Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Steveston--Richmond EastMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	102,230	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	99,913	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Total private dwellings²	39,909	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	38,304	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,190.5	...	...	1,190.5	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	85.87	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	102,230	49,230	53,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14,000	7,265	6,740	13.7	14.8	12.7
0 to 4 years	4,235	2,260	1,975	4.1	4.6	3.7
5 to 9 years	4,885	2,520	2,365	4.8	5.1	4.5
10 to 14 years	4,885	2,485	2,400	4.8	5.0	4.5
15 to 64 years	68,295	32,725	35,570	66.8	66.5	67.1
15 to 19 years	5,285	2,730	2,555	5.2	5.5	4.8
20 to 24 years	6,145	3,220	2,930	6.0	6.5	5.5
25 to 29 years	6,875	3,505	3,375	6.7	7.1	6.4
30 to 34 years	6,975	3,465	3,515	6.8	7.0	6.6
35 to 39 years	6,865	3,330	3,540	6.7	6.8	6.7
40 to 44 years	6,580	3,090	3,490	6.4	6.3	6.6
45 to 49 years	6,495	2,905	3,595	6.4	5.9	6.8
50 to 54 years	7,395	3,295	4,100	7.2	6.7	7.7
55 to 59 years	8,065	3,695	4,370	7.9	7.5	8.2
60 to 64 years	7,605	3,500	4,110	7.4	7.1	7.8
65 years and over	19,935	9,245	10,685	19.5	18.8	20.2
65 to 69 years	6,680	3,160	3,520	6.5	6.4	6.6
70 to 74 years	5,490	2,625	2,870	5.4	5.3	5.4
75 to 79 years	3,335	1,590	1,740	3.3	3.2	3.3
80 to 84 years	2,230	1,010	1,220	2.2	2.1	2.3
85 years and over	2,195	865	1,335	2.1	1.8	2.5
85 to 89 years	1,370	600	770	1.3	1.2	1.5
90 to 94 years	640	205	435	0.6	0.4	0.8
95 to 99 years	150	50	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	35	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13.7	14.8	12.7	13.7	14.8	12.7
15 to 64 years	66.8	66.5	67.1	66.8	66.5	67.1
65 years and over	19.5	18.8	20.2	19.5	18.8	20.2
85 years and over	2.1	1.8	2.5	2.1	1.8	2.5
Average age of the population	43.2	42.0	44.3	43.2	42.0	44.3
Median age of the population	43.6	42.0	45.6	43.6	42.0	45.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	38,305	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	10,915	...	...	28.5	...	...
Semi-detached house	835	...	...	2.2	...	...
Row house	10,165	...	...	26.5	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	3,015	...	...	7.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	9,070	...	...	23.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	4,250	...	...	11.1	...	...
Other single-attached house	15	...	...	0.0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	40	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	38,305	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	9,210	...	...	24.0	...	...
2 persons	11,885	...	...	31.0	...	...
3 persons	7,180	...	...	18.7	...	...
4 persons	5,975	...	...	15.6	...	...
5 or more persons	4,060	...	...	10.6	...	...
Number of persons in private households	101,585	49,005	52,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	88,230	41,965	46,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	51,765	25,635	26,130	58.7	61.1	56.5
Married	47,480	23,500	23,980	53.8	56.0	51.8
Living common-law	4,285	2,135	2,150	4.9	5.1	4.6
Living common law - Never married	3,080	1,535	1,540	3.5	3.7	3.3
Living common law - Separated	170	90	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	970	475	490	1.1	1.1	1.1
Living common law - Widowed	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	36,460	16,325	20,135	41.3	38.9	43.5
Not married and not living common law - Never married	24,940	13,010	11,935	28.3	31.0	25.8
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,940	740	1,200	2.2	1.8	2.6
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,455	1,785	3,675	6.2	4.3	7.9
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,130	795	3,330	4.7	1.9	7.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	29,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	13,820	...	...	46.8	...	...
3 persons	7,695	...	...	26.1	...	...
4 persons	6,160	...	...	20.9	...	...
5 or more persons	1,830	...	...	6.2	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	29,510	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	24,710	...	...	83.7	...	...
Married couples	22,565	...	...	76.5	...	...
With children⁶	13,440	...	...	45.5	...	...
Without children	9,125	...	...	30.9	...	...
Common-law couples	2,145	...	...	7.3	...	...
With children⁶	660	...	...	2.2	...	...
Without children	1,485	...	...	5.0	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,800	...	...	16.3	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,905	...	...	13.2	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	895	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	101,585	49,005	52,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	85,010	41,905	43,105	83.7	85.5	82.0
Married spouses or common-law partners	49,415	24,680	24,735	48.6	50.4	47.0
Parents in one-parent families	4,800	895	3,905	4.7	1.8	7.4
Children⁶	30,795	16,330	14,470	30.3	33.3	27.5
In a two-parent family	24,045	12,790	11,260	23.7	26.1	21.4
In a one-parent family	6,745	3,540	3,205	6.6	7.2	6.1
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	16,575	7,100	9,475	16.3	14.5	18.0
Living alone	9,205	3,890	5,315	9.1	7.9	10.1
Living with other relatives⁷	3,520	1,175	2,350	3.5	2.4	4.5
Living with non-relatives only	3,845	2,035	1,810	3.8	4.2	3.4
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	38,305	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	23,020	...	...	60.1	...	...
Couple-family households	19,435	...	...	50.7	...	...
With children⁶	11,170	...	...	29.2	...	...
Without children	8,265	...	...	21.6	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,580	...	...	9.3	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,375	...	...	6.2	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	550	...	...	1.4	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,575	...	...	4.1	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,575	...	...	4.1	...	...
