Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	South Surrey--White RockMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	119,672	...	...
Population, 2016¹	104,051	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	15.0	...	...
Total private dwellings²	49,925	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	47,406	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	829.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	144.29	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	119,670	56,750	62,925
0 to 14 years	17,700	9,100	8,600
0 to 4 years	5,030	2,590	2,440
5 to 9 years	6,085	3,150	2,935
10 to 14 years	6,580	3,360	3,225
15 to 64 years	71,535	34,220	37,320
15 to 19 years	6,430	3,345	3,085
20 to 24 years	5,680	2,925	2,760
25 to 29 years	5,255	2,625	2,630
30 to 34 years	6,325	3,045	3,285
35 to 39 years	6,875	3,190	3,680
40 to 44 years	7,235	3,265	3,975
45 to 49 years	8,125	3,780	4,345
50 to 54 years	8,415	3,975	4,440
55 to 59 years	8,725	4,105	4,620
60 to 64 years	8,470	3,970	4,500
65 years and over	30,435	13,430	17,005
65 to 69 years	8,260	3,760	4,505
70 to 74 years	7,805	3,485	4,320
75 to 79 years	5,775	2,685	3,090
80 to 84 years	4,015	1,770	2,245
85 years and over	4,575	1,735	2,840
85 to 89 years	2,575	1,065	1,510
90 to 94 years	1,450	525	925
95 to 99 years	460	115	345
100 years and over	90	25	65
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.8	16.0	13.7
15 to 64 years	59.8	60.3	59.3
65 years and over	25.4	23.7	27.0
85 years and over	3.8	3.1	4.5
Average age of the population	45.7	44.3	47.0
Median age of the population	47.6	46.4	49.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	47,405	...	...
Single-detached house	20,985	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,690	...	...
Row house	7,670	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	5,105	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	10,040	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,810	...	...
Other single-attached house	50	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	60	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	47,405	...	...
1 person	12,975	...	...
2 persons	16,650	...	...
3 persons	7,030	...	...
4 persons	6,845	...	...
5 or more persons	3,900	...	...
Number of persons in private households	116,810	55,710	61,100
Average household size	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	101,970	47,650	54,320
Married or living common-law	62,505	31,010	31,495
Married	55,655	27,585	28,070
Living common-law	6,850	3,430	3,420
Living common law - Never married	4,160	2,090	2,070
Living common law - Separated	310	180	130
Living common law - Divorced	2,120	1,040	1,085
Living common law - Widowed	260	120	140
Not married and not living common-law	39,465	16,640	22,830
Not married and not living common law - Never married	22,650	11,825	10,825
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,455	950	1,500
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	7,465	2,435	5,035
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	6,895	1,425	5,470
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	34,850	...	...
2 persons	18,345	...	...
3 persons	7,370	...	...
4 persons	6,935	...	...
5 or more persons	2,205	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	34,850	...	...
Total couple families	29,960	...	...
Married couples	26,535	...	...
With children⁶	13,730	...	...
Without children	12,805	...	...
Common-law couples	3,425	...	...
With children⁶	1,030	...	...
Without children	2,390	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,890	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,925	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	970	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	116,815	55,715	61,100
Total - Persons in census families	98,055	48,390	49,665
Married spouses or common-law partners	59,920	29,955	29,960
Parents in one-parent families	4,890	970	3,920
Children⁶	33,240	17,470	15,775
In a two-parent family	26,235	13,780	12,455
In a one-parent family	7,010	3,685	3,320
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	18,760	7,325	11,440
Living alone	12,975	4,735	8,245
Living with other relatives⁷	2,480	870	1,610
Living with non-relatives only	3,305	1,715	1,590
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	47,405	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	29,465	...	...
Couple-family households	25,650	...	...
With children⁶	12,455	...	...
Without children	13,190	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,815	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,855	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	475	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,420	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,210	...	...
One-person households	12,975	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	99,135	46,620	52,510
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	95,835	45,000	50,835
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000	53,200	38,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	95,955	45,065	50,890
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	47,200	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	88,185	41,810	46,370
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	48,800	28,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	63,065	31,530	31,540
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	50,400	31,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	76,905	33,405	43,505
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,200	10,600	11,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	5,920	2,315	3,600
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,560	5,360	5,840
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	23,825	10,875	12,955
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	99,005	46,540	52,465
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	95,680	44,805	50,875
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	63,600	78,300	50,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	95,800	44,880	50,925
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,450	61,400	42,680
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	88,255	41,725	46,530
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	59,050	75,500	44,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	63,015	31,535	31,475
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,450	70,700	44,160
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	76,720	33,115	43,600
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,370	10,870	11,760
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	5,805	2,200	3,600
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,000	5,590	7,860
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	23,790	10,840	12,950
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,400	9,160	9,610
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	99,005	46,540	52,465
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	28,585	16,315	12,275
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	73,000	82,000	63,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	90,700	103,400	73,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,155	10,835	14,320
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,800	20,200	16,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,360	41,760	27,000
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	85.6	89.8	80.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	59.5	63.6	54.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	14.3	10.3	19.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.5	3.4	6.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.7	2.8	4.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	99,135	46,625	52,510
Without total income	3,300	1,625	1,680
With total income	95,830	45,000	50,835
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,575	4,050	5,520
$10,000 to $19,999	10,560	4,160	6,400
$20,000 to $29,999	13,745	5,355	8,395
$30,000 to $39,999	10,405	4,065	6,340
$40,000 to $49,999	9,195	3,780	5,415
$50,000 to $59,999	7,800	3,350	4,450
$60,000 to $69,999	6,405	3,110	3,290
$70,000 to $79,999	5,185	2,670	2,515
$80,000 to $89,999	4,360	2,455	1,905
$90,000 to $99,999	3,605	2,005	1,605
$100,000 and over	15,000	10,005	5,000
$100,000 to $149,999	8,750	5,465	3,285
$150,000 and over	6,250	4,540	1,710
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	99,135	46,625	52,510
Without after-tax income	3,180	1,560	1,625
With after-tax income	95,960	45,070	50,890
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,335	4,330	6,005
$10,000 to $19,999	11,060	4,340	6,720
$20,000 to $29,999	15,050	5,920	9,130
$30,000 to $39,999	11,930	4,745	7,185
$40,000 to $49,999	10,615	4,440	6,170
$50,000 to $59,999	8,610	4,075	4,535
$60,000 to $69,999	6,700	3,540	3,155
$70,000 to $79,999	5,205	2,880	2,325
$80,000 to $89,999	4,065	2,380	1,685
$90,000 to $99,999	2,820	1,760	1,060
$100,000 and over	9,570	6,655	2,915
$100,000 to $124,999	4,245	2,780	1,465
$125,000 and over	5,320	3,870	1,450
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	99,135	46,625	52,510
Without employment income	36,070	15,095	20,975
With employment income	63,070	31,530	31,540
Under $5,000 (including loss)	10,215	4,660	5,560
$5,000 to $9,999	5,270	2,220	3,050
$10,000 to $19,999	6,875	2,900	3,975
$20,000 to $29,999	5,015	2,140	2,875
$30,000 to $39,999	4,450	1,815	2,640
$40,000 to $49,999	4,405	1,955	2,455
$50,000 to $59,999	4,445	2,020	2,425
$60,000 to $69,999	3,765	1,900	1,865
$70,000 to $79,999	3,090	1,660	1,430
$80,000 to $89,999	2,775	1,605	1,175
$90,000 to $99,999	2,550	1,435	1,115
$100,000 and over	10,215	7,225	2,995
$100,000 to $124,999	3,945	2,530	1,410
$125,000 and over	6,270	4,690	1,580
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	99,135	46,620	52,510
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	92,965	43,535	49,430
