
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	15	0	15
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	4,625	2,160	2,470
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	55	35	20
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	1,080	525	560
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	160	80	80
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	245	135	110
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	55	20	35
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	3,020	1,360	1,660
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	88,570	45,330	43,240
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	5,630	2,850	2,775
South Asian	1,935	1,145	795
Chinese	475	200	275
Black	500	265	240
Filipino	965	400	570
Arab	160	90	70
Latin American	225	95	130
Southeast Asian	695	335	360
West Asian	35	15	20
Korean	150	70	70
Japanese	270	130	135
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	70	45	25
Multiple visible minorities	145	55	90
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	82,940	42,475	40,460
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	88,570	45,330	43,240
Canadian	9,245	4,875	4,370
English	17,530	8,685	8,845
Irish	11,750	5,775	5,975
Scottish	14,420	7,175	7,245
French, n.o.s.¹²²	6,560	3,170	3,385
German	11,435	5,835	5,600
Chinese	695	295	395
Italian	2,260	1,120	1,135
Indian (India)	1,250	705	545
Ukrainian	3,470	1,755	1,720
Dutch	5,825	2,945	2,875
Polish	2,250	1,115	1,130
Québécois	105	50	55
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,555	1,290	1,270
Filipino	955	380	565
French Canadian	775	440	335
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,675	850	830
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	8,065	3,980	4,085
Métis	2,310	1,160	1,150
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,080	1,095	985
Russian	1,710	875	835
Norwegian	3,950	1,990	1,955
Welsh	1,740	865	870
Portuguese	2,200	1,135	1,070
American	1,555	775	785
Spanish	585	270	310
Swedish	2,375	1,200	1,175
Hungarian	690	350	340
Acadian	235	115	115
Pakistani	95	45	50
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	240	120	125
Jewish	320	160	160
Punjabi	220	150	70
Vietnamese	540	260	280
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	105	75	30
Greek	205	90	110
Jamaican	90	60	30
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	200	90	110
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	860	425	435
Korean	130	65	70
Romanian	335	150	190
Lebanese	30	10	15
Iranian	25	10	10
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	210	100	110
Danish	1,085	480	605
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,600	820	775
Sikh	315	180	135
Austrian	730	335	400
Belgian	295	130	165
Haitian	55	35	20
Hindu	155	110	40
Mexican	185	100	90
Mennonite	490	240	255
Swiss	870	420	450
Finnish	580	290	290
Sri Lankan	10	10	0
Croatian	195	90	110
Japanese	470	225	245
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	55	40	20
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	240	120	120
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	675	360	315
Muslim	50	15	35
Egyptian	25	25	10
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	15	0	10
Tamil	25	10	15
Icelandic	520	265	250
Colombian	30	15	15
Moroccan	10	0	0
Czech	305	155	150
Syrian	50	25	30
Guyanese	15	0	10
Afghan	0	0	0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	55	25	30
Serbian	55	30	25
Ojibway	140	55	85
Newfoundlander	255	135	115
Hong Konger	10	0	10
Ontarian	75	30	50
Persian	10	0	10
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	25	10	20
Turkish	25	15	10
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	115	55	60
Bangladeshi	0	0	0
Algerian	0	0	0
Brazilian	60	15	40
Nigerian	35	20	15
Armenian	25	10	15
Slovak	240	130	110
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	110	60	45
Somali	35	35	0
Taiwanese	30	15	20
Iraqi	10	10	0
Salvadorean	10	0	10
African Caribbean	0	0	0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	15	0	10
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	45	10	35
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	15	10	10
Algonquin	100	55	40
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	0	0	0
Lithuanian	95	45	45
South African	205	110	100
Australian	210	90	125
Palestinian	25	15	10
Chilean	120	60	65
Congolese	0	0	0
Nova Scotian	65	10	50
Ethiopian	35	20	15
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	40	15	25
Peruvian	75	40	35
Yoruba	0	0	0
Cambodian (Khmer)	25	15	10
Berber	0	0	0
Albanian	0	0	0
Maltese	20	0	15
Macedonian	10	10	0
Slovenian	110	40	75
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	110	60	50
New Brunswicker	40	25	20
Gujarati	20	10	10
Eritrean	0	0	0
African Canadian	10	0	0
Israeli	15	10	10
Mohawk	100	50	55
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	90	50	40
Bulgarian	30	20	10
Albertan	35	25	10
Ghanaian	0	0	0
Barbadian	30	10	25
African American	70	30	40
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	100	45	55
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	30	20	10
Cuban	0	0	10
Bosnian	20	15	0
Venezuelan	25	20	10
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	10	0	0
Latvian	65	25	45
Bengali	0	0	0
Cameroonian	0	0	0
Guatemalan	10	10	0
Indonesian	30	20	15
Laotian	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Northern Irish	40	15	25
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	90	30	55
British Columbian	325	165	155
Ecuadorian	0	0	0
Franco Ontarian	10	0	0
Argentinian	15	0	15
Estonian	115	70	45
Kurdish	0	0	0
Fijian	35	15	20
Jatt	70	65	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	35	15	15
Coptic	0	0	0
Thai	55	15	35