One-person households	9,205	...	...	24.0	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	87,590	41,745	45,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	84,740	40,345	44,395	96.7	96.6	96.8
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	39,200	32,800	35,600	39,200	32,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	84,760	40,360	44,405	96.8	96.7	96.9
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	35,600	30,800	32,800	35,600	30,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	75,135	36,100	39,040	85.8	86.5	85.2
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	29,000	35,200	23,600	29,000	35,200	23,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	58,810	29,320	29,490	67.1	70.2	64.3
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,400	40,000	29,200	34,400	40,000	29,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	72,390	32,840	39,545	82.6	78.7	86.3
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,100	8,200	9,800	9,100	8,200	9,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,840	3,330	4,505	9.0	8.0	9.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,480	5,520	5,520	5,480	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	26,660	12,730	13,930	30.4	30.5	30.4
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	10,000	10,500	10,000	10,000	10,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	87,680	41,805	45,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	84,890	40,355	44,540	96.8	96.5	97.1
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,880	55,100	41,320	47,880	55,100	41,320
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	84,905	40,355	44,550	96.8	96.5	97.1
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,840	45,800	36,360	40,840	45,800	36,360
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	75,255	36,045	39,210	85.8	86.2	85.5
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,800	52,550	35,760	43,800	52,550	35,760
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	58,920	29,435	29,480	67.2	70.4	64.3
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,120	53,850	38,440	46,120	53,850	38,440
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	72,670	32,800	39,875	82.9	78.5	86.9
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,560	10,030	10,990	10,560	10,030	10,990
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	7,725	3,300	4,425	8.8	7.9	9.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,510	6,080	6,830	6,510	6,080	6,830
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	26,850	12,750	14,100	30.6	30.5	30.7
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,250	10,120	10,370	10,250	10,120	10,370
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	87,680	41,805	45,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	26,200	14,475	11,720	29.9	34.6	25.5
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,000	66,500	57,200	62,000	66,500	57,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	74,900	83,300	64,500	74,900	83,300	64,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,685	11,155	13,530	28.2	26.7	29.5
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,000	17,600	15,100	16,000	17,600	15,100
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,920	27,800	22,540	24,920	27,800	22,540
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.2	85.2	76.2	81.2	85.2	76.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.8	71.2	61.6	66.8	71.2	61.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.9	14.8	23.8	18.9	14.8	23.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.9	1.6	1.2	0.9	1.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	8.2	6.9	9.8	8.2	6.9	9.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.8	5.8	7.9	6.8	5.8	7.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	87,590	41,745	45,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	2,850	1,400	1,450	3.3	3.4	3.2
With total income	84,745	40,350	44,395	96.8	96.7	96.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,815	4,760	6,055	12.8	11.8	13.6
$10,000 to $19,999	11,135	4,965	6,170	13.1	12.3	13.9
$20,000 to $29,999	14,040	6,060	7,975	16.6	15.0	18.0
$30,000 to $39,999	11,045	4,790	6,255	13.0	11.9	14.1
$40,000 to $49,999	8,985	4,050	4,935	10.6	10.0	11.1
$50,000 to $59,999	6,875	3,240	3,635	8.1	8.0	8.2
$60,000 to $69,999	5,140	2,600	2,535	6.1	6.4	5.7
$70,000 to $79,999	3,895	2,145	1,755	4.6	5.3	4.0
$80,000 to $89,999	3,215	1,780	1,440	3.8	4.4	3.2
$90,000 to $99,999	2,330	1,325	1,010	2.7	3.3	2.3
$100,000 and over	7,265	4,635	2,630	8.6	11.5	5.9
$100,000 to $149,999	5,005	3,060	1,940	5.9	7.6	4.4
$150,000 and over	2,260	1,575	690	2.7	3.9	1.6
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	87,590	41,745	45,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	2,830	1,385	1,445	3.2	3.3	3.2
With after-tax income	84,765	40,360	44,400	96.8	96.7	96.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	11,070	4,860	6,210	13.1	12.0	14.0
$10,000 to $19,999	11,515	5,135	6,385	13.6	12.7	14.4
$20,000 to $29,999	15,740	6,840	8,900	18.6	16.9	20.0
$30,000 to $39,999	12,495	5,565	6,930	14.7	13.8	15.6
$40,000 to $49,999	9,820	4,470	5,355	11.6	11.1	12.1
$50,000 to $59,999	7,145	3,550	3,595	8.4	8.8	8.1
$60,000 to $69,999	5,045	2,775	2,270	6.0	6.9	5.1
$70,000 to $79,999	3,680	2,025	1,655	4.3	5.0	3.7
$80,000 to $89,999	2,630	1,545	1,080	3.1	3.8	2.4
$90,000 to $99,999	1,690	1,005	685	2.0	2.5	1.5
$100,000 and over	3,930	2,595	1,335	4.6	6.4	3.0
$100,000 to $124,999	2,080	1,295	780	2.5	3.2	1.8
$125,000 and over	1,850	1,295	550	2.2	3.2	1.2
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	87,590	41,745	45,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	28,780	12,425	16,360	32.9	29.8	35.7
With employment income	58,805	29,320	29,485	67.1	70.2	64.3
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,730	3,975	4,755	14.8	13.6	16.1
$5,000 to $9,999	5,825	2,505	3,315	9.9	8.5	11.2
$10,000 to $19,999	7,370	3,305	4,070	12.5	11.3	13.8
$20,000 to $29,999	5,245	2,435	2,805	8.9	8.3	9.5
$30,000 to $39,999	5,175	2,480	2,695	8.8	8.5	9.1
$40,000 to $49,999	5,385	2,470	2,910	9.2	8.4	9.9
$50,000 to $59,999	4,615	2,320	2,290	7.8	7.9	7.8
$60,000 to $69,999	3,685	1,975	1,710	6.3	6.7	5.8
$70,000 to $79,999	2,940	1,650	1,285	5.0	5.6	4.4
$80,000 to $89,999	2,460	1,450	1,005	4.2	4.9	3.4
$90,000 to $99,999	1,845	1,070	780	3.1	3.6	2.6
$100,000 and over	5,545	3,685	1,860	9.4	12.6	6.3
$100,000 to $124,999	2,730	1,720	1,010	4.6	5.9	3.4
$125,000 and over	2,815	1,965	845	4.8	6.7	2.9
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	87,590	41,745	45,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	82,145	39,010	43,140	93.8	93.4	94.1
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,800	37,600	29,200	32,800	37,600	29,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	82,325	39,065	43,260	94.0	93.6	94.4
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,200	34,000	27,200	30,200	34,000	27,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	74,570	35,870	38,700	85.1	85.9	84.4
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,000	38,000	27,800	32,000	38,000	27,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	60,395	29,890	30,500	69.0	71.6	66.5
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	40,400	31,200	35,600	40,400	31,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	57,870	24,545	33,325	66.1	58.8	72.7
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,480	1,380	3,840	2,480	1,380	3,840
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	3,755	1,435	2,320	4.3	3.4	5.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,160	6,080	5,600	5,160	6,080
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	87,680	41,805	45,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	82,300	38,995	43,310	93.9	93.3	94.4
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,280	52,800	38,480	45,280	52,800	38,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	82,450	39,035	43,415	94.0	93.4	94.6
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,200	43,520	33,400	38,200	43,520	33,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	74,580	35,840	38,740	85.1	85.7	84.4
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,760	53,200	37,000	44,760	53,200	37,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	60,450	29,975	30,475	68.9	71.7	66.4
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,640	53,350	38,040	45,640	53,350	38,040
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	57,860	24,220	33,640	66.0	57.9	73.3
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,670	6,300	6,940	6,670	6,300	6,940
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,700	1,425	2,275	4.2	3.4	5.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,470	6,340	8,180	7,470	6,340	8,180
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	87,680	41,805	45,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	25,980	14,350	11,630	29.6	34.3	25.4
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,200	63,200	52,000	57,200	63,200	52,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	69,400	77,900	58,900	69,400	77,900	58,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,445	10,630	12,815	26.7	25.4	27.9
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,400	26,200	22,800	24,400	26,200	22,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,720	35,400	28,680	31,720	35,400	28,680
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.6	92.6	86.0	89.6	92.6	86.0
Employment income (%)	74.0	77.6	69.6	74.0	77.6	69.6
Government transfers (%)	10.4	7.4	14.0	10.4	7.4	14.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.1	0.7	0.4	1.1
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	38,305	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	9,205	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...	41,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,000	...	...	38,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	29,095	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	38,340	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	90,500	...	...	90,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	9,220	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,950	...	...	53,950	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,640	...	...	45,640	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	29,120	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	122,500	...	...	122,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	104,600	...	...	104,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	38,305	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	885	...	...	2.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	340	...	...	0.9	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	395	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	715	...	...	1.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,485	...	...	3.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,130	...	...	3.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,335	...	...	3.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,600	...	...	4.2	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,365	...	...	3.6	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,295	...	...	3.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,570	...	...	6.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,505	...	...	6.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,500	...	...	6.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,335	...	...	6.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,145	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	15,710	...	...	41.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,285	...	...	11.2	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,400	...	...	8.9	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,185	...	...	10.9	...	...
$200,000 and over	3,840	...	...	10.0	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	38,305	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	980	...	...	2.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	345	...	...	0.9	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	400	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	745	...	...	1.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,565	...	...	4.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,295	...	...	3.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,495	...	...	3.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,765	...	...	4.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,500	...	...	3.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,500	...	...	3.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,960	...	...	7.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,010	...	...	7.9	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,820	...	...	7.4	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,445	...	...	6.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,255	...	...	5.9	...	...
$100,000 and over	13,230	...	...	34.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,495	...	...	11.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,215	...	...	8.4	...	...