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400	53,200	35,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	93,205	43,575	49,630
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	46,400	32,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	86,905	41,110	45,795
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	50,400	30,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	65,820	32,500	33,320
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	48,800	30,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	62,165	25,295	36,865
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,700	7,800	7,650
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	3,965	1,415	2,555
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,800	4,920	6,600
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	99,005	46,540	52,465
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	93,005	43,585	49,420
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	62,500	78,300	48,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	93,265	43,630	49,630
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,360	61,450	40,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	86,925	41,155	45,770
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,500	77,500	45,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	65,850	32,510	33,340
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	55,900	69,300	42,840
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	62,280	25,260	37,015
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,910	8,870	8,940
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,930	1,405	2,525
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,820	6,335	8,650
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	99,005	46,540	52,465
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	28,360	16,175	12,185
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,000	77,500	59,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	86,300	98,600	69,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,730	10,210	13,515
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,800	27,400	22,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	39,800	49,400	32,560
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.4	93.4	86.2
Employment income (%)	63.3	66.0	59.5
Government transfers (%)	9.5	6.6	13.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.5	0.3	0.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	47,410	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	12,975	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	34,430	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	47,365	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	128,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	104,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	12,950	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	65,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	34,415	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	152,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	123,200	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	47,410	...	...
Under $5,000	600	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	285	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	400	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	785	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,605	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,460	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,320	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,495	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,570	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,515	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,045	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,005	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,835	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,635	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,470	...	...
$100,000 and over	22,380	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,075	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,115	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,590	...	...
$200,000 and over	7,600	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	47,410	...	...
Under $5,000	825	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	295	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	435	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	815	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,685	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,610	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,520	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,735	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,855	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,770	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,555	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,475	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,220	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,960	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,675	...	...
$100,000 and over	18,980	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,515	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,140	...	...
$150,000 and over	9,330	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	33,680	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	13,550	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	14,780	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	128,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,465	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	16,280	6,450	9,835
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,200	48,400	43,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,800	43,200	39,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	33,760	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	150,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	122,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,585	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	137,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	14,760	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	182,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	146,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,530	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	87,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	15,975	6,295	9,685
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	62,050	71,200	56,050
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,520	54,700	47,840
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	116,815	55,710	61,105
0 to 17 years	21,565	11,130	10,435
0 to 5 years	6,175	3,175	3,000
18 to 64 years	67,295	31,960	35,335
65 years and over	27,955	12,620	15,340
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	12,960	5,725	7,235
0 to 17 years	2,875	1,495	1,380
0 to 5 years	720	365	355
18 to 64 years	7,255	3,195	4,060
65 years and over	2,825	1,030	1,800
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.1	10.3	11.8
0 to 17 years (%)	13.3	13.5	13.2
0 to 5 years (%)	11.7	11.5	11.8
18 to 64 years (%)	10.8	10.0	11.5
65 years and over (%)	10.1	8.1	11.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	116,745	55,675	61,065
0 to 17 years	21,550	11,130	10,425
0 to 5 years	6,170	3,170	2,995
18 to 64 years	67,255	31,940	35,315
65 years and over	27,940	12,615	15,325
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	6,155	2,905	3,250
0 to 17 years	1,430	740	685
0 to 5 years	310	165	150
18 to 64 years	4,070	1,885	2,180
65 years and over	660	275	385
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.3	5.2	5.3
0 to 17 years (%)	6.6	6.7	6.6
0 to 5 years (%)	5.1	5.1	5.1
18 to 64 years (%)	6.1	5.9	6.2
65 years and over (%)	2.4	2.2	2.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	116,815	55,710	61,105
In bottom half of the distribution	47,305	21,430	25,875
In bottom decile	11,765	5,355	6,405
In second decile	9,140	3,985	5,155
In third decile	8,460	3,815	4,645
In fourth decile	8,685	3,990	4,695
In fifth decile	9,260	4,285	4,975
In top half of the distribution	69,505	34,280	35,225
In sixth decile	9,750	4,630	5,120
In seventh decile	11,235	5,440	5,800
In eighth decile	12,110	5,935	6,170
In ninth decile	14,845	7,385	7,460
In top decile	21,570	10,895	10,680
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	116,815	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.386	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.473	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.341	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	117,520	56,015	61,510
English only	105,165	50,700	54,465
French only	30	15	15
English and French	8,145	3,500	4,650
Neither English nor French	4,180	1,805	2,375
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	117,520	56,015	61,510
English	111,820	53,545	58,275
French	1,090	465	620
English and French	520	245	280
Neither English nor French	4,100	1,765	2,330
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	117,520	56,015	61,510
Single responses	113,070	53,915	59,155
Official languages	77,245	37,470	39,770
English	76,140	36,995	39,145
French	1,100	480	620
Non-official languages	35,825	16,440	19,385
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	0	10
Algonquian languages	0	0	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	0	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	5
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	5	0	5
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	35,810	16,435	19,375
Afro-Asiatic languages	440	215	220
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	5	10	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	5	10	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	430	210	225
Amharic	5	0	0
Arabic	375	180	195