Dominican	0	0	0
Nepali	15	10	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Byelorussian	10	10	0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	45	20	25
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	50	30	20
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	0	0	0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	65	35	30
New Zealander	185	105	75
Sudanese	0	0	0
Breton	15	0	10
Pennsylvania Dutch	45	25	20
Malaysian	0	0	0
Plains Cree	15	10	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	75	50	30
Huron (Wendat)	25	0	20
Saskatchewanian	20	15	0
Buddhist	15	10	0
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	0	0	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	10	0	10
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	0	0	0
Mauritian	10	10	0
Kenyan	20	10	10
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	0	0	0
Jordanian	0	0	0
Manitoban	25	10	15
Cape Bretoner	10	0	10
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	0	0	0
Malayali	0	0	0
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	0	0	0
Mayan	0	0	0
Honduran	0	0	0
Cherokee	210	100	115
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0
Flemish	20	15	10
United Empire Loyalist	15	10	0
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Sicilian	10	0	10
Pashtun	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Goan	0	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	20	0	10
Burmese	20	15	0
Mongolian	10	0	10
Azorean	30	10	20
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	0	0	0
Yemeni	0	0	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	35	10	20
Uruguayan	0	0	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	10	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Roma	30	10	25
Costa Rican	10	0	10
African Nova Scotian	10	0	10
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	20	0	15
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	88,570	45,335	43,240
Buddhist	400	195	210
Christian	33,735	16,125	17,610
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7,540	3,675	3,865
Anabaptist	535	245	285
Anglican	3,880	1,850	2,030
Baptist	825	395	430
Catholic	10,270	4,990	5,280
Christian Orthodox	170	90	85
Jehovah's Witness	475	225	250
Latter Day Saints	370	155	215
Lutheran	805	435	370
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	675	330	345
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,180	540	640
Presbyterian	270	110	160
Reformed	1,445	685	765
United Church	3,440	1,485	1,965
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,850	915	940
Hindu	430	265	160
Jewish	155	50	105
Muslim	345	220	125
Sikh	990	565	425
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	1,235	625	610
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,130	500	630
No religion and secular perspectives	50,160	26,785	23,370
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	87,620	44,775	42,840
Non-movers	77,810	39,765	38,050
Movers	9,805	5,015	4,790
Non-migrants	5,490	2,790	2,700
Migrants	4,315	2,230	2,090
Internal migrants	3,885	2,035	1,845
Intraprovincial migrants	2,775	1,395	1,375
Interprovincial migrants	1,115	640	475
External migrants	435	190	245
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	83,530	42,605	40,920
Non-movers	51,420	26,400	25,020
Movers	32,105	16,205	15,900
Non-migrants	11,845	6,095	5,750
Migrants	20,260	10,110	10,150
Internal migrants	18,620	9,255	9,365
Intraprovincial migrants	14,715	7,230	7,485
Interprovincial migrants	3,900	2,025	1,875
External migrants	1,640	855	790
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	72,435	37,045	35,390
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	19,055	10,895	8,160
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	53,375	26,150	27,225
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	47,300	24,145	23,155
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	9,180	5,515	3,670
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	38,120	18,635	19,490
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	72,430	37,045	35,390
No certificate, diploma or degree	16,575	9,165	7,415
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	23,610	11,435	12,180
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	32,245	16,450	15,795
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	22,065	12,170	9,890
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	8,420	6,845	1,575
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,315	2,315	995
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	5,105	4,530	575
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	11,695	4,595	7,100
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,945	730	1,215
Bachelor's degree or higher	10,180	4,275	5,900
Bachelor's degree	6,720	2,785	3,940
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	785	290	495
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	320	195	125
Master's degree	2,110	890	1,230
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	235	120	120
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	47,305	24,150	23,155
No certificate, diploma or degree	7,665	4,465	3,200
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	15,340	7,560	7,780
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	24,300	12,120	12,175
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	16,120	8,800	7,325
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,950	4,875	1,080
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,375	1,705	675
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,575	3,165	405
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	8,785	3,415	5,370