$150,000 and over	5,515	...	...	14.4	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	28,205	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...	101,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	8,655	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...	80,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	72,000	...	...	72,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	14,095	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	127,000	...	...	127,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...	113,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,240	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...	71,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,000	...	...	65,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	13,055	5,925	7,130	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,600	39,200	36,400	37,600	39,200	36,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,800	36,000	34,000	34,800	36,000	34,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	28,210	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	121,600	...	...	121,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	103,700	...	...	103,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	8,675	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	96,500	...	...	96,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	82,700	...	...	82,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	14,165	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	149,800	...	...	149,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	126,400	...	...	126,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,160	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,800	...	...	79,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...	71,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	13,005	5,905	7,095	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,760	53,050	45,160	48,760	53,050	45,160
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,680	44,240	39,560	41,680	44,240	39,560
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	101,585	49,010	52,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	17,110	8,855	8,255	16.8	18.1	15.7
0 to 5 years	5,210	2,765	2,445	5.1	5.6	4.7
18 to 64 years	64,975	31,035	33,940	64.0	63.3	64.6
65 years and over	19,500	9,125	10,380	19.2	18.6	19.7
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	13,540	6,240	7,305	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,375	1,245	1,135	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	760	385	375	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	7,660	3,450	4,215	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,505	1,545	1,960	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.3	12.7	13.9	13.3	12.7	13.9
0 to 17 years (%)	13.9	14.0	13.7	13.9	14.0	13.7
0 to 5 years (%)	14.6	13.9	15.4	14.6	13.9	15.4
18 to 64 years (%)	11.8	11.1	12.4	11.8	11.1	12.4
65 years and over (%)	18.0	16.9	18.9	18.0	16.9	18.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	101,585	49,005	52,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	17,110	8,855	8,255	16.8	18.1	15.7
0 to 5 years	5,215	2,765	2,445	5.1	5.6	4.7
18 to 64 years	64,980	31,030	33,945	64.0	63.3	64.6
65 years and over	19,495	9,120	10,380	19.2	18.6	19.7
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	8,620	4,095	4,530	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,420	765	660	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	430	225	205	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	5,665	2,650	3,020	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,530	685	845	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	8.5	8.4	8.6	8.5	8.4	8.6
0 to 17 years (%)	8.3	8.6	8.0	8.3	8.6	8.0
0 to 5 years (%)	8.2	8.1	8.4	8.2	8.1	8.4
18 to 64 years (%)	8.7	8.5	8.9	8.7	8.5	8.9
65 years and over (%)	7.9	7.5	8.2	7.9	7.5	8.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	101,585	49,010	52,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	50,100	23,610	26,495	49.3	48.2	50.4
In bottom decile	12,440	5,815	6,625	12.2	11.9	12.6
In second decile	9,970	4,675	5,295	9.8	9.5	10.1
In third decile	9,385	4,440	4,945	9.2	9.1	9.4
In fourth decile	9,060	4,330	4,725	8.9	8.8	9.0
In fifth decile	9,245	4,350	4,900	9.1	8.9	9.3
In top half of the distribution	51,485	25,400	26,085	50.7	51.8	49.6
In sixth decile	9,680	4,635	5,045	9.5	9.5	9.6
In seventh decile	10,275	5,075	5,195	10.1	10.4	9.9
In eighth decile	10,485	5,160	5,325	10.3	10.5	10.1
In ninth decile	10,975	5,445	5,525	10.8	11.1	10.5
In top decile	10,070	5,085	4,990	9.9	10.4	9.5
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	101,585	...	...	101,585	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.339	...	...	0.339	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.448	...	...	0.448	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.304	...	...	0.304	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.2	...	...	4.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	101,985	49,155	52,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	87,175	42,840	44,330	85.5	87.2	83.9
French only	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	4,900	2,240	2,660	4.8	4.6	5.0
Neither English nor French	9,870	4,050	5,825	9.7	8.2	11.0
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	101,985	49,155	52,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	91,145	44,650	46,495	89.4	90.8	88.0
French	515	260	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and French	590	255	330	0.6	0.5	0.6
Neither English nor French	9,740	3,985	5,755	9.6	8.1	10.9
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	101,985	49,155	52,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	95,100	45,900	49,200	93.2	93.4	93.1
Official languages	35,410	18,420	16,995	34.7	37.5	32.2
English	34,940	18,175	16,765	34.3	37.0	31.7
French	470	245	225	0.5	0.5	0.4
Non-official languages	59,690	27,480	32,210	58.5	55.9	61.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	59,685	27,475	32,210	58.5	55.9	61.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,195	610	590	1.2	1.2	1.1
Berber languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	80	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,100	570	530	1.1	1.2	1.0
Amharic	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	855	460	400	0.8	0.9	0.8
Aramaic languages	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	45	25	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	665	280	385	0.7	0.6	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	640	270	370	0.6	0.5	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	5,115	2,245	2,865	5.0	4.6	5.4
Bikol	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	180	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Fijian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	220	105	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	145	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	45	25	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Pangasinan	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,285	1,865	2,415	4.2	3.8	4.6
Waray-Waray	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	315	150	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	110	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	150	75	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Telugu	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	10,705	5,220	5,485	10.5	10.6	10.4
Albanian	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,460	690	770	1.4	1.4	1.5
Baltic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,440	675	765	1.4	1.4	1.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	165	75	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	870	410	460	0.9	0.8	0.9
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	190	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	830	400	435	0.8	0.8	0.8
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	595	285	305	0.6	0.6	0.6
German	565	270	295	0.6	0.5	0.6
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	175	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	145	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Danish	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	115	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	6,540	3,195	3,350	6.4	6.5	6.3
Indo-Aryan languages	5,860	2,850	3,010	5.7	5.8	5.7
Assamese	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	140	75	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	270	130	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	685	320	365	0.7	0.7	0.7
Kacchi	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,950	1,900	2,045	3.9	3.9	3.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Urdu	590	310	285	0.6	0.6	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	680	340	330	0.7	0.7	0.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Parsi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	600	300	295	0.6	0.6	0.6
Dari	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	415	210	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,695	855	840	1.7	1.7	1.6
Catalan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	140	85	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Portuguese	380	190	185	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	110	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	1,060	515	545	1.0	1.0	1.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,045	355	690	1.0	0.7	1.3
Korean	610	255	355	0.6	0.5	0.7
Mongolian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	39,450	18,080	21,370	38.7	36.8	40.4
Chinese languages	39,385	18,050	21,335	38.6	36.7	40.4
Hakka	145	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mandarin	16,895	7,610	9,285	16.6	15.5	17.6
Min Dong	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	975	445	530	1.0	0.9	1.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	335	145	195	0.3	0.3	0.4
Yue (Cantonese)	20,895	9,720	11,175	20.5	19.8	21.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	115	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	50	25	30	0.0	0.1	0.1
Burmese	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	100	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	85	25	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	260	150	115	0.3	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	215	120	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,885	3,255	3,625	6.8	6.6	6.9
English and French	215	115	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	5,775	2,735	3,045	5.7	5.6	5.8
French and non-official language(s)	50	25	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	775	345	430	0.8	0.7	0.8
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	101,985	49,155	52,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	37,585	19,195	18,395	36.9	39.0	34.8
French	100	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	24,260	10,950	13,315	23.8	22.3	25.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	24,260	10,950	13,315	23.8	22.3	25.2
English and French	485	245	240	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	35,865	17,105	18,760	35.2	34.8	35.5
French and non-official language(s)	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	675	300	375	0.7	0.6	0.7
Multiple non-official languages	2,975	1,295	1,680	2.9	2.6	3.2
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	101,985	49,155	52,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	93,700	45,235	48,460	91.9	92.0	91.7
Official languages	50,350	25,265	25,080	49.4	51.4	47.5
English	50,185	25,185	25,000	49.2	51.2	47.3
French	160	80	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Non-official languages	43,350	19,970	23,380	42.5	40.6	44.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	43,350	19,970	23,380	42.5	40.6	44.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	705	355	355	0.7	0.7	0.7
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	650	330	320	0.6	0.7	0.6
Amharic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	500	255	240	0.5	0.5	0.5
Aramaic languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	340	155	185	0.3	0.3	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	330	145	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,895	1,360	1,540	2.8	2.8	2.9
Bikol	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	50	25	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,545	1,170	1,370	2.5	2.4	2.6
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	205	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	65	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	100	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	6,000	2,890	3,110	5.9	5.9	5.9
Albanian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	790	365	425	0.8	0.7	0.8
Baltic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	780	360	420	0.8	0.7	0.8