Aramaic languages	20	5	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	5	5
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	25	10	10
Maltese	5	0	5
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	205	90	115
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	0	5
Vietnamese	200	90	110
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,125	380	750
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	5	15
Cebuano	30	15	20
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	15	5	10
Ilocano	50	15	35
Indonesian	60	25	30
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	5	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	5
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	915	305	610
Waray-Waray	5	0	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Creole languages	20	10	10
Haitian Creole	0	5	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	5	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Dravidian languages	180	95	80
Kannada	10	5	5
Malayalam	60	35	30
Tamil	65	35	35
Telugu	35	20	15
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	15,565	7,290	8,280
Albanian	25	10	15
Armenian	40	20	20
Balto-Slavic languages	2,270	970	1,300
Baltic languages	25	10	15
Latvian	10	5	5
Lithuanian	10	0	10
Slavic languages	2,250	965	1,280
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	50	25	25
Czech	200	75	130
Macedonian	5	5	0
Polish	430	185	245
Russian	745	310	430
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	440	220	220
Bosnian	25	10	10
Croatian	200	100	100
Serbian	210	105	100
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Slovak	70	30	40
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	10	15
Ukrainian	280	105	170
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	15	0	10
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0
Welsh	5	0	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,455	1,075	1,375
Frisian	5	0	5
High German languages	1,570	685	885
German	1,530	675	860
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	30	10	20
Yiddish	10	5	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	585	265	320
Afrikaans	105	45	65
Dutch	445	205	240
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	20	10	15
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	0
Scandinavian languages	290	125	165
Danish	170	85	85
Icelandic	5	0	5
Norwegian	55	15	40
Swedish	60	20	35
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Greek	165	85	80
Indo-Iranian languages	8,450	4,105	4,340
Indo-Aryan languages	8,085	3,935	4,155
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	50	20	30
Gujarati	165	80	85
Hindi	715	335	380
Kacchi	35	10	25
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	5	5	5
Marathi	30	15	15
Nepali	20	10	15
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,540	3,200	3,340
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	10	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	30	15	15
Urdu	480	235	245
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Iranian languages	360	170	190
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	10	5	5
Parsi	5	5	0
Pashto	25	15	15
Persian languages	315	150	170
Dari	75	30	35
Iranian Persian	220	110	110
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	5	20
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,150	1,010	1,140
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	400	225	180
Portuguese	370	170	195
Romanian	210	95	115
Spanish	1,170	520	650
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	345	115	225
Korean	1,470	650	820
Mongolian	5	0	5
Niger-Congo languages	95	40	55
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	5	5	0
Éwé	5	5	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	5	5	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	5
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	10	5	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	20	5	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	5	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	20	15	15
American Sign Language	20	15	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	15,745	7,290	8,455
Chinese languages	15,710	7,275	8,435
Hakka	35	15	20
Mandarin	13,410	6,165	7,240
Min Dong	5	0	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	475	225	250
Wu (Shanghainese)	95	50	50
Yue (Cantonese)	1,625	785	840
Chinese, n.o.s.	55	25	35
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	35	10	25
Burmese	10	0	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	25	10	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	55	10	50
Lao	5	0	5
Thai	50	10	40
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	155	75	80
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	5	5	0
Turkish	130	65	70
Uyghur	20	5	10
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Uralic languages	375	160	210
Estonian	50	25	25
Finnish	85	35	50
Hungarian	240	105	135
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	4,455	2,100	2,355
English and French	325	150	175
English and non-official language(s)	3,580	1,725	1,855
French and non-official language(s)	40	15	25
English, French and non-official language(s)	90	40	50
Multiple non-official languages	420	175	250
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	117,520	56,015	61,510
English	80,045	38,605	41,440
French	160	75	90
Non-official language	12,490	5,750	6,745
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	12,490	5,745	6,745
English and French	925	385	535
English and non-official language(s)	22,470	10,555	11,915
French and non-official language(s)	15	5	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	635	260	375
Multiple non-official languages	785	385	405
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	117,520	56,015	61,510
Single responses	112,840	53,800	59,040
Official languages	90,795	43,475	47,325
English	90,545	43,360	47,175
French	255	110	145
Non-official languages	22,040	10,325	11,715
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	22,040	10,325	11,715
Afro-Asiatic languages	180	80	105
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	180	80	105
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	165	75	95
Aramaic languages	5	5	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	5	0	10
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	105	50	55
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	100	50	55
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	410	180	230
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Cebuano	15	10	5
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	15	10	10
Indonesian	10	5	5
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	350	150	200
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Creole languages	15	10	5
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	90	55	40
Kannada	10	5	5
Malayalam	30	20	10
Tamil	45	25	20
Telugu	10	5	5
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	7,015	3,350	3,665
Albanian	10	5	10
Armenian	15	10	5
Balto-Slavic languages	890	405	490
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	890	400	490
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	20	5	10
Czech	45	20	25
Macedonian	5	5	5
Polish	120	55	70
Russian	450	200	245
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	155	80	80
Bosnian	5	5	5
Croatian	45	20	20
Serbian	110	55	55
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	20	5	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	75	30	45
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	220	100	125
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	140	60	85
German	140	55	85
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	70	30	35
Afrikaans	40	20	25
Dutch	25	15	10
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	5
Danish	10	5	5
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	5	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	50	20	30
Indo-Iranian languages	4,945	2,405	2,545
Indo-Aryan languages	4,765	2,315	2,450
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	15	10	5
Gujarati	45	20	20
Hindi	335	160	175
Kacchi	10	5	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	20	10	10
Nepali	15	10	10
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,945	1,940	2,010
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	5	5
Urdu	360	165	190
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	180	85	95
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	5	0	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	10	5	0
Persian languages	165	80	90
Dari	40	15	20
Iranian Persian	110	55	60
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	5	10
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	885	415	465
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	45	20	25
Portuguese	165	75	90
Romanian	110	50	60
Spanish	560	270	290
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	150	70	85
Korean	1,135	515	620
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	25	10	20
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	5	5	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	5	0	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	5	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	45	25	20
American Sign Language	40	25	20
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	12,665	5,900	6,765
Chinese languages	12,655	5,895	6,755
Hakka	10	5	5
Mandarin	11,265	5,225	6,040
Min Dong	5	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	290	140	155
Wu (Shanghainese)	80	35	40
Yue (Cantonese)	970	470	500
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	15	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	5	5
Burmese	5	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	10	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	0	10
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	10	0	5
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	90	40	55
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	80	35	45
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	90	40	50