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,390	515	875
Bachelor's degree or higher	8,175	3,325	4,850
Bachelor's degree	5,425	2,220	3,210
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	595	210	390
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	250	135	110
Master's degree	1,730	690	1,040
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	170	65	105
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	72,430	37,045	35,385
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	40,185	20,595	19,595
Education	2,900	730	2,165
13. Education	2,900	730	2,165
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	735	320	415
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	95	80	15
50. Visual and performing arts	640	245	395
Humanities	1,305	635	670
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	115	20	95
23. English language and literature/letters	170	45	120
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	495	255	245
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	40	30	10
38. Philosophy and religious studies	85	60	25
39. Theology and religious vocations	240	150	90
54. History	150	80	70
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	10	0	10
Social and behavioural sciences and law	2,520	680	1,835
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	105	25	90
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	125	45	80
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	790	35	755
22. Legal professions and studies	240	75	165
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	60	25	35
42. Psychology	365	105	265
45. Social sciences	825	370	455
Business, management and public administration	5,310	1,525	3,785
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	785	150	635
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	4,515	1,370	3,145
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,075	565	515
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	565	270	285
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	280	140	130
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	10	10	0
40. Physical sciences	185	125	55
41. Science technologies/technicians	45	15	30
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	455	270	185
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	305	195	110
25. Library science	80	20	60
27. Mathematics and statistics	50	45	10
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	15	10	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,745	8,165	575
04. Architecture and related services	80	45	40
14. Engineering	605	510	95
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,405	1,245	155
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	2,675	2,565	110
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,650	2,565	85
48. Precision production	1,330	1,235	90
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,890	1,225	665
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	345	150	195
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,545	1,075	465
Health and related fields	4,645	750	3,895
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	270	135	140
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,290	585	3,710
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	70	30	40
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,660	1,580	1,085
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,390	485	905
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	285	205	75
49. Transportation and materials moving	985	890	100
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	47,300	24,150	23,155
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	23,005	12,025	10,980
Education	2,090	460	1,630
13. Education	2,090	460	1,630
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	595	255	340
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	65	50	10
50. Visual and performing arts	530	205	325
Humanities	915	430	480
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	90	10	80
23. English language and literature/letters	120	30	90
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	320	150	160
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	35	30	0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	50	35	15
39. Theology and religious vocations	160	105	55
54. History	125	65	60
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	10	0	10
Social and behavioural sciences and law	2,070	515	1,555
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	90	25	65
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	100	30	70
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	645	25	615
22. Legal professions and studies	220	60	160
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	50	20	30
42. Psychology	285	70	215
45. Social sciences	685	290	395
Business, management and public administration	4,210	1,200	3,010
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	650	125	525
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	3,560	1,075	2,490
Physical and life sciences and technologies	790	380	410
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	445	195	250
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	155	75	80
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	0	0	0
40. Physical sciences	140	90	50
41. Science technologies/technicians	35	10	25
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	380	240	145
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	275	175	95
25. Library science	55	20	35
27. Mathematics and statistics	40	35	10
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	15	10	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,245	5,795	445