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	575	265	315	0.6	0.5	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	4,150	2,005	2,145	4.1	4.1	4.1
Indo-Aryan languages	3,740	1,800	1,945	3.7	3.7	3.7
Assamese	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	120	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	375	180	195	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kacchi	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,645	1,255	1,390	2.6	2.6	2.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	410	205	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	410	200	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	370	185	185	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	255	130	125	0.3	0.3	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	850	420	430	0.8	0.9	0.8
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	230	120	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	565	275	290	0.6	0.6	0.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	525	210	320	0.5	0.4	0.6
Korean	420	180	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mongolian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	31,960	14,580	17,385	31.3	29.7	32.9
Chinese languages	31,920	14,560	17,365	31.3	29.6	32.9
Hakka	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	14,030	6,395	7,635	13.8	13.0	14.5
Min Dong	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	535	250	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Wu (Shanghainese)	215	90	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	17,000	7,765	9,240	16.7	15.8	17.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	85	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	180	90	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	160	85	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,285	3,920	4,370	8.1	8.0	8.3
English and French	110	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	7,725	3,655	4,070	7.6	7.4	7.7
French and non-official language(s)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	395	180	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	101,985	49,155	52,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	68,665	33,385	35,285	67.3	67.9	66.8
English	13,905	6,680	7,230	13.6	13.6	13.7
French	515	245	265	0.5	0.5	0.5
Non-official language	14,290	6,685	7,605	14.0	13.6	14.4
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	14,285	6,680	7,600	14.0	13.6	14.4
English and French	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	2,520	1,200	1,325	2.5	2.4	2.5
French and non-official language(s)	335	150	185	0.3	0.3	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,625	760	870	1.6	1.5	1.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	101,710	49,095	52,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	91,945	45,155	46,790	90.4	92.0	88.9
English	91,900	45,135	46,765	90.4	91.9	88.9
French	4,945	2,250	2,690	4.9	4.6	5.1
Non-official languages	72,510	33,595	38,915	71.3	68.4	74.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	72,485	33,585	38,895	71.3	68.4	73.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,835	900	930	1.8	1.8	1.8
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,750	870	885	1.7	1.8	1.7
Amharic	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	1,325	675	650	1.3	1.4	1.2
Aramaic languages	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	310	140	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,150	550	600	1.1	1.1	1.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,105	525	580	1.1	1.1	1.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	7,715	3,375	4,340	7.6	6.9	8.2
Bikol	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	65	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	335	155	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Fijian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hiligaynon	115	35	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ilocano	355	165	190	0.3	0.3	0.4
Indonesian	245	125	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	135	80	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	170	75	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pangasinan	60	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	7,190	3,125	4,070	7.1	6.4	7.7
Waray-Waray	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	125	40	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Creole languages	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	580	295	285	0.6	0.6	0.5
Kannada	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	210	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	315	175	140	0.3	0.4	0.3
Telugu	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	14,400	7,025	7,375	14.2	14.3	14.0
Albanian	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Armenian	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	1,585	775	815	1.6	1.6	1.5
Baltic languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,565	760	805	1.5	1.5	1.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	165	70	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Russian	1,080	530	550	1.1	1.1	1.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	235	120	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	135	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	195	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,170	505	665	1.2	1.0	1.3
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	815	355	460	0.8	0.7	0.9
German	790	345	445	0.8	0.7	0.8
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	295	125	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afrikaans	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	240	105	135	0.2	0.2	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	105	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	165	80	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	8,850	4,345	4,510	8.7	8.9	8.6
Indo-Aryan languages	8,125	3,990	4,135	8.0	8.1	7.9
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	200	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	555	250	305	0.5	0.5	0.6
Hindi	2,380	1,155	1,225	2.3	2.4	2.3
Kacchi	140	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	40	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,305	2,605	2,700	5.2	5.3	5.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	1,150	615	545	1.1	1.3	1.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	765	375	390	0.8	0.8	0.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	135	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	615	300	315	0.6	0.6	0.6
Dari	155	65	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Iranian Persian	420	205	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,780	1,395	1,380	2.7	2.8	2.6
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	295	150	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	520	255	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	185	115	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Spanish	1,945	970	970	1.9	2.0	1.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,930	795	1,135	1.9	1.6	2.2
Korean	975	420	555	1.0	0.9	1.1
Mongolian	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	280	140	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	160	80	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	45,885	21,115	24,775	45.1	43.0	47.1
Chinese languages	45,845	21,090	24,760	45.1	43.0	47.1
Hakka	225	100	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mandarin	28,030	12,605	15,430	27.6	25.7	29.3
Min Dong	45	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,300	1,065	1,235	2.3	2.2	2.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	505	220	285	0.5	0.4	0.5
Yue (Cantonese)	26,360	12,040	14,320	25.9	24.5	27.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	125	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	25	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	50	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Burmese	45	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	145	50	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	125	40	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	315	150	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	275	140	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	105	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	101,710	49,095	52,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	720	310	410	0.7	0.6	0.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	690	305	385	0.7	0.6	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	440	190	245	0.4	0.4	0.5
Métis	240	110	135	0.2	0.2	0.3
Inuk (Inuit)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	100,990	48,785	52,200	99.3	99.4	99.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	101,710	49,095	52,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	315	135	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	101,395	48,960	52,430	99.7	99.7	99.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	38,340	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	27,685	...	...	72.2	...	...
Renter	10,655	...	...	27.8	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	38,340	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	14,500	...	...	37.8	...	...
Not condominium	23,835	...	...	62.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	38,340	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	445	...	...	1.2	...	...
1 bedroom	5,730	...	...	14.9	...	...
2 bedrooms	10,030	...	...	26.2	...	...
3 bedrooms	11,870	...	...	31.0	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	10,260	...	...	26.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	38,340	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	17,125	...	...	44.7	...	...
5 rooms	6,610	...	...	17.2	...	...
6 rooms	4,840	...	...	12.6	...	...
7 rooms	3,395	...	...	8.9	...	...
8 or more rooms	6,380	...	...	16.6	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.2	...	...	5.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	38,340	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	36,475	...	...	95.1	...	...
More than one person per room	1,865	...	...	4.9	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	38,340	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	35,300	...	...	92.1	...	...
Not suitable	3,040	...	...	7.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	38,340	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	1,305	...	...	3.4	...	...
1961 to 1980	8,525	...	...	22.2	...	...
1981 to 1990	5,595	...	...	14.6	...	...
1991 to 2000	8,405	...	...	21.9	...	...
2001 to 2005	3,825	...	...	10.0	...	...
2006 to 2010	4,385	...	...	11.4	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,445	...	...	9.0	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,855	...	...	7.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	38,340	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	36,425	...	...	95.0	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,915	...	...	5.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	38,340	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	18,540	...	...	48.4	...	...
Two-maintainer household	16,460	...	...	42.9	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,340	...	...	8.7	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	38,340	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	695	...	...	1.8	...	...
25 to 34 years	4,445	...	...	11.6	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,150	...	...	16.0	...	...
45 to 54 years	7,405	...	...	19.3	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,610	...	...	22.5	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,700	...	...	17.5	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,140	...	...	8.2	...	...
85 years and over	1,195	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	38,165	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	26,360	...	...	69.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	11,805	...	...	30.9	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,535	...	...	25.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	38,340	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	15,420	...	...	40.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	10,630	...	...	27.7	...	...
Not suitable only	2,340	...	...	6.1	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,155	...	...	3.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	540	...	...	1.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	590	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	120	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	45	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	22,915	...	...	59.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	35,900	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	6,830	...	...	19.0	...	...