Estonian	10	10	5
Finnish	20	10	10
Hungarian	60	25	35
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	4,685	2,215	2,470
English and French	140	55	90
English and non-official language(s)	4,330	2,065	2,265
French and non-official language(s)	10	5	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	20	25
Multiple non-official languages	155	70	85
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	117,520	56,015	61,510
None	96,685	46,330	50,350
English	7,945	3,810	4,135
French	840	355	485
Non-official language	9,665	4,435	5,230
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	5
Non-Indigenous	9,655	4,435	5,220
English and French	75	35	45
English and non-official language(s)	975	450	530
French and non-official language(s)	345	145	205
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	5	5
Multiple non-official languages	975	450	525
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	116,610	55,565	61,040
Official languages	112,595	53,850	58,745
English	112,575	53,845	58,725
French	8,220	3,425	4,795
Non-official languages	45,580	20,895	24,685
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	10	10
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	10	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	45,565	20,885	24,680
Afro-Asiatic languages	830	415	420
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	25	15	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	25	15	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	815	400	415
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	675	340	340
Aramaic languages	55	15	40
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	10	25
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	25	15	15
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	105	50	45
Maltese	15	0	10
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	230	95	135
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	220	95	125
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,745	615	1,130
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	10	20
Cebuano	80	35	45
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	30	0	25
Ilocano	75	20	55
Indonesian	80	30	45
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	60	25	30
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,570	545	1,025
Waray-Waray	10	0	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	80	35	45
Creole languages	70	35	40
Haitian Creole	55	20	40
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	15	10	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	10	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	295	155	140
Kannada	45	25	25
Malayalam	95	50	45
Tamil	150	75	75
Telugu	60	40	20
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	22,325	10,425	11,905
Albanian	25	0	15
Armenian	50	30	25
Balto-Slavic languages	2,795	1,220	1,575
Baltic languages	10	0	10
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	10	0	10
Slavic languages	2,790	1,220	1,570
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	70	40	30
Czech	285	105	175
Macedonian	20	10	10
Polish	490	190	300
Russian	1,190	525	660
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	550	270	285
Bosnian	50	25	25
Croatian	330	180	145
Serbian	285	125	165
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Slovak	75	20	55
Slovene (Slovenian)	50	15	40
Ukrainian	385	170	215
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	35	0	30
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	10
Welsh	20	0	20
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	3,505	1,590	1,915
Frisian	10	0	10
High German languages	2,275	1,065	1,215
German	2,245	1,050	1,200
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	40	20	20
Yiddish	10	0	10
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	845	385	460
Afrikaans	285	145	140
Dutch	535	235	300
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	25	10	20
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	10	0
Scandinavian languages	495	205	280
Danish	225	90	130
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	70	20	50
Swedish	215	100	110
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	290	145	145
Indo-Iranian languages	11,685	5,725	5,960
Indo-Aryan languages	11,365	5,550	5,815
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	115	60	50
Gujarati	340	170	170
Hindi	3,190	1,485	1,700
Kacchi	70	30	40
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	30	15	15
Marathi	60	25	35
Nepali	0	0	0
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	9,215	4,535	4,685
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	25	15	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	65	30	35
Urdu	830	425	410
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	45	30	15
Iranian languages	375	200	170
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	15	0	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	40	25	15
Persian languages	345	185	160
Dari	65	35	30
Iranian Persian	250	135	110
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	15	25
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,530	2,020	2,510
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	885	435	450
Portuguese	590	260	325
Romanian	320	125	200
Spanish	3,000	1,330	1,670
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	665	295	375
Korean	1,650	750	905
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	255	120	135
Akan (Twi)	10	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	10	10	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	10
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	10	10	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	100	50	50
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	65	25	40
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	0	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	160	75	90
American Sign Language	135	60	75
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	17,820	8,195	9,620
Chinese languages	17,790	8,185	9,605
Hakka	80	45	35
Mandarin	16,425	7,540	8,885
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	930	425	500
Wu (Shanghainese)	170	75	95
Yue (Cantonese)	2,435	1,070	1,365
Chinese, n.o.s.	50	20	30
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	30	15	20
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	20	10	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	75	30	45
Lao	15	0	15
Thai	60	25	30
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	200	95	105
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	170	75	90
Uyghur	25	10	10
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	460	190	265
Estonian	30	15	15
Finnish	115	55	65
Hungarian	315	125	185
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	116,610	55,570	61,045
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	2,475	1,195	1,280
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	2,385	1,150	1,235
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,135	595	545
Métis	1,215	545	665
Inuk (Inuit)	30	10	20
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	55	25	30
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	35	15	15
Non-Indigenous identity	114,135	54,370	59,765
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	116,610	55,570	61,045
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	655	315	340
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	115,950	55,250	60,705
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	47,365	...	...
Owner	36,285	...	...
Renter	11,065	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	15	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	47,365	...	...
Condominium	13,180	...	...
Not condominium	34,190	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	47,365	...	...
No bedrooms	150	...	...
1 bedroom	4,965	...	...
2 bedrooms	13,675	...	...
3 bedrooms	12,900	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	15,675	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	47,365	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	13,430	...	...
5 rooms	7,600	...	...
6 rooms	6,390	...	...
7 rooms	5,450	...	...
8 or more rooms	14,485	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	47,365	...	...
One person or fewer per room	46,630	...	...
More than one person per room	740	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	47,365	...	...
Suitable	45,770	...	...
Not suitable	1,600	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	47,365	...	...
1960 or before	2,170	...	...
1961 to 1980	8,375	...	...
1981 to 1990	9,230	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,240	...	...
2001 to 2005	3,555	...	...
2006 to 2010	4,735	...	...
2011 to 2015	5,080	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	6,985	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	47,365	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	45,800	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,565	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	47,365	...	...
One-maintainer household	22,920	...	...
Two-maintainer household	21,965	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,480	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	47,365	...	...
15 to 24 years	475	...	...
25 to 34 years	3,950	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,760	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,180	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,690	...	...
65 to 74 years	9,335	...	...
75 to 84 years	5,710	...	...
85 years and over	2,270	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	47,020	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	33,590	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	13,430	...	...
30% to less than 100%	11,060	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	47,365	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	15,625	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	12,530	...	...
Not suitable only	1,155	...	...