04. Architecture and related services	75	30	40
14. Engineering	490	405	85
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	985	875	110
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,995	1,895	95
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,770	1,715	50
48. Precision production	930	865	70
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,560	1,005	555
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	250	115	135
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,315	890	420
Health and related fields	3,325	560	2,765
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	200	100	105
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	3,055	440	2,615
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	60	20	35
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,115	1,275	840
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,100	405	690
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	225	160	60
49. Transportation and materials moving	790	705	85
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	47,300	24,150	23,155
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	23,005	12,025	10,980
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	24,295	12,125	12,175
Location of study inside Canada	21,885	10,970	10,915
Same as province or territory of residence	17,345	8,695	8,655
Different than province or territory of residence	4,535	2,280	2,255
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	2,410	1,145	1,260
Americas	650	315	335
United States of America	560	295	260
Mexico	25	0	25
Cuba	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	0	0	0
Brazil	30	10	20
Colombia	0	0	0
Peru	10	0	10
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Americas	10	0	10
Europe	700	350	345
Belgium	10	0	0
France	20	15	10
Germany	170	90	80
Netherlands	25	20	0
Switzerland	75	45	30
Hungary	10	0	10
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	15	10	10
Romania	0	0	0
Russian Federation	35	0	30
Ukraine	10	0	0
Ireland⁹⁶	15	15	10
United Kingdom⁸⁷	215	110	100
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Italy	0	0	0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Europe	70	25	45
Africa	175	100	75
Nigeria	15	15	0
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	10	10	0
South Africa, Republic of	130	75	60
Other locations of study in Africa	15	0	10
Asia	750	325	425
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0
Iraq	0	0	0
Israel	0	0	0
Lebanon	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	0	0	0
Turkey	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	30	10	20
Taiwan	0	0	0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
Japan	10	0	10
Korea, South⁹²	40	20	25
Philippines	295	105	190
Viet Nam	0	0	0
Bangladesh	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
India	320	155	160
Pakistan	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Asia	30	20	15
Oceania	135	55	80
Australia	95	35	55
New Zealand	30	10	25
Other locations of study in Oceania	10	10	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	72,430	37,045	35,390
In the labour force	45,330	24,435	20,895
Employed	40,810	21,715	19,095
Unemployed	4,520	2,725	1,800
Not in the labour force	27,100	12,610	14,495
Participation rate	62.6	66.0	59.0
Employment rate	56.3	58.6	54.0
Unemployment rate	10.0	11.2	8.6
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	72,430	37,045	35,385
Did not work¹⁸⁶	26,845	12,525	14,325
Worked	45,585	24,525	21,065
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	22,925	13,130	9,800
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	22,655	11,390	11,265
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.5	40.9	40.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	45,330	24,435	20,895
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,050	575	480
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	44,280	23,865	20,415
Employee	38,310	20,385	17,925
Permanent position	30,950	16,630	14,320
Temporary position	7,365	3,750	3,610
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,040	905	1,135
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,325	2,850	2,475
Self-employed¹⁹²	5,965	3,480	2,490
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	45,330	24,435	20,895
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,050	575	480
All occupations¹⁹¹	44,280	23,865	20,415
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	420	220	195
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	5,650	1,225	4,425
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	2,280	1,640	635
3 Health occupations	2,940	500	2,435
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,285	1,930	4,350
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,015	330	690
6 Sales and service occupations	9,720	3,845	5,875
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	11,165	10,200	965
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	2,505	1,980	525
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,305	1,980	325
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	45,330	24,435	20,895
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,050	575	480
All industries¹⁹¹	44,280	23,865	20,415
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,915	2,245	670
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,205	925	285
22 Utilities	370	325	35
23 Construction	4,135	3,560	580
31-33 Manufacturing	3,280	2,650	625
41 Wholesale trade	755	520	235
44-45 Retail trade	4,750	2,215	2,535
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,575	2,720	855
51 Information and cultural industries	430	205	225
52 Finance and insurance	770	190	585