Not in core need	29,065	...	...	81.0	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	27,635	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	56.4	...	...	56.4	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	27.7	...	...	27.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	14.9	...	...	14.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,380	...	...	1,380	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,740	...	...	1,740	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	960,000	...	...	960,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,122,000	...	...	1,122,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	10,650	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	12.5	...	...	12.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.4	...	...	39.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	29.8	...	...	29.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,590	...	...	1,590	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,616	...	...	1,616	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	101,705	49,100	52,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	145	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	135	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	110	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis single ancestry	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	690	320	370	0.7	0.7	0.7
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	665	310	350	0.7	0.6	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	465	205	260	0.5	0.4	0.5
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	195	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	100,870	48,715	52,155	99.2	99.2	99.1
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	101,705	49,100	52,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	84,820	41,395	43,425	83.4	84.3	82.5
Canadian citizens aged under 18	15,620	8,075	7,545	15.4	16.4	14.3
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	69,200	33,320	35,880	68.0	67.9	68.2
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	16,890	7,705	9,185	16.6	15.7	17.5
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	101,705	49,100	52,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	39,375	20,430	18,945	38.7	41.6	36.0
Immigrants⁸¹	58,830	26,985	31,840	57.8	55.0	60.5
Before 1980	6,330	3,105	3,230	6.2	6.3	6.1
1980 to 1990	7,780	3,570	4,210	7.6	7.3	8.0
1991 to 2000	18,715	8,670	10,040	18.4	17.7	19.1
2001 to 2010	13,935	6,340	7,595	13.7	12.9	14.4
2011 to 2021⁸²	12,075	5,305	6,765	11.9	10.8	12.9
2011 to 2015	6,170	2,690	3,475	6.1	5.5	6.6
2016 to 2021	5,905	2,610	3,295	5.8	5.3	6.3
Non-permanent residents⁸³	3,505	1,680	1,825	3.4	3.4	3.5
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	58,830	26,985	31,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	4,205	2,195	2,010	7.1	8.1	6.3
5 to 14 years	8,855	4,695	4,165	15.1	17.4	13.1
15 to 24 years	9,915	4,590	5,330	16.9	17.0	16.7
25 to 44 years	27,425	11,675	15,750	46.6	43.3	49.5
45 years and over	8,425	3,835	4,590	14.3	14.2	14.4
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	58,830	26,985	31,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	2,080	1,055	1,020	3.5	3.9	3.2
Brazil	185	95	85	0.3	0.4	0.3
Colombia	95	45	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
El Salvador	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyana	45	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexico	165	65	100	0.3	0.2	0.3
Peru	95	40	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
United States of America	825	450	375	1.4	1.7	1.2
Other places of birth in Americas	460	230	230	0.8	0.9	0.7
Europe	3,730	1,925	1,810	6.3	7.1	5.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	30	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Croatia	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	95	55	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Germany	295	150	145	0.5	0.6	0.5
Greece	65	50	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hungary	40	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Italy	75	45	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Netherlands	160	85	75	0.3	0.3	0.2
Poland	150	70	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portugal	100	50	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romania	165	105	65	0.3	0.4	0.2
Russian Federation	340	175	170	0.6	0.6	0.5
Serbia⁸⁶	95	50	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ukraine	360	175	185	0.6	0.6	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,200	645	560	2.0	2.4	1.8
Other places of birth in Europe	490	205	285	0.8	0.8	0.9
Africa	1,395	665	735	2.4	2.5	2.3
Algeria	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	140	65	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eritrea	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	45	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	45	0	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nigeria	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somalia	65	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	245	120	120	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other places of birth in Africa	695	335	360	1.2	1.2	1.1
Asia	51,055	23,105	27,950	86.8	85.6	87.8
Afghanistan	160	70	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iran⁸⁸	355	175	180	0.6	0.6	0.6
Iraq	270	130	145	0.5	0.5	0.5
Lebanon	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	115	65	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkey	105	55	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
China⁹⁰	19,110	8,345	10,765	32.5	30.9	33.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	10,985	5,165	5,815	18.7	19.1	18.3
Korea, South⁹²	545	225	315	0.9	0.8	1.0
Taiwan	3,295	1,520	1,775	5.6	5.6	5.6
Philippines	7,420	3,275	4,140	12.6	12.1	13.0
Viet Nam	930	405	525	1.6	1.5	1.6
Bangladesh	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	3,755	1,780	1,975	6.4	6.6	6.2
Pakistan	555	280	275	0.9	1.0	0.9
Sri Lanka	195	95	105	0.3	0.4	0.3
Other places of birth in Asia	3,155	1,455	1,700	5.4	5.4	5.3
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	565	240	325	1.0	0.9	1.0
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,900	2,610	3,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	320	180	145	5.4	6.9	4.4
Brazil	80	50	30	1.4	1.9	0.9
Colombia	15	10	10	0.3	0.4	0.3
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Mexico	20	15	10	0.3	0.6	0.3
United States of America	145	90	50	2.5	3.4	1.5
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	40	15	25	0.7	0.6	0.8
Europe	250	110	135	4.2	4.2	4.1
France	55	25	30	0.9	1.0	0.9
Germany	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	50	25	25	0.8	1.0	0.8
Ukraine	35	0	35	0.6	0.0	1.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	35	30	10	0.6	1.1	0.3
Other places of birth in Europe	50	15	35	0.8	0.6	1.1
Africa	180	90	90	3.1	3.4	2.7
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	25	10	10	0.4	0.4	0.3
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	35	10	20	0.6	0.4	0.6
Eritrea	15	10	0	0.3	0.4	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Nigeria	25	15	15	0.4	0.6	0.5
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	20	15	0	0.3	0.6	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	25	10	15	0.4	0.4	0.5
Asia	5,125	2,215	2,915	86.9	84.9	88.5
Afghanistan	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Bangladesh	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
China⁹⁰	2,710	1,085	1,620	45.9	41.6	49.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	345	185	160	5.8	7.1	4.9
India	570	295	270	9.7	11.3	8.2
Iran⁸⁸	20	0	20	0.3	0.0	0.6
Iraq	55	20	35	0.9	0.8	1.1
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	30	0	30	0.5	0.0	0.9
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	75	20	55	1.3	0.8	1.7
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepal	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.3
Pakistan	40	20	20	0.7	0.8	0.6
Philippines	740	315	425	12.5	12.1	12.9
Saudi Arabia	20	10	10	0.3	0.4	0.3
Sri Lanka	15	10	0	0.3	0.4	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	45	25	15	0.8	1.0	0.5
Turkey	35	15	25	0.6	0.6	0.8
United Arab Emirates	25	20	10	0.4	0.8	0.3
Viet Nam	50	25	30	0.8	1.0	0.9
Other places of birth in Asia	290	130	160	4.9	5.0	4.9
Oceania and other⁹³	30	15	10	0.5	0.6	0.3
Australia	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	20	15	10	0.3	0.6	0.3
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	101,710	49,095	52,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	63,705	29,355	34,350	62.6	59.8	65.3
Second generation¹⁰¹	24,220	12,650	11,570	23.8	25.8	22.0
Third generation or more¹⁰²	13,785	7,090	6,695	13.6	14.4	12.7
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	52,495	23,885	28,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	34,675	16,675	17,995	66.1	69.8	62.9
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	12,740	7,315	5,425	24.3	30.6	19.0
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	21,935	9,360	12,570	41.8	39.2	43.9
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	14,445	5,615	8,835	27.5	23.5	30.9
Refugees¹⁰⁸	2,160	1,110	1,045	4.1	4.6	3.7
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,220	485	740	2.3	2.0	2.6
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	52,495	23,885	28,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	910	465	445	1.7	1.9	1.6
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,665	1,350	2,310	7.0	5.7	8.1
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,075	1,125	950	4.0	4.7	3.3
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	3,070	1,340	1,725	5.8	5.6	6.0
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	150	80	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	42,620	19,520	23,100	81.2	81.7	80.7
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	101,710	49,095	52,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	79,880	38,025	41,855	78.5	77.5	79.6
South Asian	10,125	5,045	5,085	10.0	10.3	9.7
Chinese	48,980	23,050	25,930	48.2	46.9	49.3
Black	995	555	440	1.0	1.1	0.8
Filipino	8,635	4,040	4,590	8.5	8.2	8.7
Arab	1,125	580	540	1.1	1.2	1.0
Latin American	1,010	520	485	1.0	1.1	0.9
Southeast Asian	1,925	925	1,000	1.9	1.9	1.9
West Asian	800	395	410	0.8	0.8	0.8
Korean	915	410	505	0.9	0.8	1.0
Japanese	1,960	860	1,095	1.9	1.8	2.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	440	205	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	2,975	1,435	1,540	2.9	2.9	2.9
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	21,825	11,070	10,755	21.5	22.5	20.4
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	101,710	49,100	52,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	4,535	2,455	2,080	4.5	5.0	4.0
English	6,735	3,365	3,365	6.6	6.9	6.4
Irish	4,080	1,930	2,145	4.0	3.9	4.1
Scottish	5,305	2,605	2,700	5.2	5.3	5.1
French, n.o.s.¹²²	1,650	760	890	1.6	1.5	1.7
German	3,305	1,610	1,695	3.2	3.3	3.2