Major repairs needed only	980	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	370	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	515	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	60	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	10	...	...
Acceptable housing	31,745	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	44,645	...	...
In core need	6,495	...	...
Not in core need	38,150	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	36,145	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	55.4	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	24.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	10.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,440	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,002	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,150,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,316,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	11,050	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	43.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	29.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,600	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,858	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	15	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	0.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	x	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	280	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	116,610	55,570	61,040
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	525	250	275
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	495	240	255
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	310	150	160
Métis single ancestry	185	90	90
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	30	10	20
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	20	10	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	2,500	1,265	1,235
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	2,390	1,210	1,180
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,560	840	725
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	805	360	450
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	10	15
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	110	60	50
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	100	55	50
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	113,585	54,055	59,535
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	116,610	55,570	61,040
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	103,440	49,410	54,025
Canadian citizens aged under 18	19,445	9,975	9,475
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	83,995	39,440	44,555
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	13,170	6,160	7,015
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	116,610	55,570	61,040
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	75,375	36,755	38,620
Immigrants⁸¹	39,060	17,775	21,280
Before 1980	8,960	4,055	4,905
1980 to 1990	3,700	1,670	2,030
1991 to 2000	6,450	2,970	3,480
2001 to 2010	9,405	4,250	5,155
2011 to 2021⁸²	10,545	4,830	5,715
2011 to 2015	5,400	2,495	2,910
2016 to 2021	5,140	2,335	2,805
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,175	1,035	1,135
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	39,060	17,775	21,285
Under 5 years	3,415	1,630	1,785
5 to 14 years	6,800	3,385	3,410
15 to 24 years	7,060	3,005	4,050
25 to 44 years	17,325	7,625	9,695
45 years and over	4,460	2,120	2,345
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	39,060	17,775	21,285
Americas	3,195	1,465	1,730
Brazil	130	70	60
Colombia	145	55	90
El Salvador	105	40	60
Guyana	40	15	20
Haiti	30	0	20
Jamaica	105	65	40
Mexico	400	190	210
Peru	70	40	35
Trinidad and Tobago	105	45	60
United States of America	1,615	705	910
Other places of birth in Americas	435	215	220
Europe	9,735	4,520	5,215
Bosnia and Herzegovina	70	45	25
Croatia	160	75	85
France	150	60	90
Germany	900	430	470
Greece	95	55	40
Hungary	170	60	115
Italy	320	170	150
Netherlands	415	215	200
Poland	365	150	220
Portugal	145	65	80
Romania	265	95	170
Russian Federation	430	165	265
Serbia⁸⁶	125	40	80
Ukraine	310	150	160
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,400	2,110	2,290
Other places of birth in Europe	1,410	635	775
Africa	1,370	685	685
Algeria	15	10	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	10	0
Egypt	110	60	50
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	15	10	0
Nigeria	50	15	30
Somalia	35	30	10
South Africa, Republic of	520	235	285
Other places of birth in Africa	595	305	290
Asia	24,155	10,835	13,315
Afghanistan	60	25	35
Iran⁸⁸	235	115	120
Iraq	140	70	70
Lebanon	70	30	40
Syria⁸⁹	85	30	55
Turkey	50	25	30
China⁹⁰	11,070	4,955	6,120
Hong Kong⁹¹	810	420	395
Korea, South⁹²	1,170	550	620
Taiwan	1,720	760	965
Philippines	1,530	550	980
Viet Nam	230	95	140
Bangladesh	50	20	30
India	5,355	2,520	2,835
Pakistan	415	195	225
Sri Lanka	85	55	30
Other places of birth in Asia	1,070	435	640
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	610	270	340
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,140	2,335	2,805
Americas	470	265	205
Brazil	65	35	30
Colombia	15	0	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	10	10	0
Mexico	60	40	20
United States of America	275	160	120
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Americas	35	15	25
Europe	420	205	215
France	20	10	10
Germany	15	0	15
Ireland⁹⁶	20	0	10
Italy	20	0	15
Russian Federation	70	20	45
Ukraine	65	40	25
United Kingdom⁸⁷	105	65	40
Other places of birth in Europe	115	60	60
Africa	155	70	85
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	0	0	0
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	10	0	0
Nigeria	20	10	10
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	55	20	35
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	40	15	20
Asia	4,040	1,760	2,275
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	2,500	1,090	1,405
Hong Kong⁹¹	65	25	40
India	645	310	330
Iran⁸⁸	10	10	0
Iraq	40	15	25
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	45	15	30
Jordan	15	10	10
Korea, South⁹²	135	60	75
Lebanon	0	0	0
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	30	15	15
Philippines	310	115	195
Saudi Arabia	10	0	0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	30	0	20
Turkey	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	25	15	15
Viet Nam	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Asia	120	40	75
Oceania and other⁹³	60	40	20
Australia	50	25	20
Other places of birth⁹⁸	15	15	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	116,610	55,570	61,045
First generation¹⁰⁰	42,900	19,600	23,295
Second generation¹⁰¹	28,845	14,040	14,805
Third generation or more¹⁰²	44,865	21,925	22,940
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	30,100	13,715	16,380
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	20,260	9,595	10,660
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	7,365	4,560	2,805
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	12,895	5,040	7,855
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	8,370	3,390	4,975
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,315	650	665
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	160	85	75
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	30,100	13,715	16,380
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	540	285	250
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,885	1,335	1,545
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,270	620	645
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,710	800	915
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	160	55	105
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	23,535	10,620	12,920
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	116,610	55,570	61,045
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	44,080	20,840	23,245
South Asian	14,095	7,005	7,090
Chinese	19,045	8,880	10,165
Black	1,325	700	625
Filipino	2,460	965	1,490
Arab	580	270	305
Latin American	1,195	545	650
Southeast Asian	680	310	370
West Asian	400	190	210
Korean	1,755	800	950
Japanese	945	440	510
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	345	130	210
Multiple visible minorities	1,255	590	665
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	72,525	34,730	37,800
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	116,610	55,565	61,040
Canadian	9,390	4,675	4,720
English	24,490	11,785	12,700
Irish	14,525	6,805	7,720
Scottish	17,395	8,270	9,115
French, n.o.s.¹²²	6,415	3,070	3,345
German	12,560	6,050	6,505
Chinese	17,185	7,950	9,230
Italian	3,385	1,610	1,770
Indian (India)	8,810	4,310	4,500
Ukrainian	5,320	2,600	2,725
Dutch	4,200	1,960	2,240
Polish	3,410	1,615	1,795
Québécois	120	65	55
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	5,655	2,680	2,970
Filipino	2,430	985	1,450
French Canadian	875	425	450
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,765	875	885
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	940	525	425