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	470	225	240
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	1,880	970	910
55 Management of companies and enterprises	45	10	30
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	1,575	910	665
61 Educational services	3,790	1,055	2,735
62 Health care and social assistance	5,430	875	4,555
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	850	350	505
72 Accommodation and food services	2,350	1,025	1,320
81 Other services (except public administration)	1,825	925	900
91 Public administration	3,870	1,950	1,925
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	49,305	26,400	22,905
English	47,910	25,800	22,105
French	45	10	40
Non-official language	180	105	75
Indigenous³⁹	25	10	0
Non-Indigenous	155	85	70
English and French	350	160	185
English and non-official language(s)	795	315	485
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	49,305	26,400	22,905
Single responses	49,165	26,335	22,830
Official languages	48,870	26,210	22,660
English	48,755	26,175	22,580
French	115	35	80
Non-official languages	295	125	165
Indigenous languages³⁹	70	20	50
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	20	0	15
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	0	15
Dakelh (Carrier)	15	0	15
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	10	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	10	10	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	35	10	20
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	10	0	10
Nisga'a	10	0	10
Tsimshian	10	0	0
Wakashan languages	10	0	10
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	10	0	10
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	230	105	120
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	0	0	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	0	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	140	70	65
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	140	70	65
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	70	30	40
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	25	0	20
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	20	0	15
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	0	10
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	25	20	0
Indo-Aryan languages	25	20	0
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	20	15	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	15	0	10
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	15	0	10
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	15	10	10
Chinese languages	15	10	10
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	0	0	0
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	15	10	10
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	140	60	80
English and French	45	20	20
English and non-official language(s)	95	40	55
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	49,305	26,400	22,905
None	48,265	25,970	22,295
English	185	55	130
French	240	115	125
Non-official language	570	240	330
Indigenous³⁹	345	120	220
Non-Indigenous	230	120	105
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
French and non-official language(s)	15	10	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	25	10	15
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	40,810	21,715	19,095
Worked at home	4,405	1,895	2,510
Worked outside Canada	25	10	10
No fixed workplace address	6,805	5,240	1,565
Usual place of work	29,575	14,560	15,010
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	29,575	14,560	15,010
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	18,835	9,105	9,725
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	8,920	4,455	4,465
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	1,690	920	770
Commute to a different province or territory	135	80	50
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	36,380	19,805	16,575
Car, truck or van	31,450	17,215	14,235
Car, truck or van - as a driver	28,605	15,775	12,830
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,845	1,440	1,405
Public transit	695	465	230
Walked	3,020	1,370	1,645
Bicycle	525	335	195
Other method	700	420	280
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	36,380	19,805	16,575
Less than 15 minutes	23,095	11,265	11,830
15 to 29 minutes	8,250	4,935	3,315
30 to 44 minutes	1,945	1,260	690
45 to 59 minutes	1,045	685	360
60 minutes and over	2,050	1,665	390
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	36,380	19,805	16,575
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,270	1,790	475
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,150	3,750	1,400
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	8,600	4,880	3,725
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	10,735	4,240	6,495
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	4,220	1,625	2,595
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,410	3,520	1,885
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	19,685	10,120	9,565
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,070	550	525
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	18,610	9,575	9,035
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	14,325	7,290	7,035
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	795	400	400
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	335	170	160
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	465	225	235
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	13,525	6,885	6,640

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 24, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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