Chinese	43,495	20,400	23,095	42.8	41.5	43.9
Italian	1,230	655	585	1.2	1.3	1.1
Indian (India)	6,265	3,150	3,120	6.2	6.4	5.9
Ukrainian	1,685	770	915	1.7	1.6	1.7
Dutch	995	480	515	1.0	1.0	1.0
Polish	1,110	520	590	1.1	1.1	1.1
Québécois	85	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,560	820	740	1.5	1.7	1.4
Filipino	9,120	4,280	4,845	9.0	8.7	9.2
French Canadian	300	170	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	595	300	295	0.6	0.6	0.6
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	325	130	195	0.3	0.3	0.4
Métis	245	130	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	805	435	370	0.8	0.9	0.7
Russian	1,495	710	785	1.5	1.4	1.5
Norwegian	715	380	340	0.7	0.8	0.6
Welsh	575	275	300	0.6	0.6	0.6
Portuguese	545	270	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
American	495	245	250	0.5	0.5	0.5
Spanish	1,290	600	685	1.3	1.2	1.3
Swedish	660	295	365	0.6	0.6	0.7
Hungarian	370	180	190	0.4	0.4	0.4
Acadian	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Pakistani	695	345	345	0.7	0.7	0.7
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	345	195	150	0.3	0.4	0.3
Jewish	1,025	550	475	1.0	1.1	0.9
Punjabi	1,425	685	745	1.4	1.4	1.4
Vietnamese	1,415	690	720	1.4	1.4	1.4
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	425	220	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Greek	385	195	190	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jamaican	115	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,700	1,215	1,485	2.7	2.5	2.8
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	1,025	470	555	1.0	1.0	1.1
Romanian	305	205	100	0.3	0.4	0.2
Lebanese	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian	405	200	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	355	175	180	0.3	0.4	0.3
Danish	375	195	180	0.4	0.4	0.3
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sikh	1,070	515	555	1.1	1.0	1.1
Austrian	375	185	190	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belgian	170	80	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	370	180	190	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mexican	305	155	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mennonite	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Finnish	210	80	135	0.2	0.2	0.3
Sri Lankan	210	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	290	125	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Japanese	2,425	1,105	1,315	2.4	2.3	2.5
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	510	270	240	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	230	85	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Muslim	415	225	195	0.4	0.5	0.4
Egyptian	310	175	135	0.3	0.4	0.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	185	105	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	190	110	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Icelandic	265	150	120	0.3	0.3	0.2
Colombian	150	75	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Moroccan	95	25	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	230	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	165	95	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ojibway	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hong Konger	4,630	2,245	2,380	4.6	4.6	4.5
Ontarian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	180	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	75	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Turkish	235	125	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	95	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Brazilian	180	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	160	70	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Slovak	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	130	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	2,890	1,415	1,470	2.8	2.9	2.8
Iraqi	315	155	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Salvadorean	95	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	475	235	235	0.5	0.5	0.4
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	35	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Algonquin	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	45	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
South African	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	125	80	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Palestinian	105	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	130	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	120	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	55	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Maltese	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	55	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
New Brunswicker	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	40	35	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Israeli	155	75	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Albertan	40	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ghanaian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	55	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	50	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cuban	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	40	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bengali	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	210	95	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Laotian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	175	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern Irish	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	160	80	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ecuadorian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	45	25	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Fijian	365	165	205	0.4	0.3	0.4
Jatt	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	120	30	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Dominican	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudanese	35	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	320	155	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	200	90	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	55	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kenyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	50	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chaldean	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	60	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Goan	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	115	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	30	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	30	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	101,710	49,095	52,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	5,540	2,255	3,285	5.4	4.6	6.2
Christian	32,380	14,935	17,445	31.8	30.4	33.2
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	9,535	4,300	5,230	9.4	8.8	9.9
Anabaptist	335	165	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Anglican	1,370	590	775	1.3	1.2	1.5
Baptist	1,245	550	700	1.2	1.1	1.3
Catholic	14,490	6,830	7,665	14.2	13.9	14.6
Christian Orthodox	885	460	425	0.9	0.9	0.8
Jehovah's Witness	205	90	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latter Day Saints	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	470	205	265	0.5	0.4	0.5
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	150	75	80	0.1	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	440	200	240	0.4	0.4	0.5
Presbyterian	205	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Reformed	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	1,315	565	750	1.3	1.2	1.4
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,545	715	830	1.5	1.5	1.6
Hindu	1,555	790	770	1.5	1.6	1.5
Jewish	1,095	550	545	1.1	1.1	1.0
Muslim	4,095	2,065	2,030	4.0	4.2	3.9
Sikh	5,285	2,580	2,705	5.2	5.3	5.1
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	690	320	370	0.7	0.7	0.7
No religion and secular perspectives	51,045	25,595	25,450	50.2	52.1	48.4
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	101,055	48,740	52,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	89,170	42,930	46,245	88.2	88.1	88.4
Movers	11,880	5,810	6,070	11.8	11.9	11.6
Non-migrants	6,755	3,290	3,465	6.7	6.8	6.6
Migrants	5,125	2,515	2,605	5.1	5.2	5.0
Internal migrants	3,165	1,555	1,610	3.1	3.2	3.1
Intraprovincial migrants	2,370	1,145	1,225	2.3	2.3	2.3
Interprovincial migrants	795	410	380	0.8	0.8	0.7
External migrants	1,960	960	995	1.9	2.0	1.9
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	97,630	46,980	50,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	62,345	29,830	32,515	63.9	63.5	64.2
Movers	35,290	17,150	18,140	36.1	36.5	35.8
Non-migrants	16,905	8,105	8,800	17.3	17.3	17.4
Migrants	18,385	9,045	9,345	18.8	19.3	18.4
Internal migrants	11,565	5,810	5,755	11.8	12.4	11.4
Intraprovincial migrants	9,165	4,560	4,600	9.4	9.7	9.1
Interprovincial migrants	2,410	1,250	1,155	2.5	2.7	2.3
External migrants	6,820	3,235	3,585	7.0	6.9	7.1
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	87,680	41,805	45,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	11,875	5,395	6,485	13.5	12.9	14.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	75,805	36,410	39,395	86.5	87.1	85.9
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	56,585	26,690	29,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	4,090	1,930	2,155	7.2	7.2	7.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	52,500	24,760	27,740	92.8	92.8	92.8
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	87,680	41,805	45,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	11,210	4,985	6,230	12.8	11.9	13.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	25,965	12,775	13,195	29.6	30.6	28.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	50,505	24,050	26,455	57.6	57.5	57.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	20,305	9,805	10,500	23.2	23.5	22.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,855	2,695	1,160	4.4	6.4	2.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,900	1,100	805	2.2	2.6	1.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,960	1,595	360	2.2	3.8	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,615	5,445	7,165	14.4	13.0	15.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,835	1,665	2,170	4.4	4.0	4.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	30,200	14,245	15,955	34.4	34.1	34.8
Bachelor's degree	21,170	9,765	11,400	24.1	23.4	24.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,950	855	1,095	2.2	2.0	2.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	600	315	290	0.7	0.8	0.6
Master's degree	5,760	2,815	2,945	6.6	6.7	6.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	725	500	225	0.8	1.2	0.5