Métis	1,115	510	605
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,120	980	1,135
Russian	2,750	1,280	1,470
Norwegian	3,445	1,710	1,735
Welsh	2,365	1,040	1,325
Portuguese	885	475	410
American	1,585	775	810
Spanish	1,320	620	705
Swedish	2,525	1,065	1,460
Hungarian	1,155	540	615
Acadian	115	45	75
Pakistani	745	370	375
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	520	210	315
Jewish	655	335	320
Punjabi	2,820	1,360	1,460
Vietnamese	395	165	230
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	365	155	215
Greek	740	380	360
Jamaican	350	165	180
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,400	670	725
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	240	90	145
Korean	1,730	805	925
Romanian	715	285	425
Lebanese	265	125	140
Iranian	210	95	115
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	280	110	170
Danish	1,230	585	640
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	320	170	145
Sikh	2,070	1,030	1,040
Austrian	1,050	435	615
Belgian	420	190	230
Haitian	70	15	50
Hindu	470	250	215
Mexican	770	370	405
Mennonite	550	250	295
Swiss	485	250	235
Finnish	655	310	345
Sri Lankan	105	60	45
Croatian	705	375	330
Japanese	1,260	580	680
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	600	260	340
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	50	30	20
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	605	315	290
Muslim	210	100	110
Egyptian	165	75	90
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	175	85	90
Tamil	45	35	15
Icelandic	745	355	385
Colombian	150	55	95
Moroccan	30	15	15
Czech	545	275	265
Syrian	80	15	65
Guyanese	75	50	25
Afghan	130	65	65
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	95	45	50
Serbian	380	190	185
Ojibway	45	25	15
Newfoundlander	65	30	35
Hong Konger	350	165	190
Ontarian	35	15	20
Persian	205	125	80
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	135	65	75
Turkish	145	65	80
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	40	10	25
Bangladeshi	65	25	40
Algerian	25	0	15
Brazilian	180	85	95
Nigerian	50	25	20
Armenian	135	65	70
Slovak	290	135	160
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	255	85	170
Somali	30	25	10
Taiwanese	1,705	830	875
Iraqi	110	55	45
Salvadorean	165	50	110
African Caribbean	50	30	25
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	220	105	115
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	50	25	20
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	60	25	30
Algonquin	25	15	10
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	45	30	20
Lithuanian	140	70	70
South African	410	190	220
Australian	450	205	240
Palestinian	30	20	10
Chilean	140	60	80
Congolese	45	20	20
Nova Scotian	20	10	15
Ethiopian	0	0	0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	35	10	25
Peruvian	70	30	40
Yoruba	0	0	0
Cambodian (Khmer)	25	10	10
Berber	0	0	0
Albanian	50	20	30
Maltese	105	40	60
Macedonian	45	25	20
Slovenian	110	55	60
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	110	35	75
New Brunswicker	10	0	0
Gujarati	110	50	60
Eritrean	0	0	0
African Canadian	0	0	0
Israeli	55	15	40
Mohawk	35	30	10
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	140	80	60
Bulgarian	75	45	25
Albertan	110	55	60
Ghanaian	25	15	10
Barbadian	90	60	35
African American	135	95	40
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	160	90	75
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	120	45	75
Cuban	25	20	10
Bosnian	40	30	10
Venezuelan	95	40	55
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	140	60	80
Bengali	30	20	10
Cameroonian	0	0	0
Guatemalan	70	45	30
Indonesian	190	105	90
Laotian	0	0	0
Ilocano	25	15	10
Northern Irish	165	85	80
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	95	55	40
British Columbian	490	260	230
Ecuadorian	0	0	0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0
Argentinian	35	20	20
Estonian	185	85	105
Kurdish	15	0	0
Fijian	365	150	215
Jatt	185	90	90
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	40	20	20
Coptic	0	0	0
Thai	70	30	40
Dominican	0	0	0
Nepali	30	10	10
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Byelorussian	35	20	15
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	35	25	10
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	70	40	30
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0
New Zealander	200	100	100
Sudanese	0	0	0
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	20	0	15
Malaysian	100	60	40
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	95	45	50
Buddhist	35	15	20
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	10	0	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	45	20	20
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	10	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	0	0	0
Mauritian	20	15	0
Kenyan	50	30	20
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	10	0	10
Jordanian	55	30	20
Manitoban	40	30	15
Cape Bretoner	15	10	10
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	0	0	0
Malayali	0	0	0
Chaldean	55	25	30
Sinhalese	0	0	0
Mayan	20	10	10
Honduran	55	25	25
Cherokee	75	45	25
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0
Flemish	70	25	45
United Empire Loyalist	25	10	15
Senegalese	10	10	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Sicilian	25	25	0
Pashtun	0	0	0
Malay	80	40	40
Goan	0	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	45	20	20
Zimbabwean	30	20	10
Burmese	10	10	0
Mongolian	55	10	45
Azorean	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	25	0	20
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	20	0	15
Yemeni	0	0	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	25	20	10
Basque	10	0	10
Uruguayan	0	0	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	30	0	25
Igorot	30	10	25
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	35	20	15
Roma	0	0	0
Costa Rican	15	10	0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	50	10	35
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	20	15	10
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	116,610	55,570	61,045
Buddhist	1,500	655	845
Christian	43,870	19,170	24,700
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	12,305	5,605	6,700
Anabaptist	295	155	135
Anglican	3,950	1,660	2,290
Baptist	1,695	755	940
Catholic	13,400	5,860	7,545
Christian Orthodox	1,305	560	740
Jehovah's Witness	630	270	360
Latter Day Saints	180	65	115
Lutheran	1,465	630	835
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	65	30	35
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	645	265	375
Presbyterian	780	385	395
Reformed	155	70	80
United Church	4,140	1,605	2,535
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,860	1,250	1,610
Hindu	1,710	815	895
Jewish	555	235	310
Muslim	2,225	1,065	1,160
Sikh	9,410	4,700	4,705
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	40	10	25
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,010	425	585
No religion and secular perspectives	56,300	28,480	27,815
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	115,795	55,170	60,625
Non-movers	98,295	46,745	51,550
Movers	17,500	8,425	9,075
Non-migrants	9,905	4,835	5,065
Migrants	7,600	3,590	4,005
Internal migrants	5,955	2,785	3,170
Intraprovincial migrants	4,815	2,260	2,560
Interprovincial migrants	1,140	525	615
External migrants	1,640	805	840
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	111,690	53,020	58,670
Non-movers	59,015	27,835	31,180
Movers	52,680	25,190	27,490
Non-migrants	20,785	10,110	10,680
Migrants	31,890	15,080	16,810
Internal migrants	25,520	12,155	13,360
Intraprovincial migrants	21,300	10,150	11,150
Interprovincial migrants	4,220	2,005	2,210
External migrants	6,370	2,920	3,450
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	99,005	46,540	52,465
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	11,235	5,670	5,570
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	87,770	40,875	46,895
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	59,025	27,805	31,225
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,230	1,840	1,390
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	55,795	25,965	29,830
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	99,005	46,540	52,465
No certificate, diploma or degree	9,725	4,755	4,975
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	28,550	13,435	15,115
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	60,735	28,355	32,370
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	27,690	13,075	14,615
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	6,320	4,505	1,820
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,690	1,410	1,280
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,630	3,085	540
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	16,850	6,690	10,160
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,520	1,885	2,630
Bachelor's degree or higher	33,035	15,280	17,755
Bachelor's degree	20,630	9,405	11,225
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,830	1,150	1,680
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,200	660	535