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	56,585	26,695	29,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	3,740	1,730	2,010	6.6	6.5	6.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	13,800	6,880	6,925	24.4	25.8	23.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	39,045	18,085	20,960	69.0	67.7	70.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	14,560	6,920	7,645	25.7	25.9	25.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,515	1,765	750	4.4	6.6	2.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,235	730	510	2.2	2.7	1.7
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,275	1,035	240	2.3	3.9	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,145	3,940	5,210	16.2	14.8	17.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,900	1,215	1,685	5.1	4.6	5.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	24,480	11,165	13,315	43.3	41.8	44.5
Bachelor's degree	17,140	7,655	9,490	30.3	28.7	31.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,500	650	845	2.7	2.4	2.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	450	220	230	0.8	0.8	0.8
Master's degree	4,820	2,275	2,550	8.5	8.5	8.5
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	565	365	200	1.0	1.4	0.7
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	87,675	41,805	45,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	37,175	17,755	19,420	42.4	42.5	42.3
Education	2,600	545	2,055	3.0	1.3	4.5
13. Education	2,600	545	2,055	3.0	1.3	4.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,295	980	1,310	2.6	2.3	2.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	240	145	95	0.3	0.3	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	2,055	840	1,215	2.3	2.0	2.6
Humanities	3,065	1,070	1,990	3.5	2.6	4.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	480	130	350	0.5	0.3	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	770	195	575	0.9	0.5	1.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,170	405	770	1.3	1.0	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	100	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	170	110	65	0.2	0.3	0.1
54. History	240	120	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	95	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,560	2,475	4,085	7.5	5.9	8.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	130	35	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	640	245	390	0.7	0.6	0.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	750	85	665	0.9	0.2	1.4
22. Legal professions and studies	835	305	530	1.0	0.7	1.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	1,120	315	805	1.3	0.8	1.8
45. Social sciences	3,005	1,465	1,540	3.4	3.5	3.4
Business, management and public administration	13,825	5,830	8,000	15.8	13.9	17.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	335	80	255	0.4	0.2	0.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,480	5,745	7,735	15.4	13.7	16.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,430	1,270	1,165	2.8	3.0	2.5
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	865	425	440	1.0	1.0	1.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	720	320	400	0.8	0.8	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	50	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	760	495	265	0.9	1.2	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,160	2,095	1,060	3.6	5.0	2.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,555	1,815	740	2.9	4.3	1.6
25. Library science	100	10	95	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	415	200	210	0.5	0.5	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	85	70	20	0.1	0.2	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,290	7,020	1,270	9.5	16.8	2.8
04. Architecture and related services	335	225	105	0.4	0.5	0.2
14. Engineering	3,850	2,985	865	4.4	7.1	1.9
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,605	1,410	195	1.8	3.4	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	875	830	40	1.0	2.0	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,280	1,245	40	1.5	3.0	0.1
48. Precision production	355	330	25	0.4	0.8	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	610	300	315	0.7	0.7	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	415	185	235	0.5	0.4	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	195	110	80	0.2	0.3	0.2
Health and related fields	5,780	1,425	4,350	6.6	3.4	9.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	455	230	220	0.5	0.6	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,195	1,110	4,080	5.9	2.7	8.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	120	90	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,880	1,030	850	2.1	2.5	1.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,295	550	745	1.5	1.3	1.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	170	135	30	0.2	0.3	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	395	320	75	0.5	0.8	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	56,585	26,690	29,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	17,535	8,605	8,930	31.0	32.2	29.9
Education	1,830	375	1,450	3.2	1.4	4.9
13. Education	1,830	375	1,450	3.2	1.4	4.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,710	710	1,005	3.0	2.7	3.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	160	90	70	0.3	0.3	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,555	620	935	2.7	2.3	3.1
Humanities	2,320	770	1,550	4.1	2.9	5.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	380	80	305	0.7	0.3	1.0
23. English language and literature/letters	570	155	420	1.0	0.6	1.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	905	285	620	1.6	1.1	2.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	80	50	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	125	75	50	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	170	80	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,275	1,895	3,380	9.3	7.1	11.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	120	30	90	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	545	210	335	1.0	0.8	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	555	45	510	1.0	0.2	1.7
22. Legal professions and studies	670	210	460	1.2	0.8	1.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	75	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	865	215	650	1.5	0.8	2.2
45. Social sciences	2,450	1,160	1,290	4.3	4.3	4.3
Business, management and public administration	11,085	4,570	6,515	19.6	17.1	21.8
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	245	75	165	0.4	0.3	0.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,840	4,495	6,345	19.2	16.8	21.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,905	960	945	3.4	3.6	3.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	715	345	365	1.3	1.3	1.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	580	250	325	1.0	0.9	1.1
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	45	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	555	340	210	1.0	1.3	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,735	1,820	910	4.8	6.8	3.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,285	1,610	675	4.0	6.0	2.3
25. Library science	60	0	50	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	320	150	175	0.6	0.6	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	65	50	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	5,990	4,895	1,095	10.6	18.3	3.7
04. Architecture and related services	280	180	100	0.5	0.7	0.3
14. Engineering	2,950	2,175	775	5.2	8.1	2.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,115	955	160	2.0	3.6	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	565	540	25	1.0	2.0	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	880	860	20	1.6	3.2	0.1
48. Precision production	200	185	20	0.4	0.7	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	445	205	245	0.8	0.8	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	305	135	175	0.5	0.5	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	140	65	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Health and related fields	4,335	1,105	3,230	7.7	4.1	10.8
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	340	170	170	0.6	0.6	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	3,895	880	3,015	6.9	3.3	10.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	90	55	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,410	775	625	2.5	2.9	2.1
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	955	415	540	1.7	1.6	1.8
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	125	95	30	0.2	0.4	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	315	255	60	0.6	1.0	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	56,585	26,690	29,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	17,535	8,605	8,930	31.0	32.2	29.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	39,045	18,085	20,960	69.0	67.8	70.1
Location of study inside Canada	23,345	11,320	12,030	41.3	42.4	40.2
Same as province or territory of residence	19,895	9,570	10,325	35.2	35.9	34.5
Different than province or territory of residence	3,460	1,750	1,705	6.1	6.6	5.7
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	15,695	6,765	8,930	27.7	25.3	29.9
Americas	1,630	805	820	2.9	3.0	2.7
United States of America	1,265	625	640	2.2	2.3	2.1
Mexico	70	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	145	80	65	0.3	0.3	0.2
Colombia	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Peru	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Europe	1,515	810	700	2.7	3.0	2.3
Belgium	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Germany	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Switzerland	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hungary	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	175	80	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ukraine	120	60	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	40	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	735	425	305	1.3	1.6	1.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	30	10	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	105	60	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Africa	275	115	160	0.5	0.4	0.5
Nigeria	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	85	30	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	95	45	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asia	11,970	4,905	7,065	21.2	18.4	23.6
Iran⁸⁸	80	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Iraq	75	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	4,675	1,975	2,700	8.3	7.4	9.0
Taiwan	690	245	445	1.2	0.9	1.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,025	375	650	1.8	1.4	2.2
Japan	315	90	225	0.6	0.3	0.8
Korea, South⁹²	255	105	150	0.5	0.4	0.5
Philippines	3,050	1,215	1,835	5.4	4.6	6.1
Viet Nam	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sri Lanka	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	1,090	500	590	1.9	1.9	2.0
Pakistan	190	90	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other locations of study in Asia	355	165	185	0.6	0.6	0.6
Oceania	305	125	180	0.5	0.5	0.6
Australia	240	85	155	0.4	0.3	0.5
New Zealand	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	87,680	41,805	45,875	...	...	...
In the labour force	54,750	27,965	26,785	...	...	...
Employed	48,880	25,140	23,740	...	...	...
Unemployed	5,865	2,820	3,045	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	32,930	13,845	19,090	...	...	...
Participation rate	62.4	66.9	58.4	62.4	66.9	58.4
Employment rate	55.7	60.1	51.7	55.7	60.1	51.7
Unemployment rate	10.7	10.1	11.4	10.7	10.1	11.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	87,675	41,805	45,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	33,890	14,520	19,365	38.7	34.7	42.2
Worked	53,790	27,285	26,505	61.4	65.3	57.8
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	27,250	15,115	12,140	31.1	36.2	26.5
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	26,535	12,170	14,370	30.3	29.1	31.3
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.0	40.9	39.0	40.0	40.9	39.0
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	54,745	27,960	26,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,460	740	720	2.7	2.6	2.7
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	53,285	27,220	26,065	97.3	97.4	97.3
Employee	44,190	21,675	22,515	80.7	77.5	84.0
Permanent position	36,655	18,325	18,325	67.0	65.5	68.4
Temporary position	7,540	3,345	4,190	13.8	12.0	15.6
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,075	1,280	1,790	5.6	4.6	6.7
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,465	2,065	2,400	8.2	7.4	9.0
Self-employed¹⁹²	9,090	5,545	3,550	16.6	19.8	13.3
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	54,745	27,960	26,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,460	740	720	2.7	2.6	2.7
All occupations¹⁹¹	53,285	27,220	26,065	97.3	97.4	97.3
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	560	440	120	1.0	1.6	0.4
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,045	3,880	7,165	20.2	13.9	26.7
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	4,930	3,765	1,165	9.0	13.5	4.3
3 Health occupations	3,420	890	2,530	6.2	3.2	9.4
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	5,470	1,730	3,745	10.0	6.2	14.0
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,005	950	1,055	3.7	3.4	3.9
6 Sales and service occupations	15,735	7,195	8,540	28.7	25.7	31.9
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	7,600	6,765	835	13.9	24.2	3.1
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	695	495	195	1.3	1.8	0.7
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,830	1,105	720	3.3	4.0	2.7
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	54,745	27,960	26,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,460	740	720	2.7	2.6	2.7
All industries¹⁹¹	53,285	27,220	26,065	97.3	97.4	97.3
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	570	320	245	1.0	1.1	0.9
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	100	55	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
22 Utilities	215	140	75	0.4	0.5	0.3
23 Construction	2,995	2,510	485	5.5	9.0	1.8
31-33 Manufacturing	3,170	2,080	1,085	5.8	7.4	4.1
41 Wholesale trade	2,685	1,660	1,020	4.9	5.9	3.8
44-45 Retail trade	6,850	3,275	3,580	12.5	11.7	13.4
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	4,155	2,980	1,175	7.6	10.7	4.4
51 Information and cultural industries	1,395	845	550	2.5	3.0	2.1
52 Finance and insurance	2,865	1,325	1,540	5.2	4.7	5.7
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,580	795	785	2.9	2.8	2.9
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	5,285	2,875	2,410	9.7	10.3	9.0
55 Management of companies and enterprises	130	55	75	0.2	0.2	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,290	1,275	1,020	4.2	4.6	3.8
61 Educational services	3,820	1,280	2,540	7.0	4.6	9.5
62 Health care and social assistance	5,425	1,210	4,215	9.9	4.3	15.7
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,060	570	495	1.9	2.0	1.8
72 Accommodation and food services	4,440	2,050	2,390	8.1	7.3	8.9
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,160	895	1,260	3.9	3.2	4.7
91 Public administration	2,085	1,020	1,065	3.8	3.6	4.0
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	58,265	29,495	28,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	45,110	23,260	21,855	77.4	78.9	76.0
French	45	0	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-official language	3,560	1,780	1,780	6.1	6.0	6.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3,560	1,780	1,780	6.1	6.0	6.2
English and French	340	115	225	0.6	0.4	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	8,570	4,030	4,540	14.7	13.7	15.8
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	65	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	570	275	290	1.0	0.9	1.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	58,265	29,495	28,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	56,150	28,465	27,685	96.4	96.5	96.2
Official languages	49,530	25,280	24,245	85.0	85.7	84.3
English	49,425	25,260	24,160	84.8	85.6	84.0
French	105	20	85	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official languages	6,620	3,185	3,435	11.4	10.8	11.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	6,620	3,185	3,435	11.4	10.8	11.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	65	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	65	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	40	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	295	160	135	0.5	0.5	0.5
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
German	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	200	125	80	0.3	0.4	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages	200	125	80	0.3	0.4	0.3
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	180	115	70	0.3	0.4	0.2
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	30	10	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	120	60	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	65	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,995	2,885	3,115	10.3	9.8	10.8
Chinese languages	5,995	2,885	3,115	10.3	9.8	10.8
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,190	1,460	1,725	5.5	4.9	6.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	35	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,770	1,400	1,370	4.8	4.7	4.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	2,110	1,030	1,085	3.6	3.5	3.8
English and French	85	10	75	0.1	0.0	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	1,870	940	935	3.2	3.2	3.2
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	150	80	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	58,265	29,495	28,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	50,335	25,880	24,455	86.4	87.7	85.0
English	2,065	955	1,100	3.5	3.2	3.8
French	215	100	110	0.4	0.3	0.4
Non-official language	3,835	1,800	2,035	6.6	6.1	7.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3,835	1,800	2,035	6.6	6.1	7.1
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	635	250	385	1.1	0.8	1.3
French and non-official language(s)	45	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,140	490	650	2.0	1.7	2.3
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	48,880	25,145	23,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	11,730	5,575	6,155	24.0	22.2	25.9
Worked outside Canada	485	320	165	1.0	1.3	0.7
No fixed workplace address	5,625	4,130	1,500	11.5	16.4	6.3
Usual place of work	31,045	15,120	15,925	63.5	60.1	67.1
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	31,045	15,120	15,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	18,550	8,750	9,800	59.8	57.9	61.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	12,300	6,230	6,065	39.6	41.2	38.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	145	110	35	0.5	0.7	0.2
Commute to a different province or territory	55	30	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	36,670	19,250	17,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	29,400	16,345	13,055	80.2	84.9	74.9
Car, truck or van - as a driver	26,395	15,450	10,950	72.0	80.3	62.9
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,005	900	2,105	8.2	4.7	12.1
Public transit	4,470	1,650	2,820	12.2	8.6	16.2
Walked	1,720	590	1,130	4.7	3.1	6.5
Bicycle	460	345	115	1.3	1.8	0.7
Other method	610	315	295	1.7	1.6	1.7
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	36,670	19,250	17,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	9,115	4,300	4,815	24.9	22.3	27.6
15 to 29 minutes	14,020	7,450	6,570	38.2	38.7	37.7
30 to 44 minutes	8,765	4,915	3,850	23.9	25.5	22.1
45 to 59 minutes	2,710	1,485	1,225	7.4	7.7	7.0
60 minutes and over	2,065	1,100	965	5.6	5.7	5.5
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	36,670	19,250	17,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,710	1,120	590	4.7	5.8	3.4
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	4,300	2,660	1,635	11.7	13.8	9.4
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	7,265	3,675	3,595	19.8	19.1	20.6
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,430	4,210	4,220	23.0	21.9	24.2
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	9,215	4,495	4,725	25.1	23.4	27.1
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,750	3,095	2,655	15.7	16.1	15.2
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	17,450	9,015	8,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	855	440	420	4.9	4.9	5.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	16,595	8,585	8,015	95.1	95.2	95.0
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	12,905	6,605	6,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	710	375	335	5.5	5.7	5.3
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	450	230	220	3.5	3.5	3.5
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	260	145	115	2.0	2.2	1.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	12,195	6,230	5,960	94.5	94.3	94.6

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 20, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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