Master's degree	7,385	3,490	3,900
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	990	575	415
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	59,030	27,805	31,225
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,605	1,465	1,140
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	13,725	6,915	6,805
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	42,705	19,425	23,275
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,990	8,495	9,495
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,850	2,775	1,075
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,670	895	780
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,175	1,880	300
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,970	4,380	6,595
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,170	1,345	1,820
Bachelor's degree or higher	24,710	10,930	13,780
Bachelor's degree	15,420	6,770	8,645
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,960	755	1,210
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	900	445	460
Master's degree	5,770	2,595	3,180
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	655	360	290
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	99,010	46,545	52,465
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	38,275	18,185	20,090
Education	5,085	1,030	4,060
13. Education	5,085	1,030	4,060
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,510	940	1,570
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	260	195	65
50. Visual and performing arts	2,250	745	1,505
Humanities	3,870	1,445	2,415
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	505	90	420
23. English language and literature/letters	980	285	695
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,395	545	855
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	85	60	25
38. Philosophy and religious studies	170	85	80
39. Theology and religious vocations	235	125	105
54. History	390	240	145
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	105	15	95
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,490	2,720	4,775
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	95	35	55
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	760	275	490
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	705	50	655
22. Legal professions and studies	1,265	440	820
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	135	55	75
42. Psychology	1,340	270	1,065
45. Social sciences	3,195	1,590	1,605
Business, management and public administration	14,450	6,535	7,920
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	460	70	395
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,975	6,460	7,515
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,550	1,330	1,220
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,010	440	565
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	690	345	345
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	65	30	30
40. Physical sciences	690	480	215
41. Science technologies/technicians	95	35	65
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,490	1,570	920
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,895	1,295	605
25. Library science	165	10	160
27. Mathematics and statistics	375	240	130
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	55	30	25
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,880	8,745	1,135
04. Architecture and related services	395	255	140
14. Engineering	3,395	2,765	630
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,830	1,575	260
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	2,130	2,090	35
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,300	1,275	25
48. Precision production	830	790	45
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,015	625	390
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	740	445	290
03. Natural resources and conservation	270	180	90
Health and related fields	8,620	2,030	6,590
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	670	330	335
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,595	1,500	6,095
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	10	15
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	335	190	150
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,770	1,390	1,375
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,530	335	1,195
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	15	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	0	0
43. Security and protective services	500	360	135
49. Transportation and materials moving	720	675	40
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	59,025	27,805	31,225
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	16,325	8,380	7,945
Education	2,885	520	2,370
13. Education	2,885	520	2,370
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,895	685	1,205
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	165	110	55
50. Visual and performing arts	1,725	575	1,150
Humanities	2,705	975	1,725
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	405	80	325
23. English language and literature/letters	665	210	455
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,015	370	640
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	60	45	20
38. Philosophy and religious studies	105	55	55
39. Theology and religious vocations	130	60	70
54. History	250	160	95
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	70	0	65
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,645	1,925	3,725
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	75	30	45
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	625	190	430
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	465	40	425
22. Legal professions and studies	995	320	670
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	85	25	55
42. Psychology	1,015	175	840
45. Social sciences	2,400	1,145	1,255
Business, management and public administration	10,805	4,670	6,135
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	325	50	265
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,475	4,615	5,855
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,750	875	875
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	730	315	415
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	460	215	250
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	55	30	25
40. Physical sciences	460	295	165
41. Science technologies/technicians	45	25	20
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,950	1,235	715
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,620	1,085	540
25. Library science	60	0	55
27. Mathematics and statistics	240	135	105
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	30	15	15
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,650	5,715	930
04. Architecture and related services	300	180	110
14. Engineering	2,535	1,995	540
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,125	935	190
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,425	1,390	35
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	770	745	25
48. Precision production	500	465	35
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	645	390	255
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	460	290	175
03. Natural resources and conservation	180	100	80
Health and related fields	5,870	1,490	4,385
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	550	265	285
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,080	1,115	3,965
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	15
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	225	100	125
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,895	945	955
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,015	225	790
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	405	285	125
49. Transportation and materials moving	475	435	40
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	59,025	27,805	31,225
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	16,325	8,380	7,945
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	42,700	19,425	23,280
Location of study inside Canada	28,925	13,230	15,695
Same as province or territory of residence	23,060	10,460	12,600
Different than province or territory of residence	5,865	2,765	3,095
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	13,775	6,190	7,580
Americas	2,500	1,265	1,235
United States of America	1,965	1,025	940
Mexico	200	70	125
Cuba	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	0	0	0
Brazil	105	55	50
Colombia	60	15	40
Peru	15	10	0
Venezuela⁹⁵	40	15	25
Other locations of study in Americas	115	65	50
Europe	2,185	1,105	1,080
Belgium	0	0	0
France	55	35	15
Germany	110	55	55
Netherlands	45	20	20
Switzerland	50	25	20
Hungary	35	10	25
Moldova¹⁸³	30	0	25
Poland	55	25	30
Romania	110	55	55
Russian Federation	200	105	95
Ukraine	175	80	100
Ireland⁹⁶	70	35	35
United Kingdom⁸⁷	960	505	450
Bosnia and Herzegovina	30	15	15
Italy	25	10	15
Serbia⁸⁶	30	15	15
Other locations of study in Europe	215	110	110
Africa	300	170	135
Nigeria	30	10	15
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	25	10	15
South Africa, Republic of	200	120	80
Other locations of study in Africa	45	30	20
Asia	8,490	3,490	4,995
Iran⁸⁸	80	25	60
Iraq	30	20	10
Israel	20	10	15
Lebanon	10	10	0
Syria⁸⁹	20	10	10
Turkey	35	10	20
China⁹⁰	4,715	2,020	2,695
Taiwan	475	145	320
Hong Kong⁹¹	105	50	55
Japan	135	30	100
Korea, South⁹²	470	165	310
Philippines	605	195	415
Viet Nam	0	0	0
Bangladesh	15	0	10
Sri Lanka	15	10	0
India	1,435	640	790
Pakistan	125	50	75
Other locations of study in Asia	200	110	95
Oceania	300	155	145
Australia	250	120	130
New Zealand	35	25	15
Other locations of study in Oceania	15	15	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	99,005	46,540	52,465
In the labour force	57,545	29,550	27,995
Employed	52,880	27,275	25,600
Unemployed	4,665	2,275	2,390
Not in the labour force	41,465	16,995	24,470
Participation rate	58.1	63.5	53.4
Employment rate	53.4	58.6	48.8
Unemployment rate	8.1	7.7	8.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	99,010	46,545	52,465
Did not work¹⁸⁶	41,230	17,050	24,180
Worked	57,780	29,495	28,280
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	30,185	17,380	12,800
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	27,600	12,120	15,480
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.8	42.1	39.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	57,545	29,550	27,990
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,285	635	650
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	56,255	28,915	27,340
Employee	42,680	20,905	21,770
Permanent position	36,075	18,080	17,995
Temporary position	6,605	2,830	3,775
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,115	810	1,305
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,490	2,015	2,475
Self-employed¹⁹²	13,575	8,005	5,570
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	57,545	29,550	27,990
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,285	635	650
All occupations¹⁹¹	56,255	28,915	27,340
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,400	1,110	295
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,425	3,790	7,635
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	4,140	3,250	885
3 Health occupations	4,435	1,165	3,275
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	7,435	2,500	4,930
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,600	1,100	1,495
6 Sales and service occupations	13,950	6,525	7,425
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	8,600	7,780	820
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	955	710	245
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,320	985	340
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	57,545	29,550	27,990
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,285	635	650
All industries¹⁹¹	56,255	28,915	27,340
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	710	385	320
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	175	150	25
22 Utilities	340	220	120
23 Construction	4,945	4,115	825
31-33 Manufacturing	3,060	2,140	920
41 Wholesale trade	2,665	1,710	950
44-45 Retail trade	6,145	3,115	3,025
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,235	2,310	925
51 Information and cultural industries	1,305	865	440
52 Finance and insurance	2,870	1,340	1,525
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,015	1,025	990
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,010	3,390	2,625
55 Management of companies and enterprises	175	95	85
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,070	1,110	955
61 Educational services	4,745	1,370	3,375
62 Health care and social assistance	6,410	1,345	5,060
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,390	660	735
72 Accommodation and food services	2,795	1,145	1,645
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,035	830	1,205
91 Public administration	3,170	1,595	1,570
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	62,380	31,665	30,715
English	55,390	28,200	27,190
French	75	10	65
Non-official language	1,400	725	680
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,400	725	680
English and French	465	140	325
English and non-official language(s)	4,960	2,535	2,425
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	35	15	20
Multiple non-official languages	55	30	20
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	62,380	31,665	30,715
Single responses	61,335	31,115	30,220
Official languages	58,570	29,750	28,820
English	58,440	29,730	28,710
French	125	20	115
Non-official languages	2,770	1,370	1,395
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,770	1,370	1,395
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	0	0	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	0	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	15	0	10
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	15	0	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	430	230	200
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	35	15	20
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	35	15	20
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	30	15	15
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	10	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	10	0	0
German	10	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	350	200	150
Indo-Aryan languages	350	200	150
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	350	200	150
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	40	10	30
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	35	10	25
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	45	20	30
Korean	80	50	35
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,180	1,070	1,115
Chinese languages	2,180	1,070	1,115
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	2,050	1,005	1,045
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	25	10	15
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	105	50	55
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,050	545	500
English and French	60	20	40
English and non-official language(s)	980	520	455
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	15	10	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	62,380	31,665	30,715
None	57,815	29,445	28,370
English	1,205	555	655
French	360	125	235
Non-official language	2,415	1,280	1,140
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	2,410	1,280	1,135
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	165	70	100
French and non-official language(s)	30	10	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	385	180	205
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	52,880	27,275	25,605
Worked at home	14,890	7,070	7,825
Worked outside Canada	620	400	220
No fixed workplace address	6,945	5,155	1,790
Usual place of work	30,420	14,655	15,765
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	30,420	14,655	15,765
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	14,535	6,315	8,225
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	15,020	7,835	7,175
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	730	420	310
Commute to a different province or territory	130	80	50
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	37,360	19,805	17,555
Car, truck or van	32,825	17,840	14,980
Car, truck or van - as a driver	30,760	17,090	13,665
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,065	755	1,315
Public transit	1,710	765	950
Walked	1,690	640	1,050
Bicycle	160	115	45
Other method	975	445	530
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	37,360	19,805	17,555
Less than 15 minutes	9,550	3,760	5,785
15 to 29 minutes	10,770	5,650	5,125
30 to 44 minutes	10,265	6,290	3,975
45 to 59 minutes	3,860	2,300	1,560
60 minutes and over	2,915	1,800	1,115
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	37,360	19,805	17,555
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,405	1,800	605
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,545	3,680	1,865
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,070	4,540	4,535
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,475	4,000	4,480
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,960	3,130	3,835
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,900	2,665	2,230
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	22,020	11,360	10,660
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,390	710	680
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	20,630	10,645	9,985
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	16,590	8,560	8,030
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,145	590	560
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	660	325	340
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	485	265	220
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,445	7,975	7,470

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
x
suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 2, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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